CN102770067A - 用于关节治疗的坐标映射系统 - Google Patents

用于关节治疗的坐标映射系统 Download PDF

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CN102770067A
CN102770067A CN2010800525832A CN201080052583A CN102770067A CN 102770067 A CN102770067 A CN 102770067A CN 2010800525832 A CN2010800525832 A CN 2010800525832A CN 201080052583 A CN201080052583 A CN 201080052583A CN 102770067 A CN102770067 A CN 102770067A
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S·B·汉森
C·D·曼迪恩
T·A·拉塞尔
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Abstract

提供了一种用于定位骨中的缺陷的坐标映射系统。系统包括定位仪器,用于装置到目标部位的受控传递,该仪器包括主体和从主体延伸的轨道,轨道包括一系列对应于预定网格线的标记,以及模板,被配置为覆盖在目标部位处具有缺陷的骨的图像,模板包括预定网格,用于确定一组坐标以使用定位仪器定位目标部位。也提供了一种使用极坐标系统进入骨中的缺陷附近的目标部位的方法。

Description

用于关节治疗的坐标映射系统
技术领域
本发明涉及用于关节的手术治疗的装置和工具,更具体地,涉及用于这些关节处的骨组织的手术修复和治疗的仪器和有关方法。更加具体地,本发明涉及用于使用解剖界标定位骨缺陷的坐标映射系统。 
背景技术
人体关节,尤其是膝盖、髋部和脊椎,很容易因为最终导致疼痛的疾病、创伤和长期重复使用而衰退。例如,膝痛导致了大量的医疗和相关的医疗费用。源于医学界的最流行的理论是膝痛是来自于骨之间的接触或软骨的缓冲不足。这些情况被认为是频繁地来自于骨关节炎的发展,骨关节炎是按关节间隙变窄度量的。因此,骨关节炎的严重性被认为是膝痛的指示或是先兆。大部分外科医生和执业医生由此基于该理论来进行缓解疼痛的治疗。例如,典型的治疗方式是用止痛药,或更彻底地,进行某些类型的关节面修整(resurfacing)或关节更换手术。 
但是,人们发现骨关节炎的严重性,尤其是膝盖中的,与膝痛的发生率和程度相关性很差。因为这,外科医生和执业医生努力地不愿意对病人采用持续可靠的止痛,特别是当希望保留关节时。 
不管是通过外部物理力、疾病或自然老化过程,骨结构损伤可导致本来健康的组织的受伤、创伤、衰退或被侵蚀。所述导致的损伤可被表征为骨缺陷,其可采取例如裂缝、骨折、伤口、水肿、肿块或硬化的形式。尤其在关节中,损伤可能不限于骨缺陷,且还可包括软骨损失(特别是关节软骨)、肌腱损伤以及周围区域的发炎。 
病人经常因为疼痛和由于骨关节炎而导致的生活质量的下降而寻求治 疗。骨关节炎的手术治疗和非手术治疗的目的是为了缓解或消除疼痛并恢复关节的功能。目前可用非手术治疗和手术治疗来进行关节修复。 
非手术治疗包括(对于肥胖的病人来说的)减肥、活动修改(activity modification)(低冲击的锻炼)、四头肌增强、髌骨支持带(taping)、镇痛剂和消炎药,以及利用皮质类固醇和/或粘性补充剂(viscosupplement)。典型地,非手术治疗,通常涉及药理干预,诸如施予非类固醇消炎药或注射基于透明质酸的产品,最初被用于经受相对较轻痛苦或关节并发症的病人。但是,当非手术治疗被证明无效时,或者对于遭受严重痛苦或骨损伤的病人来说,手术治疗经常是必须的。 
手术选项包括关节镜部分半月板切除术(arthroscopic partial meniscectomy)以及游离体(loose body)取出。大部分的手术治疗通常采用机械固定装置,例如螺丝、板、卡钉(staple)、杆、缝线及类似物,它们经常被用来修复损坏的骨。这些固定装置可被植入损坏区域或其周边以稳定或固定衰弱的区域,以便促进愈和并提供支撑。可注射或可填充的硬化材料,诸如骨接合剂(bone cement)、骨空隙填充物(bone void filler)或骨替代材料也通常用于固定骨缺陷。 
遭受与骨关节炎有关的严重疼痛的病人经常被推荐高位胫骨切骨术(HTO)或全膝关节置换术(TKA),尤其是当其他无创选项失败时。这两种手术在治疗与骨关节炎有关的膝疼方面都非常有效。 
但是,病人并不很情愿选择HTO或者TKA。HTO和TKA都是主要的外科手术,且可与严重的并发症关联。HTO是痛苦的过程,其可能要求长时间的恢复。TKA的病人也经常报告说替换过的膝盖缺少“自然感”,且具有功能上的限制。而且,HTO和TKA的持久性有限。因此,希望提供一种医疗过程,其可解决与骨关节炎有关的疼痛并为HTO或者TKA过程提供替代物。 
在当前的实践中,外科医生典型地“盯着”(eyeball)将被修复的骨上的目标部位。最传统的瞄准和定位方法很简陋,且在实际的手术过程中为外科医生提供很少的指导。因此,希望提供方法和系统,其中骨缺陷可 被准确地定位并提供参考框架,其可在手术过程中被使用而不管进路(approach)。 
发明内容
本公开涉及用于使用解剖界标定位骨缺陷的坐标映射系统。系统允许外科医生在手术中利用定位仪器使用参考框架准确定位骨缺陷并进入(access)缺陷。 
在一个示例性实施例中,提供了一种用于定位骨中的缺陷的坐标映射系统。系统包括定位仪器,用于装置到目标部位的受控传递,仪器包括主体和从主体延伸的轨道,轨道包括对应于预定网格线的一系列标记,以及被配置为覆盖(overlay)在目标部位具有缺陷的骨的图像的模板。模板可包括预定的网格,用于确定一组坐标以使用定位仪器来定位目标部位。网格可以是,例如径向网格(radial grid)。 
在另一个示例性实施例中,提供了一种进入骨上缺陷附近的目标部位的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:提供具有预定网格的模板,用于确定一组坐标以在具有缺陷的骨上定位目标部位;在骨图像上覆盖模板,该模板与骨上的解剖界标对准;从网格确定缺陷位置的一组坐标;提供用于装置到目标部位的受控传递的定位仪器,其包括主体和主体延伸的轨道,轨道包括对应于模板上的预定网格线的一系列标记;将定位仪器与骨上的解剖界标对准,这样定位仪器上的标记与目标的网格一致;以及使用该组坐标来进入目标部位。 
附图说明
结合在本说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分的附图,示出了本公开的若干实施例,并旨在与说明一起解释本公开的原理。 
图1A和1B示出了叠加在具有缺陷的诸如胫骨的骨的俯视图的径向坐标模板的示例性实施例; 
图2通过本公开的定位仪器的示例性实施例概念地示出了图1A和1B 的极坐标模板的实现; 
图3A示出了本公开的定位仪器的示例性实施例的俯视图; 
图3B示出了图3A的定位仪器的透视侧视图; 
图4A示出了本公开的定位仪器的另一个示例性实施例的俯视图; 
图4B示出了图4A的定位仪器的透视侧视图; 
图5A示出了本公开的定位仪器的再一个示例性实施例的俯视图; 
图5B示出了图5A的定位仪器的透视侧视图; 
图6示出了叠加在具有缺陷的诸如股骨的骨的侧面视图的图像上的极坐标模板的示例性实施例; 
图7A-7D示出了本公开的另一个定位仪器在股骨上的示例性使用;以及 
图8A-8C示出了本公开的再一个示例性定位仪器在股骨上的示例性使用。 
具体实施方式
本公开提供了一种方法、装置和仪器,其用于诊断和治疗关节痛以恢复自然的关节功能并尽可能地保留关节的关节和软骨表面。妨碍了关节和软骨表面的、通过关节的治疗经常使骨弱化且具有不可预测的后果。不是关注通过关节的疼痛治疗,实施例在关节骨的软骨下区域中的其源头诊断和治疗疼痛以缓解疼痛。申请人发现,与关节尤其是骨关节炎关节有关的疼痛可与软骨下层(subchondral level)处的骨缺陷或变化相关,而不是例如与关节表面层的骨关节炎的发展或缺陷的严重性相关。特别地,靠近关节表面的骨缺陷,诸如骨髓病变、水肿、裂缝、骨折、骨硬化等,导致了关节周围骨的机械劣势和异常应力分布,这可导致发炎并产生疼痛。通过改变相对于周围区域的关节周围骨(其可以是硬化的或未硬化的)的组成,有可能改变受影响的骨的结构完整性,并恢复正常的愈合功能,由此解决了缺陷周围的发炎。 
申请人发现通过机械和生物方式治疗骨来恢复正常的物理应力分布以 及恢复软骨下层的骨组织的愈合平衡,是比传统技术更为有效的治疗疼痛的方式。即,可通过机械地增强或稳定缺陷,并生物地启动或刺激对于缺陷的愈合响应,来有效地达到治疗。因此,本公开提供了用于软骨下过程的方法、装置和系统。该过程及其有关装置、仪器等也以注册商标名SUBCHONDROPLASTY(TM)而被投入市场。SUBCHONDROPLASTY(TM)过程是为了满足面对部分或完全膝盖置换的病人想要替代方案的需求。 
通常,SUBCHONDROPLASTY(TM)或SCP(TM)技术旨在加固骨并刺激骨。在SCP(TM)中,骨折或不连(non-union)被稳定、整合或治愈,这导致诸如骨髓病变或水肿等骨缺陷的降低。此外,SCP(TM)恢复或改变了关节中的力的分布,由此缓解疼痛。SCP(TM)可由关节镜(arthroscopically)或经皮(percutaneously)执行来通过稳定慢性应力性骨折、解决任何慢性骨髓病变或水肿、并尽可能多地保存关节的关节表面,来治疗疼痛。SUBCHONDROPLASTY(TM)通常包括例如通过为关节成像评估关节,检测一个或多个软骨下缺陷的存在,诊断这些软骨下缺陷中的哪个是疼痛的来源,并确定用于软骨下缺陷的治疗范围(extent of treatment)。本技术特别适于治疗慢性缺陷或损伤,其中病人的自然愈合响应未能解决缺陷。但是,应当注意,该技术同样适于治疗骨的软骨下区域中的缺陷,其中缺陷是由于急性损伤或其他侵害引起的。本公开提供了用于SCP(TM)的若干示例性治疗方法,用于所需的不同范围的治疗。因此,执业医生可选择使用此处描述的技术和装置来软骨下地治疗他认为合适的任何数量的骨缺陷。 
在一些实施例中,可通过例如磁共振成像(MRI)的成像、X-射线、手动触诊(manual palpation)、化学或生物测定等来检测并确定相关骨髓病变或骨髓水肿(BML或BME)。例如,可使用T1-加权MRI来检测硬化骨。另一个例子是可使用T2-加权MRI来检测病变、水肿和囊肿。X-射线成像可适于早期以及晚期的关节炎。通过成像,特定的缺陷可被确定为疼痛源。通常,与慢性损伤和慢性愈合缺乏有关的缺陷与由例如骨密度 减少产生的缺陷相区别。SCP(TM)治疗适于BML或BME,且可被表征为是慢性地不能自愈(重建)的骨缺陷,这会引起骨不连、应力或不全性骨折,以及可感知的疼痛。除其他事项外,考虑的因素可包括缺陷的性质、缺陷的大小、缺陷的位置等。例如,靠近关节表面的边的或是关节周边的骨缺陷可经常被认为是适于治疗的,这是由于这些位置的边缘荷载效应以及骨硬化的可能性。由急性损伤引起的骨缺陷通常可通过病人本身的自然愈合过程而自己愈合。但是,在骨缺陷是由于急性损伤引起且缺陷不能自愈、或执业医生确定当前技术适合的情况下,SCP(TM)治疗可被用于急性应力性骨折、BML或BME、或其他软骨下缺陷,如先前所提到的。 
根据实施例,SCP(TM)治疗可在手术后继续。特别地,可检测病人疼痛分数的变化或功能的积极变化。例如,还检查病人来看他们何时能执行完全的负重活动以及何时他们能回复到正常的活动。值得注意地,如必要,当病人要求或希望关节置换或其他类型的过程时,SCP(TM)过程可被完全逆转。如需要,SCP(TM)治疗也可与其他过程例如关节整形、再生或替换一起执行。 
本公开提供了若干治疗方式,以及相关装置、仪器和执行SUBCHONDROPLASTY(TM)的有关使用方法。这些治疗方式可单独使用或结合使用。 
在一种治疗方式中,骨髓病变或缺陷的区域中的软骨下骨可通过在该部位引入硬化材料例如骨替代物被加固。骨替代物可以是安置在优化的载体材料中的可注射磷酸钙。在SCP(TM)中,注射的材料也可用作骨刺激器,其重新振作所希望的急性骨自愈活动。 
例如,可在缺陷部位使用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)或磷酸钙(CaP)接合剂注射。PMMA注射可增加骨的机械力量,从而允许其经受更强的机械应力。CaP接合剂注射也可增加骨的机械力量,同时也刺激用于骨折修复的局部区域。在一个实施例中,注射可平行于关节面而进行。在另一个实施例中,注射可与关节面成角度而进行。在又一个实施例中,注射可位于骨髓病变下。 
在另一种治疗方式中,软骨下骨区域可被刺激以触发或提高身体的自然愈合过程。例如,在该治疗方式的一个实施例中,可在缺陷区域钻出一个或多个小孔以增加刺激(例如,血流量、细胞周转等),并启动导致骨修复的自愈响应。在另一个实施例中,在钻了孔之后,成骨(osteogenic)、骨诱导(osteoinductive)或骨传导(osteoconductive)剂可被引入到部位。骨移植材料,例如,可被用来填充孔。这种治疗方式可创建导致长期愈合的更好的负载支撑环境。也可使用电或热刺激来刺激慢性受损的骨的愈合过程。在SCP(TM)中也可使用化学、生化以及/或生物刺激。例如,SCP(TM)中的骨组织的刺激可通过使用细胞因子或其他细胞信令剂(cell signaling agents)来增强,由此触发成骨、成软骨(chondrogenesis)和/或血管新生以可能逆转骨关节炎的发展。 
在又一种治疗方式中,可植入装置可被植入到软骨下骨中以便为受损或受影响的骨区域(诸如发生不全性骨折或应力性骨折的区域)提供机械支撑。植入物可帮助在软骨下区域中产生更好的负载分布。在膝盖中,植入物可支持胫骨-股骨压缩载荷。此外,植入物可将硬化骨与周围的健康骨组织机械地整合。植入物可被放置在松质骨中、穿过硬化骨或在受影响的骨区域的硬化骨下面。植入物也可被配置为双皮质骨植入物。在一个实施例中,植入物的一面可以被固定在周边皮质中以创建悬臂梁支撑(即,植入物的一部分被插入到骨中但是第二端停留在骨的外部表面的外面或附近)。可通过引导线(guide wire)来插入植入物。在一个实施例中,可在引导线上(over a guide wire)插入植入物。在另一个实施例中,可通过引导仪器来递送植入物。 
还可利用PMMA或CaP接合剂注射、其他的生物试剂(biological agent)或骨传导剂、骨诱导剂和/或成骨剂来增大植入物。增大材料可被引入穿过植入物、围绕植入物和/或离开植入物但在受影响的骨区域,从而进入到骨髓病变的较低区域或低于病变区域。例如,植入物可用作将增大材料注射到软骨下骨区域的入口。 
尽管上述每种治疗方式可彼此独立地被运用,将理解这些方式的任意 组合可一起且以任何希望的顺序被应用,这取决于骨缺陷的严重性或发展阶段。因此,本公开也提供了用于这些改变的骨区域或骨缺陷(特别是在软骨下层)的手术治疗的合适的可植入固定装置。申请人也发现可结合接合剂或硬化材料使用的装置和仪器,所述接合剂或硬化材料通常通过其引入到损伤部位中或附近以形成用于骨组织的固定、再生或重塑的结合剂(binding agent)、细胞支架或机械支架,而被用于修复损伤的骨。 
将理解,前述总的说明和下面的详细说明都仅是示例性和说明性的,且不是对本公开的限制。本公开的额外特点将部分地在以下的说明中阐述,或可通过公开的实践而被了解。 
现在参考图1A和1B,本公开的实施例使用坐标映射系统10,其包括模板20和定位仪器100。在当前的例子中,模板20可包括具有径向分量和角分量的极坐标。该坐标映射系统10可被用来利用定位仪器100定位骨缺陷。坐标映射系统100更自然地与可被外科医生使用的各种进路相似。 
在一个实施例中,模板20使用对应于标记30的预定径向网格,用于定位仪器100上的可调节(keyed)角度。模板可被实施为可被放置在将被治疗的骨的图像上的有形形式,例如幻灯片(transparency)。图像可以是例如MRI、X射线、其他扫描图像或这些图像中的一个或多个的组合。或者,可使用将预定网格显示为图像显示上的覆盖(overlay)的软件来实施模板20。模板20可被定制以适于图像的尺寸和角度的变化。 
尽管本例子的模板20使用径向网格,将理解本公开的模板20可使用其他类型的网格和坐标系统。另一种网格类型可包括例如笛卡尔网格。而且,网格或坐标系统的任何组合可与本系统10结合使用,以更加精确地定位骨缺陷。 
图1A和1B示出了叠加在具有缺陷8的诸如胫骨2的骨的图像上的坐标映射系统10的模板20的示例性实施例。如图所示,模板20包括跨度达180度的一系列径向网格线22。径向网格线22从顶点24处的公共起点延伸,并在外缘26处终止。每条径向网格线22包括指定预定距离或长度的一组间隔标记28。此外,径向网格线22被标记30所标记。 
如为一个实施例所示出的,径向网格线22可被分布在15度的间隔中。但是将理解,径向网格线22可被适用于系统10的手术应用的其他角度的间隔(诸如5、10、20度等的间隔)分开。 
每条径向网格线22上的间隔标记28可用作从顶点24或外缘26的方便的距离指示器。间隔标记28例如可代表2、5或10mm的预定距离。 
如图1A和1B所示,为了实施坐标映射系统10,模板20被这样放置,使得其垂直的网格线G-A与胫骨2的结节6对准。根据所希望的进路角度(例如,中间的、侧面的等),模板20的水平网格线A-G可被上下调整直到缺陷8落在希望的、由两条最接近的网格线22的角度位置以及这两条网格线22中最近的一个的间隔标记28所代表的坐标内。例如,在图1A中,缺陷8可位于沿着网格线F,这提供了相对较浅的进路角度。或者,在图1B中,模板20的水平线A-G向下移动,且同一缺陷8可位于网格线C和D之间,这提供了相对较宽的进路角度。 
图2概念地示出了图1A和1B的模板20在本公开的坐标映射系统10的定位仪器100上的实现。为了清楚的目的,模板20的特定部分没有被示出以允许更多空间用于观看。如可见的,定位仪器100包括主体102,从其延伸出在接触板106终止的臂104,接触板106被配置为靠着结节6放置。需注意,模板20的垂直轴G-A与臂104的中央轴对准。定位仪器100也包括轨道140,其从主体102延伸。如图所示,模板20的外缘26与轨道140的外表面142匹配。在一些实施例中,模板20的外缘26可与轨道140的内表面144匹配。 
在使用中,模板20提供了机构,用于基于病人自身的解剖结构(即,结节)确定一组三个坐标以定位缺陷8。例如,如图2所示,模板20指示了由沿着垂直轴G-A、外缘26到结节6之间的间隔标记28的数量表示的第一坐标,即距离d1。第二坐标可代表对应于由该例子中的标记“E”所指示的径向网格线22的角分量。第三坐标可代表由沿着“E”径向网格线、外缘26到缺陷8的位置之间的间隔标记28的数量所表示的距离d2。因此,图2示出的例子可具有坐标集2-60-2.5。 
图3A和3B更详细示出了坐标映射系统10的定位仪器100。如图3B所示,定位仪器100还可包括支架组件120。支架组件120可包括铰接到支架126上的轴122。支架126可相对于轴122枢转,轴122相对于主体也是可调整的,这样支架可被调整以适应和承受病人的腿。 
也如图所示,轨道140可以是圆形的。但是,将理解,轨道140可被配置为任何其他形状。轨道140的高度可以是相对于主体102可调整的。在一个实施例中,可提供从主体102的垂直可调部分指向关节的指针或指示器(未示出),该关节可在手术中利用C臂而可见。外科医生将通过调整仪器100的上部的垂直位置将指针与诸如关节线(joint line)的C臂可见界标对准。 
轨道140可包括开口槽146,用于接收对准导子(guide)150。尽管未示出,对准导子150可具有突出或小突出部(tab),允许其容纳在开口槽146中并在开口槽146中滑动。对准导子150也可包括用于接收装置的装置入口152,以及用于接收诸如销50等工具的工具接收孔154。装置入口152可被布置为彼此平行。将理解这些入口152可在诸如弧形图案的其他的布置中被提供,或者这些入口152可被转变角度以聚合。 
在一个实施例中,轨道140可成角度地延伸到胫骨2的横平面。该角度可以位于大约1到15度的范围,优选的是大约2-10度的范围,更优选的是大约3-7度的范围。在一个例子中,轨道140可被配置为成大约7度的角度延伸到胫骨平台的横平面。这种微角度使得轨道140的方向与胫骨平台(其典型地具有自然的、固有的斜度)平行,由此允许用户具有更好地与将被治疗的骨的自然轮廓匹配、且允许对目标部位进行正确角度进入的仪器。因此,轨道140的角度方向允许用户具有更大的角开口来进入骨,而不受韧带和其他周围软组织的束缚,并阻止任何仪器或装置穿过软骨或其他非预期的骨或软组织的非故意角度插入,而给关节带来损伤。 
图4A和4B示出了定位仪器100的另一个示例性实施例,其中在轨道140的两端上有两个主体102,每个主体102具有臂104,该臂带有用于靠着胫骨2放置的接触板106。如进一步示出的,臂104可被配置为延伸通 过接触板106并进入胫骨2,以将定位仪器100固定在骨上。 
图5A和5B示出了定位仪器100的另一个示例性实施例,其中臂104沿着主体102的长度在高度上是可调节的。可在主体102上提供可选的指向关节的指针或指示器(未示出),从而可在手术中使用C臂成像以用于仪器100的垂直定位。指针将与在C臂下看到的解剖结构例如关节线对准。 
在该例子中,轨道140可被提供有一系列的入口148,其可被用作对准导子150的装置入口152的替代。因此,在该实施例中,对准导子150不是必要的,且外科医生可直接穿过轨道140通过这些入口148插入装置或工具。 
在一个实施例中,轨道140可被配置为针对主体102在内侧横向方向可滑动地调整,以允许系统100的微整。调整将对应于模板20自G-A垂直线的内侧或横向移动。此外,轨道140可以是笔直的而不是弯曲的,且有角度的(即,有角度的直线(linear)轨道),这样这些入口148在布置上是平行的。这将允许在模板20上使用旋转的X-Y坐标网格,而不是径向网格。直线轨道140可被配置为相对于主体102角度地调节。主体102可用到骨的多个固定销来固定,或者根据需要可在定位仪器100上提供额外的臂104以用于更好的稳定性。 
图6示出了被配置为与股骨4使用的模板20’的示例性实施例。如图所示,该模板20’叠加在具有缺陷8的股骨4的侧视图的图像上。与模板20类似,股骨模板20’也包括一系列跨过180度的径向网格线22。当然,将理解,模板20被配置有这样的径向网格线22,其跨过任何希望的角度,例如90度、270度、360度等。径向网格线22从顶点24处的公共起点开始延伸,并在外缘26处终止。在该实施例中,径向网格线22可分布在由A到F标记的标记30所代表的18度间隔中。 
在使用中,股骨模板20’的轴F-A与股骨4的轴12对准。轴F-A位于股骨4的骨干的末梢部分的中央。与模板20类似,股骨模板20’提供了一组三个坐标,用于使用病人自己的解剖界标(即,股骨干的轴)定位股骨4中的缺陷8。例如,如图6所示,模板20’指示了第一坐标,即距 离d3,其由顶点24到关节线14之间的间隔标记28的数量表示。第二坐标可表示对应于径向网格线22的角分量,该径向网格线在该例子中由标记为“C”的标记指示。第三坐标可表示由顶点24到沿着“C”径向网格线22的缺陷8的位置之间的间隔标记28的数量表示的距离d4。因此,图6示出的例子可具有坐标集8-36-7.25,其代表径向网格分量和角分量。 
图7A-7D示出了本公开的另一个定位仪器200在股骨4上的示例性使用。如图所示,该定位仪器200可包括细长体202,其在轮轴(hub)208处终止。细长体202可沿着其长度的一部分被附加到支架204,如图7A-7D所示。支架204被配置为与下肢例如腿的下部分一起使用。但是将理解,可使用其他的机构而不是支架204,所述其他的机构例如为用于将定位仪器200固定到腿的下部分的带子。 
工具啮合孔206也可被提供在细长体202上,用于接收工具,例如销50。在使用中,轮轴208的中心C1被放置在离股骨4的关节线14的距离d3处,如模板20’所指示的(见图7A和7B)。在一个例子中,具有开口槽212以易于拆卸的可滑动臂210可被用来定位细长体202,以便轮轴208的中心C1是从关节线14的距离d3,其可在手术中从C臂图像的前后视图(anterior-posterior view)确定。细长体202与股骨干的轴12对准。如图所示,可放置销50以将细长体102沿着股骨4的轴12固定在股骨4。如图7C和7D所示,在固定细长体102后,可将滑动臂210移除。 
从轮轴208延伸的是位于模板20’指定的角度的直线轨道220。直线轨道220包括沿着圆形部分222的标记224,该圆形部分具有与轮轴208的中心C1对准的中心C2。直线轨道220被配置为与对准导子250协作。如图所示,对准导子250可被配置为具有槽以可滑动地接收直线轨道220。对准导子250可被放置在离轮轴208的中心C1的距离d4处。如图所示,对准导子250可包括装置入口152,这些装置入口被安排为彼此平行。将理解这些入口252可在其他布置例如弧形图案中被提供。 
对准导子250用作用于引导装置到缺陷的夹具或者盒子/框。每个入口252相对于其他入口252具有预定距离和空间关系。入口252对临床医生 来说用作空间参考或方向或位置标记,且被配置为提供装置到缺陷的准确和受控传递。入口64可被配置为与对准导子250成任何希望的角度。在一个实施例中,例如,入口252可被成角度地配置以引导或指导装置相对于正被治疗的骨成平行方向。此外,装置入口252可包括防旋转特征(未示出)。例如,装置入口252可被调节(keyed)或被成形为与将被插入的装置的形状配置匹配的特定配置。被调节的装置入口252允许装置进入并以直线方向自由地进出入口252,而始终阻止相对于其的自由旋转。因此,防旋转特征为临床医生提供了进一步控制。 
图8A-8C示出了股骨4上的本公开的另一种定位仪器200’。定位仪器200’在结构上与上述定位仪器200’类似,类似的元件具有相同的参考标号后面加上标点“’”。但是,与定位仪器200不同,定位仪器200’可具有相对较短的主体202’,以支架地使用。作为替代,主体202’可包括一个或多个工具啮合孔202’,用于接收工具,例如销50。这些销50可延伸穿过主体202’的工具接收孔206’,并进入到股骨4以将仪器定位在骨上。此外,如图8A-8C所示,轮轴208’的中心C1与直线轨道220’的圆形部分222’的中心C2一起可包括工具啮合孔206,用于接收工具,例如销50。 
在使用中,定位仪器200’可类似于定位仪器200,与解剖界标对准。如图所示,在该股骨4的情况下,定位仪器200’可与末端股骨的内收肌结节对准。销50可分别通过轮轴208’以及主体202’和直线轨道220’的圆形部分222’的中心C1、C2的工具啮合孔206’被放置。这些销50可延伸通过可滑动臂210’的开口槽212’,并进入到骨中,以用于将仪器200’固定就位(见图8)。与图7A-7D类似,仪器200’的可滑动臂210’可与例如通过手术中的C臂成像确定的股骨4的关节线14对准。定位仪器200’应被放置以对应于用于股骨4的模板20’,如同先前的例子中那样。尽管未示出,如果希望,可滑动臂210’可在此时被移除。 
在定位仪器200’被恰当地对准并固定到股骨4后,直线轨道220’可被放置为对应于由股骨模板20’确定的三坐标集的角分量的角度,以映射 股骨4上的缺陷8的位置。接下来,如图8C所示,对准导子250’可被滑动到直线轨道220’上。对准导子250’可被放置,以便根据三坐标集的径向网格分量,装置入口252’与目标部位或者缺陷8对准。然后,一个或多个装置可通过导子250’的装置入口252’被插入到缺陷以实施所希望的治疗。定位仪器220’可被经皮使用,且可用作荧光镜经皮装置定位仪器。 
在示出的例子中,装置可以是销50。但是,在此使用的术语“装置”一般地指适于骨治疗和/或修复的任何数量的可植入装置、材料和仪器。例如,装置可以是可植入装置、插入工具、钻头、注射针、导管或任何其他手术仪器。装置可以被代表深度的标记或色带所标记,这样临床医生能更好地控制进入到骨中的深度。 
本公开的坐标映射系统10提供了从多个角度或轨迹精确和重复进入目标部位的优势。将考虑,系统10可被用来从多种进路或角度压实目标部位处的骨组织。例如,有可能使用系统10从不同的角度来瞄准缺陷周围的同一区域,以清除目标部位处压缩的骨组织。通过使用不同的轨迹接近同一缺陷,有可能创建目标部位处或周围的压实骨组织的任何数量的几何图案,例如类似星爆的图案。 
考虑到在此提供的本公开的说明书和实践,本发明的其他实施例对本领域技术人员来说是明显的。说明书和例子旨在被认为仅是示例性的,本公开的真实范围和精神由所附权利要求书所指示。 

Claims (15)

1.一种坐标映射系统,包括:
用于装置到目标部位的受控传递的定位仪器,包括主体和从主体延伸的轨道,轨道包括对应于预定网格线的一系列标记;以及
模板,被配置为覆盖在目标部位具有缺陷的骨的图像,模板包括预定网格,用于确定一组坐标以使用定位仪器定位目标部位。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中预定网格是径向网格,且网格线是径向网格线。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括可拆除支架组件。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中轨道是圆形的。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中目标部位是胫骨上的缺陷。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中轨道是直线的。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中目标部位是股骨上的缺陷。
8.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括可附加到轨道的对准导子,对准导子具有一个或多个用于进入目标部位的装置入口,对准导子是可拆除的且沿着轨道的长度是可移动的。
9.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中轨道包括一个或多个用于进入到目标部位的装置入口。
10.一种进入骨中缺陷附近的目标部位的方法:
提供模板,该模板具有预定网格,用于确定一组坐标来定位具有缺陷的骨上的目标部位;
将模板覆盖在骨的图像上,模板与骨上的解剖界标对准;
从网格确定缺陷的位置的一组坐标;
提供定位仪器,用于装置到目标部位的受控传递,该定位仪器包括主体和从主体延伸的轨道,轨道包括一系列对应于模板上的预定网格线的标记;
将定位仪器与骨上的解剖界标对准,这样定位仪器上的标记与模板的网格线一致;以及
使用所述一组坐标进入目标部位。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中骨是胫骨。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中解剖界标是结节。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中骨是股骨。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中解剖界标是股骨干轴。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中网格是径向网格,且网格线是径向网格线。
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US9351746B2 (en) 2016-05-31
US8864768B2 (en) 2014-10-21
US20110125201A1 (en) 2011-05-26
KR20120132469A (ko) 2012-12-05
EP2501281B1 (en) 2019-10-30
WO2011063279A8 (en) 2012-05-31
EP2501281A4 (en) 2017-05-31
EP2501281A1 (en) 2012-09-26
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AU2010321743A1 (en) 2012-07-12
JP2013511357A (ja) 2013-04-04

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