CN1201277A - 具有集成印制电路板组件的表面安装接插件 - Google Patents

具有集成印制电路板组件的表面安装接插件 Download PDF

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CN1201277A
CN1201277A CN98104246A CN98104246A CN1201277A CN 1201277 A CN1201277 A CN 1201277A CN 98104246 A CN98104246 A CN 98104246A CN 98104246 A CN98104246 A CN 98104246A CN 1201277 A CN1201277 A CN 1201277A
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CN1115745C (zh
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伯纳德斯·L·F帕格曼
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Connector Systems Technology NV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/50—Fixed connections
    • H01R12/51—Fixed connections for rigid printed circuits or like structures
    • H01R12/55—Fixed connections for rigid printed circuits or like structures characterised by the terminals
    • H01R12/58—Fixed connections for rigid printed circuits or like structures characterised by the terminals terminals for insertion into holes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/648—Protective earth or shield arrangements on coupling devices, e.g. anti-static shielding  
    • H01R13/658—High frequency shielding arrangements, e.g. against EMI [Electro-Magnetic Interference] or EMP [Electro-Magnetic Pulse]
    • H01R13/6581—Shield structure
    • H01R13/6585—Shielding material individually surrounding or interposed between mutually spaced contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/50—Fixed connections
    • H01R12/51—Fixed connections for rigid printed circuits or like structures
    • H01R12/55—Fixed connections for rigid printed circuits or like structures characterised by the terminals
    • H01R12/57—Fixed connections for rigid printed circuits or like structures characterised by the terminals surface mounting terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/70—Coupling devices
    • H01R12/71—Coupling devices for rigid printing circuits or like structures
    • H01R12/72—Coupling devices for rigid printing circuits or like structures coupling with the edge of the rigid printed circuits or like structures
    • H01R12/722—Coupling devices for rigid printing circuits or like structures coupling with the edge of the rigid printed circuits or like structures coupling devices mounted on the edge of the printed circuits
    • H01R12/724—Coupling devices for rigid printing circuits or like structures coupling with the edge of the rigid printed circuits or like structures coupling devices mounted on the edge of the printed circuits containing contact members forming a right angle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/66—Structural association with built-in electrical component
    • H01R13/665—Structural association with built-in electrical component with built-in electronic circuit
    • H01R13/6658—Structural association with built-in electrical component with built-in electronic circuit on printed circuit board

Abstract

一种由印刷线路板(PCB)模块构成的接插件。PCB模块在安装界面上设有表面接合终端以便用来将PCB上的引线与安装衬底上的引线连接在一起。终端可具有可压缩件或可变形件。屏蔽终端可起到压紧装置的作用,并可替代地从贯穿孔安装位置转变为表面安装位置。

Description

具有集成印制电路板组件的表面安装接插件
本发明涉及接插件，特别是具有一个或多个集成PCB(印制电路板)组件的高速屏蔽接插件。
美国专利4,571,014号曾示出一种应用一个或多个PCB组件来制造底板接插件的方法。每一PCB组件都有一个绝缘衬底、一个隔片和一个盖板，所有这些都装在一起。绝缘衬底设有模式预定的导电轨迹，而在导电轨迹之间则为接地轨迹。导电轨迹的一端被连接到一个阴性接触端上以便与底板连接，而另一端则被连接到一个阳性贯穿孔的接触端上。
1996.07.02入档的PCT专利申请序号US 96/11214也曾揭示过应用并列线路衬底的接插件。在该申请中揭示的接插件也应用贯穿孔的终端以便造成一个在机械上和电气上都可靠的通往线路板的连接而将接插件安装在线路板上。上述申请的揭示在这里被引用供参考。
虽然上述两种接插件装置都能产生有效的互联系统，但许多电子设备的制造商偏爱将元件表面安装在印刷线路板上。表面安装可为小型化提供增多的机会并可提供潜力因为可将零件装在线路板的两侧。
本发明的目的是要提供能够表面安装在接纳衬底上的高速接插件。
本发明的另一个目的是要提供制造费用比较低的表面安装接插件。
上述这些目的可在应用多条导电终端引线的模块化接插件中达到，只要能在PCB的界面上提供可变形的导电元件并提供线路衬底使接插件能安装在其上即可。导电元件可被接纳在PCB边上的一个或多个凹窝内。用来接纳可变形元件的凹窝也可出现在覆盖每一PCB的盖板上。
第二接触端可具有压配合的或柔顺截面的销钉以便另外将接插件固定在线路衬底上并将可变形元件抵压在衬底的接触片上。这种第二接触能形成可转变的终端，该终端能被压配合到，或在重新取向后，表面安装到衬底上。
现在简要说明附图，其中：
图1示出用来阐明本发明原理的部分为横截面的接插件；
图1a为图1中画圈区域的放大图；
图2为图1中所示接插件的后视图；
图3为图1中所示接插件的部分底视图；
图4为按照本发明的PCB组件的部分等角视图；
图4a为在PCB正面侧具有屏蔽层的PCB组件的片段视图；
图5为图1中所示接插件的部分为横截面的视图，图中示出屏蔽终端另一种装在PCB组件上的方法；
图5a为图5中画图区域的说明图，图中示出屏蔽/压紧终端在实际表面安装时的取向；
图6为图5中接插件的后视图；
图7为与图5中接插件一起使用的压紧终端的前视图；
图8为图7中所示压紧终端的侧视图；
图9示出安装界面终端的第二种形式。
应该知道，虽然图中所示为直角接插件，但本发明的原理同样可应用到其他的接插件的外形上。
图1和2示出由多个集成PCB柱状模块10形成的接插件的两个不同的视图。模块10基本上具有两个元件：一个印制线路板(PCB)12和一个绝缘盖14。图1中的虚线示出盖14相对于PCB12的元件的特征。
参阅图1，PCB组件10具有一个由商业上通常用来制造PCB的材料制成的绝缘衬底12。衬底12可以是一个基本上为平面的、浸透纤维组件的树脂，如同以牌号FR4出售的，其厚度例如为0.4mm。在衬底12的第一表面上用传统的PCB技术形成多条线路或信号引线16。每一引线16从衬底10的第一部分，例如与图1中所示前边邻近的部分，延伸到衬底10的第二区域，如同图1中所示的底边。引线16的一端可具有接触片以便能适宜地用传统的表面安装技术中的钎焊或焊接将金属终端固定在其上。还可在衬底10上敷设多条接地引线或屏蔽引线18。屏蔽引线18可设置在每一条线路引线16与另一条之间或设置在数个这种引线组之间。在一条引线16的第一端上装有一个终端如接触端20。而在每一线路引线16的第二端设有板安装终端22，这将在下面作较详细的说明。在衬底12的可布引线侧的其余部分上可敷设一个另外的屏蔽层或接地层24。接地终端或屏蔽终端28就固定在接地层24上。
接触结构22设有表面安装终端以便用来在电路上将每一引线16与印制在线路衬底(未示出)上的线路引线连通，接插件将被安装在该衬底上。在一较优的装置内，接触结构22包括一个可压缩的或可变形的由弹性体材料制成的元件30。元件30的横截面可以是圆形(如图)、D形或其他合适的形状。元件30可以是一根连续而狭长、沿着对齐的边在数个PCB模块之间延伸的元件，如图3所示。在这种情况下，该元件可交替地具有不导电区32和导电区34，导电区34可由金属镀层构成。导电区一般与接触20的中心线对齐。这样，接插件在配合界面上的行节距便可通过在安装界面上的接触节距来实现。沿着与引线16端头邻近的PCB12的边38，开有形状适宜的凹槽或缺口36，如图1a中的梯形或图4a中的圆形。可压缩件30通过推入配合被接纳并保持在缺口内，一部分则突出到边沿38之外。这种配置可提供具有良好共面性的安装界面。每一缺口36的内表面都被敷以金属，最好是用与线路引线16连接的镀层。如果屏蔽层或接地层37(图4a)出现在PCB12的正面侧上，那么屏蔽应与缺口36间隔开，使缺口在电气上保持与屏蔽层绝缘，这将在下面较详细地示出。盖14类似地开有缺口以便接纳可压缩件30。导电区34被这样配置使一个端部伸入到缺口内并与缺口内表面36a上的镀层电接触。
每一PCB模块10最好包括一个压紧装置以便将由多个这种模块构成的接插件夹持在线路衬底上。在图1中，压配合终端28具有这种压紧装置。同时，壳体70的定位栓71和压紧栓73可被用来提供压紧或板保持功能。当接插件被压入到接纳的线路衬底上而终端28被压入到线路衬底上的孔内时，每一突出在边沿38外的元件30的一部分也被压缩。这个压缩造成正常的力将导电部34抵压在安装衬底上的导电引线和缺口的内表面36a上。结果，在安装衬底上的信号引线16和相应的线路引线之间便能得到可靠的电连接。
可压缩件30也可具有金属元件，例如可弹性变形的弹簧接触或不可弹性变形的金属接触。另外，可压缩件30可具有多个单独的导电元件，每一元件与一个缺口36结合。例如件30可具有一个可弹性变形的导电的球形元件或一个可热变形的元件如焊料球(下面说明)。
在衬底12上可设置一个定位孔40，定位孔40最好为一电镀的贯穿孔以便与在衬底12的背面伸展的金属屏蔽层37(见图4a)建立电连接。如同以前曾说明过的，形成电镀贯穿孔的小路就可被设置在每一条接地轨迹18上，使接地轨迹18屏蔽层24和背面屏蔽层37构成一个信号引线16和相关终端用的屏蔽结构。
如图1所示，接触端20被制成一个冲压件并可具有一个双脚接触，形成一条配合终端如销钉的插入轴线。
终端模块10是把PCB组件12与盖14结合而成。盖14和PCB12的构形和连结的方式基本上与上述PCT专利申请中所说明的方式相同。终端28被定位在盖14的接触凹窝42内。如果板安装终端28的形式允许当该终端被推入到安装衬底上的贯穿孔内时可以有一较高的轴向插入力施加在其上，如一个压配合的终端，那么凹窝42的表面42a(图1)的定位就很有效，因为它可承受终端28的向上翻转的柄28a。如同以前在上述PCT申请中提出过的，这种配置允许施加在接插件上的插入力通过盖14传送到终端28上，从而可使作用在终端28和PCB12之间的连接上的剪应力减为最小。
图2示出一个接插件的后视图，该接插件具有一个模塑的塑料壳体70和多个并排排列的PCB模块10。在图2所示的接插件中，线路板12背对背地设置，使相应的信号对(其位置可概略地用小方块11示出)能被安排成双股对。但其他屏蔽的或非屏蔽的信号接触装置也可应用。PCB模块10被固定在壳体70内，最好分别用在每一盖14上形成的上、下鸠尾肋66和64，使它们分别被在壳体70内部的顶底表面上形成的上、下鸠尾槽68和65接纳。如图2所示，每一线路板包括一个压配合终端28。表面接触件30被定位在接插件的底侧区内，在其侧面一端是保持栓73，另一端是压配合终端28，以使用合适的压缩力推动元件30使它抵压在安装衬底上的接触片(未示出)上。
图4为PCB12的后底角的不完全的等角视图，图中所示的状态是在终端或导电元件还没有与缺口36接合之前。图中示出信号引线16终止在板12的边上。凹槽36在PCB的边上形成，而凹槽的表面36a是电镀过的，因此在引线16和凹槽36之间电路是连续的。参阅图4a，如果PCB在印制信息引线16和屏蔽引线18这一侧的反对侧敷有屏蔽层37，那么屏蔽层须从凹槽36间隔开，例如用未经电镀的区域39。
图5示出一个接插件的部分为横截面的视图，该接插件具有形式可转变的压下终端50。图5和6示出准备压配合到安装衬底内的终端的位置，而图5a示出只要弯折90°，该终端便可转变到用于表面安装的位置。在图7和8中较详细地示出的终端50具有一个安装段52和一个柔顺的贯穿孔段54。安装段52包括一个基部55和一个基本上与基部成直角的焊料片56。安装段52通过一个宽度减小的颈段53连结到柔顺段54上。柔顺段54具有一对腿58，当柔顺段被插入到贯穿孔内时，由于在箭头F的方向上有力施加在两腿58上，两腿58便向内移动。如所公知，两腿的弹性变形会产生法向的力，该力又会产生一个摩擦力来对抗终端50在纵轴方向上的运动，这样就可将终端保持在贯穿孔内。
每一终端50都用焊料片56安装在相关的PCB上。这样安装可使基部55的平面和柔顺段54处在与PCB的平面基本上成横向的位置。如果在基部55和焊料片56之间的角度为90°，那么基部55的平面和柔顺段54基本上就与PCB12的平面成法向。
这种定位法的一个优点是该终端能够立即转变成表面安装终端，只要在颈部区53将柔顺段54相对于基部段52弯折即可，如图5a所示。结果，柔顺段54便可弯折90°而可处在基本上与线路板的表面平行的位置，而接插件将装到该线路板上。这样就将柔顺段54放置在一个可以表面安装到接纳接插件的线路板上的取向上。并能形成一个强有力的钎焊连结，因为焊料的焊迹能沿着开口57延伸并穿透该开口。
终端50的另一个优点是它能将基部55钎焊到PCB12上而用作法向的压配合终端，这时可使柔顺段54处在与图1和2所示终端28相同取向的位置上。采用这个取向，片56便可象片28a那样作用可承受在板上插入时施加在终端上的轴向力。
在上面的说明中，安装界面终端22被说明为主要是些在受力时能变形的元件。终端22(图1)也可具有在受热时能变形的元件。在这方面，图9示出一个实施例，其中在PCB12的边上的导电凹槽或缺口36内接纳着一个受热可变形的元件60。
所示元件60一般为焊料的圆柱形体。或者，元件60可具有其他形状，例如为一球形的焊料球。元件60能用按压或摩擦配合、用焊膏、或用重新流动的操作将元件熔融后进入到缺口36内等方法保持在凹槽36内。这个实施例的一个优点是在安装界面采用这种形式的终端的接插件不需压紧装置便可安装，而在以前说明的实施例中必须有这种压紧装置来保持压缩力。
术语“表面安装”当在本说明书和权利要求书中相对于板安装终端或接触22而使用时意思是指将不带贯穿孔式的接插件连接起来，并不是指只用焊料或焊膏的连接。
上述构造能以低廉的制造费用产生出具有良好高速接插性能的接插件。虽然在本文中所说明的较优实施例为直角的接插件，但本发明并不以此为限，本申请所公开的技术能被应用于许多种的高密度接插件系统上，其中信号触点被安排成行和列。
虽然本发明已结合较优实施例作了说明，但应知道，在不偏离本发明的情况下，为了完成与本发明相同的功能，还可使用其他类似的实施例或对所说明的实施例进行修改和增添。因此，本发明不应受任何单一实施例的限制，在宽度和范围上应以所附权利要求书所列举的为准。

Claims (34)

1.一种电路接插件，具有：
至少一个线路衬底，其上有一第一区和一与第一区间隔开的第二区；
一个在衬底第一区的接触件用来与一配合接触件建立电连接；
一个在第二区的接触件用来与衬底建立表面安装的电连接，接插件就装在该衬底上；及一条导线，从第一区的接触件延伸到第二区的接触件。
2.按照权利要求1的接插件，其特征为，线路衬底为一印刷线路板，而导线为一在印制线路板上的引线。
3.按照权利要求2的接插件，其特征为，第二接触件为一可压缩件。
4.按照权利要求3的接插件，其特征为，可压缩件由弹性体材料构成。
5.按照权利要求4的接插件，其特征为，印制线路板包括一个凹槽以便接纳可压缩件。
6.按照权利要求5的接插件，其特征为，凹槽为一导电的缺口。
7.按照权利要求3的接插件，其特征为，可压缩件为一敷有导电材料的弹性体。
8.按照权利要求1的接插件，其特征为，衬底包括一个延伸到第二区的屏蔽层和一连接到屏蔽层的终端件，终端件有一横向柔顺的截面，柔顺截面的柔顺方向与衬底表面成横向，导线被敷设在衬底的表面上。
9.按照权利要求8的接插件，其特征为，柔顺截面可移动到一个基本上与线路衬底平行的安装位置。
10.按照权利要求1的接插件，其特征为，第二区的接触件受热可变形。
11.按照权利要求10的接插件，其特征为，接触件为一焊料体。
12.一种电路接插件，具有：
多个并排排列的线路衬底，每一衬底有一第一区和一与第一区间隔开的第二区，并有至少一条从第一区延伸到第二区的导线；
一个在每一条导线的第一区上的接触件用来与另一个接插件建立电连接；
一个在每一条导线的第二区上的接触件用来与线路衬底建立电连接，接插件就装在该衬底上，在第二区的接触件为一可压缩件。
13.按照权利要求12的接插件，其特征为，可压缩件被设置在衬底的对齐的边上。
14.按照权利要求12的接插件，其特征为，可压缩件在衬底之间延伸。
15.按照权利要求14的接插件，其特征为，可压缩件为一弹性体。
16.按照权利要求14的接插件，其特征为，可压缩件沿着衬底的对齐的边被设置。
17.按照权利要求15的接插件，其特征为，弹性体沿着衬底的对齐的边被设置。
18.按照权利要求17的接插件，其特征为，弹性体被保持在凹槽内。
19.一种用来安装在线路衬底上的接插件，具有：
一个形成配合界面和安装界面的壳体；
多个在壳体内对齐的线路衬底，每一线路衬底有一设在配合界面邻近的接触件，以便用来与配合接插件的接触件配合，还有一个与安装界面邻近的接触元件以便用来在接插件和要安装接插件的线路衬底之间提供表面安装的电连接；及
设在每一衬底表面并在每一接触件之间延伸的导线。
20.按照权利要求19的接插件，其特征为，线路衬底基本上为平面，导线为线路引线。
21.按照权利要求20的接插件，其特征为，衬底为并排排列的基本上为平面的线路板。
22.按照权利要求21的接插件，其特征为，与安装界面邻近的、在线路板上的接触件可被压缩。
23.按照权利要求22的接插件，其特征为，可压缩的接触件是由弹性体材料制成的。
24.按照权利要求23的接插件，其特征为，每一线路板在其边上有一凹槽与安装界面邻近，可压缩的接触件被保持在凹槽内。
25.按照权利要求19的接插件还具有至少一个压配合终端装在其中一个衬底上。
26.按照权利要求20的接插件还具有至少一个压配合终端装在其中一个衬底上，该压配合终端具有交替设置的安装部以便用来进行贯穿孔安装或表面安装在所说线路衬底上。
27.按照权利要求19的接插件，其特征为，接触元件受热可变形。
28.按照权利要求27的接插件，其特征为：接触元件为一焊料体。
29.一种可转变的、压配合的、表面安装的终端，具有：
一个固定部用来将终端固定在线路衬底上；
一个柔顺段基部，与固定部成一角度而延伸；及
一个从柔顺段基部上延伸出来的柔顺段。
30.按照权利要求29的接插件，其特征为，柔顺段基部与柔顺段被设置在基本上平行的两个平面上。
31.按照权利要求29的接插件，其特征为，固定部与柔顺段基部沿一公共的邻接边成角度地连结在一起。
32.按照权利要求29的终端，其特征为，柔顺段从柔顺段基部上与邻接边靠近的第二边上延伸出来。
33.按照权利要求29的终端，其特征为，在固定部与柔顺段基部之间的角度约为90度。
34.按照权利要求29的终端，其特征为，柔顺段可容易地被弯折成与柔顺段基部成一角度而延伸。
CN98104246A 1997-01-16 1998-01-14 具有集成印制电路板组件的表面安装接插件 Expired - Fee Related CN1115745C (zh)

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CN1305179C (zh) * 2001-11-12 2007-03-14 Fci公司 用于高速通信的连接器
CN100338824C (zh) * 2002-07-29 2007-09-19 Fci公司 具有bga连接的印刷电路板组件
US10275068B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-04-30 Apple Inc. Force sensing of inputs through strain analysis
CN108291642A (zh) * 2015-09-25 2018-07-17 费德罗-莫格尔有限责任公司 静垫片及其构造方法
CN108291642B (zh) * 2015-09-25 2020-06-09 费德罗-莫格尔有限责任公司 静垫片及其构造方法

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Publication number Publication date
EP0854549B1 (en) 2004-06-02
EP0854549A2 (en) 1998-07-22
US20010010978A1 (en) 2001-08-02
DE69824211T2 (de) 2005-06-23
DE69824211D1 (de) 2004-07-08
US6527588B2 (en) 2003-03-04
TW371378B (en) 1999-10-01
JPH10284194A (ja) 1998-10-23
US6544045B1 (en) 2003-04-08
US6183301B1 (en) 2001-02-06
CN1115745C (zh) 2003-07-23
EP0854549A3 (en) 1999-11-24

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