CN1164298A - 天线 - Google Patents

天线 Download PDF

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CN1164298A
CN1164298A CN95195772A CN95195772A CN1164298A CN 1164298 A CN1164298 A CN 1164298A CN 95195772 A CN95195772 A CN 95195772A CN 95195772 A CN95195772 A CN 95195772A CN 1164298 A CN1164298 A CN 1164298A
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antenna
fuse
unit
conductor
feeder structure
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CN1090829C (zh
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O·P·莱斯坦
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Harris Corp
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Symmetricom Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/242Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q11/00Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q11/02Non-resonant antennas, e.g. travelling-wave antenna
    • H01Q11/08Helical antennas

Abstract

在UHF和更高频段上使用的天线具有相对介电常数至少为5的圆柱形陶瓷芯子(12)。一个包括在芯子(12)的圆柱面上并连接在芯子末梢端面(12D)上的径向单元(10AR-10AD)的螺旋天线单元(10AR-10AD)在内的三维辐射单元结构,由直接镀覆在芯子表面上的导体线条构成。在末梢端面上,单元被连接到在芯子(12)的镀覆的轴向通道(14)中的轴向布置的馈电结构。天线单元和覆盖芯子(12)的邻近部分的镀覆套筒(20)被连接在一起,套筒和馈电器结构相结合构成一整体的对称-非对称变换器,用于匹配到非平衡馈电器。由于陶瓷芯子填充了由辐射单元结构限定的内部体积的大部分,因而天线比空气芯的天线小得多。它也是机械上坚固的和电气上稳定的。

Description

天线
本发明涉及工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,具体地涉及具有三维天线单元结构的天线。
英国专利No.2258776公开了一种借助于具有多个围绕一个公共轴布置的螺旋线单元而构成的三维天线单元结构形式的天线。这样的天线对于接收来自卫星的信号特别有用,例如,在GPS(全球定位系统)接收设备中。此天线能够接收来自这些源的圆极化信号,这些源可以直接在天线上方,也就是在其轴线上,或者这些源位于在垂直于天线轴线并穿过天线的平面之上几度的地方,或者这些源位于以上两个极限位置之间的立体角中的任何地方。
虽然这样的天线主要想要用来接收圆极化信号,但由于它的三维结构,它也适合于作为用于接收垂直和水平极化信号的全向天线。
这样的天线的一个缺点在于,在某些应用中它不够坚固,而且也不容易被改进到克服这一困难而不损害性能。因此,要在苛刻环境条件下接收来自天空的信号的天线,例如在飞机机身外侧,常常是贴片天线,它只是直接地安装在可以是飞机机身一部分的绝缘表面上的导体材料平板(通常的平板金属方形贴片)。然而,贴片天线在低仰角处趋向于只有很差的增益。为克服这一缺点所作的努力包括使用多个不同指向的贴片天线馈送给一个单个接收机。不单是由于所需要的单元数目,也由于组合所接收的信号的困难,这种技术是昂贵的。
按照本发明的一个方面,一种工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,包括:由相对介电常数大于5的材料构成的电绝缘的天线芯子,被安置在该芯子的外表面上或在外表面附近的并限定一个内部空间的三维天线单元结构,以及被连接到该单元结构的并穿过天线芯子的馈电器结构,芯子材料占据了所述内部空间的大部分。
单元结构典型地包括限定一个以位于中心纵轴上的馈电器结构为中心的包层的多个天线单元。芯子优选地是圆柱体,且天线单元优选地限定了和芯子同轴的圆柱形包层。芯子可以是除了安放馈电器的窄的轴向通道以外的实心圆柱体。优选地,芯子的实芯材料体积至少是由各单元限定的包层的内部体积的50%,这些单元位于芯子的圆柱的外表面上。这些单元可包括,例如,借助于淀积或借助于刻蚀以前加上的金属敷层而做成固定在芯子外表面的金属导体线条。
为了物理的和电的稳定性,芯子的材料可以是陶瓷,例如微波陶瓷材料,像钛酸锆基的材料,钛酸镁钙,钛酸钡锆和钛酸钡钕或它们的混合物。优选的相对介电常数是10以上或实际上是20,使用钛酸锆基的材料,数值36是可达到的。这样的材料具有可忽略的介质损耗以使天线的Q值达到受天线单元的电阻的支配比受芯子损耗的支配更多的程度。
本发明的具体的优选实施例具有固体材料的圆柱形芯子,其轴向尺寸至少和其外径一样大,固体材料直径方向的尺寸至少是外径的50%。这样,芯子可以取管状形式,其很窄的轴向通道的直径最多是芯子总直径的一半。内部通道可以有一个传导性内衬,它构成馈电器结构的一部分或构成对馈电器结构的屏蔽导体,藉此紧密地限定在馈电器结构和天线单元之间的径向空间。这有助于达到制造上的良好重复性。该优选实施例具有以芯子外表面上的金属线条构成的多个大体上的螺旋线天线单元,它们总的是在轴线方向上同时延伸的。每个单元在其一端被连接到馈电器结构,及在其另一端被连接到地或到虚拟的地导体,到馈电器结构的连接是藉大体上的径向导体单元来实现的,地导体对于所有螺旋线单元是共用的。
按照本发明的另一方面,工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,包括:具有中心纵轴并由相对介电常数大于5的材料制成的固体电绝缘天线芯子,在中心轴上穿过芯子延伸的馈电器结构,以及布置在芯子外表面上的辐射单元结构,后者包括多个天线单元,它们在芯子的一端被连接到馈电器结构,并沿芯子的相反端的方向延伸到公共的互连的导体。芯子优选地沿轴线方向具有恒定的外部的截面,天线单元是镀在芯子表面上的导体。天线单元可以包括在具有恒定外部的截面的芯子部分上纵向延伸的多个导体单元,以及把纵向延伸单元在芯子的所述一端处连接到馈电器结构的多个径向导体单元。词组“辐射单元结构”是在本领域技术人员所理解的意义上被使用的,即是指这些单元不一定是像在它们被连接到发射机时那样辐射能量,因而也就是指收集或辐射电磁辐射能量的单元。因此,作为本说明的主题的天线部件可被用于只接收信号的装置,也可被用于既发射又接收信号的装置。
有利地,天线包括在芯子长度部分上由从馈电器结构在芯子的上述相反端处的连接点延伸的导体套筒所构成的整体的对称-非对称变换器。因此,对称-非对称变换器也构成为纵向延伸导体单元所用的公共导体。在包括具有内导体和外屏蔽导体的同轴线在内的馈电器结构的情况下,对称-非对称变换器的导体套筒在芯子的所述的相反端被连接到馈电器结构外屏蔽导体。
具有固体圆柱形的芯子的优选的天线包括天线单元结构,后者包括至少四个在芯子圆柱形外表面上的纵向延伸单元,和在芯子的末梢端面上的、把纵向延伸单元连接到馈电器结构的导体上的相应的径向单元。优选地,这些纵向延伸天线单元具有不同的长度。具体地,在具有四个纵向天线单元的天线的情况下,两个单元借助于在芯子外表面上的所走的曲折的路径,具有比其它两个单元更大的长度。在用于圆极化信号的天线的情况下,全部四个单元走大体上的螺旋线路径,较长的两个单元的每个单元走一弯曲路程,它优选地在螺旋中心线的每侧作正弦地偏离。把纵向延伸单元在芯子末梢端连接到馈电器结构的导体单元优选地只是径向线条,它可以是向里变细的。
通过利用上述的特征,有可能制作一个非常坚固的天线,这是由于它的非常小的尺寸以及由于单元被支撑在坚硬材料的固体芯子上。这样的天线可被做成具有和主要是空芯的又是足够坚硬的可在某些应用中代替贴片天线而被使用的现有技术的天线同样的低水平面的全方向响应。其小尺寸和坚硬性使它也适用于不引人注目的载运器安装和在手持机中的使用。在某些环境条件下甚至可能把它直接安装在印刷电路板上。由于此天线不但适合于接收圆极化信号也适合于接收垂直或水平极化信号,因而它不但可被用于卫星导航接收机,也可被用于各种不同类型的无线通信装置,例如手持移动电话机,根据被接收信号的来波方向和通过反射引起的极化变化,从所接收信号的不可预见性的观点来看,它特别适合于应用到手持移动电话机这样的通信装置。
通过以空气波长λ表示工作波长,天线单元的纵向尺寸,也就是沿轴线方向的尺寸,典型地在从0.03λ到0.06λ的范围内,而芯子直径典型地是0.02λ到0.03λ。单元的线条宽度典型地是0.0015λ到0.0025λ,而作为曲折线条对于螺旋线平均路径的偏离值,在平均路径的每一侧当测量到曲折线条的中心时,该值是0.0035λ到0.0065λ。对称-非对称套筒长度典型地是在从0.03λ到0.06λ的范围内。
按照本发明的第三方面,提供了工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,其中天线包括天线单元结构,其形式为形成具有公共中心轴的螺旋线的至少两对螺旋单元;基本上轴向布置的馈电器结构,具有内馈电导体和外屏蔽导体,每个螺旋单元的一端被连接到馈电器结构的末梢端,而另一端被连接到公共的地或虚拟的地导体;以及对称-非对称变换器,它包括环绕馈电器结构同轴地布置的导电套筒,套筒由具有大于5的相对介电常数的绝缘材料的同轴层与馈电器结构的外屏蔽导体相隔开,套筒的近端被连接到馈电器结构外屏蔽导体。优选地,螺旋单元的轴向长度大于对称-非对称变换器的套筒的长度。对称-非对称变换器的套筒导体也可构成公共导体,每个螺旋单元端接在套筒的末梢边缘。在替换的实施例中,套筒的末梢边缘为开路,及公共导体是馈电器结构的外屏蔽导体。
从另一方面,本发明也包括制造上述天线的方法,该方法包括由介质材料做出天线芯子,以及按照预定图案金属化芯子的外表面。这样的金属化可包括用金属材料涂敷芯子的外表面,而后移除涂敷部分,留下预定图案,或替换地,可做成一个包含预定图案的负片的掩膜,然后,金属材料可通过使用掩膜遮掩部分芯子而被沉积到芯子的外表面以便按照图案加上金属材料。沉积所需形式的导体图案的其它方法也可被使用。
一种制造具有对称-非对称变换器套筒和构成辐射单元结构一部分的多个天线单元的天线的特别有利的方法,包括以下步骤:提供一批介质材料,由这批材料做出至少一个试验天线芯子,然后藉助于在芯子上金属化一个对称-非对称变换器套筒来做成对称-非对称变换器结构,优选地不带有任何辐射单元结构,此对称-非对称变换器套筒具有影响对称-非对称变换器结构的谐振频率的预定的标称尺寸。然后测量此试验谐振体的谐振频率,及所测量的谐振频率被用来得出对称-非对称变换器套筒尺寸的调整值,用来得出所需要的对称-非对称变换器结构谐振频率。同样,所测量的频率可被用来得出对于辐射单元结构的天线单元的至少一个尺寸,以给出所需要的天线单元频率特性。这样,就产生了由同一批材料制成的、带有对称-非对称变换套筒和所得出的尺寸的天线单元的天线。
现在将参照附图以例子的方式来描述本发明,其中:
图1是按照本发明的天线的透视图;
图2是天线的轴向截面图;
图3是部分天线的局部透视图;
图4是测试谐振器的剖开的透视图;
图5是包括图4的谐振器在内的测试设备图;以及
图6是另一个测试设备的图。
参照各附图,按照本发明的被分成四份的天线具有带四个纵向延伸天线单元10A,10B,10C和10D的天线单元结构,天线单元被做成为在陶瓷芯子12的圆柱外表面上的金属导体线条。芯子具有带内侧金属衬里16的轴向通道14,该通道安放有轴向馈电导体18。内导体18和内衬16在这种情况下构成用于把馈电线连接到天线单元10A-10D的馈电器结构。天线单元结构也包括相应的径向天线单元10AR,10BR,10CR,10DR,它们被做成为在芯子12的末梢端面12D上的金属线条,把各自的纵向延伸单元10A-10D连接到馈电器结构。天线单元10A-10D的另一端被连接到具有环绕芯子12的近端部的镀敷的套筒的形式的公共虚拟的地导体20。该套筒20又通过在芯子12的近端面12P上的镀敷层22被连接到轴向通道14的内衬16。
从图1可以看到,四个纵向延伸单元10A-10D具有不同长度,两个单元10B,10D通过走一条弯曲路程而比另两个单元10A,10C长。在想要用于圆极化的本实施例中,较短的纵向延伸单元10A,10C是单纯的螺旋线,每个螺旋线环绕芯子12的轴线半圈。相反,较长的单元10B,10D每个走各自的弯曲路程,它是向螺旋中心线两边偏离的正弦曲线形状。每对纵向延伸的和相应的径向单元(例如,10A,10AR)构成具有预定的电长度的导体。在本实施例中,做成为较短长度的单元对10A,10AR;10C,10CR的每一对的总长度相当于在工作波长时的135°左右的传输延时,而单元对10B,10BR;10D,10DR的每一对产生较长的延时,相当于225°左右。这样平均传输延时是180°,等效于在工作波长时的λ/2的电长度。不同的长度可产生在Kilgus的“谐振的四分螺旋线设计”(The Microwave Journal,Dec.1970,pp49-54)一文中说明的对用于圆极化信号的四分螺旋天线的所需要的相移条件。两个单元对10C,10CR;10D,10DR(即,一个长单元对和一个短单元对)在其径向单元10CR,10DR的里端处被连接到芯子12的末梢端处的馈电器结构的内导体18,而另外两个单元对10A,10AR;10B,10BR的径向单元被连接到由金属内衬16构成的馈电器屏蔽导体。在馈电器结构的末梢端处,出现在内导体18和馈电器屏蔽导体16上面的信号是近似地平衡的,这样天线单元被连接到一个近似平衡源或负载,正如将在下面说明的那样。
单元10B,10D弯曲的影响在于,圆极化信号沿单元的传播,与平坦螺旋线10A,10C中的传播速度相比,在螺旋线方向上被减慢了。路径长度由于曲折而伸长的扩展因子可利用下式予以估算:
Figure A9519577200111
其中:
φ是沿弯曲线条的中心线的距离,以弧度表示;
a是弯曲路径的长度,也以弧度表示;以及
n是弯曲的周期数。
对于纵向延伸单元的左手螺旋路径10A-10D,天线对右旋圆极化信号有最高增益。
如果天线被代之以用于左旋圆极化信号,则螺旋线的方向倒过来且径向单元连接的图形旋转90°。在适合于接收左旋和右旋圆极化信号的天线的情况下,虽然增益低一些,但纵向延伸单元可被做成为总的平行于轴线的路径。这样的天线也适合于垂直和水平极化天线使用。
在优选实施例中,导电套筒20复盖天线芯子12的最近部分,藉此包围了馈电器结构,芯子12的材料填充在套筒12和轴向通道14的金属内衬16之间的全部空间。套筒20构成具有轴向长度IB的圆柱形,如图2所示,它通过芯子12的近端面12P的镀敷层22被连接到内衬16。套筒20和镀敷层22的组合构成对称-非对称变换器,这样在由馈电器结构16,18构成的传输线上的信号就在天线近端的非平衡状态和在套筒20的上边缘平面20U附近的轴线位置处的平衡状态之间被加以变换。为达到此目的,长度IB取成这样,即在有上述的相当高的相对介电常数的芯子材料的情况下,对称-非对称变换器具有在天线工作频率时的λ/4的电长度。由于天线的芯子材料具有缩短效应以及环绕内导体18的环状空间被填充以具有相当小的介电常数的绝缘介质材料,从而套筒20远侧的馈电器结构有短的电长度。因此,在馈电器结构16,18的末梢端的信号至少是近似平衡的。(半刚性电缆中绝缘介质的介电常数典型地比以上所述的陶瓷芯子材料的介电常数低得多。例如PTFE的相对介电常数εr为2.2左右)。
天线具有的主谐振频率为500MHz或更高,谐振频率取决于天线单元的有效电长度,且在较少程度上取决于天线单元的宽度。对于给定的谐振频率,天线单元长度也取决于芯子材料的相对介电常数,天线尺寸比起空心的同样结构的天线来说大大减小。
用于芯子12的优选材料是钛酸锆基的材料。此材料具有为上述的36的相对介电常数,以及它的随温度变化时的尺寸和电的稳定性,也是受注意的。介质损耗可忽略不计。芯子可藉挤压或模压被制成。
天线单元10A-10D,10AR-10DR是被固定在芯子12的外圆柱面和端面上的金属导体线条,每条线条宽度在其有效长度上至少是其厚度的四倍。线条可借助于开始先以金属层镀覆在芯子12的表面,然后按照加在类似于为刻蚀印刷电路板所使用的照相层中的图案有选择地腐蚀掉金属层以暴露出芯子而被做成。替换地,金属材料可藉选择地沉积或印刷方法而被加上。在所有情况下,线条作为在尺寸稳定的芯子的外面的完整层的构形导致了天线具有尺寸稳定的天线单元。
用具有比空气的相对介电常数高得多的相对介电常数例如εr=36的芯子材料,上述的用于在1575MHz的L波段GPS接收的天线典型地具有约5mm的芯子直径,以及纵向延伸天线单元10A-10D具有约8mm的纵向尺寸(即平行于中心轴)。单元10A-10D的宽度是0.3mm左右,而弯曲的单元10B,10D偏离螺旋线平均路径,在平均路径的每一侧测量到弯曲线条的中心,该偏离值可达到约0.9mm。典型地,在每个单元10B,10D中,弯曲线有5个完整的正弦周期,以产生所需要的在最长的和较短的单元10A-10D之间的90°相位差。在1575MHz,对称-非对称变换器套筒22的长度典型地是在等于或小于8mm的范围内。以空气中的工作波长λ来表示,这些尺寸为,对于单元10A-10D的纵向(轴向)尺寸:0.042λ,对于芯子直径:0.026λ,对于对称-非对称变换套筒:≤0.042λ或更小,对于线条宽度:0.002λ以及对于曲折线条的偏差值:可达到0.005λ。天线单元10A-10D的精确尺寸可在设计阶段采用基于本征值延时测量的试错法予以确定直到得出所需要的相位差为止。
然而,通常,单元10A-10D的纵向尺寸是在0.03λ和0.06λ之间,芯子直径是在0.02λ到0.03λ之间,对称-非对称变换套筒是在0.03λ到0.06λ之间,线条宽度是在0.0015λ到0.0025λ之间,以及弯曲线条的偏差值可达到0.0065λ。
由于非常小的天线尺寸,制造公差可能是这样的,以致于为保持天线谐振频率所需的精度对于某些应用来说是不够的。在这些环境条件下,谐振频率的调整可通过从芯子表面上移去镀覆的金属材料,例如通过对对称-非对称套筒20中与一个或多个天线单元10A-10D相遇的部分进行激光刻蚀(如图3所示)来完成。在此处,套筒20已被刻蚀,以便在与天线单元10A的连接点的每一侧产生刻痕28来使单元延长,藉此减小它的谐振频率。替换地,金属材料可通过使用例如带有在要把材料刻蚀掉的地方的开孔的保护性涂层而进行腐蚀的方法被化学地去除。喷丸清理刻蚀法可被使用来替代,对于要被刻蚀的金属部分,磨蚀材料的小质点可由细喷管来烧掉。开孔的掩膜可被用来保护周围的材料。
产生谐振频率变化的主要原因是来自不同批的芯子材料相对介电常数的变化。在上述的制造天线的优选方法中,从每一批新的陶瓷材料制造谐振器的小测试样本,这些样本谐振器,每个优选地具有其尺寸相当于天线芯子标称尺寸的一个天线芯子,且只在对称-非对称变换器上镀覆,如图4所示。参照图4,测试芯子12T,除了有被镀覆的对称-非对称变换套筒20T以外,还有被镀覆的近端面12PT。芯子12T的内通道14T可以在近端面12PT和对称-非对称变换套筒12T的上边缘20UT的水平面之间被镀覆,或者如图4所示,它可以在金属内衬16T的整个长度上被镀覆。对称-非对称变换套筒20T远侧的芯子12T的外表面被优选地不加以镀覆。
芯子12T从整批的陶瓷材料被模压或挤压成标称的尺寸,且对称-非对称变换套筒镀覆以标称的轴向长度。此结构构成一个四分之一波长谐振器,当在通道14T的近端,也就是通道与芯子的近端面12PT相遇的地方,进行馈电时,就在约相当于套筒20T的电长度的四倍左右的波长上发生谐振。
接着,测量试验谐振体的谐振频率。这可照如图5中图解显示的方法来完成,即用一个网络分析仪30,并通过使用,例如,一根同轴电缆34,其屏蔽外导体在一个短的末端部分34E的长度上被去除,从而来把网络分析仪的扫频源30S耦合到谐振体,此处用参照号32T表示该谐振体。末端部分34E被插入到通道14T的近端(见图4),电缆34的屏蔽外导体被连接到靠近芯子12T的近端面处的金属层16T,电缆34的内导体位于通道14T中接近中心的地方,以便使扫频源容性耦合到通道14T内。另一条电缆36的一个端部36E的屏蔽外导体类似地被割去,此电缆被连接在网络分析仪30的信号返回端30R,同时另一端被插入到芯子12T的通道14T的末梢端。网络分析仪被设置为测量在源30S和返回端30R之间的信号传输,并且在四分之一波长谐振频率处可观察到特性的不连续性。替换地,网络分析仪可通过使用图6所示的单电缆装置而设置成测量在扫频源30S处的反射信号。可再一次地观察到谐振频率。
试验谐振器的实际谐振频率取决于构成芯子12T的陶瓷材料的相对介电常数。在对称-非对称变换套筒20T的尺寸(如轴向长度)和谐振频率之间的、实验得出的或计算的关系可被用来确定:对于任何给定的一批陶瓷材料,为得出所需要的谐振频率,该尺寸应该如何改变。这样,所测量出的频率可被用来为由该批材料制做的所有天线计算所需的对称-非对称变换套筒尺寸。
由简单的试验谐振器得出的这种相同的测量频率可被用来调整天线的辐射单元结构的尺寸,特别是镀覆在套筒20(使用图1和2上的参考数字)远端的芯子圆柱外表面上的天线单元10A-10D的轴向长度。对于不同批的相对介电常数的变化的这种补偿,可以借助于把芯子的总长度作为由试验谐振器得出的谐振频率的函数加以调整的方法而达到。
通过使用上述方法,有可能不需要如以上参照图3所描述的激光修整处理,这要取决于用以设定天线的频率特性的准确度。虽然有可能使用完整的天线作为测试样本,但是使用以上参照图4所描述的谐振器、也就是不带辐射单元结构的谐振器的优点在于,可以在不存在与辐射结构有关的干扰的谐振条件下,识别和测量单纯的谐振。
上述的被镀覆在与天线单元同样的芯子上的天线对称-非对称变换装置是和天线单元同时被做成的,并且和天线的其余部分合成一整体,有同样的坚固性和电稳定性。由于它为芯子12的近端部分构成镀覆的外壳,因而它可被用来使天线直接安装在印刷电路板上,如图2所示。例如,如果天线是要被端部安装的,那么近端面12P可被直接焊接在印刷电路板24(在图2上以点划线表示)的上表面上的接地平面。馈电内导体18直接穿过板上的有镀层的通孔26,以便把导体线条焊接在下表面上。由于导体套筒20被做在具有高介电常数的材料的固体芯子上,因而为达到所需的90°相移的套筒尺寸比空气中的等效对称-非对称变换段的尺寸小得多。在芯子12的近端面处的馈电器屏蔽外导体16和上边缘20U之间的电长度为λ/4。结果,就把边缘20U和地之间电隔离开。在螺旋单元10A-10D中的电流在上边缘20U处环状流动,总和为零。
使用替换的对称-非对称变换器和馈电器结构,也可以属于本发明的范围。例如,馈电器结构可把至少部分地被装在天线芯子12外部的对称-非对称变换器和它本身联系起来。这样,对称-非对称变换器可借助于把一根同轴馈电电缆分成两根平行地工作的同轴传输线来实现,其中一根电缆比另一根长λ/2的电长度,这些平行地连接的同轴传输线的另一端,它们的内导体被连接到一对穿过芯子12的通道14的内导体,这对内导体要被连接到各自的径向天线单元对10AR,10DR;10BR,10CR。
作为另一个变换例,天线单元10A-10D可被直接接地而接到在芯子12的圆柱面的近边缘处的环状导体上,对称-非对称变换器可通过延伸带有同轴电缆的馈电器结构而构成,该同轴电缆被形成为例如在芯子近端面12P上的螺线,这样,该电缆从芯子的内通道14处向外盘旋,在端面12P的外边缘处与环状导体相遇,在此处电缆的屏蔽导体被连接到环状导体。在芯子12的内通道14和连到环状圈的连接点之间的电缆长度被安排成在工作频率下的λ/4(电长度)。
所有这些装置配置成用于圆极化信号的天线。这样的天线对于垂直和水平极化信号也是敏感的,但除非天线特别想要用于圆极化信号,对称-非对称变换装置可被省略去。天线可被直接连接到简单的同轴馈电器,馈电器的内导体在芯子12的上表面处被连接到全部四个径向天线单元10AR-10DR,及同轴馈电器屏蔽导体通过在芯子12的近端面12P上的径向导体被连接到全部四个纵向延伸单元10A-10D。事实上,在不太临界的应用中,单元10A-10D在结构上不一定需要是螺旋线,但是仅仅足够的是,作为整体的天线单元结构(包括各单元及其连到馈电器结构的连接)应当是三维结构,以便能响应于垂直和水平极化信号。例如,有可能使天线单元结构包括两个或多个天线单元,每个单元有上部的径向连接部分,如在所说明的实施例中的那样,但也有类似的下部的径向连接部分和连接径向部分且平行于中心轴的直线部分。其它的结构也是可能的。这种简化的结构特别适用于蜂窝移动电话。用于手持移动电话机的天线的显著优点在于当天线靠近用户头部时介质芯子大大地避免了失谐。这是除了小尺寸和坚固性的优点以外的优点。
至于芯子12内的馈电器结构,在某些情况下,使用插入到通道14内的预成形同轴电缆可能是很方便的,电缆露出在芯子的与径向单元10AR-10DR的相反端,以便以和上面参照图2所描述的直接连接到印刷电路板不同的方式与接收机电路进行连接。在这种情况下,电缆的屏蔽外导体应当在两个(优选地是多个)相隔开的位置处被连接到通道内衬16上。
在大多数应用中,天线被封在保护套中,它典型地是包围住天线的薄塑料套子,其中或者有居间的空间或者没有这种空间。

Claims (38)

1.一种工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,包括:由相对介电常数大于5的材料构成的电绝缘天线芯子,被安置在该芯子的外表面上或在外表面附近、并限定一个内部空间的三维天线单元结构,以及连接到该单元结构、并穿过天线芯子的馈电器结构,芯子材料占据了所述内部空间的大部分。
2.按照权利要求1的天线,其特征在于,其中天线单元结构包括限定一个以天线中心纵轴为中心的包层的多个天线单元,以及其中馈电器结构和所述的轴相一致。
3.按照权利要求2的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子是一个圆柱形以及天线单元限定了一个与芯子同轴的圆柱形包层。
4.按照权利要求2或3的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子是除了安放馈电器结构的轴向通道以外的实心圆柱体。
5.按照权利要求4的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子的固体材料体积至少是由各单元限定的包层的内部体积的50%,这些单元设在芯子的圆柱外表面上。
6.按照权利要求2到5中任一项的天线,其特征在于,其中各单元包括被固定在芯子外表面的金属导体线条。
7.按照前述任一项权利要求的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子材料是陶瓷。
8.按照权利要求7的天线,其特征在于,其中材料的相对介电常数大于10。
9.按照权利要求1的天线,其特征在于,具有固体材料的圆柱形芯子,其轴向尺寸至少和其外径一样大,及固体材料的直径方向的尺寸至少是外径的50%。
10.按照权利要求9的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子具有管状形式,它有一个其直径小于芯子总直径的一半的轴向通道,该内通道有导电内衬。
11.按照权利要求9或权利要求10的天线,其特征在于,其中天线单元结构包括被做成为在芯子外表面上的金属线条的多个大体上的螺旋天线单元,它们总的是在轴线方向同时延伸的。
12.按照权利要求11的天线,其特征在于,其中每个螺旋线单元在其一端被连接到馈电器结构,及在其另一端被连接到至少一个的其它螺旋线单元。
13.按照权利要求12的天线,其特征在于,其中连到馈电器结构的连接是用大体上的径向导体单元来实现的,及每个螺旋线单元被连接到地或虚拟的地导体,它对于所有螺旋线单元是共用的。
14.一种工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,包括具有中心纵轴并由相对介电常数大于5的材料制成的固态电绝缘天线芯子,在中心轴上穿过芯子延伸的馈电器结构,以及布置在芯子外表面上的多个天线单元,它们在芯子的一端被连接到馈电器结构,并沿芯子的相反端的方向延伸到公共的互连的导体。
15.按照权利要求14的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子沿轴线方向具有恒定的外部的截面,天线单元是镀覆在芯子表面上的导体。
16.按照权利要求15的天线,其特征在于,其中天线单元包括在具有恒定外部截面的芯子部分上纵向延伸的多个导体单元,以及把纵向延伸单元在芯子的所述一端处连接到馈电器结构的多个径向导体单元。
17.按照权利要求16的天线,其特征在于,包括在芯子长度部分上由从馈电器结构在芯子的所述相反端处的连接点延伸的导体套筒所构成的整体的对称-非对称变换器。
18.按照权利要求17的天线,其特征在于,其中对称-非对称变换套筒构成用于纵向延伸导体单元的公共导体,以及其中馈电器结构包括具有内导体和屏蔽外导体的同轴线,对称-非对称变换器的导体套筒在芯子的所述相反端处被连接到馈电器结构的屏蔽外导体。
19.按照权利要求14-18中任一项的天线,其特征在于,其中芯子是固体圆柱形,以及其中天线单元包括至少四个在芯子圆柱形外表面上的纵向延伸单元和在芯子末梢端面上把纵向延伸单元连接到馈电器结构的导体的相应的径向单元。
20.按照权利要求19的天线,其特征在于,其中纵向延伸单元具有不同的长度。
21.按照权利要求20的天线,其特征在于,其中天线单元包括四个纵向延伸单元,其中的两个单元借助于在芯子外表面走弯曲路径的方法比较起其它两个单元具有更长的长度。
22.按照权利要求21的天线,其特征在于,其中四个纵向延伸单元的每个单元走过各自的大体上的螺旋线路径,两个较长的单元的每个走过各自的偏离到螺旋中心线的每一侧的弯曲路程。
23.按照权利要求19到22中的任一项的天线,其特征在于,其中径向单元是全都一样长的单纯的径向线条。
24.按照任何前述的权利要求的天线,其特征在于,具有多个天线单元,纵向尺寸是在从0.03λ到0.06λ的范围内,及芯子直径是在从0.02λ到0.03λ的范围内,其中λ是空气中的天线工作波长。
25.按照权利要求24和权利要求17或权利要求18的天线,其特征在于,其中对称-非对称变换套筒的长度是在从0.03λ到0.06λ的范围内。
26.一种工作在超过200MHz的频率上的天线,包括其形式为形成具有公共中心轴的螺旋线的至少两对螺旋单元的天线单元结构,具有内馈电导体和外屏蔽导体的基本上轴向布置的馈电器结构,每个螺旋单元的一端被连接到馈电器结构的末梢端,而另一端被连接到一个公共的地或虚拟的地导体,以及包括环绕馈电器结构同轴地布置的导电套筒的对称-非对称变换器,由具有相对介电常数大于5的绝缘材料的同轴层把套筒与馈电器结构的外屏蔽导体相隔开,套筒的近端被连接到馈电器结构的外屏蔽导体。
27.按照权利要求26的天线,其特征在于,其中对称-非对称变换器的套筒导体构成公共接地导体,每个螺旋单元端接在套筒的末梢边缘。
28.按照权利要求26的天线,其特征在于,其中套筒的末梢边缘是开路,及公共导体是馈电器结构的外屏蔽导体。
29.具有按照任何的前述权利要求的天线的无线通信设备,其特征在于,其中天线被直接安装在设备的印刷电路板构成部分。
30.制造在任何的前述权利要求中所要求的天线的方法,其特征在于,包括由介质材料做成天线芯子,以及按照预定图案金属化芯子的外表面。
31.按照权利要求30的方法,其特征在于,其中金属化步骤包括用金属材料涂敷芯子的外表面,以及去除部分镀层以留下预定的图案。
32.按照权利要求30的方法,其特征在于,其中金属化步骤包括做成一个包含预定图案的负片的掩膜,以及通过使用掩膜遮掩部分芯子把金属材料沉积在芯子的外表面上,以便按照预定图案镀上金属材料。
33.制造多个在权利要求17,18和25到29的任一项中要求的天线的方法,包括:
提供一批介质材料;
由这批材料做出至少一个试验天线芯子;
藉助于在芯子上金属化一个具有预定标称尺寸的对称-非对称变换套筒来做成对称-非对称变换器结构,该尺寸影响对称-非对称变换器结构的谐振频率;
测量谐振频率,以得出为得到所需要的对称-非对称变换器结构谐振频率而对于对称-非对称变换套筒尺寸所作的调整值,以及得出能给出所需要的天线单元频率特性的天线单元的至少一个尺寸;以及
由同一批材料制造具有所得出的尺寸的对称-非对称变换套筒和天线单元的多个天线。
34.按照权利要求33的方法,其特征在于,其中测试芯子是圆柱状的,并被做成带有一个轴向通道,以及通道在和对称-非对称变换套筒共同延伸的一段上被金属化。
35.按照权利要求33的方法,其特征在于,其中测试芯子是圆柱状的,并被做成带有一个轴向通道,以及通道在其全部长度上被金属化。
36.按照权利要求34或权利要求35的方法,其特征在于,其中所述套筒尺寸是它的轴向长度。
37.按照权利要求34到36的任一项的方法,其特征在于,其中天线单元的所述尺寸是至少某个天线单元的长度。
38.按照权利要求34到36的任一项的方法,其特征在于,其中天线单元的所述尺寸是天线单元的轴向尺寸,所述轴向尺寸对于每个天线单元都是相同的。
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