CN103747817B - 肾病患者的液体量监测 - Google Patents

肾病患者的液体量监测 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103747817B
CN103747817B CN201280020937.4A CN201280020937A CN103747817B CN 103747817 B CN103747817 B CN 103747817B CN 201280020937 A CN201280020937 A CN 201280020937A CN 103747817 B CN103747817 B CN 103747817B
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liquid
blood
amount
patient
impedance
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CN103747817A (zh
Inventor
马丁·T·格伯
约翰·E·伯恩斯
S·吕
曼达·R·文卡特斯
布莱恩特·J·普迪尔
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Medtronic Inc
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Medtronic Inc
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Abstract

一种使用,其包括通过一传感器装置监测一患者的一液体量指标,并根据监测到的液体量指标为一血液液体清除阶段设定一初始液体清除量处方。该使用可以进一步包括向血液液体清除装置传输来自于可植入传感器的关于液体量指标的数据。在一些实施例中,液体清除装置根据接收自可植入传感器的数据设定或计算该初始液体清除量处方。该液体量指标可以是一组织液体量指标或一血液液体量指标。

Description

肾病患者的液体量监测
相关申请
本申请要求申请日为2012年3月20日,申请号为13/424,467的美国专利申请的优先权,该美国专利申请要求申请号为61/480,539、61/480,544、61/480,541、61/480,535、61/480,532、61/480,530,以及61/480,528的美国临时申请的优先权,所述各优先权临时申请案的申请日均为2011年4月29日,所述各临时申请与本申请公开的内容不相矛盾的部分在此全部引用纳入本申请。
技术领域
本申请大致涉及监测肾病患者的液体量的装置、系统和使用。
背景技术
目前用于治疗第三期至第四期的慢性肾病患者的使用通常包括监测患者的症状和肾小球滤过率(GRF)。在患者达到需要以补充血液透析的形式进行额外治疗的数值前,通常会采用外科手术的方法将动脉转向血管以创建一个接入点(瘘管)。瘘管的成熟通常需要4-6周,但其需要6个月才能达到进行血液透析所需的成熟度。在某些情况下,患者的肾脏会快速衰竭,这使得在患者需要进行透析治疗前,瘘管仍未成熟。在这种情况下,中心静脉导管会一直使用到瘘管成熟。然而,中心静脉导管更易导致感染,且会遇到凝血问题和疲劳问题。因此,希望能够保证瘘管在患者需要进行血液透析之前成熟。遗憾的是,预判第三期至第四期的慢性肾病患者何时需要补充的血液透析治疗是非常困难的,且目前缺乏对这种患者的充分监测的使用。
一旦患者开始接受透析治疗或其他液体清除治疗(例如超滤法),很难确定在给定的治疗阶段过程中清除多少液体。液体清除的量在治疗阶段前确定,且与患者在治疗前的体重、治疗过程中的液体添加物以及患者的理论干体重(dry weight)相关。但是,患者的干体重(在肾脏功能正常的情况下,患者应具有的重量)很难精确确定。对于某一个给定的患者来说,在其肾脏功能正常的情况下,他的体重常常是不可知的变量,而且会随着时间而变化。然而,精确确定患者的干体重对于液体清除阶段获得成功的疗效是很重要的。
遗憾的是,患者的干体重通常不被频繁地估算或是重新评估。不同于患者的实际体重是在液体清除阶段前和后被称量,确定干体重的频次非常低,例如每月一次,且在确定干体重和给定的液体清除阶段之间的时间内,很多情况都会发生变化,而液体清除阶段通常是一周三次。作为液体清除考虑因素中的一个重要变量,干体重却通常很难估算,且会在液体清除阶段之间发生变化。
错误的液体清除量会在血液透析治疗之后或过程中导致严重的低血压和患者病危(crashing),并且不够频繁的液体清除阶段也会导致严重的后果。例如,猝死和心脏死亡常见于血液透析患者中(包括死于充血性心力衰竭,心肌梗塞以及猝死)。参见Bleyer等人著的《血液透析患者中猝死和心脏死亡率》,《国际肾脏期刊》,(1999),55:1152-1559[Bleyer et al,"Sudden andcardiac death rated in hemodialysis patients,"Kidney International,(1999),55:1552-1559.]。
基于各种原因,希望对进行血液液体清除阶段的患者进行额外监测。
发明内容
除了其他以外,本文描述了对接受或可能需要接受液体清除治疗(例如血液透析,超滤法等)的患者的液体量进行长期监测的装置、系统和使用。通过长期监测液体量的指标,可能能够更准确地预估第三期或第四期慢性肾病患者何时可能初始需要补充液体清除治疗,可能需要对何时创建瘘管做出更好的预估,以使瘘管在初始液体清除阶段时成熟。长期监测液体量的指标对于更准确地确定液体清除阶段中使用的适当液体清除参数(液体清除“处方”)也是具有意义的。
在本文所描述的各实施例中,一种使用包括:通过一传感器装置监测一患者的一液体量指标,并根据监测到的液体量指标为一血液液体清除阶段(ablood fluid removal session)设定一初始的液体清除量处方(initial fluid volumeremoval prescription)。该使用可以进一步地包括从可植入的传感器装置向液体清除装置传输的关于液体量指标的数据。在一些实施例中,液体清除装置根据接收自可植入的传感器的数据,设定或计算初始液体清除量处方。该液体量指标可能是一组织液体量的指标或是一血液液体量的指标。
在本文所描述的某些实施例中,一种系统包括:一构造为监测一液体量指标的传感器,以及一血液液体清除装置。该血液液体清除装置包括:(i)一入口,用于接受来自于一患者的血液;(ii)一第一出口,用于将来自于患者的血液送回;(iii)一中间装置(medium),用于将血液中的液体清除,该中间装置(medium)设于入口和第一出口之间;(iv)一液体清除速率控制器;(v)一第二出口,用于清除液体的流出;以及(vi)与液体清除速率控制器和传感器耦合的电子装置(electronics),所述电子装置构造为根据接收自传感器的数据设定一初始液体清除速率处方(prescription),并根据设定的初始液体清除速率处方控制液体清除速率控制器。
在本文所描述的多个实施例中,一种传感器装置包括:(i)一探测器电路和部件,其构造为获得一感测到的关于液体量指标的数据;以及(ii)电子控制装置(control electronic),其构造为从探测器电路接收获得的感测到的数据,并根据获得的感测到的数据计算一液体清除量处方。
本案所采用的关于液体量指标长期监测的装置和使用也可用于辅助确定在慢性肾病患者或在可能患有慢性肾病的患者体内创建瘘管的适宜时间。
本案所描述的系统、装置和使用的一个或多个实施例较之现有的用于对患者进行血液液体清除或是监测患者液体的系统、装置和使用可能具有一个或多个优点。例如,慢性肾病患者往往到晚期(第五期)才知道其病情。一旦患者病情达到第五期时,可选择的治疗是有限的,且血液透析往往是唯一的选择。如果监测可以帮助患者跟踪其肾脏功能(尤其是那些患有高血压和糖尿病的患者),那么这些患者可能采取除了透析以外的其他治疗方法,并且他们达到第五期的进程将会减慢。在患者接受利尿治疗的情况下,监测可以用于跟踪患者是否对治疗有反应。监测还有助于避免错误的诊断。例如,若忽视了损伤的肾功能,肾病患者可能仅仅会被诊断为高血压患者,从而错过了减缓慢性肾病进程的机会。对于高血压和糖尿病患者来说,本案所述的监测也是有价值的,因为三分之二的第五期的肾衰竭患者被认为是患有高血压和糖尿病的。在阅读了以下具体描述的基础上,这些和其他有益效果对于本领域内的技术人员来说均是显而易见的。
附图说明
这些附图构成了本说明书的一部分,其与说明书一起示出了本发明的几种实施方式,用来解释本发明的原理。附图只用于解释本发明的实施例,并不构成对本发明的限制。
图1-图2为显示了涉及患者的可穿戴的以及可植入的传感器的示意图。
图3为显示了传感器的选定的部件的示意框图。
图4为显示了传感器的选定的部件的示意框图,该传感器用于监测涉及管道的血液液体量指标。
图5-图6为显示了阻抗传感器在患者体外(图5)和植入患者体内(图6)的选定的部件的示意框图。
图7-图9为流程示意图,其显示了本案记载的各实施例中的使用的整个流程。
图10-图13为示意框图,其显示了根据本案记载的教示各实施例中所采用的液体清除装置。
图14-图15为示意框图,其显示了根据本案记载的各实施例所采用的血液液体清除装置或系统的选定的部件。
图16为示意框图,其显示了各传感器和电子控制装置(control electronic)之间的相互作用。
这里所呈现的示意图不是必须按比例的。图中使用相同的数字指代相似的部件、步骤等。然而,可以理解的是,在一个图中使用一个数字来指代一个部件,并非旨在限制该部件在另一图中也使用相同的数字标号。此外,使用不同的数字来指代部件,并非旨在表示不同标号的部件不能是相同或类似的。
具体实施方式
以下的详细描述引用了附图,附图构成实施方式的一部分,在附图中以示例的方式示出了装置、系统和使用的几种实施方式。可以了解的是,在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,其它实施方式也可以想到并做出的。因此,下面的详细描述不构成对本发明的限制。
这里所用的所有科技术语除非有特别的说明,都具有本领域的常用含义。此处的定义是为了便于理解这里经常用到的某些术语,并非意在限制本发明的范围。
如在本说明书和后附的权利要求中所用到的,单数形式的“一”和“该”包括具有多个所指物的实施例,除非内容清楚地表示其他含义。
如在本说明书和后附的权利要求中所用到的,用语“或”通常是指包括“和/或”的含义,除非内容清楚地表示其他含义。
如这里所用到的“具有”、“包含”、“包括”或类似的用语,是使用其开放式含义的,通常是指“包括,但不限于”的意思。
如这里所用到的,“长期”与监测相关,其表示在日、周、月或年的过程内一直在进行监测。长期监测可以包括持续地、定期地、间歇地或类似的在监测发生的时间范围内的感知。
如这里所用到的,“液体量”可以涉及组织液体量或血液液体量。
如这里所用到的,“组织液体量”表示患者的组织或部位内的液体(相对于细胞或固体)的量,患者的组织或部位可以是患者的整个身体。组织“液体”经常被称为间质液。在各实施例中,组织液体量、组织液体量的变化率以及诸如此类中的一个或多个,或者其指标根据本案的教示被监测。
如这里所用到的,“血液液体量”表示相对于血液中的细胞或固体,液体所占血液量的量或百分比。在各实施例中,血液液体量、血液液体量的变化率以及诸如此类中的一个或多个,或者其指标根据本案的教示被监测。
如这里所用到的“血液液体清除治疗”或类似语是指一个从病人的血液里将液体清除再将血液送回到病人体内的过程。在大多数情况下,血液也被净化,即从血液中清除废物,被净化的血液返回到病人体内。血液液体清除治疗的实例包括超滤、血液过滤、血液透析、血液透析滤过、腹膜透析等等。任何需要进行血液液体清除的病人都可以从这里所描述的装置、系统以及使用中受益。
如这里所用到的“需要进行一血液液体清除治疗的病人”是一已经接受、正在接受或可能会接受至少一个血液液体清除阶段的病人。通常,这些病人是液体负荷过多的病人,比如患有心力衰竭、慢性肾脏疾病或急性肾衰竭的病人。通常这些病人是慢性肾脏疾病第3期至第5期的病人,对利尿剂无反应或反应低等等。
除了其他以外,本文描述了对接受或可能需要接受液体清除治疗(例如血液透析,超滤法等)的患者的液体量进行长期监测的装置、系统和使用。通过提供何时进行治疗干预的处方,或是帮助做出在一个特定的治疗阶段中的液体清除速率和液体清除量的一适宜的决定,该长期监测可以改善此类患者的治疗或疗效。任何适当的监测或传感器装置均可被采用。
在一些实施方式中,且根据图1和图2,用于长期监测的传感器200或其部件是可穿戴的(图1)或可植入的(图2)。在图1所示的实施例中,传感器200显示为一带状的装置,其可以环绕于患者10的腰部穿戴。当然,传感器200或其部件可以构造为穿戴于患者10身体的任何适当部位。例如,传感器200设备构造为环绕着手腕或脚踝工作,可被系于手指或脚趾等诸如此类的部位上。在图2所描述的实施例中,传感器200及其部件201,205,207被植入患者10的腹部。当然,传感器200或其部件201,205,207也可以被植入其他适宜的部位,该部位从患者舒适的角度和实现传感器功能的技术角度都是可行的。如图2所示,该可植入的传感器200优选地被构造为与患者10体外的装置,或是其他植入的装置进行通信连接(例如无线地)。
无论传感器200是可穿戴的还是可植入的,传感器200都最好包括一电源,以使患者可以进行日常活动而无需将传感器200插在插座上。适当电源的实施例包括一电池,一耦合电容或诸如此类的,其中电池可以是可充电的。
为了阐述本技术方案,图3显示了一可植入的传感装置200的选定的部件的框图。所示的传感装置200具有一壳体299,其内具有多个部件,包括电源297,电子控制装置295,探测器电路296,指示器电路287以及遥测电路289。在图示的实施例中,该探测器电路296可操作地与探测器205耦合,该探测器电路296可以包括模数转换器,带通滤波器以及诸如此类,探测器205可以设于壳体299外,并与探测器电路296通过导线207耦合。探测器电路296可操作地与电源297和电子控制装置295耦合,电子控制装置295包括一处理器294和一存储器293,该存储器293用于存储获得的所感测的数据和处理器指令。电子控制装置也可操作地与电源297耦合,电源297可以为电池或是类似部件,电子控制装置还与遥测电路289耦合,以实现其与置于患者体外的装置或是其他植入装置的无线通信连接。遥测电路296使得传感器装置200可以向另一个装置传输关于液体量监测指标的数据。遥测电路296可以包括一遥测天线或本领域内技术人员熟知的其他适用于传输或接受数据的部件。指示器电路287可操作地与电源297和电子控制装置295耦合,当液体量接近一需要进行治疗干预的水平时,电子控制装置295可激发指示器电路287以提供一可感知的提示。指示器电路287可以包括提供一听觉信号的微型扬声器或是一个警示患者的振动机构。例如,如果液体量被确定为超出了一阈值,或者液体量的增加速度超出了一阈值,患者就会被警示其可能需要进行治疗干预。可以理解的是,除附图所示的以外,传感器200可以包括如本领域内技术人员所知晓的其他部件。在一些实施例中,如果超出了阈值,传感器200,经由遥测电路287,通过向患者程序器,患者控制器,手持式装置,电话,远程桌面装置等(例如,计算机,病床监视器,桌面监视器)传输信息,以警示医疗服务提供者。该信息可以从这些设备中的任意一种经由可接入的网络(无线,移动电话,有线等)传输给医疗服务提供者。
可以理解的是,可穿戴的传感器装置可以具有类似的部件,或是也可以构造为不同的结构。例如,有线通讯的通讯电路可以替代遥测电路,或与遥测电路并存。
在各种实施方式中,用于长期液体监测的传感器可用于监测血液液体量,或其一个指标。通常,传感器间接地测量液体量,并由此直接监测液体量的一个指标。例如,在一些实施例中,传感器间接监测红细胞比容(红细胞所占血液量的部分)。任何适宜的红细胞比容传感器,如HEMA METRICS公司的CRIT–LINE监测器(参见HEMA METRICS,CRIT–LINE红细胞比容的准确性,卷1,技术指引No.11(修订版D),2003年2月24日)[HEMAMETRICS,CRIT-LINE hematocrit accuracy,Vol.1,Techn Note No.11(Rev.D)February 24,2003)],均可以用于或经过修改后用于本案所述或可想到的装置或使用中。一个健康的成年男性的典型红细胞比容水平约在40%到54%之间,或约为47%,一个健康的成年女性的典型红细胞比容水平约在37%到47%之间,或约为42%。随着患者的肾病进展状态,或在血液液体清除阶段之前,患者的液体量可能会升高,因此红细胞比容水平可能会比期望的低。
因此,红细胞比容水平或红细胞比容水平的一近似值或指标可以用于监测血液液体量。在一些实施例中,血红蛋白水平作为红细胞比容水平和血液液体量的一指标而被监测,因为血红蛋白的浓度通常是与红细胞的浓度成比例的。任何适当的传感器都可以用来测量血红蛋白的浓度,例如脉搏血氧计使用的传感器,脉搏血氧计通过测量红光和红外光的吸附来分别确定氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白的浓度。在一些实施例中,传感器可以夹在患者的手指上,并且可采用脉搏血氧计技术来检测作为血液液体量的一个指标的血红蛋白水平。当然,传感器(可包括相关联的光源)可设置于任何适当的位置,例如环绕管道设置,该管道为从患者向血液液体清除装置或是从血液液体清除装置向患者输送血液的管道,或是设置在血液清除装置内等。在一些实施例中,传感器被植入患者体内,并设置在血管附近以测量血红蛋白水平以及由此的红细胞比容和血液液体水平。
通过举例的方式,图4显示了一传感器200和管道300的示意图,管道300可以是血管。适当波长(红光或红外光)的一光源213设于管道300的一侧,以使光穿过管道300到达探测器215。如果管道300中的血红蛋白浓度高,则被吸收的光也更多(到达探测器215的光更少)。导线212,如果适宜,从传感器装置本体211向光源213传输电和其他电信号,传感器装置本体211可能包括电源和其他电子控制或检测装置。导线217从探测器215向设于传感器装置本体211内的部件传输电信号。
不管传感器200设于何处,传感器可以根据监测流过管道300(不论是血管还是血液液体清除装置采用的管道)的具有已知红细胞比容水平的血液流动来进行校准。获得的值可被存储在查找表中,在血液液体清除阶段期间或在使用传感器的其他需要情况下以供参考。在一些实施例中,当患者的血液处于理想的液体水平时,参考信号可能会被重置,或是在血液液体净化阶段后得到。在一些实施例中,血液液体量的变化率可以通过比较光吸收率的变化率来确定,例如,随着一血液液体净化阶段之后的血液液体量的增加,或是随着患者病情的恶化。
上文关于血红蛋白感测的讨论用于示例根据本文的教示,在本案所涉及的血液液体监测中,如何使用已知的感应技术和部件。可以理解的是,其他技术和部件也可用于监测血液液体量。例如,血中总蛋白或白蛋白浓度,以及血压,其中一个或其组合可用于评估血容量(blood volume)。举例来说,高血压结合低红细胞比容或低血蛋白表示了血液液体很可能过多。可替代地或另外地,血粘度可以作为血液液体量的一个指标,其可通过测量压力或流动得到。
在各种实施例中,用于长期液体监测的传感器可用于监测组织液体量或其一指标。可以采用任意适宜的传感器。举例来说,经过一患者的一组织的流体流动阻抗可以作为组织内液体量的一个指标进行监测。参见图5和图6,阻抗传感器200可以是外置的(图5)或是可植入的(图6)。随着组织内液体量的上升,阻抗会降低。可以了解的是,也可以采用电容,介电常数以及其他类似的测量参数,因为这些参数与液体量相关,并进一步与阻抗相关。基于本案的目的,监测与阻抗相关的组织的电性能被认为归于监测“阻抗”的定义内。
如图5所示,可以监测两个电极203,205之间的阻抗。电极203,205可操作地与电子控制和处理装置201通过导线耦合。电子控制和处理装置201被构造为在电极203,205之间产生一电压差,电流就可以测量出来,阻抗也可以计算出来。测量可以在直流或交流模式下进行。阻抗或相角可能与组织液体量相关。根据本文的教示,可以采用适宜的外部阻抗监测器200及部件,在本领域内是已知的并被记载于本领域内。
在图6所示的实施例中,一包含有电子控制装置201的导电壳体作为电极205的一参比电极。监测在组织内壳体和电极205之间的阻抗。电极205通过导线207与电子控制装置201耦合。如图6所示,电子控制装置201被构造为与患者体外的一装置无线通信连接,用以传输与监测到的阻抗有关的数据。
用于监测组织液体量的组织阻抗检测是有据可查的。本案可以采用的或经过修改后可以采用的一个已被详细了解的系统的例子,是美敦力公司的液体状态监测系统。这样一个系统或其他类似的系统具有详细记载的、用于确定组织阻抗和由此的液体量的可接受范围的程序。参见,例如(i)Siegenthalar等,《临床监测和计算杂志》(2010):24:449-451;以及(ii)Wang,AM.J.,《心脏病学》,99(增刊):3G-1-G,2007年5月21日[(i)Siegenthalar,et al.Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing(2010):24:449-451,and(ii)Wang,Am.J.Cardiology,99(Suppl):3G-l-G,May 21,2007.]。可替代地或另外地,可在一段适当的时间内监测组织的阻抗以建立适宜的基线,患者的标记或临床医生的输入也可用于处方患者的液体是过多还是不足。获取自阻抗传感器的数据以及输入数据可用于建立阻抗值的适宜范围,该输入数据是关于在获得传感器数据时患者的液体状态的。
在一些实施例中,可以采用一个以上的植入阻抗传感器,如采用一个以上的液体状态监测系统。该传感器可以被构造为或设置为监测不同组织的阻抗,同一组织不同区域的阻抗,或诸如此类的。在传感器失效或用于对另一个传感器获得的读数进行核查的情况下,重复设置的传感器会提供重复数据。在某些情况下,传感器检测到的组织液体的变化可能是由于慢性心脏衰竭或肾病以外的原因。例如,可能由肺炎导致的肺部液体增加。这种液体未必能表示需要进行血液液体清除阶段。通过设置一用于监测例如腹部液体的第二阻抗传感器,可对设置和构造为监测肺部液体量的传感器进行检查。这些传感器可以被构造为彼此之间进行通信连接或是与另一个装置进行通信连接,以确定传感器读数是否具有显著差别或者该差别是否超出了一阈值,在这种情况下,可能会提示患者寻求医疗看护。使用一个以上阻抗传感器对降低假阳性或假阴性的液体过剩情况的可能性应该是有价值的。
上文关于阻抗监测的讨论用于示例,根据本文的教示,在本案所涉及的组织液体监测中,如何使用已知的感应技术和部件。可以理解的是,其他技术和部件也可以用于监测组织液体量。例如,采用离子选择电极可在一组织内测量电解质(诸如钠,钾,钙)的浓度,组织液体量越低其浓度越高。进一步举例来说,可在组织内设置一压力传感器以测量在液体量变化时的组织的舒张或收缩,可采用应力与应变传感器测量模量或组织的应力-应变曲线,应力与应变传感器还可用于将不同的组织液体量关联起来,组织的应力松弛或蠕变图谱是可以测得的,并且可与不同液体量等相关联。间接监测组织液体量的另一个例子是测量肺部噪声,由于气流阻抗,在液体过多时,肺部噪声倾向于变大。
不论所采用的传感器或传感器构造是怎样的,也不论传感器是构造为监测血液液体还是组织液体,传感器数据均可用于改善液体过剩患者(例如慢性肾病患者)的治疗或疗效。在各种实施方式中,传感器数据可用于帮助确定创建瘘管的时间。在一些实施例中,传感器数据可用于帮助确定血液液体清除阶段的一适当的液体清除量处方(prescription)(例如,液体清除的量和速率或液体清除图谱)。在一些实施例中,传感器数据可在血液液体清除治疗阶段中使用,如临时申请号为61/480,528,名称为“慢性肾病患者的液体量监测”,代理人案号为P0041416.00,申请日与本案相同的美国临时专利申请中所描述的。该临时专利申请与本案公开内容不相矛盾的部分在本案中被全文引用。
现参见图7-图9,其显示了本案所述的液体量的长期监测的使用实施例的概况。在一些实施例中,该使用可用于帮助确定创建一瘘管的适当时机。例如,可以监测液体量的一指标(例如,如上文所讨论的)500,做出一关于该指标是否超出了一预定阈值的决定510,例如一表示过多液体水平的阈值,当达到该过多液体水平时需要创建一瘘管。该阈值可以是基于收集自根据现有的医疗实践被密切监测的全体患者的经验数据,还可以是基于给定患者的基线的变化,或诸如此类的。如果被监测的指标超出了表示增加的流体的一阈值,可以提供一警报520,例如,如上文所述的传感器的一指示器电路提供一警报。该传感器还可以安排一与医疗服务提供者的约会,或存储和通过一外部装置(如程序器(programmer),计算机,个人数据助手,平板电脑等等)向一医疗服务提供者传输关于液体量的监测指标的数据。
在一些实施例中,图7-图9所示的使用可以用于确定一心力衰竭患者是否将要进行代谢失调。关于患者在先的代谢失调期间或代谢失调之前的液体水平的数据可以被标记或评估。举例来说,医生或医疗服务提供者可以询问一液体监测装置,以更好地了解表现有心力衰竭代谢失调症状的患者就诊之前的情况。警报阈值可以根据监测到的患者就诊之前的液体水平、速率等进行调整。在一些实施例中,监测装置或包括监测装置的系统可以接收关于病人代谢失调状态的输入,且该装置或系统可能会审核存储于存储器中的数据,以确定是否出现了代谢失调的某些症状。发出警报的阈值可以由该装置或系统自动调整。
如图8所示,一种使用包括根据监测到的指标确定液体的增加速率是否超出了一预定的阈值530。如果液体量增加的速率高于或超出了一阈值,就可以发出警报(等)。在一些实施例中,在确定全部指标的值是否超出了一阈值510之前,希望可以确定速率是否超出了一阈值530,因为如果增加的速率高了,所有的阈值会较之速率低时要低。也就是说,阈值510可能是基于速率530的。
如图9所示,一种使用可包括确定监测到的指标是否超出了第一高阈值510,在此情况下,发出一警报(等)520。如果指标没有超出该第一高阈值510,就确定所感测的数据表示的液体增加的速率是否超出了一阈值530。如果增加的速率超出了一阈值,确定监测到的指标的值(因为其表示液体量)是否超出了一个较低的第二阈值540。在这种情况下,发出警报(等)520。用这种方法,如果增加的速率高,就可能设定一个较低的阈值。该阈值可被输入到基于来自于其他患者或人群的现有数据的查找表格中,或者可以基于在患者体内获得的感测到的数据而“获知”。
应该理解的是,在图7-图9中所描绘的以及与图7-图9相关的所描述的使用对于已经接受血液液体清除治疗的患者是有用的,且可用于自动安排液体清除阶段(例如,图9中的590),例如,通过如上文所述的遥测电路。一监测液体量的指标的传感器也可以根据所感测的数据计算出一液体量处方(例如,图9中的591),并向一液体清除量装置或其他装置传输关于该处方的数据,该液体清除装置或其他装置将允许一医疗服务提供者输入适宜的液体清除量处方。可替代地或另外地,关于所监测的指标的数据可以被传输到一液体清除量装置或其他装置,然后该液体清除量装置或其他装置基于所传输的数据可以计算出一适当的液体清除量处方(例如,图9中的591)。该液体清除量的处方数据可以由传感器装置或其他装置根据其他患者或人群的现有数据而计算出来,或者基于随着时间在患者体内获得的感测到的数据而“获知”。
任何用于从血液中清除液体或液体和污物的适宜装置或系统均可根据本案的教示使用。该装置或其部件可以是传统的大型顾问型、可穿戴的、可植入的,或诸如此类的。
图1-图4显示了血液液体清除装置和系统的一些实施例的框图。如图10所示,血液可以从患者10体内流出,且液体可以通过一血液液体清除装置100被清除,然后回到患者10体内。被清除的液体可以被转移。在一些血液液体清除装置100或系统或其部件是植入式的实施例中,被清除的液体可以被转移到患者的膀胱。可以如图10所示的操作的血液液体清除装置100的实例是超滤和血液过滤装置。根据本案的教示可以采用这样的装置和其部件的实例,在本技术领域内是已知的。可以理解的是,也可以采用透析液被引入腹膜腔的腹膜透析。
采用一些这样的装置,液体清除的速率可能太快。因此,参见图11,可以将置换液引入患者的血液中。如图11所示,可以在液体清除之前将置换液加入到原始血液中,也可以在初始液体清除之后、流返至患者心血管系统之前,将置换液加入到原始血液中。优选地,该置换液在初始液体清除之后被加入。
如图12所描绘的实施例所示,血液液体清除装置100可以采用透析液来辅助从患者的血液中去除污物,并辅助维持适当的pH值和电解质平衡。使用过的透析液和从血液中清除的液体可以被转移。在一些实施例中,特别是血液液体清除装置100或系统或其部件是可穿戴的或可植入的实施例中,使用过的透析液和被清除的液体,或其一部分,可以被再生为新鲜的透析液,该新鲜的透析液可以在血液液体清除过程中再次使用。再生透析液的一种系统是REDY系统,如Roberts,M,“再生透析(REDY)吸附剂系统”《肾脏病学》4:275-278,1998年所描述的(Roberts,M,"The regenerative dialysis(REDY)sorbent system,"Nephrology 4:275-278,1998),该系统可以用于或经过简单的修改后用于本文所描述的实施例。按照图12所示的实施例操作的系统和设备包括血液透析和血液透析滤过系统。根据本案的教示可以采用这样的装置和其部件的实例,在本技术领域内是已知的。
如图13所示,当图12所示的血液液体清除装置以过高的速率将液体从血液中清除时,可以在液体清除的上游或下游将置换液引入患者的血液。
不论采用的装置或血液液体清除过程是怎样的,控制液体清除的量和速率以避免血液液体被清除的患者发生严重的低血压、心力衰竭或突发的心脏死亡是很重要的。为了效率的目的,控制液体清除的量和速率也是很重要的。也就是说,即使非常缓慢的清除液体通常是更安全的,但是如此缓慢的清除会导致血液液体清除阶段持续相当长的时间。尽管当血液液体清除系统是可穿戴的或可植入时,如此缓慢的清除是可以接受的,但是当血液液体清除系统是大型独立的系统而需要患者去医院就诊时,如此缓慢的清除是不能被接受的。通常患者的生活质量已经很低了,让其长期呆在医院可能会使其痛苦,而长期呆在医院对于从血液中缓慢清除液体的系统又是必要的。理想地,血液液体清除装置或系统通过控制液体清除的速率来平衡健康问题和效率问题。
当然,液体清除的量对于维持患者的健康也是很重要的变量。如果清除的液体过少,或患者会担负过多的液体,从而会导致心力衰竭、高血压或其他失调,直到其下一次血液液体清除阶段或是其液体清除处方被改变。如果清除的液体过多,患者可能会发生低血压、病危、心脏猝死,或诸如此类。因此希望,不仅以一可接受的速率,还以一可接受的量从血液中清除液体。
在一些实施例中,用于液体量指标的长期监测的从传感器获得的数据(例如,如上文所述的),可以用于使初始液体清除量处方比目前使用的数据更加精确和可靠,目前使用的数据是基于干体重(其可能经常几天或几周从一给定的液体清除阶段确定)的。在一些实施例中,传感器数据可以在一血液液体清除过程中使用,如名称为“肾病患者的液体量监测”,申请日与本案相同,代理人案号为P0041416.00的第61/480,528号美国临时专利申请中所描述的。
现参见图14,其显示了一血液液体清除装置100的选定部件的示意框图。在该描绘的实施例中,该装置具有一用于接受来自患者的血液的内置入口110,一血液流量控制元件120,其与入口110通信连接并构造为控制血液流经中间装置130的速率以将液体和污物从血液中清除。该装置还包括一与中间装置130通信连接的出口140,以使血液流返至患者。在所描绘的实施例中,中间装置130包括一半渗透的过滤膜(filter)135,例如一血液透析或血液透析滤过过滤膜。该膜将血液流动腔与中间装置130的透析液流动腔分隔开来。装置100具有一接收新鲜的透析液的入口160。入口160与一透析液流量控制元件170通信连接,该透析液流量控制元件170用于控制透析液被引入中间装置130的透析液流动腔的速率。该装置还具有一与中间装置130通信连接的出口180,该出口用于将使用过的透析液和从血液中清除的液体移出装置外。在所描述的实施例中,根据需要或期望的,该装置还包括一与中间装置130的透析液流动腔通信连接的负压调节元件190。装置100还包括电子控制装置150,其可以包括一处理器、存储器等,该电子控制装置150优选地与血液流量控制元件120、透析液流量控制元件170和负压调节元件190耦合,并构造为对其进行控制。
根据接收自监测血液液体量或组织液体量的传感器的信息,电子控制装置150可以控制血液流量控制元件120(例如根据计算出的液体清除量处方),透析液流量控制元件170和负压调节元件190中的一个或多个,以调整从患者的血液中清除液体的速率。例如,改变流经中间装置部件130的血液的流动速率(通过血液流量控制元件120)可以改变穿过膜的液体清除率。改变经过中间装置130的透析液的流动(通过透析液流量控制元件170)可以同样改变通过膜的液体清除率。可以在膜135的透析液腔一侧施加负压(通过负压调节元件190),并可能会由于对流力导致更大的穿过膜的液体清除率。可以理解的是,根据接收自传感器监测组织液体量和血液液体量的指标的数据,要有效地控制从血液中清除液体的速率,装置100不必具有图15所描绘的所有控制元件120,170,190。
任何适宜的血液流量控制元件120可以用于控制经过膜部件130的血液流动。例如,可以采用一可调速率泵或可变速率泵。可替代地或另外地,可以采用一系列与流动路径相连通的电控阀,其对于流动具有不同的阻力(在此情况下,限流器优选地设于中间装置部件130的下游)。透析液流量控制元件170可以包括类似的部件,或具有与血液流量控制元件120类似的构造。负压调节元件190可以包括一泵或诸如此类。
现参见图15,在图15中,与图14相同的标号表示相同或类似的部件,装置100可包括一在血液流返至患者之前向血液中加入置换液的液体路径。该装置100包括一接收置换液的入口197以及一置换液流量控制元件195,该置换液流量控制元件195与入口通信连接,并被构造为控制向血液中添加置换液的速率。电子控制装置150可操作地与置换液流量控制元件195耦合,并被构造为根据接收自监测血液液体量或组织液体量的传感器的数据,控制置换液流量控制元件195向血液中加入置换液的速率。通过控制液体被引入到血液中的速率,从血液中有效清除液体的速率是可控的。
任何适宜的置换液流量控制元件195都可以用于在血液流返至患者之前对向血液中加入的置换液的流动进行控制。置换液流量控制元件195可以包括类似元件,或如上文关于图15的描述,与血液流量控制元件120具有类似的构造。
正如上面所讨论的以及如图16所示的,一个或多个传感器装置200,210,220或传感部件可与血液清除装置100或系统的电子控制装置150通信连接。该通信连接可以是直接或间接的。也就是说,一探测器和适宜的电子装置(例如滤波器,模数转换器等)可直接与装置100的电子控制装置150通过导线耦合。可替代地,一传感器可以获得监测数据,并将监测数据传输到装置的电子控制装置150。在任何情况下,该电子控制装置被配置为根据感测到的信息,例如,如上文所述的(例如根据计算出的液体清除量处方),控制从血液中清除液体的速率。
在一些实施例中,一计算机可读介质具有使得电子控制装置的处理器(传感器或液体清除量装置的)执行上述使用的指令,例如上文与图7-图9相关的所描述和所描绘的使用。
当然,在数据被输送到血液液体清除装置或系统之前,传感器可以与一个或多个中介装置通信连接,以根据本文的教示使用该数据控制从血液中清除液体的速率。
本文对装置、系统、使用、计算机可读介质等的各个方面均做出了描述。其中的一些方面被归纳如下:
在一第一种情况中,一种使用包括:通过一可植入的传感器装置监测一患者的一液体量指标;并根据监测到的液体量指标为一血液液体清除阶段设定一初始液体清除量处方。
第二种情况是第一种情况的一使用,其进一步包括向液体清除装置输送关于来自于可植入的传感器装置的液体量指标的数据。
第三种情况是第二种情况的一使用,其中设定该初始液体清除量处方包括:通过液体清除装置根据接收自可植入的传感器的数据计算液体量处方。
第四种情况是第一至第三种情况中任意一种的一使用,其中液体量指标是一组织液体量指标或是一血液液体量指标。
第五种情况是第一至第四种情况中任意一种的一使用,其中液体量指标是组织阻抗或血液的红细胞比容。
第六种情况是第一至第五种情况中任意一种的一使用,其中液体量指标是组织阻抗。
第七种情况是第一至第六种情况中任意一种的一使用,其进一步包括:确定液体量指标是否超出了一预定的阈值,并在确定了液体量指标超出该阈值的情况下,向患者发出一警报。
第八种情况是第七种情况的一使用,其进一步包括:如果该指标超出了阈值,通过将来自于传感器的一信号经由一中介装置传输至一医疗服务提供者来自动安排一血液液体清除阶段。
第九种情况是第一种情况的一使用,其中监测液体量指标包括监测一组织液体量指标,该使用进一步包括监测一血液液体量指标,其中根据监测到的血液液体量指标为血液液体清除阶段设定初始液体清除量处方包括:根据监测到的组织液体量指标和血液液体量指标的比值设定初始液体清除量处方。
第十种情况是第一种情况的一使用,其中监测液体量指标包括监测一血液液体量指标,该使用进一步包括监测一组织液体量指标,其中为血液液体清除阶段设定初始液体清除量处方包括:根据监测到的组织液体量指标和血液液体量指标的比值设定初始液体清除量处方。
第十一种情况是一系统,其包括:(a)一构造为监测一液体量指标的传感器;以及(b)一血液液体清除装置;该血液液体清除装置包括:(i)一入口,用于接收来自于一患者的血液;(ii)一将来自于患者的血液送回的第一出口;(iii)一用于从血液中清除液体的中间装置,该中间装置设于入口和第一出口之间;(iv)一液体清除速率控制器;(v)一第二出口,用于清除液体的流出;以及(vi)与液体清除速率控制器和传感器耦合的电子装置,该电子装置构造为根据接收自传感器的数据设定一初始液体清除速率处方,并根据设定的初始液体清除速率处方控制液体清除速率控制器。
第十二种情况是第十一种情况的一系统,其中传感器是可植入的。
第十三种情况是第十一种情况的一系统,其中传感器是可穿戴的。
第十四种情况是第十一至第十三种情况中任意一种的一系统,其中电子装置包括一计算机可读介质,该计算机可读介质在执行时,使得该电子装置根据接收自传感器的数据计算初始液体清除速率处方,并指令液体清除速率控制器根据初始液体清除速率处方进行操作。
第十五种情况是第十一或第十四种情况的一系统,其中传感器和液体清除装置是可植入的。
第十六种情况是第十一或第十四种情况的一系统,其中传感器和液体清除装置是可穿戴的。
第十七种情况是第十一至第十六种情况中任意一种的一系统,其中电子控制装置设于血液液体清除装置的一壳体内。
第十八种情况是一可植入装置实施的一使用,其包括:(i)监测慢性肾病患者的液体量指标,其中该监测至少部分地由一可植入的传感器装置实施;(ii)确定监测到的液体量指标是否超出了一预定的阈值;以及(iii)当监测到的指标确定超出了该阈值时,向患者发出一可感知的警报。
第十九种情况是第十八种情况的一使用,其进一步包括:如果监测到的指标确定超出了该阈值,自动安排一血液液体清除阶段。
第二十种情况是一系统,其包括:(a)一可植入的传感器装置,其构造为监测一患者的组织阻抗,该装置包括:(i)一第一电极;(ii)一第二电极;(iii)可操作地与第一电极和第二电极耦合的电子装置,以监测两个电极之间的流体流动阻抗;以及(iv)一第一通信电路,其构造为传输关于监测到的阻抗的数据;(b)一液体清除装置,用于从一患者清除液体,该装置包括:(i)一入口,用于接受来自于患者的血液;(ii)一用于将液体从血液中清除的中间装置,该中间装置与入口通信连接;(iii)一用于将血液送回患者的出口,其与中间装置通信连接;(iv)一流量控制器,其与入口、出口和中间装置通信连接,该流量控制器构造为控制液体从中间装置清除出的速率;(c)一第二通信电路,其构造为无线接收关于阻抗的数据,该关于阻抗的数据来自于可植入的装置;以及(d)与第二通信电路和流量控制器通信连接的电子装置,其中电子装置构造为:根据在液体清除阶段开始之前接收的阻抗数据为液体清除阶段设定一初始液体清除处方,并根据接收到的阻抗数据控制与液体清除速率有关的流量控制器。
第二十一种情况是第二十种情况的一系统,其中液体清除装置的电子装置构造为:在一液体清除阶段期间,根据阶段期内接收到的阻抗数据,改变初始液体清除速率或图谱。
第二十二种情况是第二十或二十一种情况的一系统,其中液体清除装置是可植入的,且传感器装置的第一通信电路和液体清除装置的第二通信电路是同一电路。
第二十三种情况是第二十至第二十二种情况中任意一种的一系统,其中电子控制装置设于血液液体清除装置的一壳体内。
第二十四种情况是一传感器装置,其包括:(i)一探测器电路和部件,其构造为获得一感测到的关于液体量指标的数据;以及(ii)电子控制装置,其构造为从探测器电路接收获得的感测到的数据,并根据获得的感测到的数据计算一液体清除量处方。
实例
下列预示的实例用于为如何获得和翻译来自一可植入传感器的数据提供指导,该可植入的传感器构造为用于在如上述具体实施方式中描述的使用或装置中测量患者的组织液体量。可以理解的是,此处提供的符合本案一般原则的预示实例,只是用于获得和翻译监测到的数据的一种适当的方式。
对于这个预示的实例来说,一可植入的组织阻抗传感器,如美敦力公司的液体状态监测系统,被植入患者体内,以在装置的壳体和通过一导线从壳体中伸出的一电极之间测量组织阻抗。已经建立了有详细记载的用于确定组织阻抗及液体量的可接受范围的程序。参见,例如,(i)Siegenthalar,等人,《临床监测与计算杂志》(2010):24:449-451(Siegenthalar,et al.Journalof Clinical Monitoring and Computing(2010):24:449-451),以及(ii)Wang,AM.J.,《心脏病学》,99(增刊):3G-I-G,2007年5月21日(Wang,Am.J.Cardiology,99(Suppl):3G-l-G,May 21,2007)。这些使用可以替代地或者组合地采用,可以在一适宜的时间段内监测组织阻抗以建立合适的基线,并且患者标记或临床医生的输入也可以用于处方患者的液体是过多还是过少。阻抗传感器获得的数据以及关于患者在获得传感器数据期间的液体状态的输入数据,可以用来建立阻抗值的适宜范围。该传感器可以通过传输的数据被不时地重新校准,该传输的数据是关于已确诊患者的液体状态的,例如,根据一身体检查结果。
一旦该传感器被正确校准,其关于组织阻抗(其与液体量相关)的读数就是可信的。然后这些读数就可以根据本文的教示被可靠地使用。
因此,肾病患者的液体量监测的系统、装置和使用均已被描述。本领域内的技术人员应当知晓本文描述的优选实施例在不背离本案的权利要求所限定的实质精神和范围的情况下,是可以变化和修改的。

Claims (4)

1.一种监测肾病患者的液体量的系统,其包括:
(i)一可植入的传感器装置,其构造为监测组织阻抗,该装置包括:一第一电极;一第二电极;可操作地与第一电极和第二电极耦合的电子装置,以监测两个电极之间的流体流动阻抗;以及一第一通信电路,其构造为传输关于监测到的阻抗的数据;
(ii)一液体清除装置,用于清除液体,该装置包括:一入口,用于接受血液;一用于将液体从血液中清除的中间装置,该中间装置与入口通信连接;一用于将血液送回的出口,其与中间装置通信连接;一流量控制器,其与入口、出口和中间装置通信连接,该流量控制器构造为控制液体从中间装置清除出的速率;
(iii)一第二通信电路,其构造为无线接收关于阻抗的数据,该关于阻抗的数据来自于可植入的传感器装置;以及
(iv)与第二通信电路和流量控制器通信连接的电子装置,其中电子装置构造为:根据在液体清除阶段开始之前接收的阻抗数据为液体清除阶段设定一初始液体清除处方,并根据接收到的阻抗数据控制与液体清除速率有关的流量控制器。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中液体清除装置的电子装置构造为:在一液体清除阶段期间,根据本阶段内接收到的阻抗数据,改变初始液体清除速率或图谱。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中液体清除装置是可植入的,且传感器装置的第一通信电路和液体清除装置的第二通信电路是同一电路。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中电子控制装置设于血液液体清除装置的一壳体内。
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