CN103733640A - 耳机被动噪声衰减 - Google Patents

耳机被动噪声衰减 Download PDF

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CN103733640A
CN103733640A CN201280037522.8A CN201280037522A CN103733640A CN 103733640 A CN103733640 A CN 103733640A CN 201280037522 A CN201280037522 A CN 201280037522A CN 103733640 A CN103733640 A CN 103733640A
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earplug
earphone
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M·莫纳汉
R·C·西尔韦斯特里
E·M·华莱士
K·P·安农齐雅托
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
    • H04R1/1091—Details not provided for in groups H04R1/1008 - H04R1/1083
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
    • H04R1/1016—Earpieces of the intra-aural type
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F11/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the ears or hearing sense; Non-electric hearing aids; Methods or devices for enabling ear patients to achieve auditory perception through physiological senses other than hearing sense; Protective devices for the ears, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F11/06—Protective devices for the ears
    • A61F11/08—Protective devices for the ears internal, e.g. earplugs
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    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
    • H04R1/1058—Manufacture or assembly
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
    • H04R1/105—Earpiece supports, e.g. ear hooks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
    • H04R1/1083—Reduction of ambient noise
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R2201/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones covered by H04R1/00 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • H04R2201/10—Details of earpieces, attachments therefor, earphones or monophonic headphones covered by H04R1/10 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R25/00—Deaf-aid sets, i.e. electro-acoustic or electro-mechanical hearing aids; Electric tinnitus maskers providing an auditory perception
    • H04R25/02—Deaf-aid sets, i.e. electro-acoustic or electro-mechanical hearing aids; Electric tinnitus maskers providing an auditory perception adapted to be supported entirely by ear
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R25/00—Deaf-aid sets, i.e. electro-acoustic or electro-mechanical hearing aids; Electric tinnitus maskers providing an auditory perception
    • H04R25/65—Housing parts, e.g. shells, tips or moulds, or their manufacture
    • H04R25/652—Ear tips; Ear moulds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R25/00—Deaf-aid sets, i.e. electro-acoustic or electro-mechanical hearing aids; Electric tinnitus maskers providing an auditory perception
    • H04R25/65—Housing parts, e.g. shells, tips or moulds, or their manufacture
    • H04R25/652—Ear tips; Ear moulds
    • H04R25/654—Ear wax retarders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R25/00—Deaf-aid sets, i.e. electro-acoustic or electro-mechanical hearing aids; Electric tinnitus maskers providing an auditory perception
    • H04R25/65—Housing parts, e.g. shells, tips or moulds, or their manufacture
    • H04R25/652—Ear tips; Ear moulds
    • H04R25/656—Non-customized, universal ear tips, i.e. ear tips which are not specifically adapted to the size or shape of the ear or ear canal

Abstract

一种耳机，具有用于定位和保持耳机的结构并具有用于密封耳道入口以提供被动噪声衰减的结构。定位和保持结构接合耳朵的侧面的特征。用于密封耳道入口的结构包括锥形结构。

Description

耳机被动噪声衰减
背景技术
该说明书描述一种用于通过入耳耳机提供被动噪声衰减并将耳机定位和保持在耳朵里的结构。
发明内容
一方面，一种入耳耳机包括：声学驱动器；将声学驱动器发射的声波传导到使用者耳道的声学通道；接合使用者耳朵的侧面特征以定位耳机并将耳机保持就位而没有任何结构在耳机外部的定位和保持结构；以及大致锥形结构，其被构造成使得锥形结构的较小端小于使用者耳道的入口，锥形结构的较大端大于使用者耳道的入口，并且由顺应耳道入口的材料形成以密封耳道。该材料可具有30肖氏A或更小的硬度。该材料可具有2gf/mm或更小的模数。该材料可以是硅橡胶。该材料可以是热塑性弹性体。该材料可以是热塑性聚氨酯。定位和保持结构可包括在附接端附接到彼此以形成塞并在另一端附接到耳机的主体的第一腿和第二腿。定位和保持结构可提供至少三种模式以防止耳机顺时针转动超过转动位置。所述模式可包括塞的末端接触耳轮的底部；塞的末端楔入耳甲艇区域中的对耳轮下面；以及内部腿接触耳轮的底部。定位和保持结构可包括内部腿和外部腿。内部腿和外部腿可在附接端附接到主体并在连结端附接到彼此。在耳机处于其预期位置时，外部腿可在耳壳后部推靠对耳轮，主体接合耳道；并且至少一个塞在对耳轮下面；或者主体和外部腿的至少一个的一部分在对耳屏下面。定位和保持结构可包括在附接端附接到彼此并在第二端附接到耳机主体的内部腿和外部腿。内部腿和外部腿可被布置成提供用于防止耳机顺时针转动的至少三种模式。所述模式可包括塞接触耳轮的底部；塞楔入对耳轮下面；以及内部腿接触耳轮的底部。内部腿和外部腿可进一步被布置成使得在耳机处于其预期位置时，外部腿在耳壳后部被推靠对耳轮，主体接合耳道；并且至少一个塞在对耳轮下面；或者主体和外部腿的至少一个的一部分在对耳屏下面。大致锥形结构可包括经过其的开口以将来自声学驱动器的声波传导到耳道。开口的横截面可以是大致椭圆形。大致锥形结构可从大端到小端基本线性渐缩。大致锥形结构可具有基本均匀的厚度。使用者的定位和保持结构的材料可具有与大致锥形结构不同的硬度。将声学驱动器发射的声波传导到使用者耳道的结构的材料可具有不同于使用者的定位和保持结构的材料以及大致锥形结构的材料的硬度。
另一方面，用于入耳耳机的耳塞包括定位和保持结构，以接合耳朵侧面特征从而定位耳机并将耳机保持就位而没有任何结构在耳机外部，还包括大致锥形结构，其被构造成使得锥形结构的较小端小于使用者耳道入口，并且使得锥形结构的较大端大于使用者耳道入口，并且由顺应耳道入口的材料形成以密封耳道。定位和保持结构与大致锥形结构可包括相同的材料。定位和保持结构与大致锥形结构可以是一体结构。
附图说明
其他特征、目的和好处将在结合以下附图阅读下面的详细描述变得明白，其中：
图1A是人耳的侧面的视图；
图1B和1C是人耳的示例性横截面；
图2是耳机的立体图；
图3是耳机和人耳的侧视图；
图4显示两个示例性人耳的横截面；
图5A-5D是耳机的视图；
图6显示两个示例性人耳的横截面；
图7A-7C是图2和5A-5D的耳机的一部分的视图；
图8A和8B是图7A-7C的耳机部分的横截面；以及
图9A-9C是一种替代实施方式的耳机的视图。
具体实施方式
此说明书描述一种被设计为配合在右耳中的入耳耳机。被设计成配合在左耳中的耳机是下面描述的耳机的镜像，根据相同的原理操作，因此不在这里描述。
图1A显示人右耳的侧面，其中一些特征被标识。具有许多不同的耳大小和几何结构。有些耳朵具有图1A中没有显示的另外的特征。有些耳朵缺少图1A中显示的一些特征。有些特征可以或多或少地比图1A中显示的突出。图1B和1C显示人耳的两个示例性横截面，其中一些特征被标识。耳道是不规则形状的筒，具有可变的横截面面积，且中心线不直。标识出的一些特征是耳道的入口和耳道的主要部分。在该说明书中，耳道的入口指的是耳道的靠近耳壳（concha）的部分，此处耳道的壁基本上不平行于耳道的中心线。人耳的确切结构随个体广泛变化。例如，在图1B的横截面中，从与耳道的中心线30-1B不平行的耳道壁到与耳道的中心线基本上平行的壁具有相对急剧的过渡，从而耳道的入口32-1B相对短。在图1C的横截面中，从与耳道的中心线不平行的壁到基本上平行于耳道的中心线30-1C的壁具有更加平缓的过渡，从而耳道的入口32-1C相对长。
图2显示一种耳机10。耳机10可包括用于定位线缆等的柄脚52、声学驱动器模块14和塞60（更清楚地标识在图5A-5D中）。一些耳机可缺少柄脚52但可包括用于与外部装置无线连通的电子模块（未显示）。其他的耳机可缺少柄脚和声学驱动器模块并可用作被动耳塞。塞60包括定位和保持结构20，其在该例子中包括外部腿22和内部腿24。塞还包括密封结构48。
在操作中，耳机10可放置在耳朵中并通过定位和保持结构20和耳机的其他部分取向和保持就位。塞60包括将由声学驱动器模块14中的声学驱动器发射的声波传导到耳道的通道。保持耳机就位的定位和保持结构20从塞60延伸，与耳道接合的耳塞部分没有显著贡献，且在耳塞外部没有任何结构。定位和保持结构20至少包括在一端连结到耳塞的其他部分并且在另一端彼此连结的外部腿22和内部腿24。外部腿是弯曲的以便总体上遵循耳壳后部处的对耳轮和/或耳甲艇的曲线。一般地，整个定位和保持结构的柔度/刚度比制成定位和保持结构的材料的柔度/刚度或者定位和保持结构的任何一个部件的柔度/刚度重要。外部腿22和内部腿24可位于平面中。
现在参考图3，将耳机塞放置在耳朵里并轻轻地向内推动，优选如箭头43指示逆时针转动。将主体推动到耳朵里造成外部腿22在对耳轮的下面就座就位，并根据耳道的入口的尺寸和几何结构造成塞48的出口段（为了方便没有在此视图中显示）进入耳道很小的量。
接着如箭头41指示顺时针转动主体，直到发生不能进一步转动主体的状况。此状况可包括：塞的末端35可接触耳轮的底部；内部腿24可接触耳轮的底部；或末端35可变得楔入在耳甲艇区域中的对耳轮后面。虽然定位和保持结构提供全部的三种状况（以下称为“模式”），但并非所有的使用者都会发生三种状况，对于大部分使用者将发生至少一种模式。发生哪些状况将取决于使用者耳朵的大小和几何结构。
顺时针转动耳机还造成末端和外部腿接合耳甲艇区域并就座在对耳轮下面。当主体与定位和保持结构20就位时，定位和保持结构和/或主体以至少两种方式接触大部分人的耳朵，且对于许多人以更多的几种方式接触他们的耳朵：外部腿22的长度40在耳壳的后部接触对耳轮；定位和保持结构20的末端35在对耳轮下面；外部腿22或塞60（前面的图的）的部分或者两者都在对耳屏下面；以及塞60接触耳屏下面的耳道入口。两点或更多点接触将耳机保持就位，从而提供更大的稳定性。力的分布及主体的多个部分的柔度以及接触耳朵的外部腿减小了耳朵上的压力，提供更加舒适的配合。
希望的是将耳机放置在耳朵里使其合适地取向，从而稳定（即，停留在耳朵里）、舒适，且对于一些应用来说提供对周围噪声的显著被动衰减。一种提供稳定性和合适取向的方法是上面描述、并更完整地在美国专利申请12/860531中描述的，该美国申请整体通过引用结合在此。
一种用于提供显著被动衰减的设备是配合在耳道的主要部分中并且本身通过如图4的箭头70、72和74指示在耳道的主要部分的壁上施加径向压力来密封到耳道的结构（例如，如美国专利申请2004/0163653中描述的“圣诞树”结构，、或者如美国专利5957136中描述的“蘑菇”结构，或者如美国专利6129175中描述的盘形凸缘或者类似结构）。径向压力可源于向内的夹紧压力或者通过向内的夹紧压力来补充。这种设备可具有一些不希望的负作用，例如差的密封、不舒适或者甚至疼痛，因为耳道的几何结构和大小随个体广泛变化，并且因为这种设备在一些个体中比所希望的更远地侵入耳道。耳道的主要部分、特别是靠近中耳的主要部分非常敏感，从而结构延伸到耳朵里越远，就越不舒服。另一种提供显著被动衰减的设备是（除了耳机本身）提供将合适结构推靠头侧或者耳侧的向内夹紧压力的结构。例子包括传统耳机的头带或者听诊器的轭，例如在美国专利4055233中描述的。但是，对于入耳耳机，重量轻和尺寸小是希望的特征，而头带和轭添加了重量和结构。
图2的耳机包括为耳道的入口和耳道外侧的耳朵结构提供取向、稳定性和良好密封的塞，没有过多径向压力，没有由耳机里没包括的来源提供的向内夹紧压力。
图5A-5D显示塞60的若干视图。没有在所有视图都标识出塞60的所有元件。塞60包括定位和保持结构20、主体23、通路21和密封结构48。主体包括用于连接到驱动器模块14的配合表面25。通路21将声音从驱动器模块传导经过主体和密封结构并进入耳道。密封结构48包括截头圆锥结构。截头圆锥结构可具有椭圆或者卵形的横截面（在下面的图7A中看）、壁基本线性渐缩（从下面的图7B、8A和8B中看）。在一种实施中，密封结构的结构及其制造材料造成在图5B的箭头34的方向上测量的模数在0.2至2gf/mm的范围内。合适材料的例子包括硅酮、TPU（热塑性聚氨酯）和TPE（热塑性弹性体）。
塞的较小端62的尺寸使得其配合在大多数使用者的耳道内侧很小的量，从而密封结构48接触耳道的入口但不接触耳道的内侧。塞的较大端64的尺寸使得它大于大多数使用者的耳道的入口。
定位和保持结构20与密封结构48可以是单个件，由相同材料制成、例如由非常软的硅橡胶制成，具有30肖氏A或更小的硬度。密封结构48的壁可以具有均匀厚度，它可以非常薄，例如壁的最厚部分小于1mm并可渐缩到截头圆锥结构的底部，使得壁容易偏转，由此容易地顺应耳朵的轮廓并提供良好的密封和良好的被动衰减，而不在耳道上施加显著的径向压力。由于耳机的不同部分起不同的作用，希望的是耳机的不同部分由不同材料制成，或者由具有不同硬度或模数的材料制成。例如，可针对舒适选择保持结构20的硬度（计示硬度）（例如12肖氏A），塞48的硬度可略高（例如20肖氏A），以更好配合和密封，将耳塞机械联接到声学模块14的耳塞部分的硬度可更高（例如70肖氏A），以便更好地保持和密封到将耳塞机械联接到声学模块14的耳塞部分，并且在一些情况下使得传播声波的通道具有更加一致的形状和尺寸。
根据图5A-5D的耳塞密封到耳道的入口以提供被动衰减并对耳道的主要部分施加小的径向压力，或者根本不接触耳道的主要部分，如图6所示。
图7A-7C显示塞60的外部视图，图8A和8B显示塞60的横截面视图，其中塞具有典型实施方式的尺寸。在图7A-7C和8A和8B的实施中，密封结构48是椭圆形，较小端处的大轴线为7.69mm，小轴线为5.83mm，而较大端处的大轴线为16.1mm，小轴线为14.2mm。具有这些尺寸的密封结构配合到许多使用者的耳道，使得较小端伸入到耳道很小的量，并且不接触耳道的壁，使得较大端不配合在耳道，并且使得密封结构48接合耳道的入口。更小或更大的版本可用于具有平均尺寸以下或以上的耳朵的使用者，包括儿童。具有类似的总体尺寸但大轴线和小轴线之间的纵横比不同的版本可提供给耳道入口比平均更圆或更不圆的使用者。
在一些例子中，密封结构48和主体23一起足以将耳机定位和保持在使用者的耳朵里，不需要包括保持结构20。这种设计60’在图9A至9C中显示。主体23和耳壳之间的摩擦和干涉保持耳机。通过主体23和密封结构48之间的几何关系来辅助定位，使得在密封结构正确定位在耳道入口并密封到耳道入口时，主体配合在耳壳中。将主体23或者保持结构20（例如从图2）的至少一个添加到密封结构48使得密封结构不需要保持耳机本身，这允许密封结构更加顺应并且如果它还负责保持耳机时可能会需要的可变形。
密封结构的总体截头圆锥形状，即其基本线性侧与其薄壁和椭圆形横截面结合允许密封结构比趋于具有圆壁的现有技术密封结构（即蘑菇形而不是锥形）更加可变形。圆壁具有更大的包围强度，使得如果它沿着一个横向轴线（即，与经过结构的长度的轴线垂直的轴线）压缩，结构就沿着垂直的横向轴线向外凸出。由于对第一横向轴线上的变形的响应，壁变得沿着其他横向轴线不那么顺应，从而来自多个径向方向的压缩会造成沿着壁的曲线挤曲，导致密封结构和耳朵之间的密封中有间隙，或者侧壁不能在所有方向压缩的压力点。相反，密封结构60的薄的锥形壁可在多个方向同时压缩，而不挤曲或者增加其他地方的压力。
这里公开的具体设备和技术的多种使用及与其不同的设备和技术可以在不脱离创造性构思的情况下做出。因此，本发明应当被解释为包括这里公开的每一个新颖特征及新颖特征组合，并且仅仅由权利要求的精神和范围限制。

Claims (24)

1.一种用于入耳耳机的耳塞，包括：
定位和保持结构，其接合使用者的耳朵的侧面的特征以定位耳机并将耳机保持就位而没有任何结构在耳机外部；
大致锥形结构，其能够使得锥形结构的较小端比通常人的耳道的入口小，并且使得锥形结构的较大端比通常人的耳道的入口大，并且锥形结构由顺应耳道的入口的材料形成以密封耳道。
2.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，还包括联接到锥形结构的圆主体，其定位在锥形结构的较大端附近并能够停驻在使用者耳朵的耳壳中。
3.如权利要求2所述的耳塞，其中，所述圆主体包括用于联接到耳机的电声转换器的壳体的耳机配合表面，使得在耳塞插入使用者的耳朵里时，锥形结构和耳塞主体定位在使用者的耳朵和壳体之间。
4.如权利要求2所述的耳塞，其中，耳塞主体通过通路连结到锥形结构，所述通路经过锥形结构的内部，终止于锥形结构的较小端，在锥形结构插入使用者耳朵时，通路和锥形结构的壁之间的空气体积为锥形结构变形提供空间。
5.如权利要求2所述的耳塞，其中，定位和保持结构包括所述圆主体。
6.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述定位和保持结构和所述大致锥形结构包括相同的材料。
7.如权利要求6所述的耳塞，其中，所述定位和保持结构和所述大致锥形结构是一体结构。
8.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述定位和保持结构包括：
在附接端附接到彼此以形成塞并在另一端附接到耳机的主体的外部腿和内部腿。
9.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述大致锥形结构从所述大端到所述小端基本线性渐缩。
10.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述大致锥形结构具有基本均匀的厚度。
11.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述大致锥形结构的横截面是基本椭圆形。
12.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述定位和保持结构的材料具有与所述大致锥形结构不同的硬度。
13.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述大致锥形结构具有柔度和可变形性，从而允许所述壁沿着两个不同的横向轴线压缩而不挤曲。
14.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述材料具有30肖氏A或更小的硬度。
15.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述材料具有2gf/mm或更小的刚度。
16.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述材料是硅橡胶。
17.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述材料是热塑性弹性体。
18.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述材料是热塑性聚氨酯。
19.如权利要求1所述的耳塞，其中，所述大致锥形结构包括经过它的开口，以将声波从耳机的声学驱动器传导到耳道。
20.如权利要求19所述的耳塞，其中，围绕所述开口以将声学驱动器发射的声波传导到使用者耳道的结构的材料的硬度与所述定位和保持结构的材料和所述大致锥形结构的材料的硬度不同。
21.如权利要求19所述的耳塞，其中，所述开口的横截面是基本椭圆形。
22.如权利要求21所述的一组耳塞，其中，所述组的至少两个耳塞的开口具有不同的椭圆偏心率。
23.如权利要求22所述的一组耳塞，其中，具有偏心率不同的开口的至少两个耳塞的定位和保持结构具有相同的尺寸。
24.一种入耳耳机，包括根据权利要求1至21中任一项所述的耳塞，还包括联接到所述耳塞的声学驱动器。
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