CN1051832A - 码分多路通信蜂窝电话系统中的软切换 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在蜂窝(单元式)电话系统中,当移动用户18转
变基地台服务区域时,有一系统控制移动用户18和
基地台12,14,16之间的通信。移动用户18包括装
置40,46,当通过一个基地台与另一系统用户通信
时,决定将移动用户18从该基地台服务区域向另一
个基地台服务区域的转移。该系统包括,当移动用户
仍通过第一基地台与系统用户进行通信时,可根据标
志接通经由新基地台在移动用户和其它系统用户之
间的通信的电路78。
Description
本发明涉及蜂窝(单元式)电话系统,尤其涉及一种在基地台(ccll-sitc stution)与码分多路通信(CDMA)蜂窝电话系统中的移动台通信中控制切换(handoff)的新的改进的系统。
码分多路通信调制技术的使用,只是简化多系统用户通信的几种技术之一。虽然已知有其它技术如时分多路通信(TDMA)、频分多路通信(FDMA)和如幅度缩扩单边带(ACSSB)的AM调制技术,但CDMA具有超过这些调制技术的显著优点。在1986年10月17日申请的美国专利申请号为06/921,261,题名为“应用卫星式地面中继站的扩展频谱多路连接通信系统”现在美国专利号为4,901,307中已经揭示了在多路连接通信系统中使用CDMA技术,该专利已经转让给本发明的受让人,揭示在此作为参考。
就在上述专利中,揭示了一种多路通信技术,其中,多个各自具有无线电收发机的移动电话系统用户通过使用码分多路通信(CDMA)扩展频谱通信信号的卫星中继站或地面站(也称作基地台)通信。在使用CDMA的通信中,频谱能被多次重复使用,因此,能使系统用户容量增加。使用CDMA技术使频谱效率大大高于其它多路通信技术。
在传统的蜂窝电话系统中,现有的频带一般分成30KHz带宽的信道,使用模拟FM调制技术。系统服务区域被分成大小不同的区域性单元。现有频率信道被分成几组,每组通常包含相等数量的信道。用某种方法把频率组分配到各单元,使共同信道干扰的可能最小。例如,考虑有七个频率组和单元为等边六角形的系统。在某个单元中用过的频率组就不在最近的六个单元或周围邻近的单元中使用。而且,其个单元的频率组也不在次最近的十二个邻近单元中使用。
在传统的蜂窝电话系统中,所执行的切换方式的用意是,在移动电话跨越两个单元之间边界时使通话延续。当控制通话的基地台接收机发现从移动电话来的接收信号强度下降到低于预定阀值时,进行从一个单元到另一个单元的切换。信号强度低意味着移动电话一定是在单元边缘附近。当信号电平下降到低于预定阀值时,基地台要求系统控制器确定邻近的基地台是否比当前的基地台接收到更强的移动电话信号。
应当前基地台的询问,系统控制器向邻近基地台发出切换请求的信息。与当前基地台邻近的基地台使用专门的扫描接收机,在指定的信道上搜寻从移动台来的信号。一个邻近的基地台如果向系统控制器报告收到足够的信号,那么尝试切换。
然后,在新的基地台信道组内选择一个空闲信道,进行切换。把控制信息传送到移动电话,命令它从当前信道转换到新的信道。同时,系统控制器把通话从第一基地台转换到第二基地台。
在传统的系统中,如果切换到新的基地台不成功,通话将不能继续。有许多原因会导致切换失败。如果在邻近单元没有空闲的通话信道,切换将失败。如果另一个基地台报告收到上述移动电话,实际上该单元收到的是在完全不同的单元中使用相同信道的不同移动台,切换也将失败。这种报告错误将导致通话被转换到错误的单元,一般情况是信号强度不足以维持通信的单元。而且,如果移动电话未收到转换信道的命令,切换将失败。实际工作情况表明,切换失败经常发生,系统可靠性值得怀疑。
在传统的电话系统中当移动电话在两个单元间边界附近时将发生另一个共同的问题。在这种情况,信号电平往往在两个基地台上摆动。这种信号电平的摆动将导致往复转换工作,重复发出请求,通话在两个基地台之间来回转换。这种额外的不需要的转换请求增加了移动台接收到错误的信道转换命令或者根据收不到命令的可能性。而且,往复转换将提高这种可能性,即,如果通话被不必要地转换到所有信道当前均在使用因而不能允许转换的单元,通话将不能继续。
因此,本发明的目的在于在蜂窝电话系统中在基地台之间进行通话切换的改进,并提供高的服务可靠性。
在CDMA蜂窝电话系统中,在所有的单元中使用相同的频带。提供调整增益的CDMA波形特性也被用来判别占用同样频带的两信号。因此,当通话从一个基地台切换到另一个基地台时,移动电话或台不不需要转换频率。而且,由于收到错误的转换命令而使通话不能继续的概率将显著地减小。
在CDMA蜂窝电话系统中,每个基地台具有多个调制-解调器单元或扩展频谱调制-解调器。每个调制-解调器由一个数字扩展频谱发射调制器,至少一个数字扩展频谱数据接收器和一个搜索接收器组成。每个调制-解调器被指定到一个移动台,按照需要可以简便地与该规定的移动台通信。因此,在许多情况下,很多调制-解调器在使用时,而另一些调制-解调器可以保持着与各自的移动台的有效联系。
在本发明中,使用切换方案的CDMA蜂窝电话系统是处于这样一种状态,即一个新的基地台调制-解调器被分配给一个移动台时,而原来的基地台调制-解调器被分配给一个移动台时,而原来的基地台在继续提供通话服务。当移动台位于两个基地台之间的交界区域时,受信号强度支配,通话能在基地台之间来回转换。由于移动台总是至少通过一个基地台进行通信,因此不会发生移动台的中断效果或服务中断。
当移动台通信使用新基地台稳定地建立起来,即移动台正好在新单元内时,原来的基地台便中止通话服务。刚才描述的切换技术,能被看作在基地台之间与移动台通信的一种“软”切换。软切换实质上是在断开前进行转换的功能。比较起来,认为传统的蜂窝电话系统提供的是断开后进行转换的功能。
在本发明的CDMA蜂窝电话系统中,执行软切换技术,也允许由移动台发动。允许移动台决定把通信从原来的基地台转换到最好的新的基地台。
虽然,移动台发出切换请求并确定新的基地台是较佳的,但正如传统蜂窝电话系统一样,也可以采用切换过程判定方式。如前面讨论过的有关传统的系统,当切换可能合适时,基地台通过系统控制器决定请求邻近单元搜索移动台信号。然后由系统控制器确定的接收最强的信号的基地台接受切换。
在CDMA蜂窝电话系统中,每个基地台发射一个“导频载波”信号。该导频信号被移动台用来使初始的系统同步并提供对基地台发射信号进行可靠的时间、频率和相位的跟踪。
每个基地台还发射一包括扩展频谱调制信息如基地台标志、系统定时、移动分页信息和其它各种控制信号的“准备”(setup)信道。每个基地台发射的导频信号具有个同的扩展码,但码相移不同。相移能使导频信号彼此相区别,结果也区别出了发出导频信号的两基地台。使用相同的导频信号码可使移动台通过一次性搜索所有的导频信号码相位找到系统定时同步。正如根据对各码相位所做的一种相应处理决定的那样最强的导频信号可以很容易地识别出来。被辩定的导频信号表示最近的基地台发射的导频信号。
最强导频信号找到后,即移动台与最强导频信号取得初始同步,移动台便搜索那基地台的合适的准备信道。该准备信道是由该基地台使用多个不同预定扩展频谱码之一发射的。在本发明典型的实施例中,使用二十一个不同的码。然而,应当理解,如由系统参数确定的那样,准备信道中也可使用更多或更少的码。然后,移动台开始搜索用在准备信道内的所有不同的码。
当移动台确定了为该基地台适用的准备码时,便接收系统信息,并进行处理。移动台进一步监测准备信道中的控制信息。一种这样的控制信息会表示,有一个呼叫正等待着传送到该移动台。
移动台继续对应于邻近基地台发射的导频信号检查接收到的导频载波信号码的码相移。这种检查是为了确定从邻近单元发射出的导频信号是否比第一次确定为最强的导频信号更强。如果,当通话静止时,邻近的基地台导频信号变得比初始基地台发射的导频信号更强,那么,移动台将获得该更强的导频信号和相应的新基地台的准备信道。
当通话开始时,确定在该通话期间使用的伪噪声(PN)码地址,码地址可以或由基地台确定或根据移动台的标志预先确定。通话开始以后,移动台继续检查位于邻近单元的基地台发射的导频信号。继续进行导频信号检查是为了确定邻近基地台发射的导频信号中是否有比移动台正与之通信的基地台发射的导频信号强。当在邻近单元内的基地台发射的导频信号变得比当前单元内的基地台发射的导频信号强时,这表示移动单元已经进入新的单元,应当开始切换。对应于该导频信号的强度的确定,移动台产生并发射一个控制信息到当前为通话服务的基地台。表示新的基地台发射的导频信号现在比当前基地台发射的导频信号强的该控制信号被提供给系统控制器。控制信息还包含确定新基地台和PN码的信息。随着该控制信号被传送到系统控制器,即解释为移动单元的通信向确定的新的基地台的切换将开始。
现在系统控制器开始切换步骤。应当理解,在切换期间,经受切换步骤的该特定移动台的PN码地址不需要改变。系统控制器开始切换,把位于新基地台的调制-解调器分配给通话。供给该调制-解调器与移动台和当前基地台调制-解调器之间的通信中的通话相关的PN地址。确定为通话服务的新基地台调制-解调器,搜索并找到移动台发射的信号。基地台调制-解调器还向移动台开始发射输出信号。移动台根据新的基地台提供的信号和准备信道信息搜索输出信号。
当获得新基地台调制-解调器发射的信号时,移动台转换成收听该信号。然后,移动台发射表示切换完成的控制信号。由原来的和新的基地台调制-解调器之一或两者把控制信息提供给系统控制器。根据控制信号,系统控制器单独把通话转换到新的基地台,而中断通过原来的基地台调制-解调器的通话。然后,原来的基地台调制-解调器成为能再分配的空闲调制-解调器。
另外的改进有,切换步骤能引入第二工作状态。在此地,该第二状态被唤作基地台分集状态。关于基地台分集状态的论述在1989年11月7日申请的共同待批的美国专利申请,题名为“在CDMA蜂窝电话系统中的分集接收机”,流水号为07/432,552中,该发明人作了进一步揭示,该申请已转让给本发明的受让人。
在基地台分集状态中,如上参照两个基地台所处理的通话所述的,允许通话在中间状态拖延。在按照本发明的移动电话描述在此的典型的实施例中,使用了总数为三个的解调处理器或接收机。一个接收机用于扫描功能,其它两个接收机用作两个信道分集接收机。在单个单元中工作期间,扫描接收机寻找该基地台发射的沿多路径传播到移动台的信号。这些多路径传播信号一般是由地面建筑物和其它信号障碍物反射信号引起的。当发现两个或更多的这种反射时,两个接收机被分配到两个最强的信道。扫描接收机继续测算多路径;当路径情况改变时,使两个接收机与两个最强路径上的信号保持同步。
在基地台分集状态中,从每个基地台来的最强的两个路径,由搜索接收机确定。选定两个接收机解调从原来的基地台和新的基地台来的四个可能的路径中的最强两个路径上的信号。在一种分集组合操作中,数据解调过程使用从这两个接收机来的信息。这种分集组合操作的结果是,大大阻止了在多路单元式电话场合可能发生的有害的衰减。
虽然在该技术领域中不同的分集组合技术类型是众所周知的,但本发明使用分集组合大大地提高了在移动蜂窝电话系统中通信的质量和可靠性。在本发明中,应用了最大的比率组合形式。根据两个路径,结合从相应加权的这两个路径来的贡献,确定信噪比。由于解调导频信号可确定每个路径的相位,所以组合是相关的。
在从移动台到两个基地台的路径中,通过两个基地台解调移动台发射的信号,也可获得路径分集接收。两个基地台把它们解调的数据信号和表示基地台接收机信号质量的数据一起送到系统控制器。然后,系统控制器组合移动台信号的两种改形,并选择最好质量的信号。应当理解,把未解码或甚至未解调的信号传送到系统控制器来使更好的分集组合方法被利用是可能的。
如前面所讨论的,在单元分集状态中开始切换步骤。移动台确定邻近基地台发射的信号对获得好的信号解调质量是足够强。移动台发出一个控制信息到当前基地台,指示新的基地台的标志,并发出一个单元分集状态的请求。然后单元台把基地台标志和请求转送到系统控制器。
系统控制器通过把通话连接到新的基地台的调制-解调器作为响应。然后,当移动台把从两个基地台接收到的信号进行分集组合的同时,系统控制器也把从这两个基地台接收到的信号进行组合。只要从两个基地台接收到的信号电平足以使解调质量良好,单元分集状态将继续。
移动台继续搜索从其它基地台发射出的信号。如果第三个基地台发射的信号变得比原来两个基地台信号中的一个强,那么移动台至少通过一个当前基地台,把控制信息传输到系统控制器。控制信息指示该基地台的标志和请求切换。然后,系统控制器在通过两个最强基地台提供通话的同时,中止通过三个基地台中最弱信号的通话。如果移动台装备有额外接收机,如三个接收机,可以进行三重基地台分集状态。
当移动台确定只有一个基地台正在提供对于解调质量来说足够强的信号时,中止基地台分集状态。然后移动台发出一个控制信息表示基地台在中止了基地台分集状态后仍在通信。如果因调制-解调器的数量不足以支持移动台对基地台分集状态工作的所有请求,而使系统变得过载时,系统控制器也中止基地台分集状态。如所讨论的,基地台分集状态是由移动台做出需要在基地台分集状态中工作的判定来实现的。然而,应当理解,基地台分集状态也能由系统控制器作出要在这种状态工作的判定来实现。
本发明在移动台切换方面,对目前的蜂窝电话系统作了实质性的改进。本发明的断开前切换原理对系统总可靠性做出显著改进,降低了服务故障。通过在通信中提供额外的系统可靠性和质量,基地台分集状态的执行进一步改进了传统蜂窝电话系统。
本发明的特征和优点将结合下面附图的详细描述将会更明显。其中:
图1是本发明的典型的CDMA蜂窝电话系统的示意图;
图2是CDMA蜂窝电话系统中CDMA通信的移动单元电话的结构框图;
图3是CDMA蜂窝电话系统中基地台设备的框图;
图4是移动电话转换局设备的框图。
图1示出了本发明的一个实施例的典型的电话系统。图1所示的系统在系统移动台或移动电话和基地台之间的通信中使用了CDMA调制技术。在大城市中的蜂窝系统具有上百个基地台为几十万移动电话服务。与传统的FM调制蜂窝系统相比使用CDMA技术大大地增加了同样大小的系统的用户容量。
图1中,系统控制和转换器10,也称之为移动电话转换局(MTSO),一般包括对基地台进行系统控制的接口和处理电路。控制器10也为传输到合适的移动台,控制从公共交换电话网(PSTN)到合适的基地台的通话通路。控制器10也控制从移动台至少通过一个基地台到PSTN的通话的通路。由于一般这种移动台不能直接与另一个进行通信,所以控制器10也可以控制移动用户之间通过适当的基地台进行通话。
控制器10可以通过各种装置如专用的电话线,光纤线路或通过微波通信线路联接到基地台。图1中,图示了三个这种典型的基地台12,14和16以及典型的包括蜂窝电话的移动台18。箭头线20a-20b规定了基地台12和移动台18之间可能的通信线路。箭头线22a-22b规定了基地台14和移动台18之间可能的通信线路。类似地,箭头线24a-24b规定了基地台16和移动台18之间可能的通信线路。
基地台服务区域或单元按照地理形状设计,使移动台通常与一个基地台最近。当移动台空闲时即不在进行通话,移动台一直监视每个附近基地台发射的导频信号。如图1所示,分别通过通信线路20b、22b和24b,基地台12、14和16分别把导频信号传输到移动台18。然后,移动台通过比较这些特定基地台发射导频信号的强度确定它处于那个单元中。
在图1所示的例子中,移动台18可以认为与基地台16最近。当移动台18开始通话时,把控制信息传送到最近的基地台即基地台16。基地台16接收到通话请求信息后,向系统控制器10发出信号并传送电话号。然后,系统控制器10把通话通过PSTN连接到所希望的接收器。
通话如果在PSTN内进行,控制器10把通话信息发射到该区域内的所有基地台。作为答复,基地台把分页信息发射到所希望的移动台接收器。当移动台收到分页信息,它发射一个控制信息到最近的基地台作为回答。该控制信息通知系统控制器该特定的基地台与移动台要通信。然后控制器10确定通过该基地台到移动台的通话路线。
如果移动台18移出了原来的基地台即基地台16的有效区域,通过确定经过另一基地台的通话路线使通话继续。在切换过程中,有两种进行通话切换即确定通过另一基地台路线的方法。
第一种方法叫做基地台起动切换,与用于目前使用的原始第一代模拟量蜂窝电话系统中的切换方法类似。在基地台起动切换的方法中,原始基地台即基地台16注意到移动台18发射的信号下降到低于某一阀值。然后,基地台16向系统控制器10发出切换请求。控制器10把这个请求转发到基地台16附近的所有基地台14、12。控制器发射的请求包括与信道有关的含移动台18使用的PN码顺序的信息。基地台12和14调整接收机的频率到移动台使用的信道,并测量信号强度,通常采用数字技术。如果基地台12和14的接收机有一个报告的信号强度大于原来的基地台报告的信号强度,那么就切换到该基地台。
起动切换的第二种方法叫做移动切换。移动台装配有搜索接收机,用于扫描邻近基地台12和14发射的导频信号和完成其它功能。如果发现基地台12和14导频信号的强度大于基地台16的导频信号的强度,移动台18就发射一个控制信息到当前基地台即基地台16。该控制信号包含有确定信号较强的基地台的信息和请求切换到该基地台的信息。基地台16把该控制信息转送到控制器10。
移动起动切换方法比起基地台起动切换方法具有各种优点。移动台比基地台能更早并更容易发现它自己和各种邻近基地台之间路径的变化。然而,要进行移动起动切换,每个移动台就必须要装配有执行扫描功能的搜索接收机。可是,在这里描述的具有移动台CDMA通信能力的典型的实施例中,搜索接收机具有另外的需要它完成的功能。
图2示出了典型的移动台蜂窝电话的框图。移动台包括通过双工器32联接到模拟接收机34和发射功率放大器36的一架天线30。天线30和双工器32属于标准类型,能通过单个天线同时发射和接收。天线30接收发射信号,并通过双工器32把它们提供给模拟接收机34。接收机34接收双工器32来的RF信号,双工器32一般在850MHz频带内以便放大并变频到IF频率。使用一个能使接收机调整到所有蜂窝电话频带的接收频带内的任何频率的标准规格频率合成器实现频率转换。
然后把IF信号通过声表面波(SAM)带通滤波器,在最佳实施例中该滤波器带宽约为1.25MHz。选择SAM滤波器的特性,与使具有以预定频率计时的PN顺序调制的定向顺序扩展频谱的基地台发射的信号波形相符,在最佳实施例中,预定频率为1.25MHz。时钟频率选择为若干共同数据速率如16Kbps、9.Kbps和4.8Kbps的整数倍。
接收机34也完成功率控制功能,调节移动台的发射功率。接收机34产生一个模拟功率控制信号提供给发射功率控制电路38。对移动单元功率控制特性的控制及执行已揭示在1989年11月7日申请并同时待批的流水号为07/433,031题名为“CDMA蜂窝移动电话系统中控制发射功驻的方法和装置”的美国专利中,该申请已转让给本发明的受让人。
接收机34还具有一个模数(A/D)转换器(未画出),以9.216MHz的时钟频率把IF信号转换成数字信号,在最佳实施例中,该频率正好是PN片(chip)频率的8倍。经数字化的信号被送到两个或更多个信号处理器或数据接收机中的每一个,其中一个是搜索接收机,其余为数据接收机。
在图2中,从接收机34输出的数字信号被送到数字数据接收机40和42以及搜索接收机44。应当理解,廉价的低性能的移动台可以只有单个数据接收机,而高性能的移动台可以有两个或更多,能分集接收。
经数字化的IF信号在包含有当前和所有邻近基地台发射的导频载波的同时还含有许多正在通话的信号。接收机40和42的功能是使IF样本与合适的PN顺序关联起来。该关联过程提供一个该技术领域众所周知的特性,称为“处理增益”,它将提高匹配合适PN顺序的信号的信号/干扰比而不提高其它信号。然后使用从最近的基地台来的导频载波作为载波相位参考值同步检测相关输出。该检测的结果是编码的数据符号。
如在本发明的PN顺序的特性是,对多路信号加以排斥。当经过多于一个路径后的信号到达移动接收机时,存在信号接收时间差。该接收时间差相当于光速除以距离差。如果该时间差超过一微秒,那么相关过程将排斥掉一个通路。接收机会选择跟踪并接收较早的或较迟的通路。如果有两个接收机,如接收机40和42,那么两个独立的信道被跟踪并并存。
搜索接收机44由控制处理器46控制,目的是在基地台接收的导频信号极短的时间附近连续扫描时间范畴,接收从同一基地台来的其它多路经导频信号和其它基地台发射的导频信号。在除该极短时间的其它时间,接收机44测量所希望的波形的任何接收强度。接收机44比较各接收到的信号的强度。接收机44向表示最强信号的控制处理器提供一个信号强度的信号。
处理处46把信号提供给数字数据接收机40和42,每个对最强信号中的各别信号进行处理。有时,另一个基地台发射的导频信号强度大于当前基地台的信号强度。那么,控制处理器46将产生一个控制信息通过当前基地台送到系统控制器,把该基地台换成对应于最强导频信号的基地台。因此接收机40和42可以通过两个不同的基地台管理通话。
接收机40和42的输出提供给分集组合器和解码电路48。包含在电路48内的分集组合电路简单地两股接收到的信号的时限调准并把它们加在一起。通过将两流信号乘以对应于两个流的相对信号强度的数,进行该相加过程。这种操作可以认为是最大比率的分集组合。然后用也包含在电路48内的正向流错误检测解码器对产生的组合信号流进行解码。
在典型的实施例中,使用了卷积编码。卷积编码的约束长度为9,码速为1/3,即,传输每位信息位要产生和传输三个编码符号。这种类型码的最佳译码器属于软判断Viterbi算法译码器设计。产生的译码信息位送到用户数字基带电路50。
基带电路50一般包括数字声码器(未画出)。基带电路50还起到与听筒或其它类型的外围设备接口的作用。基带电路50适合各种不同的声码器。按照电路48来的信息,基带电路50将输出信息信号送到用户。
通常提供给听筒的用户模拟语音信号提供给基带电路50作为其输入。基带电路50包括一个把模拟信号转换成数字形式的模数(A/D)转换器(未画出)。数字信号送到数字声码器,在那里进行编码。声码器输出被送到正向误差校正编码电路(未画出)进行错误校正。该语音数字化编码信号从基带电路50输出到发射调制器52。
发射调制器52将该编码信号调制在PN载波信号上,PN载波信号的PN顺序根据对通话确定的地址函数进行选择。控制处理器46根据由基地台和译码接收机40和42发射的通话准备信息确定PN顺序。另外,控制处理器46也可以通过预先布置根据基动台决定PN顺序。控制处理器46把PN顺序信号传送到发射调制器52和接收机40和42进行通话译码。
发射调制器52的输出供给发射功率控制电路38。信号发射功率由接收机34提供的模拟功率控制信号来控制。而且,控制位由基地台以功率调整命令的形式发射,并经过数据接收机40和42处理。功率调整命令用于控制处理器,建立移动台发射功率级。根据功率调整命令,控制处理46产生一个数字功率控制信号并送到电路38。另外,接收机40和42、控制处理器46和发射功率控制电路38的相互关系信息,也在上述共同待批专利申请中进一步作了描述。
发射功率控制电路38,输出功率控制调制信号到发射功率放大器电路36。电路36放大IF信号并通过与把信号调到合适的输出频率的频率合成器输出信号相混合,把IF信号转换成RF频率。电路36包括一个把功率放大到未级输出电平的放大器。预计的发射信号从电路36输出到双工器32。双工器32把信号联接到天线30以发射到基地台。
控制处理器46也能产生控制信息如单元分集状态请求和基地台通信中止命令。把这些命令送到发射调制器52以便发射。控制处理器46根据从数据接收机40、42和搜索接收机44收到的数据作出切换和分集组合的决定。
图3以框图形式示出了基地台设备的典型实施例。在基地台上,使用了两个接收系统,每个具有独立的天线和模拟接收机用以空间分集接收。在每个接收系统中,在信号经受分集组合处理前,信号均经过同样的处理。虚线内的单元表示对应于基地台和一个移动台之间通信的单元。模拟接收机的输出还提供给与其它移动台通信中使用的其它单元。
在图3中,第一接收系统包含天线60、模拟接收机62、搜索接收机64和数字数据接收机66。该接收系统还可包括可选择的数字数据接收机68。第二接收系统包括天线70、模拟接收机72、搜索接收机64和数字数据接收机66。在切换和分集的信号处理和控制中,还使用基地台控制处理器78。两个接收系统均与分集组合和译码电路80联接。在控制处理器78的控制下,在与基地台发射调制器84和电路80的通信中,进出MTSO(图4)的信号使用数字连接器82。
天线60上接收到的信号传送到模拟接收机62。在接收机62内的放大器放大的接收到的信号,通过与频率合成器输出信号混合,转换成IF频率。该IF信号以关于移动台模拟接收机所描述的相同的过程,进行带通滤波及数字化。经数字化后的IF信号,送到数字数据接收机66、选择性数字接收机68和搜索接收机64,并以类似于参照图2中的移动台的数字数据接收机和搜索接收机所描述的方法分别进行处理。然而,由数字数据接收机和搜索接收机所做的处理,在从移动台到基地台的线路中,在几个方面与从基地台到移动台的线路不同。
在返回线路即移动台到基地台的线路中,移动台不发射一个能用作基地台信号处理的相关参考作用的导频信号。因此,移动台到基地台的线路采取使用64-阵列(ary)正交信号传输的非相关调制和解调方案。
搜索接收机64也被用来对接收机信号扫描时间范畴,确保相连的数字数据接收机64和数据接收机68(如果使用的话)跟踪并处理得到的最强的时间范畴信号。这种跟踪处理与就移动台所描述的处理相同。搜索接收机64向基地台控制处理器78提供一个信号,处理器78向数字数据接收机66和68提供控制信号,以选择合适的接收信号进行处理。
在64-阵列正交信号传输过程,移动台发射的符号有64种不同的可能。一个6位的符号能被编码成26即64种不同的二进制序列中的一种。挑选的该组序列称为Walsh函数。Walsh函数中最佳的接受函数是快速阿达玛变换(FTH)。在搜索接收机64和数字数据接收机66和68中,如关于移动台接收机所讨论的一样,使输入信号与馈送至FTH处理器的相关器输出关联起来。FTH处理器对每6个符号产生一组64个系数。然后,64个符号乘以接收机中产生的加权函数。将加权函数与测量到的信号强度联系起来。然后,把经加权的数据作为输出送到分集组合和译码电路50。
第二个接收系统以与关于图3中的第一个接收系统所讨论的相类似的方法,处理接收到的信号。来自接收机66和76的经加权的64个符号输出被送到分集组合和译码电路80。电路80包含一个加法器,加法器把从接收机66来的经加权的64的符号与从接收机76来的经加权的64个符号相加。产生的64个系数相互比较确定最大的系数。比较结果的量级与结果本身,即64个系数中最大者一起用来确定一组译码加权值和符号,用于电路80的Viterbi正交译码器。
Viterbi译码器的约束长度最好为9,码速率为1/2。Viterbi译码器用来确定最可能的信息位顺序。对于每个声码器数据块,标称是15毫秒长的数据,获得一个信号质量估计值,并把它作为移动台功率调整命令,与数据一起传送到移动台。关于该质量估计值的产生的其他情况已在上述的共同待批申请中作进一步详细的讨论。该质量估计值是15毫秒(mste)间隔的信噪比平均值。
图3中,为改进系统的性能,可以包括选择性数字数据接收机68。该附加的数据接收机本身或者与另外的接收机组合,可以跟踪并接收移动台发射的信号的其它可能延迟路程。该接收机的结构与工作,与关于数字数据接收机66和76所描述的相似。接收机68用来获得额外的分集状态。提供额外的分集状态的可选择性额外数字数据接收机在那些处于很可能产生多路信号的拥挤的城市的基地台,是非常有用的。
从MTSO来的信号在控制处理器78控制下,通过数字连接器82连接到合适的发射调制器。发射调制器84扩展频谱,如控制处理器78指定的那样,根据预定的扩展函数,对数据进行调制,以发射到所希望的接收移动台。发射调制器84的输出送到发射功率控制电路86。在那里,在控制处理器78的控制下,控制其发射功率。电路86的输出送到发射功率放大器电路88。
电路88包括一个可把发射调制器84的输出和基地台内的其它发射调制器的输出相加的加法器。电路88还包括一个能把导频信号发生器90输出的导频信号与已经相加的发射调制器输出信号相加的加法器。电路88也包括一数模转换器、一上变频电路和一放大器,分别把数字信号转换成模拟信号、把发射调制器输出的IF频率信号转换成RF频率和放大RF信号。电路88的输出送到天线92,并被发射到该单元站服务区域内的移动台。
基地台控制处理器78承担着把数据接收机和调制器分配给个别通话的任务。控制处理器78也监测通话进程、信号质量并发起抵制信号损失。单元站通过连接器82与MTSO通信,连接器82用标准电话线、光纤或微波线路连接MTSO。
图4以框图的形式示出了用在MTSO中使用的设备。MTSO一般包括系统控制器即系统控制处理器100、数字开关102、分集组合器104、数字声码器106和数字开关108。另外的分集组合器和数字声码器连接在数字开关102和108之间,但没有画出。
当单元分集状态有效即MTSO处于两个基地台所处置的有关该通话的切换过程时,信号将从多于一个的基地台标称以相同信息到达MTSO。然而,因为在从移动台到基地台的返回路上受到衰减和干扰,从一个单元站来的信号可能比从另一个单元站来的信号质量更好。
数字开关102如从系统控制处理器100来的信号决定的那样用于接通从一个或更多个基地台到分集组合器104或者有关的分集组合器的对应于一给定移动的信息源。当系统不处于单元分集状态时,分集组合器104不是被旁路,就是在每个输入端馈送相同的信息。
有多组串联的分集组合器和声码器,提供并联,要处理的每路通话使用一组。分集组合器104比较伴随从两个或更多基地台信号来的信息位的信号质量指示器。分集组合器104按逐个帧的信息挑选相应于质量最好的基地台信号的位,输出到声码器106。
声码器106把经数字化的声音信号的格式转换成标准64KbpsPCN电话格式、模拟量或任何其它的标准格式。产生的信号从声码器106传输到数字开关108。在系统控制处理器100控制下,把通话路线接到PSTN。
准备用于移动台的来自PSTN的声音信号在系统控制处理器100控制下经数字开关108送到合适的数字声码器如声码器106。声码器106对输入的经数字化的声音信号进行编码并把产生的信息位流直接送到数字开关102。数字开关102在系统控制处理器控制下把经编码的数据送到正与移动台通信的基地台。如果移动台正处于与多个基地台通信的切换状态或处于基地台集状态,数字开关102把通话发送到合适的基地台,以通过合适的基地台的发射器发射到希望的接收移动台。然而,如果移动台正在仅与一个基地台通信或不处于单元分集状态,信号便送到一个基地台。
系统控制处理器控制数字开关102和108,把数据发送至MTSO和取自MTSO。系统控制处理器100也确定把通话分配到基地台和MTSO上的声码器。而且,系统控制处理器100与每个基地台控制处理器进行通信,分配MTSO和基地台之间的个别的通话用的PN码。还应当理解,如图4所示,数字开关102和108画成两个分开的开关,然而,该功能也可由单结构的开关单元完成。
上述的对最佳实施例的描述使该技术领域的普通技术人员能制作和使用本发明。熟悉本技术的人员显然可以很快地对这些实施例作出各种修改,并把在此说明的一般原理应用到其它实施例中而不必经过发明创造。因此,本发明不限于这里的实施例,而根据揭示在此的作为新型的特征的原理,将给本发明以最宽的范围。
Claims (4)
1、一种蜂窝电话系统,其中一个移动系统用户与另一个移动系统用户通信,其特征在于所述移动用户具有一个移动电话设备,能够以码分扩展频谱信号形式把信息信号至少与多个地理上独立的每个规定为某地面服务区域的基地台中的一个相通,通过系统控制器与所述的其它系统用户连接,在所述的移动用户改变服务区域时控制所述移动用户和所述基地台之间通信的一系统包含:
当所述的移动用户处于一个基地台服务区域,并通过所述的基地台与所述的另一个系统用户通信时,把所述的移动用户从所述基地台服务区域转换到另一个基地台服务区域并提供一个表示所述另一个基地台的标志的装置;
当所述的移动用户通过所述基地台与所述的另一个系统用户还在通信时,根据所述的标志通过所述的另一个基地台联接所述移动用户和所述另一个系统用户之间通信的装置;和
根据通过所述另一个基地台在所述移动用户和所述另一个系统用户之间进行的通信的所述联接,中止通过所述基地台在所述移动用户和所述另一个系统用户之间的所述通信,而通过所述的另一个基地台在所述移动用户和所述另一个系统用户之间的通信继续进行的装置。
2、如权利要求1所述的通信控制系统,其特征在于每个基地台发射一个相位与邻近基地台之间不同的相同的导频信号,所述的确定装置包含:
配置在所述移动台的扫描接收装置,用于接收基地台发射的导频信号,测量每个所述的接收到的导频信号的信号强度,比较相关信号强度,并提供一个表示接收到的导频信号有最大信号强度的信号强度信号;和
配置在所述移动台的处理装置,用于接收所述信号强度信号,并当所述信号指示出所述另一个基地台发射的导频信号的信号强度大于所述基地台发射的导频信号时,产生一个切换请求命令,其中所述切换请求命令表示出所述另一个基地台,并传送到所述基地台。
3、如权利要求2所述的通信控制系统,其特征在于所述的基地台把所述的切换请求命令传送到所述系统控制器,并且所述的传送装置包含:
位于所述系统控制器上的系统处理装置,用于接收所述基地台来的切换请求命令,根据这产生第一开关命令;和
位于所述系统控制器上的开关装置,用于通过所述基地台联接所述移动用户和所述系统用户之间的通信,并根据所述第一开关命令,控制通过所述另一个基地台的在所述移动用户和所述其它系统用户之间的通信。
4、如权利要求1所述的通信控制系统,其特征在于所述的中止装置包含:
位于所述移动台并根据所述移动用户和所述另一个基地台之间的通信产生切换结束命令的额外处理装置,所述的移动台至少通过所述基地台和所述另一个基地台中的一个把所述切换结束命令传送到所述系统控制器,所述系统处理根据所述切换结束命令产生第二开关命令,所述开关装置根据所述第二开关命令中止通过所述基地台在所述移动台和所述其它系统用户之间的通信。
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CN1114325C (zh) * | 1996-10-11 | 2003-07-09 | 摩托罗拉公司 | 用于软切换的系统、方法及设备 |
CN1684395B (zh) * | 1998-01-16 | 2014-10-22 | 高通股份有限公司 | 基站与无线通信系统同步的方法和装置 |
CN101174892B (zh) * | 1999-10-06 | 2011-11-30 | 高通股份有限公司 | 多载波移动通信系统中的候选系统搜寻和频率间软切换 |
CN1303840C (zh) * | 2000-12-05 | 2007-03-07 | 高通股份有限公司 | 在无线通讯系统中通话恢复的方法和装置 |
CN1914939B (zh) * | 2003-12-10 | 2010-08-11 | 日本电气株式会社 | 传输时间差测量方法和系统 |
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