CN102596564B - 含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的陶瓷复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的陶瓷复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN102596564B
CN102596564B CN201080049213.3A CN201080049213A CN102596564B CN 102596564 B CN102596564 B CN 102596564B CN 201080049213 A CN201080049213 A CN 201080049213A CN 102596564 B CN102596564 B CN 102596564B
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fibrous material
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composite
ceramic matrix
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CN102596564A (zh
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T·K·沙阿
H·C·马里基
M·卡森
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Applied Nanostructured Solutions LLC
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Abstract

在各个实施方式中,本文描述了含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。示例性的陶瓷基体包括,例如二元、三元和四元金属或非金属硼化物、氧化物、氮化物和碳化物。陶瓷基体也可以是水泥。纤维材料可以是连续的或切短的纤维,包括例如,玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维、有机纤维、碳化硅纤维、碳化硼纤维、氮化硅纤维和氧化铝纤维。复合材料还可包括至少涂覆碳纳米管并入的纤维材料和任选地多种碳纳米管的钝化层。纤维材料可以在陶瓷基体中均匀地分布、不均匀地分布或者以梯度方式分布。不均匀分布可用于形成不同的机械、电或热性能赋予陶瓷基体的不同区域。

Description

含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的陶瓷复合材料及其制备方法
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请按照35U.S.C.§119要求2009年11月23日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号61/263,804和2009年12月01日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号61/265,718的优先权权益,其中每一个均通过引用其整体被并入本文。本申请也与2009年11月02日提交的美国专利申请序列号12/611,073、12/611,101和12/611,103相关。
关于联邦政府资助的研究或开发的声明
不适用。
发明领域
本发明一般地涉及复合材料,更具体而言,涉及纤维-增强的陶瓷复合材料。
背景技术
在过去几年中,由于纳米级水平实现了有益性能的提高,含有纳米材料的复合材料已经被广泛地研究。尤其地,由于碳纳米管的极限强度和导电性,碳纳米管是被广泛研究用于复合材料中的纳米材料。尽管有益性能可以通过掺入的纳米材料传递(conveyed)到复合材料基体,但由于将纳米材料掺入到其中的复杂性,尚未广泛实现商业上可行的含有纳米材料,尤其是碳纳米管的复合材料的生产。在将碳纳米管掺入到复合材料基体中时常常遇到的问题可以包括,例如在载入碳纳米管后粘度增加、梯度控制问题和不确定的碳纳米管取向。
鉴于上述问题,容易生产的含有碳纳米管的复合材料在本领域中将具有实质性益处。本发明满足该需求,并且还提供相关的优势。
发明内容
在各个实施方式中,本文描述了含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的(carbonnanotube-infused)纤维材料的复合材料。
在一些实施方式中,复合材料包含陶瓷基体、第一部分碳纳米管并入的纤维材料和第二部分碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。第一部分碳纳米管并入的纤维材料和第二部分碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分别分布在陶瓷基体的第一区域和第二区域中。并入第一部分的碳纳米管的平均长度和并入第二部分的碳纳米管的平均长度被选择,以便陶瓷基体的第一区域和陶瓷基体的第二区域具有不同的机械、电学或热性能。
在一些实施方式中,本文描述了含有复合材料的制品,所述复合材料含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。
在其它各种实施方式中,本文描述了制备含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料的方法。在一些实施方式中,方法包括提供碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,将碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分布在生陶瓷前体中,和固化所述生陶瓷前体以形成含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。
在其它实施方式中,本文描述了制备含有水泥陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料的方法。所述方法包括提供水泥(cement)陶瓷基体,提供碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,将碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分布在水泥中,和固化所述水泥以形成含有所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的混凝土(concrete)。
以上相当宽泛地概述了本公开内容的特征,以便可以更好地理解下面的详细描述。在下文中将描述本公开内容的另外的特征和优势,其形成权利要求的主题。
附图简介
为了更完整地理解本公开内容及其优势,现将参考以下说明结合描述本公开内容具体实施方式的附图,其中:
图1显示已经并入到碳纤维的碳纳米管的示例性TEM图;
图2显示已经并入有碳纳米管的碳纤维的示例性SEM图,其中,碳纳米管在40μm的目标长度的+20%之内;
图3显示碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的纤维织物的示例性SEM图;
图4和5显示分布在碳化硅陶瓷基体中的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的示例性SEM图;和
图6显示柱状图,其图解与缺少碳纳米管的陶瓷基体复合材料相比,在以下实施例中描述的示例性碳纳米管并入的碳纤维陶瓷基体复合材料的导电性提高。
发明详述
本公开内容部分地涉及含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。本公开内容也部分地涉及生产含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料以及含有这种复合材料的制品的方法。
在含有纤维材料和复合材料基体的复合材料中,纤维材料的提高的物理和/或化学性能被赋予复合材料基体(例如,陶瓷基体)。在本发明的复合材料中,这些提高的性能进一步被并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管提升。碳纳米管并入的纤维材料是用于将碳纳米管引入到复合材料基体的通用平台(versatile platform)。利用复合材料中的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料使在其中掺入碳纳米管有关的重要问题得以克服。另外,通过改变,例如并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管覆盖的长度和密度,可将不同的性能选择性地传递给复合材料。例如,较短的碳纳米管可用于传递结构支持给复合材料。较长的碳纳米管除了传递结构支持之外,可用于在通常导电差或不导电的复合材料中建立导电性逾渗通道。另外,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料在复合材料不同区域中的不均匀性或梯度布置(gradient placement)可用于选择性地传递期望的性能给不同的复合材料区域。
复合材料,尤其是含有水泥和其它陶瓷基体的复合材料的应用继续扩大。这些复合材料的现有应用和新应用继续突破当前纤维增强技术的限制。含并入有碳纳米管的纤维材料的复合材料是可以克服当前的技术障碍以提供同时具有提高的结构强度和另外的有益性能,如例如导电性和导热性的复合材料的一种方式。将导电性传递给复合材料的特别有益的结果是复合材料可以提供电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽,这在含有常规纤维材料的非导电复合材料中是不可能的。具有EMI屏蔽性能的复合材料可用于隐身应用(stealth applications)和EMI屏蔽是重要的其它情形中。常规复合材料,尤其是陶瓷复合材料的EMI屏蔽应用以前尚未被研究过,因为它们通常是非导电的并且不可操作来提供EMI屏蔽效应。对于含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料存在许多其它的潜在应用,其中期望为复合材料基体提供结构增强。
如本文中所使用的,术语“陶瓷基体”是指二元系、三元系、四元系或更高级的陶瓷材料,其可用于将碳纳米管并入的纤维材料组织成特定的取向,包括随机取向。陶瓷基体包括但不限于氧化物、碳化物、硼化物和氮化物。陶瓷基体也可以包括含有陶瓷材料的水泥。在复合材料中,陶瓷基体通过,例如结构性能、电学性能和/或热性能的提高而得益于其中含有的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。
如本文中所使用的,“并入的(infused)”指结合的,以及“并入(infusion)”指结合的过程。因此,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料是指与碳纳米管结合的纤维材料。碳纳米管与纤维材料的这种结合可以包括共价结合、离子结合、pi-pi相互作用和/或范德华力-介导的(mediated)物理吸附。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管直接与纤维材料结合。在其它实施方式中,碳纳米管通过隔离涂层和/或用于介导碳纳米管生长的催化纳米颗粒与纤维材料间接结合。将碳纳米管并入到纤维材料的具体方式可以称为结合基序(bonding motif)。
如本文中所使用的,术语“纳米颗粒”指以当量球形直径计直径在大约0.1nm至大约100nm之间的颗粒,尽管纳米颗粒的形状不必是球形的。
如本文中所使用的,术语“钝化层”是指沉积在至少一部分碳纳米管并入的纤维材料上以防止或基本上抑制纤维材料和/或并入在其上的碳纳米管的反应的层。钝化层可以有益于,例如在可能遇到高温时防止或基本上抑制复合材料形成期间的反应。另外,钝化层可以在形成复合材料之前或之后防止或基本上抑制与大气成分的反应。钝化层的示例性材料可以包括,例如,电镀镍、铬、镁、钛、银、锡或二硼化钛。
如本文中所使用的,术语“上浆剂(sizing agent)”或“上浆”统指这样的材料:所述材料作为涂层用在纤维材料的制造中,以保护纤维材料的完整性、提供复合材料中纤维材料和陶瓷基体之间提高的界面相互作用、和/或改变和/或提高纤维材料的某些物理性能。
如本文中所使用的,术语“可缠绕维度”指这样的纤维材料:所述纤维材料具有至少一个长度不被限制的维度,在并入有碳纳米管之后允许纤维材料储存在卷轴或者心轴上。“可缠绕维度”的纤维材料具有至少一个这样的维度:所述维度指示使用分批或者连续处理,以将碳纳米管并入到纤维材料。
如本文中所使用的,术语“过渡金属”是指周期表(第3到12族)d区中的任何元素或者元素合金,术语“过渡金属盐”是指任何过渡金属化合物,如例如,过渡金属氧化物、碳化物、氮化物等等。示例性的过渡金属催化纳米颗粒包括,例如,Ni、Fe、Co、Mo、Cu、Pt、Au、Ag、其合金、其盐及其混合物。
如本文中所使用的,“长度一致”是指对于范围在约1μm至约500μm之间的碳纳米管长度,碳纳米管的长度的公差是碳纳米管总长度加或减约20%或更少的情形。在非常短的碳纳米管长度(例如,约1μm至约4μm)下,公差可以加或减约1μm,即,稍微多于碳纳米管总长度的约20%。
如本文中所使用的,“密度分布一致”是指纤维材料上的碳纳米管密度的公差是加或减被碳纳米管覆盖的纤维材料表面积的约10%覆盖率的情形。
在各个实施方式中,在本文中描述了含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。
已并入有碳纳米管的纤维材料,包括碳纤维、陶瓷纤维、金属纤维和玻璃纤维描述在2009年11月02日提交的申请人的共同未决美国专利申请12/611,073、12/611,101和12/611,103中,其中每一个均通过引用其整体被并入本文。图1显示已经并入到碳纤维的碳纳米管的示例性TEM图。图2显示已经并入有碳纳米管的碳纤维的示例性SEM图,其中碳纳米管在40μm的目标长度的+20%内。在图1和2的图中,碳纳米管是多壁(multi-wall)碳纳米管,尽管任何碳纳米管,如单壁碳纳米管、双壁碳纳米管和具有两层以上的多壁碳纳米管可用于并入本发明复合材料的纤维材料。
以上纤维材料对于可以并入有碳纳米管并包含在复合材料中的各种纤维材料仅是说明性的。在本文所描述的各种实施方式任意之一中,可以并入有碳纳米管的纤维材料包括,例如玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维和有机纤维(例如,芳族聚酰胺纤维)。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料包括,例如玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维、有机纤维、碳化硅(SiC)纤维、碳化硼(B4C)纤维、氮化硅(Si3N4)纤维、氧化铝(Al2O3)纤维及其各种组合。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管的期望性能被赋予它们并入的纤维材料,从而增强所得复合材料的陶瓷基体。本领域的普通技术人员将认识到任何类型的可以并入有碳纳米管的纤维材料也可用于本文所描述的实施方式中,以增强期望的目标性能。此外,通过改变纤维材料的一致性(identity)和/或比例(fraction)和/或其上并入的碳纳米管的数量,可在复合材料中解决不同的性能。不受理论或机理的限制,申请人相信纤维材料从结构上加强复合材料的陶瓷基体。
在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可以包含在具有缺乏碳纳米管的纤维材料的复合材料中。示例性的组合无限制性地包括碳纳米管并入的玻璃纤维与缺乏碳纳米管并入的陶瓷纤维、碳纳米管并入的陶瓷纤维与缺乏碳纳米管并入的玻璃纤维、碳纳米管并入的碳纤维与缺乏碳纳米管并入的陶瓷纤维、以及碳纳米管并入的碳纤维与缺乏碳纳米管并入的玻璃纤维。另外,任何类型的碳纳米管并入的纤维均可以包含在具有缺乏碳纳米管并入的类似类型纤维材料的复合材料中。
基于用于产生纤维的前体进行分类,有三种类型的碳纤维:人造纤维、聚丙烯腈(PAN)和沥青,其中任何一种均可以用于本文所述的各种实施方式中。来自人造纤维前体的碳纤维是纤维素材料,具有大约20%的相对低的碳含量并且该纤维趋于具有低的强度和硬度。相比之下,聚丙烯腈(PAN)前体提供碳含量大约55%并由于由于表面缺陷最少而拉伸强度优良的碳纤维。基于石油沥青、煤焦油和聚氯乙烯的沥青前体也可用于生产碳纤维。尽管沥青成本相对低并且碳产率高,但在给定的所得碳纤维的批次中可能有不均匀的问题。
在各个实施方式中,本发明复合材料的纤维材料可以是丝、纺线、纤维丝束、带材、纤维-编织物、织造织物、非织造织物、纤维板片和其它三维织造或非织造结构的非限制性形式。例如,在纤维材料是碳纤维的实施方式中,纤维材料可以是包括碳丝、碳纤维纺线、碳纤维丝束、碳带材、碳纤维-编织物、织造碳织物、非织造碳纤维垫、碳纤维板片和其它三维织造或非织造结构的非限制性形式。图3显示碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的纤维织物的示例性SEM图。在各个实施方式中,均匀长度和分布的碳纳米管可以沿着丝、纤维丝束、带材、织物和其它三维织造结构的可缠绕长度产生。虽然各种丝、纤维丝束、纺线、垫、织造和非织造织物等等可以直接并入有碳纳米管,但从来自碳纳米管并入的纤维的母体纤维丝束、纺线或类似物产生这种更高度有序的结构也是可能的。例如,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可以从碳纳米管并入的纤维丝束转换成织造织物。
丝包括直径大小范围通常在大约1μm至大约100μm微米之间的高纵横比纤维。
纤维丝束一般是紧密连接的碳丝的束,在一些实施方式中,其可以扭曲在一起以产生纺线。纺线包括严密连接的扭曲丝的束,其中,纺线中每一条丝的直径是相对均匀的。纺线具有由其‘特(tex)’(表示为每1000线性米的重量克数)或者‘旦(denier)’(表示为每10,000码的重量磅数)描述的不同重量。对于纺线,典型的特范围通常在大约200至大约2000之间。
纤维-编织物表示密集压紧的纤维的类似绳索的结构。例如,这种类似绳索的结构可由纺线组装。编织的结构可以包括中空的部分。可选地,可以绕另一核心材料组装编织的结构。
纤维丝束包括松散连接的未扭曲丝的束。如在纺线中一样,纤维丝束中的丝直径一般是均匀的。纤维丝束也具有不同的重量,并且特范围通常在200特和2000之间。另外,纤维丝束的特征通常在于纤维丝束中的数以千计的丝数目,诸如,举例来说,12K丝束、24K丝束、48K丝束等等。
带材是,例如可被组装为织物或被组装为非织造平压纤维丝束的纤维材料。带材的宽度可变化并且一般是类似于带的两面的结构。在本文所描述的各种实施方式中,碳纳米管可以在带材的一面或两面上被并入到带材的纤维材料。另外,不同类型、直径或长度的碳纳米管可以在带材的每一个面上生长。将不同类型、直径或长度的碳纳米管并入到纤维材料上的优势在下文中进行评价。如在申请人的共同未决美国专利申请中所描述的,将碳纳米管并入到带材的卷轴可以以连续的方式进行。
在一些实施方式中,纤维材料可被组织为织物或者类似薄片的结构。除上述的带材之外,这些包括例如织造织物、非织造纤维垫和纤维板片。由母体丝束、纺线、丝或者类似物可组装这种更高度有序的结构,其中碳纳米管已经并入到纤维材料上。如同带材一样,这样的结构也可以用作将碳纳米管连续并入到其上的基底。
如在申请人的共同未决申请中所描述的,改进纤维材料以在纤维材料上提供催化纳米颗粒的层(典型地只是单层),目的是使碳纳米管在其上生长。在各个实施方式中,用于介导碳纳米管生长的催化纳米颗粒是过渡金属及其各种盐。
在一些实施方式中,纤维材料还包括隔离涂层。示例性的隔离涂层可以包括,例如烷氧基硅烷、甲基硅氧烷、铝氧烷(alumoxane)、氧化铝纳米颗粒、旋涂玻璃(spinon glass)和玻璃纳米颗粒。例如,在一个实施方式中,隔离涂层是Accuglass T-11旋涂玻璃(Honeywell International Inc.,Morristown,NJ)。在一些实施方式中,用于碳纳米管合成的催化纳米颗粒可以与未固化的隔离涂层材料组合,然后一起施用到纤维材料。在其它实施方式中,可以在催化纳米颗粒沉积之前将隔离涂层材料加入到纤维材料中。通常,隔离涂层足够薄以允许催化纳米颗粒暴露于碳原料气体,用于碳纳米管生长。在一些实施方式中,隔离涂层的厚度小于或约等于催化纳米颗粒的有效直径。在一些实施方式中,隔离涂层的厚度范围在约10nm至约100nm之间。在其它实施方式中,隔离涂层的厚度范围在约10nm至约50nm之间,包括40nm。在一些实施方式中,隔离涂层的厚度小于约10nm,包括约1nm、约2nm、约3nm、约4nm、约5nm、约6nm、约7nm、约8nm、约9nm和约10nm——包括其间的所有值和亚范围。
不受理论限制,隔离涂层可用作纤维材料与碳纳米管之间的中间层,并将碳纳米管机械地并入纤维材料。这种机械并入仍提供坚固的系统,其中纤维材料用作组织碳纳米管的平台,同时允许碳纳米管的有益性能传递给纤维材料。而且,包括隔离涂层的益处包括保护纤维材料免受由于暴露于湿气引起的化学损害和/或在用于促进碳纳米管生长的高温度下的热损害。在一些实施方式中,在将碳纳米管并入的纤维材料结合到复合材料中之前去除隔离涂层。然而,在其它实施方式中,复合材料可以含有隔离涂层完整无损的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。
在催化纳米颗粒沉积之后,在一些实施方式中使用基于化学气相沉积(CVD)的方法,以使碳纳米管在纤维材料上连续生长。所得碳纳米管并入的纤维材料本身是复合材料结构。更通常地,可以利用本领域的普通技术人员已知的任何技术将碳纳米管并入纤维材料。用于碳纳米管合成的示例性技术包括,例如微腔、热或者等离子体增强的CVD技术、激光烧蚀、弧光放电和高压一氧化碳(HiPCO)合成。在一些实施方式中,通过在生长过程期间提供电场,CVD生长可以是等离子体-增强的,以便碳纳米管遵循电场方向。
并入本发明复合材料的纤维材料的碳纳米管的类型通常可以变化而不受限制。在本文的各个实施方式中,并入到纤维材料上的碳纳米管可以是,例如,富勒烯族碳的许多圆柱形同素异形体的任一种,包括单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)、双壁碳纳米管(DWNT)、多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)及其任意组合。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管可以被富勒烯类似结构封端。以另一种方式进行说明,碳纳米管在这样的实施方式中具有封闭端。然而,在其它实施方式中,碳纳米管保持开口。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管包封其它材料。在一些实施方式中,在并入纤维材料之后,碳纳米管被共价官能化。官能化可用于提高碳纳米管与某些陶瓷基体的相容性。在一些实施方式中,等离子体方法被用于促进碳纳米管官能化。
在一些实施方式中,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管基本上垂直于纤维材料的纵轴。以另一种方式进行说明,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管切向地(circumferentially)垂直于纤维表面。在其它实施方式中,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管基本上平行于纤维材料的纵轴。
在一些实施方式中,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管未成束,从而有助于纤维材料与碳纳米管之间的强的结合。未成束的碳纳米管允许有益的碳纳米管性能表现在本发明复合材料中。在其它实施方式中,通过减小生长密度,在碳纳米管合成期间可以以高度均匀、缠结的碳纳米管垫的形式制备并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管。在这样的实施方式中,碳纳米管并不生长足够密集,以使碳纳米管基本上垂直于纤维材料的纵轴排列。
在一些实施方式中,选择并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管的量,以便复合材料的至少一种性能相对于单独的陶瓷基体或纤维材料得以增强。这样的性能可以包括,例如拉伸强度、杨氏模量、剪切强度、剪切模量、韧性、压缩强度、压缩模量、密度、电磁波吸收率/反射率、声音透射率(acoustic transmittance)、导电性和导热性。碳纳米管在复合材料中的存在也提供较轻的终端产品复合材料,其强度与重量的比高于缺乏碳纳米管的类似复合材料。
在一些实施方式中,纤维材料可以并入有特定类型的碳纳米管,以便可以获得期望的纤维材料性能,从而获得期望的复合材料性能。例如,可以通过将各种类型、手性、直径、长度和密度的碳纳米管并入到纤维材料来改变复合材料的电性能。
导电性或者比电导是材料传导电流的能力的量度。碳纳米管可以是金属的、半金属的或者半导体的,这取决于它们的手性。用于指定碳纳米管手性的公认的命名法系统被本领域的普通技术人员所公认,并且通过双指数(n,m)来区分,其中,n和m是描述形成管状结构时六边形石墨的相交(cut)和包封(wrapping)的整数。例如,当m=n时,碳纳米管管被认为是‘扶手椅’型。这样的扶手椅碳纳米管,特别是单壁碳纳米管是金属导体,并且具有极高的导电性和导热性。另外,这样的单壁碳纳米管具有极高的拉伸强度。
除了手性之外,碳纳米管的直径也影响其导电性和相关的导热性性能。在碳纳米管的合成中,碳纳米管的直径可通过利用给定尺寸的催化纳米颗粒进行控制。通常,碳纳米管的直径近似于催化其形成的催化纳米颗粒的直径。因此,碳纳米管的性能可另外通过,例如调整用于合成碳纳米管的催化纳米颗粒的尺寸进行控制。作为非限制性实例,直径为约1nm的催化纳米颗粒可用于将单壁碳纳米管并入纤维材料。较大的催化纳米颗粒可用于主要制备由于多个纳米管层而具有较大直径的多壁碳纳米管,或者单壁和多壁碳纳米管的混合物。由于可以不均匀地重新分布电流的各纳米管层之间的壁间反应(interwall reaction),多壁碳纳米管比单壁碳纳米管通常具有更复杂的传导特征(conductivity profile)。通过对比,在单壁碳纳米管的不同部分上电流没有变化。
由于复合材料中纤维材料的间隔通常大于或等于约一个纤维直径(例如,约5μm至约50μm),至少约一半该长度的碳纳米管被用于在复合材料中建立导电渗滤通道(percolation pathway)。这样的碳纳米管长度可以通过邻近纤维之间的碳纳米管与碳纳米管桥接来建立导电渗滤通道。根据复合材料中纤维材料的直径和其间的间隔,可以相应地调整碳纳米管长度,以建立导电渗滤通道。在不期望或没必要建立导电渗滤通道的应用中,长度短于纤维直径的碳纳米管可用于增强结构性能。在一些实施方式中,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管的长度在碳纳米管合成期间可以通过调节含碳原料气体流速和压力、载体气体流速和压力、反应温度和暴露于碳纳米管生长条件的时间进行控制。
在本发明复合材料的一些实施方式中,可以使用沿相同连续纤维材料的不同部分长度变化的碳纳米管。在这种情况下,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可以增强陶瓷基体的一种以上性能。例如,在给定的复合材料中可以期望具有并入有均匀较短的碳纳米管以增强剪切强度或其它结构性能的第一部分纤维材料和并入有均匀较长的碳纳米管以增强导电性和导热性性能的第二部分纤维材料。
在一些实施方式中,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管通常长度一致。在一些实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度在约1μm和约500μm之间,包括约1μm、约2μm、约3μm、约4μm、约5μm、约6μm、约7μm、约8μm、约9μm、约10μm、约15μm、约20μm、约25μm、约30μm、约35μm、约40μm、约45μm、约50μm、约60μm、约70μm、约80μm、约90μm、约100μm、约150μm、约200μm、约250μm、约300μm、约350μm、约400μm、约450μm、约500μm以及其间的所有值和亚范围。在一些实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度小于约1μm,包括例如约0.5μm以及其间的所有值和亚范围。在一些实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度在约1μm和约10μm之间,包括例如约1μm、约2μm、约3μm、约4μm、约5μm、约6μm、约7μm、约8μm、约9μm、约10μm以及其间的所有值和亚范围。在其它实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度大于约500μm,包括例如约510μm、约520μm、约550μm、约600μm、约700μm以及其间的所有值和亚范围。在各个实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度可以受以下影响,例如暴露于碳纳米管生长条件的时间、生长温度以及在碳纳米管合成期间使用的含碳原料气体(例如,乙炔、乙烯和/或乙醇)和载体气体(例如,氦、氩和/或氮)的流速和压力。通常,在碳纳米管合成期间,以总反应体积的约0.1%至约15%范围提供含碳原料气体。
在一些实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度在约1μm和约10μm之间。具有这种长度的碳纳米管在,例如提高剪切强度的应用中是有用的。在其它实施方式中,并入的碳纳米管的平均长度在约5μm和约70μm之间。具有这种长度的碳纳米管在包括,例如提高拉伸强度的应用中是有用的,尤其在碳纳米管以纤维方向排列的情况下。在其它实施方式中,碳纳米管的平均长度在约10μm和约100μm之间。除机械性能以外,具有这种长度的碳纳米管对于,例如提高导电性和导热性性能也是有用的。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管的平均长度在约100μm和约500μm之间。具有这种长度的碳纳米管尤其有益于提高,例如导电性和导热性性能。
在一些实施方式中,相对于缺乏碳纳米管的复合材料,碳纳米管的平均长度足以使复合材料的热膨胀系数降低约4倍或更多。在一些实施方式中,相对于缺乏碳纳米管的复合材料,碳纳米管的平均长度足以使复合材料的硬度和耐磨性提高约3倍或更多。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管的平均长度足以在复合材料中建立导电通道。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管的平均长度足以在复合材料中建立导热通道。
在一些实施方式中,提及纤维材料上的碳纳米管密度的均匀性,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管通常密度分布一致。如上所限定,均匀密度分布的公差为在并入有碳纳米管的纤维材料表面积上加或减约10%。作为非限制性实例,对于具有5个壁和直径为8nm的碳纳米管,该公差相当于约±1500个碳纳米管/μm2。这样的数据假设碳纳米管内部的空间是可填充的。在一些实施方式中,以纤维材料的覆盖百分率(即,被碳纳米管覆盖的纤维材料表面积的百分比)表示的最大碳纳米管密度可以高达约55%——再次假定碳纳米管直径为8nm,具有5个壁和可填充的内部空间。55%表面积覆盖率对于具有参考尺寸的碳纳米管相当于约15,000个碳纳米管/μm2。在一些实施方式中,覆盖密度多达约15,000个碳纳米管/μm2。本领域的普通技术人员将认识到可以通过改变催化纳米颗粒在纤维材料表面上的沉积、暴露于碳纳米管生长条件的时间以及用于将碳纳米管并入纤维材料的实际生长条件本身来获得宽范围的碳纳米管密度。如上所述,分布密度较高的较短碳纳米管对于提高机械性能(例如,拉伸强度)通常更有用,而分布密度较低的较长碳纳米管对于提高热和电性能通常更有用。然而,甚至当存在较长碳纳米管时提高分布密度也仍然是有利的。
拉伸强度可以包括三种不同的测量方法:1)屈服强度,其评价材料应变从弹性变形变化为塑性变形,导致永久变形的应力;2)极限强度,其评价当材料遭受拉伸、压缩或者剪切时可经受的最大应力;和3)断裂强度,其评价应力-应变曲线上在断裂点的应力坐标。剪切强度评价当垂直于纤维方向施加负载时材料受损的应力。压缩强度评价当施加压缩负荷(即,平行于纤维方向施加负载)时材料受损的应力。
尤其地,多壁碳纳米管具有目前测量的任何材料的最高拉伸强度,已达到约63GPa的拉伸强度。而且,理论计算已表明某些碳纳米管的可能的拉伸强度多达约300GPa。如上所述,本发明复合材料中拉伸强度的提高取决于碳纳米管的精确属性,以及并入到纤维材料上时其密度和分布。例如,相对于母体纤维材料,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可以表现拉伸强度二至三倍或更多的增加。同样地,示例性的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可以具有多达母体纤维材料的三倍或更多的剪切强度和多达2.5倍或更多的压缩强度。纤维材料强度的这种增加被传递给其中分布碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。
在一些实施方式中,含有并入的碳纳米管的纤维材料均匀地分布在陶瓷基体中。以另一种方式进行说明,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料均质地分布在陶瓷基体中。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料在陶瓷基体中被随机定向。在这种情况下,复合材料的性能被各向同性地增强。在其它实施方式中,纤维材料在陶瓷基体中排列或以其它方式定向。在这种情况下,复合材料的性能被各向异性地增强。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料在陶瓷基体中同时均匀分布和排列。在其它实施方式中,纤维材料以随机方式均匀分布在陶瓷基体中。
在一些实施方式中,纤维材料具有两种或更多种长度的碳纳米管并入到其上。在这样的实施方式中,纤维材料的分布可以再次是随机的、排列的或以一些方式另外定向的。如上所述,不同长度的碳纳米管可以并入到相同纤维材料的不同部分,并用于将不同的性能增强传递给复合材料。
在可选实施方式中,具有不同长度的碳纳米管可并入到两种或更多种不同的纤维材料中,然后,其中每一种纤维材料均均匀地分布在复合材料中。这样的纤维材料可以再次将不同的性能增强传递给复合材料。因此,具有第一长度的碳纳米管可以并入到第一纤维材料,具有第二长度的碳纳米管可以并入到第二纤维材料,以将不同的性能增强传递给复合材料。当使用两种或更多种不同的纤维材料时,分布也可以是随机的、排列的或以一些方式另外定向的。如本文以下所论述的,对于一种或两种或多种含有并入其上的碳纳米管的纤维材料,分布也可以是非均匀方式。
在其它实施方式中,纤维材料不均匀地(non-uniformly)分布在陶瓷基体中。以另一种方式进行说明,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可以非均匀地(heterogeneously)分布在陶瓷基体中。在一些实施方式中,不均匀分布是在陶瓷基体中的梯度分布。在一些实施方式中,陶瓷基体的第一部分含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,陶瓷基体的第二部分不含碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。作为后面实施方式的非限制性实例,本公开的陶瓷基体复合材料的最外面区域可以通过在陶瓷基体表面附近仅包括纤维材料而选择性地增强。
在含有不均匀分布的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料可用于选择性地将增强的性能仅传递给复合材料的某些部分。作为非限制性实例,仅在其表面附近具有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料可用于增强表面热传递性能,或用于传递表面抗冲击性。在可选实施方式中,具有不同长度的碳纳米管可并入到两种或更多种不同的纤维材料,所述材料然后不均匀地分布在复合材料中。例如,具有不同长度的碳纳米管并入到其上的纤维材料可以分布在复合材料的不同部分中。在这样的实施方式中,具有不同长度的碳纳米管有区别地增强它们所分布的复合材料的部分。作为非限制性实例,长度足以提高抗冲击性的碳纳米管可以并入到纤维材料并分布在复合材料表面附近,而长度足以建立导电渗滤通道的碳纳米管可并入到纤维材料并分布在复合材料的另一区域。根据本公开,性能增强的其它组合可以被本领域的普通技术人员预想到。如同在碳纳米管并入的纤维材料均匀地分布在复合材料中的情况,在不均匀分布的情况下,纤维材料的沉积可以再次是随机的、排列的或以一些方式另外定向的。
在一些实施方式中,复合材料包含陶瓷基体,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分。碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分分别分布在陶瓷基体的第一区域和第二区域中。并入第一部分的碳纳米管的平均长度和并入第二部分的碳纳米管的平均长度被选择,以便陶瓷基体的第一区域和陶瓷基体的第二区域具有不同的机械、电或热性能。
在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分是相同的纤维材料。例如,在一些实施方式中,纤维材料的第一部分和纤维材料的第二部分均是碳纤维或本文所述的任何其它纤维材料。在其它实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分是不同的纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分的至少一个也包括至少涂覆碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的钝化层。这种钝化层的进一步的细节在下文中更详细地考虑。
各种陶瓷基体可以用于形成本文所述的复合材料。在一些实施方式中,陶瓷基体是二元、三元或四元陶瓷材料。在一些实施方式中,陶瓷基体是碳化物、氮化物、硼化物或氧化物。在一些实施方式中,陶瓷基体包括至少一种化合物,如例如碳化硅、碳化钨、碳化铬(Cr3C2)、碳化钛(TiC)、氮化钛(TiN)、硼化钛(TiB2)、氧化铝和氮化硅(Si3N4)。在另外的实施方式中,其它合适的陶瓷基体可以包括,例如SiCN、Fe2N和BaTiO3。仍在另外的实施方式中,陶瓷基体可以包括硅铝酸锂或富铝红柱石(具有两种化学计量形式的硅酸盐矿物:3Al2O3·2SiO2或2Al2O3·SiO2)。
在形成碳纳米管并入的纤维材料之后,可以利用本领域普通技术人员已知的任何方法形成含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料,所述方法包括,例如化学气相渗透法、反应熔体渗透法、电泳沉积法、聚合物浸渍法和热解、烧结、胶态沉积、溶胶-凝胶沉积和粉末加工。
本发明者考虑陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的某些组合在本领域中具有特别的效用。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料是碳化硅纤维,陶瓷基体是氧化铝。在其它实施方式中,纤维材料是碳化硅纤维,陶瓷基体是氮化硅。在其它实施方式中,纤维材料是碳化硅纤维,陶瓷基体是碳化硅。在其它实施方式中,纤维材料是碳纤维,陶瓷基体是碳化硅。图4和5显示分布在碳化硅陶瓷基体中的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的示例性SEM图。图4的碳化硅颗粒被全部烧结,而图5的碳化硅颗粒仅部分被烧结。
在一些实施方式中,陶瓷基体是水泥。本领域的普通技术人员已知示例性的水泥,包括例如,卜特兰(Portland)水泥、火山灰(Pozzolan)-石灰(lime)水泥、矿渣(slag)-石灰水泥、富硫酸盐水泥、铝酸钙水泥、硫铝酸钙水泥及其组合。在一些实施方式中,用作陶瓷基体的水泥包括碳化物基水泥(例如,碳化钨、碳化铬和碳化钛水泥)、耐火水泥(例如,钨-氧化钍和钡-碳酸盐-镍(barium-carbonate-nickel)水泥)、铬-氧化铝水泥和镍-氧化镁铁-碳化锆水泥及其组合。
在更具体的实施方式中,陶瓷基体是卜特兰水泥。卜特兰水泥特征在于五类:I型、II型、III型、IV型和V型。卜特兰水泥的具体机械性能和固化行为限定了所指定水泥的分类。在一些实施方式中,卜特兰水泥是I型、II型、III型、IV型或V型卜特兰水泥。各种类型卜特兰水泥中的任何一种均可用作本文所述各个实施方式中的陶瓷基体。
本领域的普通技术人员将认识到复合材料通常应用约60%的纤维材料和约40%的基体材料。随着第三成分如并入的碳纳米管的引入,这些比例可以改变。例如,随着加入按重量计多达约25%的碳纳米管,纤维材料可以在按重量计约5%和约75%之间变化,陶瓷基体材料可以在按重量计约25%和约95%之间变化。如上所述,碳纳米管载荷量百分比可以变化,以便实现期望类型的性能增强。例如通过改变并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管的密度、改变纤维材料的量和/或改变并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管的长度,碳纳米管载荷量百分比可以变化。
在一些实施方式中,纤维材料的碳纳米管的重量百分比由碳纳米管的平均长度决定。在一些或其它实施方式中,纤维材料的碳纳米管的重量百分比进一步由并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管的覆盖密度决定。在示例性实施方式中,小于按重量计约5%的碳纳米管载荷量对于机械性能增强是足够的,然而,对于导电性和导热性增强,更期望大于按重量计约5%的碳纳米管载荷量。在一些实施方式中,本文所述的复合材料含有多达按重量计约10%的碳纳米管。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管按重量计在复合材料的约0.1和约10%之间。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料含有按重量计多达约40%的碳纳米管。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管按重量计在碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的约0.5和约40%之间。考虑到以上所述,本发明复合材料的组成可以广泛地变化,同时仍属于本文所阐述的本公开的精神和范围内。
根据应用,可以利用连续纤维、切短纤维或其组合形式的纤维材料形成本发明复合材料。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料是连续纤维或切短纤维的形式。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料是切短纤维的形式。在切短纤维的情况下,连续纤维可并入有碳纳米管,如本文和申请人的共同未决专利申请中所述,然后根据本领域普通技术人员已知的方法切割成较小的区段。在一些实施方式中,连续纤维可单独地或者以上文所提及的织造或非织造纤维的任何排列直接分布在复合材料中。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料具有可缠绕维度。
在一些实施方式中,本发明复合材料也包括至少涂覆碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的钝化层。在一些实施方式中,钝化层也涂覆并入到纤维材料上的碳纳米管上。在用于形成复合材料的情况下,纤维材料和/或并入到其上的碳纳米管可以变得与陶瓷基体或用于形成陶瓷基体的前体(一种或多种)有反应性。例如,在形成具有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料的过程中,一些纤维材料和/或并入到其上的碳纳米管可以起反应,在陶瓷基体中形成不期望的副产物,可以在结构上消弱或以另外方式降低复合材料的性能。将钝化层结合到碳纳米管并入的纤维材料上消除或基本上减少纤维材料或碳纳米管的不期望的反应。
许多不同的钝化层及其沉积方法适于涂覆本文所述的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。通常,任何传统的隔离涂层可用作钝化层,以防止碳纳米管的不期望的化学反应。传统的隔离涂层可以包括上述上浆剂,或者,更通常地,包括用于纤维材料的二氧化硅和氧化铝基涂层。在一些实施方式中,示例性钝化层可以包括,例如镍和二硼化钛。同样适用的可选钝化层包括例如,铬、镁、钛、银和锡。在一些实施方式中,钝化层通过诸如电镀或化学气相沉积的技术沉积在碳纳米管并入的纤维材料上。例如,钝化层可以是由电镀技术沉积的无电镍(electroless nickel)或镍合金。在一些实施方式中,钝化层的厚度为约1nm至约10μm。
尽管碳纳米管并入的纤维材料在形成复合材料期间可以变得与陶瓷基体有反应性,并且这样的反应通常被认为是不期望的,但在一些实施方式中,这样的反应可用于有益地增强复合材料的性能。在这样的实施方式中,纤维材料或并入到其上的碳纳米管中的至少一种至少部分地与陶瓷前体材料反应,形成至少部分陶瓷基体。当不期望在复合材料中形成空隙时,纤维材料或碳纳米管与陶瓷前体材料的反应可以是期望的。作为非限制性实例,含有碳化硅陶瓷基体和分布在其中的碳纤维的的复合材料可通过将液态硅施用到碳纳米管并入的碳纤维而形成,这导致利用碳纤维或并入到其上的碳纳米管作为碳源在原位形成碳化硅。原位形成陶瓷基体的其它实例可以被本领域的普通技术人员预想到。
在一些实施方式中,将碳纳米管并入到纤维材料可用于进一步的目的,包括,例如作为上浆剂以保护纤维材料免受湿气、氧化、磨损和/或压缩。基于碳纳米管的上浆剂也可用作复合材料中纤维材料和陶瓷基体之间的界面。替代常规上浆剂或除常规上浆剂外,这种基于碳纳米管的上浆剂可以施用于纤维材料。常规上浆剂的类型和功能变化很大,并且包括例如,表面活性剂、抗静电剂、润滑剂、硅氧烷、烷氧基硅烷、氨基硅烷、硅烷、硅烷醇、聚乙烯醇、淀粉、及其混合物。当存在时,这样的常规上浆剂可保护碳纳米管本身和/或提供碳纳米管单独无法传递的进一步的性能增强给纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,常规上浆剂可以在并入碳纳米管之前从纤维材料去除。如上所述,并入到纤维材料的碳纳米管可直接与纤维材料结合或通过在一些实施方式中可以是常规上浆剂的催化纳米颗粒或隔离涂层间接结合。
含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料具有许多潜在的用途。在一些实施方式中,本文描述了含有复合材料的制品,所述复合材料含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。
另外,碳纳米管并入的传导性碳纤维可用于制备电极,用于超导体。在超导纤维的生产中,实现超导层与纤维材料的足够粘附是有挑战性的,这至少部分地由于纤维材料和超导层不同的热膨胀系数。本领域中另一困难出现在通过CVD方法涂覆纤维材料期间。例如,反应性气体(例如,氢气或氨气)可侵蚀纤维表面和/或在纤维表面上形成不期望的烃化合物,并使超导层的良好粘附更加困难。碳纳米管并入的碳纤维材料可克服本领域中这些上述挑战。
如上所述,具有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料由于存在碳纳米管而可显示提高的耐磨性。可得益于含有金属基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料的存在的制品包括但不限于制动盘、汽车驱动轴、橡胶O形环和密封垫片、工具、承轴、航空器部件和自行车车架。
碳纳米管的大的有效表面积使得本发明复合材料适于滤水应用和其它提炼过程,如例如将有机油从水中分离。含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料也可用于从泻水台(water table)、储水设备或家用和办公室用在线滤器去除有机毒素。
在油田技术中,本发明复合材料在钻井设备的制造中是有用的,所述钻井设备包括,例如管承轴(pipe bearing)、管系加强物(piping reinforcement)和橡胶O形圈。此外,如上所述,碳纳米管并入的纤维可用于同样适用于油田的提炼过程,以从地质层组获得有价值的石油沉积物。例如,本发明复合材料可用于从存在充足的水和/或沙子的地层提取油或者提取更重的油,所述更重的油由于它们的高沸点而以其它方式难以分离。结合穿孔管道系统,例如,涂覆在穿孔管系上的本发明复合材料对这种重油的芯吸(wicking)可以可操作地与真空系统或类似物连接,以从重油和油页岩地层中连续去除高沸馏分。而且,这样的方法可以与本领域中已知的常规热或催化裂解方法结合使用,或者替代其使用。
本发明复合材料也可以增强航空航天和弹道应用中的结构元件。例如,包括导弹前锥体,航空器机翼前缘,主要航空器结构部件(例如,襟翼、翼面、推进器和空气制动器、小飞机机身、直升机壳体和旋转机翼)、次要航空器结构部件(例如,地板、门、座位、空调以及副油箱)和航空器发动机部件在内的结构可以受益于含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的本发明复合材料提供的结构增强。许多其它应用中的结构增强可以包括,例如扫雷器外壳、头盔、罩、火箭喷嘴、救援担架和发动机元件。在建筑物和建筑中,外部特征的结构增强包括,例如柱、三角形檐饰、拱顶、上楣柱和框架。同样地,内部建筑增强包括如例如遮帘、卫生器具、窗户轮廓、以及类似物的结构。
在海洋工业中,结构增强可包括船壳体、纵梁、桅、推进器、舵和甲板。本发明复合材料也可在重型运输工业中用于大的面板中,例如用于拖车壁、有轨车的底板面板、卡车驾驶室、外部主体成型、公共汽车车体壳和货柜。在汽车应用中,复合材料可用于内部部件(例如,装饰物、座位和仪表板)、外部结构(例如,车身板、开口、车身底部以及前和后模件)和汽车发动机舱和燃料机械区域部件(例如,轴和悬架、燃料和排气系统,以及电和电子元件)。
本发明复合材料的其它应用包括,例如,桥梁建筑、钢筋混凝土产品(例如,销钉、钢筋、后张和预压钢筋束)、永久框架、电力传输和分布结构(例如,多用柱、传送柱、和十字臂)、公路安全和路旁特征(例如,标识支柱、护栏、柱和支柱)、噪声屏障、城市管道和储存罐。
本发明复合材料也可用于各种休闲设备,如滑水橇和滑雪橇、自行车、皮艇、独木船和划桨、滑雪板、高尔夫俱乐部杆、高尔夫球车、钓鱼竿和游泳池。其它生活消费品和商业设备包括齿轮、锅、住宅、气体压力瓶、家用电器(例如,洗涤器、洗衣机筒、干衣机、废物处理装置、空调和加湿器)的零件。
碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的电性能也可影响各种能量和电应用。例如,本发明复合材料被用于风力涡轮机叶片、太阳能结构、电子封装件(例如,便携式电脑、手机、计算机柜,其中并入的碳纳米管可用于提供EMI屏蔽)。其它应用包括电力线(powerlines)、冷却装置、灯杆、电路板、电联接盒、梯栏杆、光纤、建造在结构中的电力(power)诸如数据线、计算机终端机座、和商业设备(例如,复印机、收银机和邮政设备)。
在其它各种实施方式中,在本文描述了制造含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料的方法。在一些实施方式中,方法包括提供碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,将碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分布在生陶瓷前体中和固化生陶瓷前体以形成含有陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。
在一些实施方式中,方法进一步包括使复合材料致密化。示例性致密化方法对本领域的普通技术人员来说是已知的,并且包括,例如压缩、烧结和电流激活压力辅助(current-activiated pressure assisted)致密化。致密化特别有益于本发明复合材料的装甲应用,以提高其抗冲击性。在一些实施方式中,至少部分纤维材料和/或碳纳米管与生陶瓷前体进行反应,形成陶瓷基体。在这样的实施方式中,有益的致密化可以在不原位形成陶瓷基体而制成的复合材料上实现。
在方法的一些实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料均匀地分布在陶瓷基体中。在其它实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料不均匀分布在陶瓷基体中。在一些实施方式中,不均匀分布可以是梯度分布。
在方法的一些实施方式中,陶瓷基体包括至少一种选自下列的陶瓷化合物:碳化硅、碳化钨、碳化铬、碳化钛、氮化钛、硼化钛、氧化铝、氮化硅、富铝红柱石、SiCN、Fe2N和BaTiO3。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料包括,例如玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维、有机纤维、碳化硅纤维、碳化硼纤维、氮化硅纤维、氧化铝纤维及其组合。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料是切短纤维。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料是连续纤维材料。
在一些实施方式中,方法进一步包括用钝化层涂覆至少部分的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,也用钝化层涂覆碳纳米管。在一些实施方式中,钝化层可以通过如例如,电镀或化学气相沉积的技术被沉积。示例性钝化层包括,例如镍、二硼化钛、铬、镁、钛、银和锡。通常,任何传统的隔离涂层可被用作钝化层,包括上浆剂,如例如二氧化硅-和氧化铝基涂层。
在其它实施方式中,本文描述了制造含有水泥陶瓷基体和碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料的方法。方法包括提供水泥陶瓷基体,提供碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,将碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分布在水泥中,和固化水泥以形成含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的混凝土。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管并入的纤维材料是切短的纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,方法包括将水加入到水泥中,然后,在固化过程中使水泥脱水,以形成混凝土。
在一些实施方式中,含有碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的混凝土可进一步包括任何其它通常用于混凝土的成分。示例性的额外成分包括,例如细碎集料(例如,碎石、沙、壳体和天然砂砾)、用于支撑拉伸负荷的增强材料(例如,钢增强杆、玻璃纤维、钢纤维和塑料纤维)和化学混合物(例如,加速剂、缓凝剂、增塑剂、掺气剂(air entrainment)、颜料和抗腐蚀剂)。
本文所公开的实施方式提供碳纳米管并入的纤维,其容易通过美国专利申请12/611,073、12/611,101和12/611,103中描述的方法进行制备,每一个所述专利申请通过引用其整体被并入本文。
为了将碳纳米管并入到纤维材料,在纤维材料上直接合成碳纳米管。在一些实施方式中,这通过首先将碳纳米管形成催化剂布置在纤维材料上来完成。在该催化剂沉积之前,可以进行一些预制过程。
在一些实施方式中,纤维材料可以任选地用等离子体处理,以制备接受催化剂的表面。例如,等离子体处理的玻璃纤维材料可以提供粗糙的玻璃纤维表面,其中可以沉积碳纳米管形成催化剂。在一些实施方式中,等离子体也用于“清洁”纤维表面。用于使纤维表面“粗糙化”的等离子体方法因此促进催化剂沉积。粗糙度典型地是在纳米级别。在等离子体处理方法中,形成纳米深度和纳米直径的凹坑(craters)或者凹陷(depressions)。使用各种不同气体的任何一种或者多种的等离子体,包括但不限于氩气、氦气、氧气、氨气、氮气和氢气,可实现这种表面改性。
在一些实施方式中,在采用的纤维材料具有与其结合的上浆材料的情况下,这种上浆可以任选地在催化剂沉积之前被去除。任选地,上浆材料可以在催化剂沉积之后被去除。在一些实施方式中,可以在碳纳米管合成期间完成上浆材料的去除,或者就在预热步骤中碳纳米管合成之前完成上浆材料的去除。在其它实施方式中,一些上浆剂可以保留在整个碳纳米管合成过程中。
在碳纳米管形成催化剂沉积之前或沉积的同时,另一任选步骤是将隔离涂层施用到纤维材料。隔离涂层是被设计来保护灵敏纤维材料,如碳纤维、有机纤维、金属纤维等等的完整性的材料。这样的隔离涂层可以包括,例如烷氧基硅烷、铝氧烷、氧化铝纳米颗粒、旋涂玻璃和玻璃纳米颗粒。在一个实施方式中,碳纳米管形成催化剂可以加入到未固化隔离涂层材料中,然后一起施用到纤维材料。在其它实施方式中,可以在碳纳米管形成催化剂沉积之前将隔离涂层材料加入到纤维材料中。在这样的实施方式中,隔离涂层可以在催化剂沉积之前部分地固化。隔离涂层材料可以具有足够薄的厚度,以允许碳纳米管形成催化剂暴露于碳原料气,用于随后的CVD生长。在一些实施方式中,隔离涂层厚度小于或约等于碳纳米管形成催化剂的有效直径。一旦碳纳米管形成催化剂和隔离涂层在适当的位置,隔离涂层可以被充分固化。在一些实施方式中,隔离涂层的厚度可以大于碳纳米管形成催化剂的有效直径,只要它仍允许碳纳米管原料气接近催化剂位置。这样的隔离涂层可以是足够多孔的,以允许碳原料气接近碳纳米管形成催化剂。
不受理论限制,隔离涂层可用作纤维材料和碳纳米管之间的中间层,并且也有助于机械地将碳纳米管并入到纤维材料。这样的机械并入提供坚固的系统,其中纤维材料仍充当组织碳纳米管的平台,并且用隔离涂层进行机械并入的益处类似于上文描述的间接型并入。而且,包含隔离涂层的益处是直接保护,它使纤维材料免受由于暴露于湿气而造成的化学损害和/或由于在用于提高碳纳米管生长的温度下加热纤维材料而造成的任何热损害。
如以下进一步描述的,碳纳米管形成催化剂可以被制备为液体溶液,所述液体溶液含有作为过渡金属纳米颗粒的碳纳米管形成催化剂。合成的碳纳米管的直径与上述过渡金属纳米颗粒的尺寸有关。
碳纳米管合成可以基于在高温度下发生的化学气相沉积(CVD)方法。具体温度是催化剂选择的函数,但是典型地在大约500至1000℃的范围内。因此,碳纳米管合成包括将纤维材料加热到上述范围内的温度,以支持碳纳米管生长。
然后进行负载催化剂的纤维材料上的CVD-促进的碳纳米管生长。CVD方法可被例如含碳原料气体,如乙炔、乙烯和/或乙醇促进。碳纳米管合成方法一般使用惰性气体(氮气、氩气和/或氦气)作为主要的载体气体。通常,提供的含碳原料气体的范围为全部混合物的大约0%至大约15%之间。通过从生长室中清除湿气和氧气,可以制备CVD生长的基本惰性环境。
在碳纳米管合成过程中,碳纳米管在针对碳纳米管生长可操作的过渡金属催化纳米颗粒的位置生长。强的等离子体产生电场的存在可被任选地用于影响碳纳米管生长。即,生长趋于沿电场的方向。通过适当地调整等离子体喷射和电场的几何形状,垂直排列的碳纳米管(即,垂直于纤维材料的纵轴)可被合成。在某些条件下,甚至在等离子体不存在的情况下,紧密间隔的纳米管也能保持基本垂直的生长方向,导致类似于地毯或者森林的碳纳米管密集排列。
通过喷射或者浸涂溶液或者通过例如等离子体方法的气相沉积,可完成在纤维材料上布置催化纳米颗粒的操作。因此,在一些实施方式中,在溶剂中形成催化剂溶液之后,通过用该溶液喷涂或者浸涂纤维材料或者喷涂和浸涂的组合,可以施用催化剂。单独或者组合使用的任一技术可被使用一次、两次、三次、四次、多达很多次,以提供用催化纳米颗粒充分均匀地涂布的纤维材料,所述催化纳米颗粒针对碳纳米管的形成是可操作的。当应用浸涂时,例如纤维材料可置于第一浸渍浴中,在第一浸渍浴中持续第一停留时间。当应用第二浸渍浴时,纤维材料可置于第二浸渍浴中,持续第二停留时间。例如,碳纤维材料可经历碳纳米管形成催化剂的溶液大约3秒至大约90秒,这取决于浸渍配置和线速度。使用喷涂或者浸涂方法,可以获得具有低于大约5%表面覆盖率至高达大约80%覆盖率的催化剂表面密度的纤维材料。在较高表面密度(例如约80%)下,碳纳米管形成催化剂纳米颗粒几乎是单层。在一些实施方式中,在纤维材料上涂布碳纳米管形成催化剂的方法只是产生单层。例如,在碳纳米管形成催化剂堆上的碳纳米管生长可以损害碳纳米管并入至纤维材料的程度。在其它实施方式中,使用蒸发技术、电解沉积技术和本领域技术人员已知的其它方法,如将过渡金属催化剂作为金属有机物、金属盐或者其它促进气相运输的组分加入等离子体原料气,可以将过渡金属催化纳米颗粒沉积在纤维材料上。
因为制造碳纳米管并入的纤维的方法被设计为连续的,所以可以在一系列的浴中浸涂可缠绕纤维材料,其中浸涂浴在空间上是分开的。在从头产生初始纤维——如从炉中新形成的玻璃纤维——的连续方法中,浸渍浴或者碳纳米管形成催化的喷涂可以是充分冷却新形成的纤维材料之后的第一个步骤。在一些实施方式中,可以用其中分布碳纳米管形成催化剂颗粒的水喷流冷却来完成玻璃纤维的冷却。
在一些实施方式中,当在连续方法中生产纤维并将其并入有碳纳米管时,可以代替上浆进行碳纳米管形成催化剂的施用。在其它实施方式中,在其它上浆剂存在的情况下,碳纳米管形成催化剂可施用于新形成的纤维。碳纳米管形成催化剂和其它上浆剂的这种同时施用可使碳纳米管形成催化剂与纤维材料表面接触,以保证碳纳米管的并入。在再进一步的实施方式中,碳纳米管形成催化剂可以通过喷涂或浸涂施用到初始纤维,同时,纤维材料处于充分软化的状态,例如,接近或低于退火温度,以便碳纳米管形成催化剂稍微嵌入纤维材料表面。例如,当将碳纳米管形成催化剂沉积在热玻璃纤维材料上时,应该注意,不要超过碳纳米管形成催化剂的熔点,从而引起纳米颗粒熔融并失去对碳纳米管特征(例如,直径)的控制。
碳纳米管形成催化剂溶液可以是任意d-区过渡金属的过渡金属纳米颗粒溶液。另外,纳米颗粒可以包括元素形式、盐形式及其混合形式的d-区金属的合金和非合金混合物。这样的盐形式包括但不限于氧化物、碳化物和氮化物、醋酸盐、硝酸盐等等。非限制性的示例性过渡金属纳米颗粒包括,例如,Ni、Fe、Co、Mo、Cu、Pt、Au和Ag及其盐以及其混合物。在一些实施方式中,通过将碳纳米管形成催化剂直接施用或并入到纤维材料,将这样的碳纳米管形成催化剂布置在纤维材料上。可容易地从各个供应商,包括例如Ferrotec Corporation(Bedford,NH),商业购得多种纳米颗粒过渡金属催化剂。
用于将碳纳米管形成催化剂施用到纤维材料的催化剂溶液可以在任何普通的溶剂中,该溶剂允许碳纳米管形成催化剂均匀地到处分散。这种溶剂可包括但不限于,水、丙酮、己烷、异丙醇、甲苯、乙醇、甲醇、四氢呋喃(THF)、环己烷或者任何其他溶剂,该其他溶剂具有控制的极性以产生碳纳米管形成催化纳米颗粒的适当分散体。碳纳米管形成催化剂在催化剂溶液中的浓度可在大约1∶1至1∶10000的催化剂比溶剂的范围内。
在一些实施方式中,将碳纳米管形成催化剂施用到纤维材料之后,纤维材料可以任选地被加热到软化温度。该步骤可有助于将碳纳米管形成催化剂嵌入纤维材料的表面,以促进接种生长并防止催化剂使生长中的碳纳米管漂浮在前沿顶端的顶端生长。在一些实施方式中,将碳纳米管形成催化剂布置在纤维材料上之后纤维材料的加热可以在约500℃和约1000℃之间的温度。加热到可用于碳纳米管生长的这样的温度可用来去除纤维材料上任何预先存在的上浆剂,允许碳纳米管形成催化剂直接沉积在纤维材料上。在一些实施方式中,也可以在加热之前将碳纳米管形成催化剂置于上浆涂层的表面。加热步骤可用于去除上浆材料,同时使碳纳米管形成催化剂布置在纤维材料的表面。可以在引入用于碳纳米管生长的含碳原料气体之前或基本上同时,在这些温度下进行加热。
在一些实施方式中,将碳纳米管并入纤维材料的方法包括从纤维材料中去除上浆剂,去除上浆后将碳纳米管形成催化剂施用到纤维材料,将纤维材料加热到至少约500℃和在纤维材料上合成碳纳米管。在一些实施方式中,碳纳米管并入方法的操作包括从纤维材料中去除上浆,将碳纳米管形成催化剂施用到纤维材料,将纤维材料加热到适于碳纳米管合成的温度和将碳等离子体喷涂到负载催化剂的纤维材料上。因此,在商业纤维材料被应用的情况下,构造碳纳米管并入的纤维的方法可以包括在纤维材料上布置催化剂之前从纤维材料去除上浆的独立步骤。一些商业上浆材料——如果存在——可以防止碳纳米管形成催化剂与纤维材料的表面接触,并抑制碳纳米管并入到纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,在碳纳米管合成条件下确保上浆去除的情况下,可以在碳纳米管形成催化剂沉积之后,但刚好在提供含碳原料气体之前或期间进行上浆的去除。
合成碳纳米管的步骤可以包括形成碳纳米管的各种技术,包括但不限于微腔、热或者等离子体增强的CVD技术、激光烧蚀、弧光放电和高压一氧化碳(HiPCO)。尤其地,在CVD期间,可以直接使用上面布置碳纳米管形成催化剂的上浆的纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,任何常规上浆剂均可在碳纳米管合成期间被去除。在一些实施方式中,其它上浆剂未被去除,但由于含碳原料气体通过上浆的扩散而并不阻碍碳纳米管合成和并入到纤维材料。在一些实施方式中,乙炔气体被电离以产生碳纳米管合成用冷碳等离子体喷流。该等离子体被引导向负载催化剂的纤维材料。因此,在一些实施方式中,在纤维材料上合成碳纳米管包括(a)形成碳等离子体;和(b)引导碳等离子体至布置在纤维材料上的催化剂上。生长的碳纳米管的直径由碳纳米管形成催化剂的尺寸控制。在一些实施方式中,上浆的纤维材料被加热至大约550℃至大约800℃之间以促进碳纳米管合成。为引发碳纳米管的生长,两种或多种气体被释放入反应器:惰性载体气体(例如,氩气、氦气或者氮气)和含碳原料气体(例如,乙炔、乙烯、乙醇或者甲烷)。碳纳米管在碳纳米管形成催化剂的位置生长。
在一些实施方式中,CVD生长可以是等离子体增强的。通过在生长过程期间提供电场,可产生等离子体。在这些条件下生长的碳纳米管可以沿电场的方向。因此,通过调整反应器的几何形状,垂直排列的碳纳米管可以在碳纳米管垂直于纤维材料的纵轴的地方生长(即,放射状生长)。在一些实施方式中,并不需要等离子体绕纤维材料的放射状生长。对于具有明显的侧面的纤维材料,如例如带材、垫、织物、板片以及类似物,碳纳米管形成催化剂可被布置在纤维材料的一个或者两个侧面上。相应地,在这样的条件下,碳纳米管也可在纤维材料的一个或者两个侧面上生长。
如上所述,以足以提供连续过程使碳纳米管并入可缠绕纤维材料的速度进行碳纳米管合成。许多设备构造有利于这种连续的合成,如以下所示例的。
在一些实施方式中,可以在“全等离子体(all-plasma)”方法中制备碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。在这样的实施方式中,纤维材料经过许多等离子体介导的步骤,以形成最终的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料。等离子体方法首先可以包括纤维表面改性的步骤。这是纤维材料的表面“粗糙化”以促进催化剂沉积的等离子体方法——如上所述。同样如上所述,使用各种不同气体的任何一种或者更多种的等离子体,包括但不限于氩气、氦气、氧气、氨气、氢气和氮气,可以实现表面改性。
在表面改性之后,纤维材料进行催化剂施用。在本发明的全等离子体方法中,该步骤是用于在纤维材料上沉积碳纳米管形成催化剂的等离子体方法。碳纳米管形成催化剂通常是上述过渡金属。过渡金属催化剂可被加入等离子体原料气体作为非限制性形式的前体,包括例如,铁磁流体、金属有机物、金属盐、其混合物或适于促进气相运输的任何其它组分。可在室温下周围环境中施用碳纳米管形成催化剂,既不需要真空也不需要惰性气氛。在一些实施方式中,纤维材料在催化剂施用之前被冷却。
继续全等离子体方法,碳纳米管合成发生在碳纳米管生长反应器中。通过使用等离子体增强的化学气相沉积,可以实现碳纳米管生长,其中碳等离子体被喷涂至负载催化剂的纤维上。因为碳纳米管生长发生在高温(取决于催化剂,典型地在大约500℃至约1000℃的范围)下,因此在暴露于碳等离子体之前,负载催化剂的纤维可被加热。对于碳纳米管并入方法,纤维材料可任选地被加热直到发生软化。在加热之后,纤维材料易于接收碳等离子体。例如,通过使含碳原料气体,如例如,乙炔、乙烯、乙醇等等经过能够使气体电离的电场,产生碳等离子体。经过喷嘴,该冷碳等离子体被引导至纤维材料。纤维材料可以非常接近于喷嘴,诸如在喷嘴的大约1厘米之内,以接收等离子体。在一些实施方式中,加热器被布置于等离子体喷涂器处的纤维材料上,以保持纤维材料的高温。
连续碳纳米管合成的另外的构造包括直接在纤维材料上合成和生长碳纳米管的特定矩形反应器。该反应器可被设计用于产生碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的连续流线(in-line)方法中。在一些实施方式中,通过CVD方法在大气压下以及在约550℃和约800℃范围的高温下在多区域反应器中生长碳纳米管。碳纳米管合成发生在大气压下的事实是有利于将反应器结合入用于碳纳米管并入纤维材料的连续处理生产线的一个因素。与使用这种区域反应器的流线连续处理相符的另外的优势是碳纳米管生长在几秒钟内发生,与在本领域典型的其他程序和设备构造中的几分钟(或者更长)不同。
根据各个实施方式的碳纳米管合成反应器包括以下特征:
矩形构造的合成反应器:本领域已知的典型碳纳米管合成反应器的横截面是圆形的。对此有许多原因,包括例如历史的原因(例如,在实验室中经常使用圆柱形反应器)和方便(例如,在圆柱形反应器中容易模拟流体动力学,加热器系统容易接受圆形的管(例如,石英,等等),并且易于制造。背离圆柱形的惯例,本公开内容提供具有矩形横截面的碳纳米管合成反应器。背离的原因至少包括如下:
1)反应器体积的低效利用。因为可由反应器处理的许多纤维材料是相对平的(例如,平的带材、类似薄片的形式或伸展的丝束或粗纱),因此圆形横截面是反应器体积的低效利用。这种低效导致圆柱形碳纳米管合成反应器的若干缺点,包括例如,a)保持充分的系统净化;增加的反应器体积需要增加的气流速以保持相同水平的气体净化,这导致在开放的环境中大量生产碳纳米管的低效率;b)增加的含碳原料气体流速;按照上述的a),用于系统净化的惰性气体流的相对增加需要增加的含碳原料气体流速。考虑示例性12K玻璃纤维粗纱的体积比具有矩形横截面的合成反应器的总体积小2000倍。在相等的圆柱形反应器(即,其宽度容纳与矩形横截面反应器相同的平面玻璃纤维材料的圆柱形反应器)中,玻璃纤维材料的体积比反应器的体积小17,500倍。尽管气相沉积过程,如CVD典型地仅由压力和温度控制,但体积对沉积的效率具有显著影响。用矩形反应器,仍有过量的体积。并且该过量的体积促进不需要的反应。然而,圆柱形反应器的体积是可用于促进不需要的反应的体积的大约8倍。由于这种更多的发生竞争反应的机会,在圆柱形反应器室中,期望的反应更慢地有效地发生。对于连续生长方法的进行,碳纳米管生长的这种减慢是有问题的。矩形反应器构造的另外的益处是还可以通过针对矩形室使用小高度进一步减小反应器体积,使得该体积比更好以及反应更加有效。在本文所公开的一些实施方式中,矩形合成反应器的总体积大于经过合成反应器的纤维材料总体积不超过约3000倍。在一些进一步的实施方式中,矩形合成反应器的总体积大于经过合成反应器的纤维材料总体积不超过约4000倍。在一些仍进一步的实施方式中,矩形合成反应器的总体积大于经过合成反应器的纤维材料总体积大不超过约10,000倍。另外,明显的是,当使用圆柱形反应器时,与具有矩形横截面的反应器相比,需要更多的含碳原料气体,以提供相同的流量百分数。应当理解,在一些其他实施方式中,合成反应器具有由这样的多边形形式描述的横截面,该多边形形式不是矩形但与其比较类似,并且相对于具有圆形横截面的反应器其提供反应器体积的相似减小;和c)有问题的温度分布;当使用相对小直径的反应器时,从室的中心至其壁的温度梯度是最小的,但对于增大的反应器尺寸,如可用于商业规模生产,这样的温度梯度增加。温度梯度导致纤维材料上产品质量变化(即,产品质量作为径向位置的函数变化)。当使用具有矩形横截面的反应器时,该问题基本被避免。尤其地,当使用平的基底时,反应器高度可随基底的尺寸按比例增大而保持不变。反应器的顶部和底部之间的温度梯度基本上可被忽略,并且因此,避免了发生的热问题和产品质量变化。
2)气体引入。因为在本领域中通常使用管式炉,典型的碳纳米管合成反应器在一端引入气体并且将其经过反应器吸至另一端。在本文公开的一些实施方式中,气体可被对称地引入反应器的中心或者目标生长区域之内,这或者通过侧面或者通过反应器的顶部和底部板。这提高了总的碳纳米管生长速度,因为在系统的最热部分——碳纳米管生长最活跃的位置,引入的原料气体连续地补充。
分区。供相对冷的净化区域的室从矩形合成反应器的两端延伸。申请人已确定,如果热的气体与外部环境(即,矩形反应器的外部)混合,纤维材料的降解会增加。冷的净化区域提供内部系统和外部环境之间的缓冲。本领域已知的碳纳米管合成反应器构造通常需要基底被小心地(并且缓慢地)冷却。在本发明的矩形碳纳米管生长反应器的出口处的冷的净化区域在短的时间段内达到冷却——如连续的流线处理所要求的。
非接触、热壁的、金属性反应器。在一些实施方式中,应用金属性热壁反应器(例如,不锈钢)。该类型反应器的使用可能似乎有悖常理,因为金属,尤其是不锈钢,更容易发生碳沉积(即,形成烟灰和副产物)。因此,大部分碳纳米管合成反应器由石英制成,因为碳沉积较少,石英容易清洁,并且石英有利于样品观察。然而,申请人已观察到,不锈钢上增加的烟灰和碳沉积导致更加一致的、更有效的、更快的和更稳定的碳纳米管生长。不被理论束缚,已指出,结合常压操作,发生在反应器中的CVD方法是扩散有限的。即,碳纳米管形成催化剂是“过量供给的”,由于其相对更高的分压(比起假设在部分真空下操作反应器),在反应器系统中太多的碳可利用。因此,在开放的系统中——尤其在清洁的系统中——太多的碳可粘附至碳纳米管形成催化剂颗粒上,减弱其合成碳纳米管的能力。在一些实施方式中,当反应器是“脏的”时,即在金属性反应器壁上具有沉积的烟灰时,有意地运转矩形反应器。一旦碳沉积到反应器壁上的单层上,碳将易于在其本身上沉积。因为由于该机制一些可用的碳被“收回”,以基团形式剩余的碳原料以不使催化剂中毒的速度与碳纳米管形成催化剂进行反应。现有系统“干净地”运转,如果将其打开用于连续的处理,其会以减小的生长速度产生低得多的碳纳米管的产率。
尽管进行如上所述的“脏的”碳纳米管合成一般是有益的,但设备的某些部分(例如,气体集合管和入口)在烟灰形成阻塞时可消极地影响碳纳米管生长过程。为了解决该问题,可用抑制烟灰的涂料如例如,二氧化硅、氧化铝或者MgO保护碳纳米管生长反应室的这些区域。实践中,设备的这些部分可被浸涂在这些抑制烟灰的涂料中。金属,如可与这些涂料一起使用,因为INVAR具有相似的CTE(热膨胀系数),这在更高的温度保证涂层的适当粘附力,防止烟灰显著地聚集在关键区域。
结合的催化剂还原和碳纳米管合成。在本文公开的碳纳米管合成反应器中,催化剂还原和碳纳米管生长都发生在反应器内。这是重要的,因为如果作为单独的操作进行,还原步骤不能足够及时完成用于连续的方法。在本领域已知的典型的方法中,还原步骤通常需要1-12小时来进行。根据本本公开,两种操作都发生在反应器中,这至少部分地是由于碳原料气体被引入反应器的中心而不是末端的事实,碳原料气体被引入末端在使用圆柱形反应器的技术中是典型的。当纤维材料进入加热的区域时发生还原过程。在此时,气体已有时间与壁进行反应,并且在还原催化剂(通过氢基团相互作用)之前冷却。正是在该过渡区域发生还原。在系统中最热的等温区域,发生碳纳米管生长,最大生长速度出现在接近反应器中心附近的气体入口。
在一些实施方式中,当应用松散连接的纤维材料——包括例如丝束或粗纱(例如,作为玻璃粗纱)时,连续的方法可以包括展开丝束或粗纱的线股和/或丝的步骤。因此,当丝束或粗纱被打开时,例如,使用基于真空的纤维伸展系统,其可被伸展。当使用例如可能相对硬的上浆的玻璃纤维粗纱时,可应用额外的加热以使粗纱“软化”,促进纤维伸展。包括单独的丝的伸展纤维可被充分地伸展开,以暴露丝的全部表面积,从而允许粗纱在随后的方法步骤中更加有效地反应。例如,伸展的丝束或粗纱可以经过表面处理步骤,该步骤由如上所述的等离子体系统组成。然后,粗糙化的伸展纤维可以经过碳纳米管形成催化剂浸渍浴。结果是玻璃粗纱的纤维,其具有放射状地分布在其表面上的催化剂颗粒。然后,粗纱的负载催化剂的纤维进入适当的碳纳米管生长室,如上述矩形室,其中经过大气压CVD或者等离子体增强的CVD方法的流被用于以高达每秒钟数微米的速度合成碳纳米管。现在具有放射状地排列的碳纳米管的粗纱纤维退出碳纳米管生长反应器。
应该理解,基本不影响本发明各种实施方式的活性的改进也被包括在本文提供的本发明定义范围内。因此,下列实施例意欲阐明而并非限制本发明。
实施例1:碳纳米管并入的碳纤维陶瓷基体复合材料的形成。碳化硅基体复合材料通过胶态处理(colloidal processing)切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维而被制备。切短的碳纤维为Grafil,Inc.(Sacramento,CA)34-700,12k丝,其并入有通过上述连续并入方法制备的平均长度为55μm的碳纳米管。纤维被切短至3mm长。通过将碳化硅纳米颗粒和粘合剂的胶态混合物(SiC纳米颗粒+粘合剂=50%,按重量计)与切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维(50%,按重量计)混合,制备碳化硅基体复合材料。所得碳化硅纳米颗粒、粘合剂和碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的混合物被置于测试压砖机模型中。为了固化粘合剂并产生生陶瓷砖,在2500psi的压力下将含有混合物的模型加热到175℃持续30分钟。固化生陶瓷砖之后,将生瓷砖放入烘箱中,以进行最终的碳化硅颗粒烧结。应用1950℃的温度2小时,以形成3”×3.0”×0.25”的测试瓷砖。如图4所示,所得碳纳米管并入的碳纤维碳化硅陶瓷基体复合材料被充分烧结,其导电率为100.04S/m。
实施例2:碳纳米管并入的碳纤维陶瓷基体复合材料的形成。通过胶态处理切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维制备碳化硅基体复合材料。切短的碳纤维为Grafil,Inc.(Sacramento,CA)34-700,12k丝,其并入有通过上述连续并入方法制备的平均长度为55μm的碳纳米管。纤维被切短至3mm长。通过将碳化硅纳米颗粒和粘合剂的胶态混合物与切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维混合,制备碳化硅基体复合材料。通过混合碳化硅纳米颗粒和粘合剂的胶态混合物(SiC纳米颗粒+粘合剂=90%,按重量计)与切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维(10%,按重量计),制备碳化硅基体复合材料。所得碳化硅纳米颗粒、粘合剂和碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的混合物被置于测试压砖机模型中。为了固化粘合剂并产生生陶瓷砖,在2500psi的压力下将含有该混合物的模型加热到175℃持续30分钟。固化生陶瓷砖之后,将生瓷砖放入烘箱中,以进行最终的碳化硅颗粒烧结。应用1950℃的温度1小时,以形成3”×3.0”×0.25”的测试瓷砖。如图5所示,所得碳纳米管并入的碳纤维碳化硅陶瓷基体复合材料被部分烧结,其导电率为5.45S/m。
实施例3:碳纳米管并入的碳纤维陶瓷基体复合材料的形成。通过胶态处理切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维制备碳化硅基体复合材料。切短的碳纤维为Grafil,Inc.(Sacramento,CA)34-700,12k丝,其并入有通过上述连续并入方法制备的平均长度为55μm的碳纳米管。纤维被切短至3mm长。通过混合碳化硅纳米颗粒和粘合剂的胶态混合物(SiC纳米颗粒+粘合剂=75%,按重量计)与切短的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维(25%,按重量计)制备碳化硅基体复合材料。所得碳化硅纳米颗粒、粘合剂和碳纳米管并入的碳纤维的混合物被置于测试压砖机模型中。为了固化粘合剂并产生生陶瓷砖,在2500psi的压力下将含有该混合物的模型加热到175℃持续30分钟。固化生陶瓷砖之后,将生瓷砖放入烘箱中,以进行最终的碳化硅颗粒烧结。应用1950℃的温度2小时,以形成3”×3.0”×0.25”的测试瓷砖。所得碳纳米管并入的碳纤维碳化硅陶瓷基体复合材料被充分烧结,其导电率为263.97S/m。图6显示柱状图,其显示在实施例1-3中所述的碳纳米管并入的碳纤维陶瓷基体复合材料中的导电率相比于缺乏碳纳米管的陶瓷基体复合材料提高。
尽管通过参考公开的实施方式已描述了本发明,但是本领域技术人员将容易理解,这些对于本发明仅是说明性的。应当理解,可以进行各种改进而不背离本发明的精神。

Claims (42)

1.复合材料,包含:
陶瓷基体;和
在所述陶瓷基体中的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料包括纤维材料、并入到所述纤维材料的碳纳米管、和涂覆所述碳纳米管的钝化层。
2.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述陶瓷基体包含至少一种选自以下的化合物:碳化硅、碳化钨、碳化铬、碳化钛、氮化钛、硼化钛、氧化铝、氮化硅、富铝红柱石、SiCN、Fe2N和BaTiO3
3.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述陶瓷基体包括水泥。
4.权利要求3所述的复合材料,其中所述水泥选自:卜特兰水泥、火山灰-石灰水泥、矿渣-石灰水泥、富硫酸盐水泥、铝酸钙水泥、硫铝酸钙水泥、碳化物基水泥、耐火水泥、铬-氧化铝水泥和镍-氧化镁铁-碳化锆水泥及其组合。
5.权利要求4所述的复合材料,其中所述卜特兰水泥是选自以下的类型:I型卜特兰水泥、II型卜特兰水泥、III型卜特兰水泥、IV型卜特兰水泥和V型卜特兰水泥。
6.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述纤维材料选自以下的至少一种纤维类型:玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维、有机纤维、碳化硅纤维、碳化硼纤维、氮化硅纤维、氧化铝纤维及其组合。
7.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述钝化层包含镍、铬、镁、钛、银、锡或二硼化钛。
8.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述纤维材料选自切短纤维和连续纤维。
9.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管按重量计占所述复合材料的约0.1至约10%。
10.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中碳纳米管按重量计占所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的约0.5至约40%。
11.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述纤维材料均匀地分布在所述陶瓷基体中。
12.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述纤维材料不均匀分布在所述陶瓷基体中。
13.权利要求12所述的复合材料,其中所述不均匀分布包括在所述陶瓷基体中的梯度分布。
14.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中构成所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的所述碳纳米管基本上垂直于所述纤维材料的纵轴。
15.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中构成所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的所述碳纳米管基本上平行于所述纤维材料的纵轴。
16.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料包含碳化硅纤维,并且所述陶瓷基体选自氧化铝和氮化硅。
17.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料选自碳纤维和碳化硅纤维,并且所述陶瓷基体包含碳化硅。
18.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管占所述纤维材料的重量百分比由所述碳纳米管的平均长度确定。
19.权利要求18所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管占所述纤维材料的重量百分比进一步由并入到所述纤维材料的所述碳纳米管的覆盖密度确定。
20.权利要求19所述的复合材料,其中所述覆盖密度多达约15,000个碳纳米管/μm2
21.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度在约1μm和约500μm之间。
22.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度在约1μm和约10μm之间。
23.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度在约10μm和约100μm之间。
24.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度在约100μm和约500μm之间。
25.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度足以使所述复合材料的热膨胀系数相对于缺乏碳纳米管的复合材料降低约4倍或更多。
26.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度足以使所述复合材料的硬度和耐磨性相对于缺乏碳纳米管的复合材料提高约3倍或更多。
27.权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管的平均长度足以在所述复合材料中建立导电通道。
28.复合材料,包含:
陶瓷基体;和
在所述陶瓷基体的第一区域的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和在所述陶瓷基体的第二区域的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分,所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料包括纤维材料、并入到所述纤维材料的碳纳米管、和涂覆所述碳纳米管的钝化层;
其中并入到所述第一部分的所述碳纳米管的平均长度和并入到所述第二部分的所述碳纳米管的平均长度被选择,以便所述陶瓷基体的所述第一区域和所述陶瓷基体的所述第二区域具有不同的机械、电或热性能。
29.权利要求28所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分包含相同的纤维材料。
30.权利要求28所述的复合材料,其中所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第一部分和所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的第二部分包含不同的纤维材料。
31.方法,包括:
提供碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料包括纤维材料、并入到所述纤维材料的碳纳米管、和涂覆所述碳纳米管的钝化层;
使所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分布在生陶瓷前体中;和
固化所述生陶瓷前体,以形成包含陶瓷基体和所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的复合材料。
32.权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述陶瓷基体包含至少一种选自以下的陶瓷化合物:水泥、碳化硅、碳化钨、碳化铬、碳化钛、氮化钛、硼化钛、氧化铝、氮化硅、富铝红柱石、SiCN、Fe2N和BaTiO3
33.权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述纤维材料包含至少一种选自以下的纤维类型:玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维、有机纤维、碳化硅纤维、碳化硼纤维、氮化硅纤维、氧化铝纤维及其组合。
34.权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料均匀地分布在所述陶瓷基体中。
35.权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料不均匀分布在所述陶瓷基体中。
36.权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述不均匀分布包含梯度分布。
37.权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述钝化层通过选自电镀和化学气相沉积的技术沉积在所述碳纳米管上。
38.权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述钝化层包含镍或二硼化钛。
39.权利要求31所述的方法,进一步包括:
致密化所述复合材料。
40.方法,包括:
提供包含水泥的陶瓷基体;
提供碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料包括纤维材料、并入到所述纤维材料的碳纳米管、和涂覆所述碳纳米管的钝化层;
将所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料分布在所述水泥中;和
固化所述水泥,以形成包含所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料的混凝土。
41.权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述纤维材料包含切短纤维。
42.制品,包含:
复合材料,所述复合材料包含:
陶瓷基体,和
在所述陶瓷基体中的碳纳米管并入的纤维材料,所述碳纳米管并入的纤维材料包括纤维材料、并入到所述纤维材料的碳纳米管、和涂覆所述碳纳米管的钝化层。
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AU2010321534A1 (en) 2012-04-05
KR20120117978A (ko) 2012-10-25
JP2013511467A (ja) 2013-04-04
CN102596564A (zh) 2012-07-18
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