CN103977949A - Flexible comb-shaped guided wave phased array transducer - Google Patents
Flexible comb-shaped guided wave phased array transducer Download PDFInfo
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- CN103977949A CN103977949A CN201410238946.1A CN201410238946A CN103977949A CN 103977949 A CN103977949 A CN 103977949A CN 201410238946 A CN201410238946 A CN 201410238946A CN 103977949 A CN103977949 A CN 103977949A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a flexible comb-shaped guided wave phased array transducer. The transducer can excite and receive guided waves in a curved-surface plate or a pipe and achieve deflection and focusing of a guide wave acoustic beam through phase control delay. The transducer comprises multiple flexible comb-shaped arrays, a sound absorption filler, a backlining sound absorption layer, a matching layer, a protective film, a circuit board, an outer cover, a multi-core coaxial cable, a connector and a cable fixing shell, wherein the flexible comb-shaped two-dimensional array, the flexible sound absorption filler, the flexible backlining sound absorption layer, the flexible matching layer, the flexible protective film and the flexible circuit board form a flexible comb-shaped guided wave phased array transducer body. Due to the fact that the transducer is of a flexible structure, the transducer is especially suitable for defect detection of a variable-curvature curved-surface plate or a piping part. The thickness of the transducer is smaller than 6 mm, detection of the whole surface can be achieved through electronic scanning, mechanical scanning is not needed, and the transducer can be stretched into narrow space or attached to the surface of a component in airtight space to achieve embedded type in-situ test or in-service real-time monitoring.
Description
One, technical field
The present invention relates to a kind ofly for encouraging and receive the flexible pectination phase array transducer of guided wave, the quick nondestructive that is specially adapted to any complex-curved plate, pipe part detects and embedded original position Non-Destructive Testing.
Two, background technology
Curved slab pipe part is widely used in the every field of national economy productive life.In Aeronautics and Astronautics, energy field rotating machinery, adopt crucial zero members such as the blade in a large number with complex-curved plate class shape, eddy-current disc, its material requirements is special, machined, Technology for Heating Processing complexity, work under bad environment, cyclic load is high, and stressing conditions is complicated, and corrosivity is impacted many, longevity of service very easily forms various types of defects in production, the course of work.Because it is bearing key effect conventionally in machine run, therefore in the manufacturing and in-service process of such complicated crucial zero member, need carry out strict Non-Destructive Testing and monitoring to its blemish, to ensureing that the safe operation of each industrial circle key device is significant.The various pipelines of a large amount of employing in producing, live in national economy; bearing the delivery function of various liquid; due to high pressure, corrosion working environment; and the factor such as in-service time of existing pipeline is long; often there will be in recent years the pipeline bursting accident causing due to defect to occur, be badly in need of to its carry out fast, regular original position Non-Destructive Testing.
Complex-curved plate parts due to surface curvature not etc., surface topography is complicated, adopt traditional supersonic damage-free detection method to be difficult to realize its fast detecting, and testing cost increases greatly.When blade, wing class three-dimension curved surface part are detected, if adopt conventional ultrasound C scanning to detect, need to adopt 5 axle linkage devices to carry out scanning, can complete scanning detects, waste time and energy, detection efficiency is extremely low, cost is high, and surperficial blind area large, cannot complete detection go out crizzle.If adopt at present conventional Wedge type wave guide energy converter, because its wedge is that its size of rigidity is larger, cannot fit with curved surface, cannot guarantee the incidence angle that encourages guided wave required, coupling effect is poor, detection signal energy conversion rate and detection sensitivity extreme difference.Therefore, be badly in need of a kind of wave guide energy converter that can be applicable to complex-curved surface crack defect detection of exploitation, this transducer complicated curved surface of should be able to fitting, and have the features such as simple, volume is little are installed, can meet the quick or embedded original position Non-Destructive Testing demand on curved surface member surface.When various pipelines are installed, generally adopt built on stilts, buried form, or be laid in narrow and small confined space, be unfavorable for that testing staff operates, be also badly in need of a kind of original position or embedded quick nondestructiving detecting means of being applicable to.
Traditional phased array imaging technology adopts ultrasonic longitudinal wave probe to form linear transducer array, utilizes phased principle to carry out electron scanning imaging to detected object.Because compressional wave is propagated along piece surface normal direction, when large-sized sheet material is carried out to comprehensive scanning, because sheet metal thickness is little, cannot normally utilize traditional phase array transducer compressional wave wavefront to focus on the compressional wave acoustic beam of the different angles radiation producing, and cannot realize the rapid scanning detection of whole specimen surface.
This year, occur using the phase array transducer with wedge to encourage guided wave on tested sample surface, but because it adopts rigidity wedge, and size is larger, cannot fit with curved surface, cannot guarantee the incidence angle that encourages guided wave required, coupling effect is poor, detection signal energy conversion rate and detection sensitivity extreme difference.Role is only for utilizing acoustic beam deflection to adjust incident angle therein for phase array transducer simultaneously, and the guided wave of its generation is the same with the guided wave of traditional monocrystalline piezoelectric transducer oblique incidence excitation, is only the one dimension acoustic beam of propagating along oblique incidence direction.For completing the detection of whole specimen surface, must cooperative mechanical scanning motion.When control rigidity wedge carries out one dimension scanning along space curved surface, except one-dimensional movement, also at least must increase two corner motion, to control wedge attitude, the good coupling of assurance and curved surface.
Therefore, be badly in need of that exploitation is a kind of can be applicable to complex-curved plate or defective tube detects and without the wave guide energy converter of mechanical scanning, this transducer complicated curved surface of should be able to fitting, and have the features such as simple, volume is little are installed, can meet the quick or embedded original position Non-Destructive Testing demand on curved surface member surface.
State Intellectual Property Office discloses one piece of patent that publication number is CN103157594A: " a kind of flexible ultrasonic phased array array energy transducer and preparation method ", this patent is examined state in actual effect at present, this patent has been described a kind of flexible ultrasonic phased array array energy transducer and preparation method thereof, and described transducer comprises flexible piezoelectric ceramic composite wafer, damping backing, matching layer, FPC, coaxial wire and probe interface; Described matching layer, flexible piezoelectric ceramic composite wafer and the damping backing formation acoustic stack that bonds together successively; Described FPC is connected with flexible piezoelectric ceramic composite wafer, and draws multicore coaxial cable line to described probe interface from FPC.Publication number is the patent of CN101152646A: " flexible ultrasonic transducer array and application apparatus thereof ", this patent is authorized at present, this patent has been described a kind of flexible ultrasonic transducer array, the ultrasonic transducer unit of this ultrasonic transducer, ultrasonic transmitter/ultrasound emission receiver, ultrasonic coupling medium, microprocessor, and flexible layer medium, this ultrasonic transducer unit is placed in this flexible layer medium with array format or surface and form flexible ultrasonic transducer array, the flexible ultrasonic transducer array various body parts with different surfaces shape of can fitting, thereby can obtain prior art ultrasonic therapy/ultrasonic imaging effect that is beyond one's reach.Above-mentioned two kinds of flexible array transducers are all to apply the pulse excitation with certain time-delay by the different piezoelectric vibrators unit in pair array, in tested sample inside, along the excitation of flexible layer normal orientation, there is longitudinal bulk wave of electronic deflection or focusing scanning feature, and can not in plate pipe part, encourage along the guided wave with electronic deflection or focusing scanning feature of plate extension direction or tube axis direction propagation.
Three, summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer that is specially adapted to curved slab or pipe part detection, there is the curved surface of can fitting, feature that thickness is little, can realize the quick embedded original position Non-Destructive Testing of curved slab or pipe part defect.
This guided wave phase array transducer is comprised of a plurality of flexible comb arrays, and concrete number is determined by detecting curved surface size.
Each flexible comb arrays at least comprises 2 above a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, is generally 4 to 8 bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, and a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrator broad ways are arranged and formed comb arrays structure.Center distance w between each piezoelectric vibrator is the phase velocity wavelength of the corresponding guided wave mode of tested sample, be desirably in the ratio of guided wave phase velocity with the transducer centre frequency of certain pattern encouraging in tested sample, this guided wave phase velocity is controlled by the guided wave mode of transducer frequency and Board Under Test or tube thickness sum of products expectation excitation, can from guided wave dispersion curve, obtain.By all piezoelectric vibrators to transducer, apply electric excitation simultaneously, as recurrent pulse excitation or sinusoidal series excitation, encourage, at tested curved slab or tube wall underexcitation, go out the guided wave of propagating along array arrangement direction in flexible layer.
The two-dimensional array that a plurality of above-mentioned flexible comb arrays form forms this flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer main body, during excitation according to phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle, determine that the actuation duration between each flexible comb arrays is poor, deflection or the focusing of the synthetic guided wave acoustic beam of controlling all flexible comb arrays excitations in tested curved slab or tube wall, change the actuation duration poor, on tested sample surface, complete electron scanning.
As shown in Figure 2; this guided wave phase array transducer comprise a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators (1), positive and negative electrode (2), sound absorption filler (3), backing absorbent treatment (4), matching layer (5), diaphragm (6), circuit board (7),, overcoat (8), cable fixed housing (9), coaxial cable (10), joint (11); the regularly arranged two-dimensional array that forms of comb arrays wherein being formed by a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, as shown in Figure 1.Piezoelectric vibrator adopts flexible piezoelectric ceramic composite, and sound absorption filler, backing absorbent treatment, matching layer, diaphragm and circuit board all adopt flexible material, to guarantee that transducer can adapt to curved surface, and laminating completely with it.
As shown in Figure 2, bar shaped flexible piezoelectric oscillator width d is 1/2nd of the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength, gap s between oscillator and oscillator is also 1/2nd of the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength, and the center distance w between oscillator and oscillator is by the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength.Oscillator length l is 0.618 times of comb arrays total length D and rounds, and rounds [(center distance w * oscillator number n-oscillator gap s between oscillator) * 0.618] that is:, and general oscillator length l is no more than 10:1 with the ratio of width d.
As shown in Figure 1, each flexible comb arrays is arranged and is formed two-dimensional array along piezoelectric vibrator length direction, and between each comb arrays, clearance delta s is identical, is generally no more than the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength.
This guided wave phase array transducer is contact transducer, during use, by couplant and tested sample surface, is coupled.This transducer is excitation/reception one transducer, can adopt cyclic pulse signal or sinusoidal string to encourage, detection system as shown in Figure 3, comprising: flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer, the excitation of phased array supersonic signal receiving system, computer and tested sample.
When plate class detects, development guided wave phase array transducer is coupling in to curved slab one side surface.During excitation, as shown in Figure 4 according to phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle, determine that the actuation duration between each flexible comb arrays is poor, control the synthetic guided wave of all flexible comb arrays excitations in tested curved slab intrinsic deflection or focusing.During reception, equally according to phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle, adopt the guided wave echo-signal that this time difference receives each flexible comb arrays to synthesize, form phased synthetic echo signal.Utilize phased array supersonic signal excitation receiving system to change this time difference, complete tested curved slab Two-dimensional electron scanning.This phase array transducer is installed on wooden partition one side surface can detect the defect in whole wall thickness range, and without mechanical scanning, can realize the two-dimentional scanning of curved surface, the S scanning as shown in Fig. 5 or 6 or B scanning.The rapid scanning that can realize plane of bending plate detects.
When tubing detects, the coupling of comb arrays guided wave phase array transducer is wrapped in to outer surface of tube wall, comb arrays arragement direction is overlapped with pipe bus.When excitation, reception, according to phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle, control deflection and the focusing of guided wave acoustic beam in tube wall equally, run into defect in tested tube wall, produce flaw echo, can judge in measured tube wall thickness range, whether there is defect according to having or not of flaw echo.Utilize phased array supersonic signal excitation receiving system to change this time difference, complete tested tube wall Two-dimensional electron scanning.This guided wave phase array transducer is installed on to outer surface of tube wall, and once mounting, without mechanical scanning, can realize the comprehensive two-dimentional scanning of whole tube wall, and the rapid scanning that can realize pipe part detects.
Advantage of the present invention is:
1. the guided wave phase array transducer of the present invention's development has flexible structure, is applicable to detect variable curvature curved slab and pipe;
2. the guided wave phase array transducer of the present invention's development, can, according to phased principle, by the guided wave signals that phase delay encourages and synthetic each flexible comb arrays receives, form deflection or focus on guided wave acoustic beam at tested curved slab or tube wall.
3. the guided wave phase array transducer of the present invention's development, can complete the two-dimentional scanning of tested curved slab and pipe by electron scanning, can realize the two-dimensional detection of curved slab and pipe without complicated multi-spindle machining scanning.
4. the guided wave phase array transducer gross thickness of the present invention's development is no more than 6mm, can stretch into narrow space detects, and be specially adapted to that embedded laminating is arranged in the zero component surface in small space or enclosure space or the pipeline of built on stilts, buried laying on, to realize in situ detection or the Real-Time Monitoring of in-service of crucial rapid wear and working pipeline.
5. the guided wave phase array transducer of the present invention development, can encourage suitable guided wave mode by selections, reduces clad and manages the interior impact that delivers liquid, is particularly suitable for having anticorrosion clad, buried or carry the online detection of the pipeline of liquid.
Four, accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is a kind of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer overall structure schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is that a kind of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer forms distribution map.
Fig. 3 is a kind of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer detection system schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle schematic diagram.
Fig. 5 is a kind of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer S scanning figure.
Fig. 6 is a kind of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer B scanning figure.
Fig. 7 is plate, pipe phase velocities dispersion curve.
Five, the specific embodiment
This guided wave phase array transducer is comprised of a plurality of flexible comb arrays, and concrete number is determined by detecting curved surface size.Each flexible comb arrays at least comprises 2 above a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, is generally 4 to 8 bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, and a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrator broad ways are arranged and formed comb arrays structure.Each flexible comb arrays is arranged and is formed two-dimensional array along piezoelectric vibrator length direction.
Each bar shaped piezoelectric vibrator adopts flexible 1-3 type piezo-electric ceramic composite material.According to piezoelectric vibrator design principle, piezoelectric vibrator layer is prepared as to the longitudinal vibration piezoelectric vibrator layer that centre frequency is expected frequency.Prepare flexible matching layer, its thickness is 1/4th of matching layer compressional wave wavelength.Flexible piezoelectric oscillator and the laminating of flexible matching layer are installed, formed piezoelectricity-coupling lamination.
According to guided wave mode, transducer frequency and the tested sample wall thickness product of expectation excitation, by plate or pipe guided wave phase velocities dispersion curve, obtained the phase velocity C of the guided wave mode of expectation excitation as shown in Figure 7
p.
Cutting piezoelectricity-coupling lamination, depth of cut is piezoelectric vibrator layer thickness, is about to piezoelectric vibrator layer and is cut into two-dimensional piezoelectric oscillator comb arrays.As shown in Figure 2, bar shaped flexible piezoelectric oscillator width d is 1/2nd of expectation excitation guided wave mode phase velocity wavelength, gap s between oscillator and oscillator is also 1/2nd of expectation excitation guided wave mode phase velocity wavelength, center distance w between oscillator and oscillator is expectation excitation guided wave mode phase velocity wavelength, center distance w * oscillator number n-oscillator gap s between comb arrays total length D:(oscillator), oscillator length l is 0.618 times of comb arrays total length D and rounds, that is: round (comb arrays total length D * 0.618), general oscillator length l is no more than 10:1 with the ratio of width d.Between each comb arrays, clearance delta s is identical, is generally no more than measured material guide wavelength.
The flexible backing absorbent treatment of fitting in two-dimensional comb array, and use flexible sound absorption packing material to fill gap between comb arrays, at matching layer outside laminating flexible protective film.At backing absorbent treatment outside laminating flexible PCB, and connecting electrode, flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer main body formed.
As shown in Figure 1, wherein flexible PCB by the both positive and negative polarity of the bar shaped piezoelectric vibrator in each comb arrays respectively parallel connection collect, form the both positive and negative polarity of each comb arrays, and draw.
By the both positive and negative polarity welding of transducer both positive and negative polarity and each core of multicore coaxial cable; flexible jacket is installed on other 5 surfaces in flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer main body except diaphragm one side; and at flexible PCB and coaxial cable junction, rigid cable fixed housing is installed, to protect tie point.For guaranteeing intact being fitted in curved surface of flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer main body energy, between flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer body rim and rigid cable fixed housing, should there is the flexible protective overcoat of certain width, width is generally 10～30mm.The last multicore coaxial cable standard universal joint coordinating with phased array supersonic signal excitation/receiving system in the end welded and installed of coaxial cable, as D38999, DL-260P, Hypertronic, Omni Connector30056 etc.
This guided wave phase array transducer can be as excitation/receive one transducer, or as excitation or the receiving transducer of guided wave.While detecting as excitation/receiving transducer, as shown in Figure 3, guided wave phase array transducer and the coupling of tested sample surface, be connected to phased array supersonic signal excitation/receiving system by transducer joint, and the signal output part of excitation/receiving system connects oscillograph or connects computer through analog-digital commutator.Transducer is under the excitation of phased pulse or sinusoidal string signal, at tested curved slab or the deflection of tube wall underexcitation or focusing guided wave acoustic beam.Guided wave is propagated in curved slab or tube wall, after defect reflection, by each comb arrays, is received, and each receives signal and forms phased synthetic echo signal through phased array supersonic signal excitation/receiving system.Utilize phased array supersonic signal excitation receiving system to change this time difference, complete tested curved slab or the scanning of tube wall Two-dimensional electron, each scan echo signal is shown as picture by computer.This phase array transducer is installed on wooden partition one side surface or outer surface of tube wall can detect the defect in whole wall thickness range, and without mechanical scanning, can realize the two-dimentional scanning of curved slab or pipe, and the rapid scanning that can realize plane of bending plate or pipe detects.Transducer thickness is less than 6mm, can go deep into small space or be mounted on the zero component surface of confined space, realizes embedded quick in situ detection or in-service monitoring.By selecting suitable guided wave mode, reduce the impact of delivery liquid in clad and pipe, this guided wave phase array transducer can be used in having anticorrosion clad, buried or carry the online detection of the pipeline of liquid.
Claims (11)
1. one kind is specially adapted to that curved slab or pipe part rapid scanning detect and the flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer of embedded in situ detection, it is characterized in that: by a plurality of flexible comb arrays, formed, each flexible comb arrays at least comprises 2 above a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, be generally 4 to 8 bar shaped piezoelectric vibrators, a plurality of bar shaped piezoelectric vibrator broad ways are arranged and are formed comb arrays structure, and each flexible comb arrays is arranged and formed two-dimensional array along piezoelectric vibrator length direction.
2. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1; it is characterized in that: flexible piezoelectric ceramic composite piezoelectric vibrator two-dimensional array; flexible sound absorption filler, flexible backing absorbent treatment, flexible matching layer, flexible protective film, flexible PCB and flexible jacket form the flexible structure of described flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer; make its can with various curved surface good coupling, realize the detection of curved slab or tubing fault of construction.
3. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the wiring in flexible PCB collects by the positive pole parallel connection of each bar shaped piezoelectric vibrator in each flexible comb arrays the positive pole, the negative pole parallel connection that form each comb arrays and collects the negative pole that forms each comb arrays, and each comb arrays both positive and negative polarity is drawn by multicore coaxial cable.
4. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: according to phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle, determine that the actuation duration between each flexible comb arrays is poor, control the guided wave acoustic beam of each flexible comb arrays excitation and on tested sample surface, form deflection or focusing after synthetic.During reception, equally according to phased acoustic beam deflection or focusing principle, adopt the guided wave echo-signal that this time difference receives each flexible comb arrays to synthesize, form phased synthetic echo signal.
5. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1, is characterized in that: utilize phased array supersonic signal excitation receiving system to change this time difference, at tested curved slab or pipe part, complete Two-dimensional electron scanning.Without mechanical scanning, can utilize this flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer to realize the two-dimentional scanning of curved slab or pipe part.
6. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: each bar shaped flexible piezoelectric oscillator width d of phase array transducer comb arrays is 1/2nd of the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength, gap s between oscillator and oscillator is also 1/2nd of the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength, center distance w between oscillator and oscillator is the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength, oscillator length l is 0.618 times of comb arrays total length D and rounds, that is: round (comb arrays total length D * 0.618), general oscillator length l is no more than 10:1 with the ratio of width d, between each comb arrays, clearance delta s is identical, generally be no more than the corresponding guided wave mode phase velocity of tested sample wavelength.
7. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1; it is characterized in that: for protection flexible PCB pad is reliably connected with the lasting of multicore coaxial cable pad, at flexible PCB and multicore coaxial cable junction, rigid cable fixed housing is installed.
8. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1; it is characterized in that: for guaranteeing that two-dimension flexible array energy transducer main body and curved surface fit completely; flexible protective is enclosed within the transition between flexible comb transducer body rim and rigid cable fixed housing with certain width, and width is generally 10～30mm.
9. the flexible comb transducer of guided wave according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this transducer is coupling in tested curved slab one side surface or outer surface of tube wall can detect the defect in whole wall thickness range, and without mechanical scanning, can realize the two-dimentional scanning of curved slab or pipe, the fast two-dimensional scanning that can realize plane of bending plate or pipe detects.
10. flexible pectination guided wave phase array transducer according to claim 1, is characterized in that: transducer thickness is less than 6mm, can go deep into small space or be mounted on the zero component surface of confined space, realizes embedded quick in situ detection or in-service detection.
The flexible comb transducer of 11. guided wave according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: can encourage suitable guided wave mode by selection, reduce the impact of delivery liquid in clad and pipe, be particularly suitable for thering is anticorrosion clad, buried or carry the online detection of the pipeline of liquid.
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| CN113686969A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-11-23 | 东南大学 | On-line monitoring system and monitoring method for structural health of vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder |
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| US11408863B2 (en) | 2015-01-14 | 2022-08-09 | Quest Integrated, Llc | Automatic transducer operating frequency selection |
| CN105044205A (en) * | 2015-04-17 | 2015-11-11 | 北京理工大学 | Gas-liquid two-phase flow ultrasound flexibility array detection method based on probabilistic algorithmic |
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| CN111999392A (en) * | 2020-07-22 | 2020-11-27 | 清华大学 | Submarine pipeline ultrasonic guided wave omnidirectional focusing acoustic lens flexible transducer and detection method |
| CN111999392B (en) * | 2020-07-22 | 2021-10-22 | 清华大学 | Submarine pipeline ultrasonic guided wave omnidirectional focusing acoustic lens flexible transducer and detection method |
| CN113686969B (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2022-11-08 | 东南大学 | On-line monitoring system and monitoring method for structural health of vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder |
| CN113686969A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-11-23 | 东南大学 | On-line monitoring system and monitoring method for structural health of vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder |
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