CN102165679B - 具有精确电量测量功能的电源 - Google Patents

具有精确电量测量功能的电源 Download PDF

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CN102165679B
CN102165679B CN200980137697.4A CN200980137697A CN102165679B CN 102165679 B CN102165679 B CN 102165679B CN 200980137697 A CN200980137697 A CN 200980137697A CN 102165679 B CN102165679 B CN 102165679B
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power
power supply
factor correction
correction controller
power factor
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CN102165679A (zh
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约翰·L·梅兰松
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Cirrus Logic Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/02—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/02—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation
    • H01F38/023—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation of inductances
    • H01F2038/026—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation of inductances non-linear inductive arrangements for converters, e.g. with additional windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/08—High-leakage transformers or inductances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

一种电源包括：具有AC输入和DC输出的整流器；以及连接到该整流器、用于提高该电源的功率因数的功率因数校正(PFC)前置调节器。该PFC前置调节器包括控制器，该控制器对输入功率进行积分，以确定能量消耗，并且输出指示该能量消耗的信号。

Description

具有精确电量测量功能的电源
优先权要求和相关专利申请的相互参照
本专利申请要求2008年7月25日提交的第61/083,717号美国临时专利申请的优先权，在此引用该专利申请的全部内容供参考。
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及电路，并且具体地说，本发明涉及具有精确电量测量功能的电源。
背景技术
鉴于电源的成本高并且考虑到环境因素，能效越来越受到监管部门和标准制定部门以及电气与电子设备的最终用户的关注。
希望提高电气与电子设备的能效使得在电气与电子设备中广泛采用能量节省特性，诸如睡眠状态和自动省电。与关机状态相比，在睡眠状态下，设备具有较大的能量消耗、容量和响应性，但是，与其完全供电的加电状态相比，功率消耗小，并且通常容量和响应性都较小。自动省电能进一步使设备在没有用户输入的某个时间周期之后从其完全供电的加电状态自动切换到较低供电的睡眠状态。
与缺少这种节能特性的同类传统设备相比，上面描述的其他节能特性的一个优点是，它们是设备的设计中固有的，并且不需要用户输入就可实现降低能量消耗。然而，可以认为，如果鼓励人工主动参与，则可以增加节能。
发明内容
在至少一个实施例中，通过确定并且报告电气设备消耗的能量，可以鼓励人们参与能量节省。例如，在一个实施例中，电源包括：具有AC输入和DC输出的整流器以及连接到该整流器、用于提高电源功率因数的功率因数校正(PFC)前置调节器。该PFC前置调节器包括对输入功率进行积分以确定能量消耗并输出指示该能量消耗的信号的控制器。
附图说明
当结合附图阅读时，参考下面对一个或者多个说明性实施例所做的详细描述，可以最好地理解本发明及其优选使用方式。
图1是根据一个实施例的AC到DC电源的高级方框图；
图2是根据一个实施例的典型功率因数校正(PFC)前置调节器的更详细方框图；以及
图3是根据一个实施例的典型能量测量处理过程的高级逻辑流程图。
具体实施方式
现在，参考附图，特别是参考图1，它示出根据一个实施例的典型电源100的高级方框图。在所示的实施例中，电源100是离线开关式电源(SMPS)，它将AC电源提供的AC(交流)电变换为稳定DC(直流)电，用于诸如电子设备的DC负载112。
如图所示，电源100的AC输入101接收来自诸如AC电源插座的AC电源的交流电。在优选实施例中，电源100支持85-265V电压范围的交流电的所谓通用运行。因此，例如，交流电的标称系统电压可以是，例如，50Hz的230V(欧洲标准)、60Hz的120V或者240V(美国采用)，或者是电压和频率的某种其他组合。应当明白，在大多数工业化国家，标称系统电压和频率由电源设备控制在标称值的小百分比范围内。严格控制AC频率能够利用该频率建立进行计算的时基(time base)，下面将作进一步描述。
电源100通常包括电磁干扰(EMI)低通滤波器102，用于降低耦合进入交流电线路的电源100切换噪声。EMI滤波器102通常包括：一个或者多个电容器元件，用于防止电源100的切换产生的高频谐波电流出现在交流电线路上；以及一个或者多个电感元件，用于限制涌流。在EMI滤波器102进行滤波之后，利用诸如全桥整流器的整流器104将双极交流输入电压变换为单极直流电压。
功率因数校正(PFC)前置调节器106连接到整流器104的输出。PFC前置调节器106改善电源100吸收的功率的功率因数(即，有效功率和视在功率之比)。本技术领域内的技术人员众所周知，通过控制输入电流，提高功率因数，以致它与输入电压波形同相或者接近同相。
电源100还可以选择性地包括DC-DC转换器108，它将PFC前置调节器106提供的DC电压转换为位于其DC输出109、指定负载112要求的一个或者多个DC输出电压。DC-DC转换器108通常采用变压器对DC电压升压和降压，并且将输入和输出隔离开。DC-DC转换器108的通常布局包括升压模式、降压模式和回扫以及其他模式。
为了对活动部件提供偏置电压以及对PFC前置调节器106的控制电路系统提供备用电源，电源100进一步包括内务电源(housekeeping supply)110。因此，即使当电源100不对下游负载112供电时，电源100仍继续消耗较小的电量。
现在，参考图2，它示出根据一个实施例的典型功率因数校正(PFC)前置调节器106的更详细方框图。尽管所示的实施例是有源控制升压模式PFC前置调节器，但是应当明白，PFC前置调节器106的其他实施例(例如，降压或者降压-升压)也是可以的，并且落入所附权利要求书的范围内。
在所示的实施例中，PFC前置调节器106在节点A和D具有差动输入，接收来自整流器104的整流交流电压波形。电感器202连接在输入节点A与节点B之间，而二极管204连接在节点B与第一输出节点C之间。感测电阻器210连接在节点D与第二输出节点E之间，诸如场效应晶体管(FET)的开关206连接在节点B与E之间，而电容器208(通常是大电容量的)连接在输出节点C与E的之间，以平滑DC输出电压中的脉动。
PFC前置调节器106最后包括PFC控制器200，通过根据例如在节点A、C、D和E感测到的反馈，选择性地操作开关206，该PFC控制器200控制电源100的输入电流。在所示的实施例中，PFC控制器200接收来自电压感测信号220和222的位于输入节点A和D之间的DC输入电压，并且接收来自电压感测信号226和224的位于输出节点C和E之间的DC输出电压。此外，根据电压感测信号222和224表示的位于电阻器210两端的所感测到的电压降，PFC控制器200确定通过电感器202的电流。
当PFC控制器200例如通过操作门控制线228，使开关206导通时，电感器202有效连接在整流器204的两端，并且被电流加电。当PFC控制器200例如通过操作门控制线228使开关206断开时，电感器202通过二极管204和DC-DC转换器108将存储的能量释放到负载112。如本技术领域内众所周知的，PFC控制器200控制开关206切换的时间和时长，以使电感器202吸收的电流(通过电压感测信号222和224感测到的)与线电压同相，从而将功率因数提高到1。
PFC控制器200可以以模拟电路系统方式予以实现，但是为了便于设计，它被优选实现为一个或者多个数字集成电路。如图所示，PFC控制器200优选包括或者连接到非易失性存储器230，在本技术领域内众所周知，例如，该非易失性存储器230可以由闪速存储器、非易失性只读存储器(NVRAM)、和/或者其他非易失性存储器予以实现。在非易失性存储器230中，PFC控制器200存储着在PFC控制器200进行计算中使用的校准参数232和数据234以及其他数据，可以包括由PFC控制器200的计算获得的数据，下面将参考图3做进一步讨论。
如果采用数字集成电路，不仅可以利用PFC控制器200有效实现功率因数校正，而且可以确定要求的其他数据，诸如电源100和/或者负载112消耗的功率。例如，如下给出输入功率：
Pin＝Iin×Vin    [1]
其中Vin是RMS(均方根)电压。根据如下，PFC控制器200控制作为电压Vin的函数的输入电流Iin：
Iin＝k×Vin    [2]
其中作为供电反馈操作的一部分，PFC控制器200调节k。将公式[2]代入公式[1]中产生下面的关系：
Pin＝k×Vin 2    [3]
PFC控制器200进一步确定能量消耗如下：
E＝∫Pin＝∫(k×Vin 2)    [4]
现在参考图3，它示出根据一个实施例的PFC控制器200执行的能量测量典型处理过程的高级逻辑流程图。作为逻辑流程图，所示步骤中至少有一些步骤可以被同时执行并且/或者可以以不同于所示顺序的顺序执行。此外，在其他实施例中，至少一些步骤可以被省略并且/或者可以包括附加步骤，根据下面的描述这是显而易见的。
如图所示，该处理过程在方框300开始，然后，进入方框302，方框302示出，将校准参数232存储在非易失性存储器230中。这些校准参数232仅需要一次性存储在非易失性存储器230中(例如，在制造电源100的过程中)，例如，如果实施图2所示的实施例，则它们可以包括电感器202、感测电阻器210和电容器208的数值。当然，如果PFC前置调节器106具有不同的布局，则可以存储其他校准参数232。
随后在使用期间，PFC控制器200确定，通过对输入功率进行积分计算能量消耗所采用的时基，如公式[4]所示(方框304)。在各种实施例中，例如，根据PFC前置调节器106内的谐振电路(例如，L-C或者R-C)中各部件的值、根据连接到PFC控制器200的定时晶体(timing crystal)、或者根据交流线路频率，PFC控制器200可以确定该时基，这是本技术领域内所公知的。利用确定的时基，根据公式[4]，PFC控制器200将输入功率对时间积分，以确定电源100的功率消耗(方框306)。在计算输入功率和能量消耗时，PFC控制器200访问存储在非易失性存储器230内的校准参数232，以确定k。
接着，在方框310，PFC控制器200选择性地将该时基期间的能量消耗作为数据234记录在非易失性存储器230中。例如，PFC控制器200可以记录该能量消耗，作为电源启动时复位的单个累加值、作为最后报告能量消耗以后的值、并且/或者作为预定数量的时基间隔期间的能量消耗。如果每个预定数量的时基间隔期间的能量消耗均被记录，则在诸如循环缓冲器的非易失性存储器230中，可以以有序保存的数据结构组织该数值。
在方框312，PFC控制器200确定电源100的当前功率状态。响应于在方框312确定的当前功率状态处于完全加电态(full power On state)，PFC控制器200报告平均功率消耗和/或者平均能量消耗。在方框318传送的该报告可以例如通过信号线240传递到诸如消费类电子装置或者计算机系统的下游负载112，也可以作为一种选择或者另外地传递到通过有线或者无线接口可通信地连接到多个电源的中央控制系统和/或者中央监视系统。方框318所示发送报告可以以有规律的时间间隔或者能量消耗进行，并且作为一种选择或者另外地，根据该报告的接收者的请求进行。
回到方框312，响应于电源100的当前功率状态处于比加电状态更低的功耗状态诸如睡眠(或者待机)状态的确定结果，PFC控制器200利用PFC控制器200、感测电阻器210、电容器208、内务电源110以及任何其他输入负载的能量耗散，增加在方框306确定的能量消耗(方框314)。尽管在处于加电状态时，输入负载的能量消耗可选地包括在该报告中，但是在处于加电状态时，输入负载的能量消耗可以忽略不计，而在诸如睡眠状态的低功耗状态下，它却是显著的或者起支配作用。如方框316所示，在至少一个实施例中，PFC控制器200推迟报告平均功率消耗和/或者平均能量消耗，如方框318所示，直到电源100转变到加电状态。接着方框316或者方框318之后，该处理过程返回已描述过的方框306。
如上所述，通过确定并且报告电气设备消耗的能量，可以鼓励人们参与能量节省。在至少一个实施例中，电源包括：具有AC输入和DC输出的整流器；以及连接到该整流器、用于提高电源的功率因数的功率因数校正(PFC)前置调节器。该PFC前置调节器包括对输入功率进行积分以确定能量消耗并输出指示该能量消耗的信号的控制器。因此，功率消耗可以在电源上精确确定，而不仅仅由下游设备来估计。
尽管参考一个或者多个优选实施例描述了特别示出的本发明，但是本技术领域内的技术人员明白，可以在形式和细节方面对其进行各种修改，而不脱离本发明的实质范围。

Claims (18)

1.一种电源，包括：
整流器，具有AC输入和DC输出；以及
功率因数校正前置调节器，连接到该整流器，用于提高该电源的功率因数，其中该功率因数校正前置调节器包括功率因数校正控制器，该功率因数校正控制器对输入功率进行积分，以确定能量消耗，并且输出指示该能量消耗的信号，其中所述功率因数校正控制器进一步确定所述电源的功率状态,并且当确定所述电源是处于较高功率状态时，作为响应，所述功率因数校正控制器输出所述信号，而当确定所述电源处于是在较低功率状态时，作为响应，所述功率因数校正控制器避免输出所述信号，所述较低功率状态的功率消耗处于所述较高功率状态和关闭状态的功率消耗之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电源，其中：
该功率因数校正控制器具有非易失性存储器，用于存储该功率因数校正控制器利用来确定该能量消耗的校准参数。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电源，其中所述能量消耗包括功率因数校正前置调节器中的输入负载的能量消耗。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电源，其中该功率因数校正控制器确定时基，以根据AC线路频率，积分该输入功率。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电源，其中指示该能量消耗的信号指示时间间隔期间的平均功率。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电源，并且进一步包括连接到该功率因数校正前置调节器的DC到DC转换器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电源，并且进一步包括连接到该整流器的电磁干扰(EMI)滤波器。
8.一种操作电源的方法，所述方法包括：
对AC输入进行整流；
由功率因数校正前置调节器进行功率因数校正，以提高该电源的功率因数；
由功率因数校正前置调节器的功率因数校正控制器通过积分输入功率，确定能量消耗；
由所述功率因数校正控制器，确定所述电源的功率状态；以及
当确定所述电源是处于较高功率状态时，作为响应，所述功率因数校正控制器输出指示该能量消耗的信号，而当确定所述电源处于较低功率状态时，作为响应，所述功率因数校正控制器不输出所述信号，所述较低功率状态的功率消耗处于所述较高功率状态和关闭状态的功率消耗之间。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，并且进一步包括：
将该控制器利用来确定能量消耗的校准参数存储在非易失性存储器中。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中确定能量消耗包括，计算该功率因数校正前置调节器中的输入负载的能量消耗。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法，并且进一步包括功率因数校正控制器根据AC线路频率确定用于对该输入功率进行积分的时基。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中输出指示该能量消耗的信号包括，输出指示时间间隔期间的平均功率的信号。
13.一种用于控制电源的电路，该电路包括：
功率因数校正控制器，用于控制流过功率因数校正前置调节器的电流，以提高该电源的功率因数，其中该功率因数校正控制器对输入功率积分，以确定能量消耗，并且输出指示该能量消耗的信号；以及
其中所述功率因数校正控制器进一步确定所述电源的功率状态,并且，当确定所述电源是处于较高功率状态时，作为响应，所述功率因数校正控制器输出所述信号，当确定所述电源处于是在较低功率状态时，作为响应，所述功率因数校正控制器避免输出所述信号，所述较低功率状态的功率消耗处于所述较高功率状态和关闭状态的功率消耗之间。
14.根据权利要求13所述的电路，其中：
该功率因数校正控制器包括非易失性存储器，用于存储被该功率因数校正控制器利用来确定该能量消耗的校准参数。
15.根据权利要求13所述的电路，其中所述能量消耗包括所述功率因数校正前置调节器中的输入负载的能量消耗。
16.根据权利要求13所述的电路，其中该功率因数校正控制器确定时基，用于根据AC线路频率，积分该输入功率。
17.根据权利要求13所述的电路，其中指示该能量消耗的信号指示时间间隔期间的平均功率。
18.根据权利要求13所述的电路，其中该电路被嵌入集成电路中。
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