CN1252512C - 光导纤维传感器系统及方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种将电信号转换为纤维光学系统的光信号的系统包括传感器,该传感器基于正被测量的参数产生电信号。一种能改变尺寸的材料响应于外加电信号。所述电信号由跨接于材料上的传感器产生。一个光导纤维被耦合到该材料上,从而所述材料的尺寸变化在该光导纤维中产生应变。所产生的应变能被控制,以便影响通过光导纤维的光线,从而产生用于纤维光学系统的光信号。所述光导纤维是一个光学干涉仪的组成部分并且在该光导纤维中产生的应变在该光学干涉仪中产生相位变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体涉及传感器阵列领域,特别涉及光导纤维传感器系统及方法。
背景技术
电子地音探测器常常通过在根据振动产生的磁场中移动铜质线圈的方法来测量该振动的速度。这种移动在线圈两端引起一个感应电压,其值与用来计算振动速度的移动成比例。类似地,压电陶瓷或聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)水下测音器能够产生一个与被检测到的声压成比例的电信号输出。按照传统方法,这样的电子类传感器需要在感应元件附近装有用于调整和前置放大信号的电子设备,以便能够给记录和处理设备的传感器阵列传送输出信号。这些额外的电子设备会增加船外传感器箱的复杂程度和成本。
电传感器系统的局限性和由纤维光学系统提供的改进已经有很好的文献材料加以证明。而且,在传感应用领域中使用光纤的概念也已经不新鲜了。美国海军研究实验室(NRL)是这一领域的领头者,NRL和其他一些研究机构已经揭示了很多光学系统。例如,Gialorenzi的美国专利4,648,083描述了一种典型的纤维光学系统。在这种系统中,等价于水下测音器中的声压的光学相位能被测量。此外,海军研究生院的Hofler、Garrett和Brown揭示了纤维光学振动传感器。普通的纤维光学传感器由绕在芯子(参见Cielo等的美国专利4,525,818)或包在弯曲盘上(参见Hofler等的美国专利4,959,539)的纤维线圈构成。然后这些线圈固定在光耦合器上以构成干涉仪。在这些传统的光学传感系统中,通过干涉仪上的动作,正在被测量的物理现象直接被转换成不同的光学相位。换句话说,声压或振动压迫在干涉仪中产生光学相移的干涉仪臂。有些阵列需要延长通道组的长度,以便于获得需要的信噪比。在拖成带状阵列的情形,很多水下测音器元件(通常是16个)电气联接在一起,使得在延长的长度上产生一个输出。被延长了组长度的光学版本已经在Dandridge等人的美国专利5,668,779和Maas等人的美国专利5,317,544中描述。这些被延长的干涉仪制造起来相对复杂一些,并且很难分离出干涉仪的某些部分。
另一个光导纤维传感器方法由基于传感器的纤维布雷格光栅组成。布雷格光栅常常以不同方式用于测量已知现象。一种方法是把该光栅作为反射器使用,构成法布里-珀罗干涉仪。在这种情况下,可以测得光线在其相位方面的相似变化。第二种方法是布雷里光栅本身作为传感器,光栅上的应变改变光栅的周期,而这又改变了从光栅反射的光线的波长。这里的波长变化与光栅上的应变成比例。
用以上两种光导纤维传感器的任何一种,都可以通过纤维光学测距法技术明显改进传感器阵列。然而,按这种方式的话,传感器就会变得更加复杂,并且在大多数情形下,传统的纤维光学系统生产的传感器性能低和/或成本高。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供了一种用于将电信号转换为用于纤维光学系统的光信号的方法和系统,该电信号例如为单个电子传感器或一组电子传感器组的输出,所提供的这种系统优于各种传统的系统。
为此,本发明提供一种用于将电信号转换成为纤维光学系统的光学信号的系统,包括:基于被测量的参数产生电信号的传感器;能根据外加的电信号改变尺寸的材料,所述电信号由跨接在材料两端的传感器产生;被耦合到所述材料上的光导纤维,其中所述材料的尺寸变化在所述光导纤维中产生应变,所述应变能被控制以影响通过该光导纤维的光线,以便产生用于纤维光学系统的光学信号,并且所述光导纤维是一个光学干涉仪的组成部分,在所述光导纤维中产生的应变在所述光学干涉仪中产生相位变化。
在这里,基于被测量的参数,传感器产生的电信号能跨接在可以根据外加的电信号改变尺寸的材料两端。光导纤维被耦合到该材料上,在这种材料中,材料的尺寸变化在光导纤维中产生应变。这种应变能被控制,使得它对穿过光导纤维的光线产生影响,从而产生用于纤维光学系统的光信号。在一个实施例中,传感器可以是地音探测器,它能产生与地音探测器本身的移动成比例的电信号。在另一个实施例中,传感器可以是水下测音器,它能产生与入射到水下测音器的声压成比例的电信号。能根据外加的电信号改变尺寸的材料也可以是例如压电陶瓷柱、PVDF薄膜或者压电聚合物材料。
本发明的一个技术优点是,由传感器产生的电信号能够被转化为在纤维光学系统中使用的光信号。
本发明的另一个技术优点是,由激光器控制的光学发射和检测系统能替代传统电子传感器阵列系统中的调节和预放大元件。这种功能可以通过把传感器中的电子输出信号转换成光相位信号信息来实现。
本发明还有一个技术优点是,能够通过提供集高性能和低成本于一身并具有无源光学遥测系统之优点的电子传感器来克服现有系统的缺点。在水中,这种无源的特性可以消除许多由有源信号调节电子仪器或其它需要电力的光学结构引起的不足。
此外,本发明提供一种用于将电信号转换成为纤维光学系统的光学信号的方法,包括:将由传感器基于被测量的参数产生的电信号连接在能根据外加电信号改变尺寸的材料上;将光导纤维耦合于其尺寸变化能在该光导纤维中产生应变的材料上;在光线通过该光导纤维时,依据在该光导纤维中的应变效应产生用于纤维光学系统的光信号,其中该光导纤维是一个光学干涉仪的组成部分并且在该光导纤维中产生的应变在该光学干涉仪中产生相位变化。
本发明的其他技术优点应该能从附图、说明书和权利要求书中明显看出。
附图说明
参考结合附图的下列描述可以更好地理解本发明及其优点,在附图中,类似的参考标号指示类似的特征,其中:
图1是使用马赫-曾德耳干涉仪将电信号转换成为不同干涉相位的系统的一个实施例的示意图,其中的干涉仪有一个被缠绕在PZT上的臂;
图2是使用马赫-曾德耳干涉仪将电信号转换成为不同的干涉相位的系统的一个实施例的示意图,该干涉仪有两个被分别缠绕在以“推-拉”型结构与相反极性相连的PZT上的臂;
图3是在被缠绕在PZT上的法布里-珀罗干涉仪中,使用纤维布雷格光栅将电信号转换成为不同的干涉相位的系统的一个实施例的示意图。
图4是在被缠绕在PZT上的法布里-珀罗干涉仪中,使用单个纤维布雷格光栅将电信号转换成为各种光学波长信息的系统的一个实施例的示意图。
图5是使用马赫-曾德耳干涉仪将电信号转换成为不同干涉相位的系统的一个实施例的示意图,该干涉仪有一条臂固定在一片PVDF薄膜上;
图6A和6B是被转换成干涉相位的电子传感器总组的实施例示意图;以及
图7是被转换成干涉相位的电子传感器的阵列结构的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1是使用具有一条绕在PZT上的臂的马赫-曾德耳干涉仪来将例如来自电子传感器或传感器总组的电信号转换成为不同干涉相位的系统实施例的示意图。正如图中所示,传感器10根据它正在测量的参数(例如速度或声压)生成相应的电压输出。然后把该输出电压施加到能根据外加输出电压改变尺寸(即收缩和膨胀)的材料12的两端。光导纤维14缠绕在材料12上,并且根据材料12的尺寸变化发生应变。该系统还包括一根基准光导纤维16。如图所示,为了构成干涉仪,光耦合器18能在20处熔接到敏感光导纤维14和基准光导纤维16上。
在一个实施例中,图1的传感器10可以使用常规的地音传感器。地音传感器通过在磁场中移动铜质线圈来测量振动的速度。这种移动在线圈中产生与移动量成比例的感应电压。在这种实施中,从传感器12输出的电压被直接导向压电陶瓷柱12。一般来说,用于地震勘探应用的地音传感器产生峰-峰值为一伏特的电压输出(虽然这可以通过改变铜线的匝数或磁场加以调整)。例如,把这个电压施加到标准的压电陶瓷柱(PZT)两端将导致直径一英寸、壁厚0.05英寸的PZT的平均直径改变大约5nm/伏特。这种改变可被解释为光导纤维14的长度每匝改变4.75Пnm。匝数可以变化,以便调节系统的光学尺度因子。干涉仪中的相关相位变化由以下方程给出:
Δφ=2П*n*(Δ1/λ)其中n为光纤的折射率,λ为光线的波长。
根据本发明,光导纤维干涉仪可以具有被缠绕在压电陶瓷柱12上的一条臂,如图1所示的。在操作中,从电子传感器10(例如地音检测器)输出的信号被施加到压电陶瓷12两端。电子传感器10的电压输出引起压电陶瓷柱12膨胀和收缩,从而引起干涉仪中的敏感光导纤维14产生膨胀和收缩。这引起干涉仪中的相位相对于由电子传感器12测量的参数成比例地变化。然后光信号可以和根据传统方法从阵列中的其它传感器产生的信号多路复用。
图2是使用马赫-曾德耳干涉仪将电信号转换成为不同干涉相位的系统的一个实施例的示意图,该干涉仪有两个分别绕在以“推-拉”型结构与相反极性相连的PZT上的臂。与图1中系统相反,采用了能根据外加的输出电压改变尺寸的第二块材料22,该第二块材料以与材料12相反的极性连接到传感器10的输出电压上,使得材料22镜像材料12。例如,材料22可以是以上讨论过的压电陶瓷柱(PZT)。通过在材料22上缠绕基准纤维16并以相反极性把材料12和材料22连接起来,当光纤14膨胀时光纤16收缩,反之亦然。以这种结构,图2的系统提供了一种用于将传感器10的电输出转换为光信号的推-拉型结构,这里输出的光信号将尺度因子增加到2倍。
图3和图4显示增加了与信号转换相关的纤维布雷格光栅的另一种方案的结构。根据本发明的思想,图3示出在被绕在PZT上的法布里-珀罗干涉仪中使用纤维布雷格光栅将电信号转换成为不同干涉相位的系统的一个实施例的示意图。正如图中所示,法布里-珀罗干涉仪是在两个反射用的纤维布雷格光栅26和28之间建立的。照射到光纤30上的光线有一部分被第一个光栅26反射回去。光线继续穿过缠绕在PZT柱12(或其它对电敏感的材料)上的光导纤维32,到达下一个光栅28并将被反射回去。由传感器10(图3中未显示出来)产生在PZT12上的电压在从光栅26和光栅28分别反射回来的各信号之间引起一个相位变化。因此图3的系统把光栅26和光栅28作为反射器,构成一个法布里-珀罗干涉仪。
一般而言,用于法布里-珀罗干涉仪的包含光纤的光栅能被缠绕在PZT柱或其它对电敏感的材料上,使得两个光栅分别位于柱的一边。两个光栅之间的光导纤维根据电子传感器的输出被加压,而这种输出本身引起在从两个光栅反射回去的各信号之间测到的光线的相位产生变化。
图4是在被绕在PZT上的法布里-珀罗干涉仪中使用单个纤维布雷格光栅将电信号转换成为各种光学波长信息的系统的一个实施例的示意图。如图所示,具有集成的纤维布雷格光栅36的光导纤维38被连接在能根据由传感器10(未在图4中示出)外加给材料40(例如PZT)两端的电压输出改变其尺寸的材料15上。从传感器10施加给材料40两端的电压输出导致布雷格光栅36中产生应变。这种应变引起光栅36的周期发生变化,而该变化又引起从光栅36中反射回来的光线波长发生变化。波长的变化又与传感器10中输出的电压输出成比例。因此,在操作过程中,光栅36作为传感器,用于将传感器10的输出电压转换成为光学信号。
虽然在以上的实施例中使用了压电陶瓷柱(PZT)来在光导纤维中引起应变,但这种PZT能够由PVDF薄膜或其它具有尺寸变化或者电敏性质的材料替代。图5是使用具有一个连接在PVDF薄膜上的臂的马赫-曾德耳干涉仪根据本发明将电信号转换成为不同干涉相位的系统实施例的示意图。正如图中所示,图1中的PZT柱12由PVDF薄膜46(或者其它材料)替代。光导纤维44连接到材料46上,并且传感器48的电信号输出被施加到材料46两端。传感器48的电信号输出在材料46中引起相应的变化,这种变化又使得光导纤维44产生应变。如图5所示,材料46除了平放以外,也可以缠绕在芯轴上,或者根据实际应用的结构要求以其它方式放置。而且除了以上所述的干涉仪以外,诸如迈克尔逊干涉仪等其它类型的干涉仪也可以在此使用。
图6A和6B是电子传感器总组的实施例的示意图。如图6A所示,传感器50可以包含一组并联在一起的电子传感器或者敏感元件52。同样,正如图6B所示,传感器50可以包含一组串联在一起的电子传感器或者敏感元件52。在拖成带状阵列的情况下,十六个敏感元件构成的组52一般被摆成一个12.5米长的阵列,用以形成一个电信号输出。虽然这种组时常被看成单个元件,但它和其它传感器类型是通用的。
图7是电子传感器的一种阵列结构的示意图,这种阵列结构具有一个湿端部分54(该阵列被放在水中)和一个干端部分56。干端部分56可以包含一个处理光信号的光电装置。图7的阵列结构由四个传感器子组58组成,每个子组又包含四个传感器60。传感器60可以是一个传感器,也可以是一个传感器组(例如像图6A和6B所示的传感器组)。传感器60连接于输出的光信号62,并提供输入光信号64。在所示的方案中,组58中的每一个传感器60连接在同一个输出光信号62上。在这同一个方案中,为了提供输入光信号64,组58中的每一个传感器60连接在不同的线上。这个装配方案实际上是一个频分复用的遥测装置,例如象Gialorenzi的美国专利4,648,083所显示和描述的那种。然而,各种其它光学遥测装置也能被用于驱动一个N通道的阵列。
虽然已经详细地描述了本发明,但应该了解的是,在不违背以下附属权利要求书中限定的精神和范围的条件下可以进行除此之外的各种变化、替代和修改。
Claims (33)
1.用于将电信号转换成为纤维光学系统的光学信号的系统,包括:
基于被测量的参数产生电信号的传感器;
能根据外加的电信号改变尺寸的材料,所述电信号由跨接在材料两端的传感器产生;以及
被耦合到所述材料上的光导纤维,其中所述材料的尺寸变化在所述光导纤维中产生应变,所述应变能被控制以影响通过该光导纤维的光线,以便产生用于纤维光学系统的光学信号,并且所述光导纤维是一个光学干涉仪的组成部分,在所述光导纤维中产生的应变在所述光学干涉仪中产生相位变化。
2.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,该传感器是地音探测器,它产生与该地音探测器的移动成比例的电压输出。
3.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,该传感器是水下测音器,它产生与该水下测音器的入射声压成比例的电压输出。
4.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,该传感器包括为了生成电信号而被连接在一起的一组敏感元件。
5.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,所述材料是压电陶瓷柱。
6.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,所述材料是PVDF薄膜。
7.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,所述材料是压电聚合物材料。
8.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,该系统还包括:
能根据外加电压改变尺寸的第二块材料,所述传感器的电压输出以相反极性方式连接在第二块材料上;
被耦合到所述第二块材料上的第二根光导纤维,所述第二块材料的尺寸变化在第二根光导纤维中产生应变,从而该传感器的电压输出在这些光导纤维中产生相反的尺寸变化。
9.根据权利要求8的系统,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是马赫-曾德耳干涉仪。
10.根据权利要求8的系统,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是迈克尔逊干涉仪。
11.根据权利要求8的系统,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是法布里-珀罗干涉仪。
12.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,该光导纤维具有耦合于所述材料上的集成的布雷格光栅,在所述光导纤维中产生的应变引起布雷格光栅的周期的变化,所述变化又改变了由该布雷格光栅反射的光线的波长。
13.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,将该光学信号与从采用频分复用技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
14.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,将该光学信号与从采用波分复用技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
15.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,将该光学信号与从采用时分复用技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
16.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,将该光学信号与从采用频分复用、波分复用和时分复用技术的混合技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
17.根据权利要求1的系统,其特征在于,该传感器还包括多个电串联的传感器。
18.用于将电信号转换成为纤维光学系统的光学信号的方法,包括:
将由传感器基于被测量的参数产生的电信号连接在能根据外加电信号改变尺寸的材料上;
将光导纤维耦合于其尺寸变化能在该光导纤维中产生应变的材料上;
在光线通过该光导纤维时,依据在该光导纤维中的应变效应产生用于纤维光学系统的光信号,其中该光导纤维是一个光学干涉仪的组成部分并且在该光导纤维中产生的应变在该光学干涉仪中产生相位变化。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该传感器是地音探测器,它产生与该地音探测器的移动成比例的电信号。
20.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该传感器是水下测音器,它产生与该水下测音器的入射声压成比例的电信号。
21.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该传感器包括为了产生电信号而被连接在一起的一组敏感元件。
22.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,所述材料是压电陶瓷柱。
23.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,所述材料是PVDF薄膜。
24.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,所述材料是压电聚合物材料。
25.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该方法还包括:
将该传感器的输出电压以相反极性方式连接在能根据外加电压改变尺寸的第二块材料上;
将第二根光导纤维耦合到所述第二块材料上,所述第二块材料的尺寸变化能在所述第二根光导纤维中产生应变,从而该传感器的电压输出在该光导纤维中产生相反的尺寸变化。
26.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是马赫-曾德耳干涉仪。
27.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是迈克尔逊干涉仪。
28.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是法布里-珀罗干涉仪。
29.根据权利要求28的方法,其特征在于,所述干涉仪是使用布雷格光栅作为反射器的法布里-珀罗干涉仪。
30.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该光导纤维具有耦合于该材料上的集成的布雷格光栅,在该光导纤维中产生的应变引起布雷格光栅的周期的变化,所述变化又改变由布雷格光栅反射的光线的波长。
31.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该方法还包括将光学信号与从采用频分复用技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
32.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该方法还包括将光学信号与从采用波分复用技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
33.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该方法还包括将光学信号与从采用时分复用技术的传感器阵列得到的其它光信号多路复用。
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-
1998
- 1998-01-23 US US09/012,368 patent/US6314056B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1999
- 1999-01-20 CA CA002305437A patent/CA2305437C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1999-01-20 WO PCT/US1999/001168 patent/WO1999038048A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 1999-01-20 CN CNB998022950A patent/CN1252512C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-20 EP EP99903211A patent/EP1049954A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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CA2305437C (en) | 2007-04-10 |
EA200000751A1 (ru) | 2000-12-25 |
NO20003753L (no) | 2000-07-21 |
CN1288526A (zh) | 2001-03-21 |
BR9907143A (pt) | 2000-10-24 |
HK1035780A1 (en) | 2001-12-07 |
NO20003753D0 (no) | 2000-07-21 |
EP1049954A1 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
US6314056B1 (en) | 2001-11-06 |
WO1999038048A1 (en) | 1999-07-29 |
AU748184B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
AU2328899A (en) | 1999-08-09 |
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