CN1439142A - 包括生成、处理和跟踪在内的贸易运作及贸易单证的集成系统和方法 - Google Patents

包括生成、处理和跟踪在内的贸易运作及贸易单证的集成系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN1439142A
CN1439142A CN99816335A CN99816335A CN1439142A CN 1439142 A CN1439142 A CN 1439142A CN 99816335 A CN99816335 A CN 99816335A CN 99816335 A CN99816335 A CN 99816335A CN 1439142 A CN1439142 A CN 1439142A
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T·哈尔屏
Z·曹
S·方
J·雷尔
K·K·扬
M·P·泰穆
P·科
T·陈
A·桑
N·托里斯
Y·B·亚普
K·里昂
S·所罗门
S·昌
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    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • G06Q10/08—Logistics, e.g. warehousing, loading or distribution; Inventory or stock management
    • G06Q10/083—Shipping
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/08—Logistics, e.g. warehousing, loading or distribution; Inventory or stock management
    • G06Q10/087—Inventory or stock management, e.g. order filling, procurement or balancing against orders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00—Commerce
    • G06Q30/06—Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00—Commerce
    • G06Q30/06—Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • G06Q30/0601—Electronic shopping [e-shopping]
    • G06Q30/0633—Lists, e.g. purchase orders, compilation or processing
    • G06Q30/0635—Processing of requisition or of purchase orders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00—Commerce
    • G06Q30/06—Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • G06Q30/0601—Electronic shopping [e-shopping]
    • G06Q30/0633—Lists, e.g. purchase orders, compilation or processing
    • G06Q30/0635—Processing of requisition or of purchase orders
    • G06Q30/0637—Approvals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
    • G06Q40/04—Trading; Exchange, e.g. stocks, commodities, derivatives or currency exchange

Abstract

本发明的第一和第二部件，组合在一起提供一用于始发一贸易交易的客户界面，并用于对交易状态的保密查看。第三部件则辅助对支持贸易交易所需的大量具体单证进行自动生成和验证。第三部件另外还对构成贸易交易基础的销售商的商品制造及装运进行跟踪及辅助管理。第四部件根据采购订单自动生成信用证，并对依据信用证或公开帐户进行的付款执行一对帐功能。

Description

包括生成、处理和跟踪在内的贸易运作 及贸易单证的集成系统和方法
发明领域
本发明总体涉及贸易运作的管理系统和方法，具体来说，涉及一种生成、处理并跟踪单证的系统和方法以及与进口/出口贸易运作相关联的处理流程。
发明背景
目前采购商和销售商之间贸易运作的单证处理流程，手工方式强度大且容易出错。通常贸易运作开始于要从一销售商采购商品而索要该商品报价的采购商。采购商和销售商商议导致该报价的贸易条款以及双方达成一致作为协议基础的其它条款和条件。采购商接着向销售商发出反映达成一致的报价、条款以及条件的采购订单(PO)。该PO规定该交易的必要组成部分，例如商品种类、数量和价格以及例如交货时间和地点这类其它细节。虽然并不总是需要，但贸易处理流程中下一步骤是由银行颁发信用证(L/C)。所生成的L/C依据并通常结合全部达成一致的条款和条件以及全部的PO信息。若销售商符合L/C的全部条款和条件，L/C本质上是该L/C颁发银行(颁证银行)的付款保证。具体来说，由于银行交易的是单证而非商品，销售商必须出示严格符合L/C的整套单证以便颁证银行授予该L/C。该L/C是由颁证银行根据该采购商的信用价值颁发的。
PO和/或L/C传送至接着便到位以制造(或供应)并装运采购商所需商品的销售商。就内部来说，一旦收到PO和/或L/C，销售商便创建一销售单，制作该销售单证。销售单反映PO和/或L/C的要求。若销售商是一制造商，该销售单便用于生成一实际商品据此制造的制造说明单。若销售商是一分销商，该销售单便用于生成一用来提取要装运商品的仓储提取单。作为替代，销售商可用采购商的PO和/或L/C，生成其自己的发出给商品实际制造商的采购订单PO。一旦制造过程接近全面完成，销售商便联系装运商/货运运输商来管理商品的装运。销售商向装运商发装运指令，装运商据此生成装货单以及报关单(根据需要)。
当销售商(通过制造、从仓储当中提取或从制造商那里获得)有商品可供作装运时，销售商生成PO和/或L/C所需的全部单证。上述单证通常包括商品发票、提取单、检验和/或原产地证明。另外，此时销售商还提供单证用于该商品运输，获取装运保险，并向原产地和目的地政府机构提交所需贸易单证。一旦装运好商品，便出示PO和/或L/C所需的全部贸易单证以便与颁证银行(或代表颁证银行进行代理的另一商议银行)商议。
由上面说明很容易知道，就贸易运作制作单证所需的处理流程，涉及多方根据输入到银行系统内的采购商的相同冗余采购信息生成多种单证，销售商以及其它贸易合作方因而很容易出错和总体低效率。单证中上述差错会造成包括商品装运延误在内的整个处理流程的延误。任何这类差错将造成采购商收到商品的延误以及销售商收到付款的延误。显然，全部交易方都会从一种减少单证中差错数目的系统和方法当中受益。
因为这种单证处理流程并不属于出口商或进口商的核心业务(即采购或销售商品)，所以许多出口商和进口商正将该单证制作及跟踪运作外包给第三方。此外，信用证征收处理流程中存在某种程度的风险披露，因而许多客户希望银行在他们的信用证基金征收中协助他们。
发明概述
鉴于现有技术系统及方法的上述限制，本发明目的在于，向采购商、销售商、贸易伙伴、及其全球分支机构、代理商以及供应链服务提供商(例如装运商)提供一通过互联网、第三方网络(增值网络VAN)、租用线路或拨号连接以电子方式交换获得与贸易相关联的全部信息的自动设施。
还有一目的在于，根据贸易协议或合同(例如信用证或采购订单)自动生成该贸易所需的单证。
本发明还有一目的在于，辅助出口商(销售商)监控其合约，辅助管理其商品制造，管理其风险披露以及向出口商提供综合的理财服务。
本发明另外一目的在于，辅助进口商(采购商)监控其合约(例如依据信用证的未到期债务)，提供信息来辅助管理其存货，管理其连带责任以及向进口商提供综合的理财服务。
一较佳实施例中，本发明系统和方法由银行运作执行，但实际上部分系统和方法可由任意一方运作执行。虽然目前对本发明的说明是就银行而言的，但不应解释为限于银行环境。
本发明包括4个主要部件：TradeEDI(贸易电子数据交换)，Trade Manager(贸易管理器)，TradeDOC(贸易单证)以及Financial System(金融系统)。TradeEDI对客户提供一种系统的电子界面和网关(例如保密的互联网连接)。TradeManager则提供一种用于启动并跟踪贸易交易状态的客户界面。TradeDOC主要是代表出口商(销售商/制造商)以及供应链服务提供商用于所需大量具体单证的生成，以支持贸易交易并对形成该贸易交易基础的销售商的商品制造/提取/采办以及装运进行跟踪和辅助管理。
贸易运作通常由作为银行客户的采购方开始。采购商利用TradeEDI或TradeManager发送一采购订单(PO)和/或信用证(L/C)申请。PO和/或L/C借助于电子手段或通过纸件(其接着由银行键入或扫描)发送。PO和/或L/C表示采购商和销售商就监管贸易交易所达成一致的条款和条件(例如商品种类和数量，单价，交货日期和交货地)。若有要求，本发明系统可根据所提供的PO自动生成一L/C。这种自动生成的L/C在银行内经过正常的准予处理。
一旦PO和/或L/C相对于客户档案经过验证，便映射至Financial System内的数据库，它接着送至Trade Manager所保存的数据库。该数据库可以是关系型、面向对象型或两者的组合。从整个贸易处理中前面这点起，该贸易交易各方全部能够登录到Trade Manager上，并迅速地确定任意特定贸易运作的状态。本发明较佳实施例中，用户采用一标准的浏览器以及互联网与Trade Manager通信。用诸如加密、认证及非否认(non-repudiation)这种标准安全技术来提供保密通信，并确保互联网以及其他电子通信媒体上各方的真正身份。运用互联网是本发明令人难以置信的优点，因为大多数贸易运作涉及的是分布于世界各地的各方。举例来说，采购商可能在德克萨斯，而销售商则可能在新加坡，买方银行可能在纽约，而卖方银行则可能在伦敦。利用本发明，任何当事方可经互联网访问Trade Manager150，即时地找到贸易运作的状态。另外，TradeEDI可随Financial System或TradeDOC对贸易交易的处理，经互联网或其他通信媒体通过电子消息向采购商、销售商或其各自贸易伙伴交换信息(例如以推出方式发送信息)。
本发明其他有意义部分是TradeDOC。如上所述，传统的现有技术方法中，与贸易交易有关的全部单证是以人工方式根据纸件档案生成的。这种人工方式很明显劳动强度高而且容易出错。俗话说得好，要命的是细节。但很不幸，贸易运作方面的细节出错可能在延误或损益方面，不过更为重要的是采购商和销售商之间所看重的关系方面，均造成极高的代价。即便销售商具有明显优质的产品，但假如销售商未能管理单证的经营细节而无法按时交货，采购商就不愿与该销售商交易。本发明通过在销售商处理过程各个步骤自动生成并验证全部单证来解决现有技术全部这些问题。
TradeDOC是一(公开帐户(Open Account)事务中)可按照L/C或PO的条款和条件生成贸易单证的设施。采购商是银行客户而销售商可以是或可以不是该银行客户的场合，TradeDOC有利于全球性供应链客商的贸易单证处理。而当销售商是银行客户而采购商可以是或可以不是该银行客户时，TradeDOC还为销售商生成贸易交易中相应的贸易单证。TradeDOC保存一可与Trade Manager所保存的数据库相比较的数据库，因而能够用L/C和/或PO所包含的细节为销售商生成销售单。作为替代，若销售商自己生成销售单，TradeDOC便将销售单与L/C或PO相比较来验证其正确性。按同样方式，TradeDOC可生成或验证制造说明单、发票、装运指令、保险指令、底单、受益证明和装货单以及实际上销售商所需的任何其他贸易单证以满足L/C或PO。随着对相同的共同数据库中L/C和/或PO的初始采购信息均执行TradeDOC所进行的生成验证运作，使得单证中出错的可能全部被消除。一旦制造完成了、商品准备装运，TradeDOC便生成完成该交易所需的全部最终出口单证。TradeDOC可在靠近采购商或采购商银行的地方远程打印所完成的单证以有利于征收处理。一替代实施例中，全部贸易单证以电子方式发送给接收的伙伴。本实施例在电子商务(例如电子市场)中变得越来越流行。
各个TradeDOC、TradeEDI及Trade Manager是允许银行客户让他们的伙伴查看贸易单证的集成系统。Trade Manager提供通过互联网在浏览器上查看TradeDOC所生成的贸易单证。根据客户档案向某些贸易伙伴提供打印单证的认证。TradeEDI可根据客户档案中反映的客户协议相对于贸易伙伴接收或发送电子单证。
本发明还提供对于采购商和销售商两者的对帐功能。当贸易单证提供用于协商时，系统便通知采购商帐户应付款系统付款，并使销售商发票与采购商发出的L/C或PO相关。同样，当从他们采购商接收到付款时，本发明能够执行一对帐处理，由此该付款相对于销售商帐户应收帐款项(例如开发票项)对帐。按此方式，本发明能够在贸易运作各个方面进行辅助，从始发直至征收解决现有技术全部上述问题。
                        附图简要说明
为了说明本发明，附图中示出了目前的较佳形式。但应理解，本发明不限于附图给出的准确形式。
图1示出本发明系统主要部件；
图2示出本发明系统各部分执行功能的概要图。
图3A和图3B示出本发明TradeDOC部件所执行的处理。
图4示出本发明执行的付款和对帐功能。
                   较佳实施例的详细说明
图1示出本发明系统及方法中主要部件和数据流。单元100是包括贸易单证准备及生成设施的TradeDOC单元。单元150是在整个贸易循环过程提供跟踪和通信服务的Trade Manager单元。单元125是通过互联网或其他电子通信媒体对客户及其贸易伙伴之间信息保密交换提供电子网关和界面的TradeEDI。单元175表示诸如银行这种金融机构的Financial System。Financial System 175则提供诸如信用证(L/C)或公开帐户事务的准予及生成这种传统金融处理服务以及依据L/C或公开帐户的基金付款和收款。单元120和130分别表示贸易交易中的销售商120和采购商130。
一较佳实施例中，各个TradeDOC 100、Trade Manager 150及Financial System175由金融机构(例如银行)主办和运作，并包括软件和硬件的组合。由于伸缩性和各种处理模块(例如卫星及集线式处理或分布式处理)，Financial System 175可采用客户机服务器或主机处理来实施。客户机服务器技术可采用诸如SUN Javasoft或Netscape Web Server，Java服务器程序(servlets)，HTML/XML和用于演示的Java以及CORBA技术以允许位于各现场的处理应用服务器彼此间通信。这种网络中心(netcentric)技术允许远程分支以有限的电信带宽访问并启动交易信息。另外，集线器现场处理时可用UNIX或PC/NT服务器采用C++编程语言和关系型数据库(例如Sysbase、Oracle或其他类似的关系型数据库技术)在集线器现场的客户机工作站上进行交易处理和Visual Basic以及Visual C++处理。作为替代，Financial System175可采用诸如IBM系统390这种传统主机计算机系统来实施。各个实施例中，作为部分Financial System 175运作的软件包括定制软件，专用于实现在此说明的功能。在银行环境中，金融系统175可包括诸如纽约和伦敦那样的一个位于中心位置的设施或多个在地理区域内分布的设施。
TradeDOC 100、TradeEDI 125及Trade Manager 150可由在一个或多个主机系统或一个或多个服务器系统上执行的软件所构成。主机系统是上面就FinancialSystem 175说明的主机系统。本发明一实施例中，TradeDOC 100、TradeEDI 125及Trade Manager 150运作于与Financial System 175相同的主机系统。本发明一较佳实施例中，TradeDOC 100、TradeEDI 125及Trade Manager 150采用上面对于Financial System 175所说明的相同的网络中心技术，诸如SUN Javasoft或Netscape Web Server，Java服务器程序(servlets)，HTML/XML和用于演示的Java以及CORBA技术，以便远程站点应用服务器彼此间通信。应用服务器采用可以商业销售方式提供的带CORBA的网络中心技术(例如Weblogics和Websphere)。TradeEDI采用可以商业销售方式提供的EDI翻译器(例如Harbinger的OpenEDI、Gentran等)。用Trade XML消息以有利于Financial System 175与Trade Manager 150、TradeDOC100及TradeEDI 125之间的消息通信。各个实施例中，Trade Manager 150、TradeEDI及TradeDOC 100包括在此说明的用上述可以商业销售方式提供的软件编程的定制软件。
一实施例中，Financial System 175、Trade Manager 150及TradeDOC 100如图1所示借助于公司内部网(intranet)彼此间通信。Financial System 175、TradeManager 150及TradeDOC 100间的通信涉及敏感的金融信息，所以公司内部网连接中的通信渠道必须提供一相应的安全级。如图1中进一步所示，销售商120和采购商130两者各自经TradeEDI 125与Trade Manager 150和TradeDOC 100通信。一较佳实施例中，销售商120或采购商130与Trade Manager 150及TradeDOC 100之间的通信媒体是公用互联网。该实施例中，销售商120和采购商130各自能够用诸如NetscapeTMNavigatorTM或MicrosoftTMExplorerTM这种标准互联网浏览器与本发明系统通信，TradeEDI 125则提供保密金融通信所需的相应加密、认证及非否认手段。作为替代，销售商120和采购商130可用租用线路、第三方网络或拨号线路，再加上用TradeEDI 125作为保密通信的界面与Trade Manager 150或TradeDOC 100连接。
销售商120和采购商130所用的工作站最好是任何互联网就绪设备(例如具有互联网能力的个人计算机(PC)、蜂窝区电话或诸如3Com Palm V或VII这种互联网就绪个人数字助理(PDA)(手持设备))。作为替代，销售商120和采购商130的工作站可以是由销售商120和采购商130或为销售商120和采购商130运作的服务器系统或主机系统其中一部分。将会认识到，采购商和销售商以及其他供应链当事方的工作站将对与所出现的诸如虚拟市场(例如Intelysis、MySAP、SAPHIRE及TradeMatrix)这种e-commerce(电子商务)技术相关联的进程贡献另外的功能。如下面将进一步说明的那样，销售商120和采购商130工作站较好是与销售商120和采购商130的一个或多个各总体底帐、行政管理、会计及制造系统通信。
销售商120及采购商130一侧和Trade Manager 150及TradeDOC 100另一侧之间的通信包括金融以及其他财产信息，所以TradeEDI 125用相应的安全机制来保护这些通信。直接拨号及私人网络实施例中，靠这种连接的私人属性增强安全。但公用互联网实施例中则必须采取特别的安全预防措施。这些安全措施包括例如认证、加密以及非否认手段。认证中，用Certifying Authority(证明机构)软件来认证电子信息通信是在没有干预的情况下由真正的当事方发送或从真正的当事方接收的，并进一步确保通信无法被否认。此外，对全部通信加密以防止未得到授权者获取通信中所包含的数据。一实施例中，利用公共密钥技术用于加密、认证及非否认手段。如本领域技术人员所理解的那样，认证、加密及非否认系统按照相应的ANSI和ISO标准及准则运作。
图2更为详细地示出本发明部件及处理。对于该处理必需有三个阶段：始发、跟踪及付款。图2示出采购商为运作该系统的金融机构的客户时的始发阶段。第一阶段中，采购商130的L/C申请和/或PO由Financial System 175接收并处理。第二阶段中，商品经过制造、提取或采办以及装运，该处理过程所需的全部单证如图3A和图3B进一步所说明的由TradeDOC 100生成。最后阶段则根据L/C或公开帐户进行付款和征收。全部阶段中每一行为由交易中所涉及各方均可访问的Trade Manager 150跟踪(如下面所提及的那样，Trade Manager 150的某些信息仅可由基于当事方之间协议的某些当事方获得)。
如图2所示，该处理过程由其本身将PO或者将PO或L/C申请发送给银行的采购商130始发。一较佳实施例中，经互联网或其他电子通信手段以电子形式从采购商130接收单证。作为替代，可以纸件形式接收单证，并由银行职员以人工方式键入或扫描进来。图2所示的本发明一实施例中，从采购商130接收到的PO由FinancialSystem 175存储(存栈)于数据仓栈215中以便接下来按客户商业规则归入一个或多个L/C。这对于不想开发或购买一L/C系统来跟踪监视其L/C和相关联PO的采购商130来说，是一项吸引人的业务。如上所述，某些贸易交易不需要L/C，在这些交易中采购商130仅发送PO，由它始发Financial System 175中一公开帐户事务。
当从采购商130接收到电子文档时，TradeEDI 125(图2中未图示)便翻译进来的数据，并利用数据库205中包含的客户档案将数据映射至Financial System 175。对L/C事务和公开帐户事务两者执行翻译和映射。若采购商130请求了银行根据该PO创建一L/C，便由自动L/C模块225自动生成该L/C。自动L/C用采购商130的PO信息和数据库205中包含的对采购商130预先建立的客户档案。采购商130的档案包含采购商130所用的标准L/C模板，其中包括用于该贸易交易中所涉及的特定销售商100的标准L/C文本和条款及条件。自动L/C225生成的L/C根据PO信息以及采购商档案定制。举例来说，若PO显示一特定销售商120，采购商130和销售商120便可具有反映在采购商档案中的一套达成一致的条款和条件。对于不同的销售商120，条款和条件可以不同，这些差异反映在对涉及该销售商120的交易所用的不同的标准模板。各个模板存储于数据库205中的采购商档案。此外，不同条款和条件依据PO中所包含的商品、数量、交货日期……生成。
Financial System 175用客户档案数据库205中采购商130档案中所包含的受益方(例如销售商)和其他当事方的预先创建的条款和条件来提供数据的确认。来自客户档案205的数据和Financial System 175所需的数据与从采购商130进来的数据相比较以确保完整和符合所要求的UCP码。若没有矛盾，Financial System 175就针对采购商130自动执行信用检查，并在Auto Release(自动发布)处理230(也称为直通车处理)中创建L/C。该处理过程不需要人工处理。若发现采购商130的数据和客户持续有效的档案205之间有矛盾，Financial System 175便将该事务送至Repair(修正单元)210以便与采购商130一起进行人工查看和可能的修正或澄清。Financial System 175使这种矛盾突出显示以方便查看过程。
一旦消除了这种矛盾，或没有矛盾的话，Auto Release230便更新TradeManager 150中各个数据库，若销售商120是一客户或银行贸易伙伴的一客户，即采购商130的全球供应链网络其中一部分，信息将送至TradeDOC 100来反映所颁发的L/C状态。Trade Manager 150通知销售商120(或其顾问银行或其他代理机构)颁发L/C，销售商120因此可着手其制造/提取、采办及装运运作。
如上所述，所谓Open Account事务这类某些事务不需要L/C和PO，单独形成该事务的初始单证。这种情形下，PO首先被验证有效(对于上面所述的一致完整的信息而言)，接着由Financial System 175映射至其本身的内部数据库用于FinancialSystem 175跟踪用途。一旦完成这种验证和映射，PO信息便发送至Trade Manager150和TradeDOC 100以便被那些模块的数据库所包含。Trade Manager 150接着通知销售商120(或其代理机构)L/C的颁发和收到，销售商120因此可着手其制造/提取、采办及装运运作。
本发明一替代实施例中，采购商130可用一不同的银行来颁发L/C。该实施例中，采购商130可与其全部银行服务提供商订立协议以便用TradeEDI 125、TradeManager 150和TradeDOC 100服务于其所有贸易运作。本实施例中本发明系统的运作方是作为一外包承包商运作的，并不象颁证银行或顾问银行那样具有责任。该实施例中，采购商130还会用TradeEDI 125、Trade Manager 150和TradeDOC 100与其卖主订立同样协议。这允许采购商在一个地方拥有全部采购及付款信息，以便可以更高效率管理其全球供应链。采购商130通过Trade Manager 150或TradeEDI 125创建一电子L/C申请，并且选择其指定的颁证银行。L/C申请和PO信息用采购商客户档案验证有效并映射至Financial System 175中。该完成的L/C事务送至Trade Manager150以允许颁证银行查看并准予该事务。L/C数据以及条款和条件可由颁证银行下载利用与其内部金融系统的界面。准予处理过程可以是单级或多级准予。核准人的数目也可取决于L/C的美元数量。一旦该指定的颁证银行准予Trade Manager 150上的事务，便由指定银行发布L/C并将L/C颁发给顾问银行或销售商100。若涉及有顾问银行，L/C将由Financial System 175通过SWIFT、Telex或邮件送至指定的顾问银行。所颁发的L/C信息可从Trade Manager 150下载，或由TradeEDI 125送至指定的颁证银行以更新它们的内部金融系统。使得L/C信息仅对于L/C颁证银行和采购商130可资利用。若颁证银行和采购商130与销售商100和其他相关贸易伙伴有协议，TradeManager 150上的L/C信息也可由这些当事方访问。L/C及PO信息发送至TradeDOC 100用于准备贸易单证，也可辅助销售商100管理其L/C。
不论所运作的单证是PO还是PO和/或L/C，这些单证的全部信息被包括在TradeManager 150的数据库中。Trade Manager 150中最为有意义的部分是允许数据输入、修改、查询和查看的数据库(关系型、面向对象型或两者的组合)、商业规则以及客户档案。较佳实施例中，基于L/C的每一记录包含关于以下字段的数据：L/C号、PO号、受益方名称(例如销售商120)、受益方地址、受益方国家、装运方名称(可选)、装运方地址(可选)、商品描述(可选)、项目号或样式号(可选)、颜色(可选)、尺寸(可选)、装运期限(可选)、装货港(可选)、装货港国家(可选)、目的地港(可选)、目的地港国家(可选)、最早装运日期(可选)、最迟装运日期、运输方式(可选)、数量、数量计量单位、币种、单价、单价计量单位(若不同于数量计量单位则可选)、总数量、采购商130的SKU号(可选)、销售商120的SKU号(可选)、制造商的SKU号(可选)、部门号(可选)、汇票期限种类(可选)、汇票期限日(可选)、汇票期限码(可选)以及状态。上述清单并未穷尽，与上述数据字段任意种类数相比，本发明的特定实施方案可或多或少地采用。此外，较佳数据库的主要索引是L/C，但其他实施方案所具有的记录可基于PO。
虽然上述讨论针对的是来自采购商130的单个PO，实际上若干个PO(每一PO含多项)可被单个L/C所涵盖，或被视为Open Account贸易交易中的一部分。TradeManager 150向客户档案提供其相关联卖主档案和客户商业规则以便在L/C和L/C所涵盖的PO之间相关。银行通常想以L/C为着眼点跟踪贸易运作状态(因为L/C是有作用的金融单证)，但采购商130和销售商120更为关注PO状态及其费用款项，因为这些款项代表商品。为了适应各方的需要，Trade Manager 150提供对数据库的不同视图。一较佳实施例中，由受益方(销售商120)按L/C或PO提供种种视图。另外，采购商还可以就商品目录在L/C上加上比PO中所含的更具有说明性的信息来保护自己(例如纤维含量、项目种类(即玩具类)等)。
响应用户(例如采购商130)的查询，Trade Manager 150数据库记录以表格形式向用户显示。举例来说，若采购商130对Trade Manager 150数据库查询涉及受益方公司XYZ(即销售商120)的全部交易。Trade Manager 150所生成的报表就每一项与公司XYZ的交易列出PO号、L/C号、商品数量、单价、总计PO数量以及当前状态。可理解Trade Manager 150所能显示的信息可以为个别用户定制。举例来说，一特定采购商130可能对所提议的交货日期的关注甚于对单价的关注。可很容易地将这些交货日期结合进给该采购商130的报告当中。如上所述，较佳实施例中，同样的报表视图可用于按L/C和/或PO分类。
在集成TradeDOC 100和Trade Manager 150方面，采购商120的信息可为采购商130所利用。若采购商130和销售商120同意，诸如制造商状态信息、装运状态信息等这类信息可为采购商130用来监视跟踪。这将允许采购商130对商品的库存及分销进行管理或在情况变化时可能重新组织装运。
Trade Manager 150其中一主要任务是在相应L/C存续期间跟踪PO的历史。若PO或L/C因修正或付款而被更新，所记录的数值并非被覆盖，而是Trade Manager 150创建修正或付款记录，该记录接着链接回到数据库的PO和/或L/C记录。用户查看Trade Manager 150数据库的数据时，得到一对所选定记录变焦仔细查看的选择权。用户变焦仔细查看时，Trade Manager 150便显示记录细节以及历史(即全部的修正和付款)。一较佳实施例中，历史部分显示的是数量和总量两者的动态平衡。
Trade Manager 150允许得到相应授权的用户输出文档。所支持的标准格式诸如是ASCII、ExcelTM和LotusTM文档。可利用上面所述的任何手段诸如通过互联网或其他私人电子数据交换(EDI)来发生输出。用户可从全部可资利用的数据单元当中选择并规定其要输出的各个数据单元。另外，用户还可规定另外的选择标准，诸如数据范围、平衡数量或受益方。与L/C或PO事务相关联的贸易单证、打印文档及电子消息可用来由销售商120、采购商130及其他贸易伙伴查看。此外，Trade Manager 150还支持将信息按进度下载给用户。该特征对于其所维持的互联网系统需要用TradeManager 150可提供的信息进行更新的采购商130和销售商120来说是很吸引人的。Trade Manager 150还为其用户提供档案服务。通常用户要到记录中所体现的贸易交易已经完成(例如到期、取消或完全收回)才希望某些记录存档。
如上面简要说明的那样，Trade Manager 150提供若干安全机制来确保系统与其用户之间的保密通信。这些安全机制包括加密、认证以及非否认。此外，还向每一用户提供一包括用户授权访问的数据在内的档案。很自然，Trade Manager 150阻止特定客户查看另一客户的贸易交易。Trade Manager 150还提供一客户可在其中指定其的哪些雇员可查看特定数据的访问安全级。举例来说，出口商(销售商120)可指定其制造雇员可以查看PO数据而非与贸易交易相关联的L/C金融数据。较佳实施例中，全部用户(而非银行职员)对于Trade Manager 150中所存储数据只有读出权限。这种安全特征确保没有人能够有意、更可能是无意地改动数据库中所包含的数据。若用户发现数据库中出错或其他矛盾，便通知银行操作员，其具有能力修改该数据以便改正该错误。
如上所述，本发明较佳实施例中，用户用标准浏览器和互联网访问TradeManager 150。本发明有意义方面以及优点其中之一是分布在地理范围的交易各方通过利用互联网可分别登录到Trade Manager 150，并即时确定特定交易状态。这相对于确定交易状态通常包含跨若干时区的若干通电话或传真是一革命性量变。
随着Trade Manager 150数据库人口的增长，TradeDOC 100的类似数据库其人口也随交易数据增长。较佳实施例中，Financial System 175、Trade Manager 150及TradeDOC 100各自保存它们自己的独立数据库。采取这种实施方案，其中一个技术原因是，某一系统对数据库的加载不影响其他系统使用该数据库，因而性能可随独立数据库增强。保存独立数据库的一个要求是各个数据库中的数据必须同步。保存独立数据库的另一原因是，Financial System 175、Trade Manager 150及TradeDOC100各自可分开独立运作。举例来说，某些销售商100可能想仅用TradeDOC 100来管理它们自己的内部处理流程而不需要Financial System 175或Trade Manager 150所提供的任何功能。本实施例中，可建立仅集成TradeDOC 100及其独立数据库的设施用于这种销售商100。一替代实施例中，可对Financial System 175、TradeManager 150及TradeDOC 100提供单个共用数据库。该实施例中，不需要数据同步，但如上所述可能有性能影响。不过在小规模站点，全部这些数据库可组合为单个数据库。
如上面简要说明的，TradeDOC 100是从通知销售商120有关L/C和/或PO时起到征收所交货商品款项时这段时间贸易处理流程的管理工具。如上所述，某些销售商120可能与银行达成协议，在银行并不具有成为颁证银行或顾问银行能力的情况下用TradeDOC 100来生成贸易单证。这是很可能的，因为TradeDOC 100通常由银行的单证制作组运作，该组与管理Financial System 175的L/C部门是分开的。此外，采购商130还可在其与销售商120的协议中委托销售商120用TradeDOC 100管理其单证处理流程。对于那些作为直接来自采购商130或采购商130的颁证银行或销售商120的顾问银行的L/C或PO的受理方的销售商120来说，TradeDOC 100可具有与Trade Manager150相同的信息。该实施例中，用直接从销售商120或从顾问银行或颁证银行所提供的L/C和/或PO信息更新TradeDOC 100和Trade Manager 150两者。这包括任何修正和付款信息。
图2所示较佳实施例中，TradeDOC 100由金融机构代表其客户即销售商120运作，但若交易中的销售商120愿意，就可将对TradeDOC 100系统的访问授权给其他许可的用户(例如采购商130)。某些销售商120会不想让采购商监视销售商处理流程中的内部状态，而某些采购商则会坚持这种监视能力。下面是结合图3对TradeDOC100运作的全面说明，但如图2通常所示，TradeDOC 100生成贸易交易所需的全部单证，并与诸如运输商、经纪人、海关等政府机构、装运商250、保险提供商260以及供应链各方这种第三方互动，以便确保此处理流程顺畅，不因不正确或不充分单证而担搁。
图3A和图3B示出对销售商120完成贸易运作所需单证的生成处理流程进行辅助管理的TradeDOC 100运作。如上述附图中进一步所示，TradeDOC 100还通过确保商品按照L/C和/或PO制造在其内部制造流程辅助销售商120。说明TradeDOC 100处理流程之前，先对TradeDOC 100所用数据库进行简要说明。TradeDOC 100中的数据库与Trade Manager 150中所保存的数据库相同。TradeDOC 100中每一记录较好是包含下列字段：颁证银行L/C号、顾问银行L/C号、颁证银行名称及地址、顾问银行名称及地址、受益方名称及地址、L/C货币币种、L/C数量、L/C颁证日期、L/C届满日期、L/C汇票期限、最近装运日期、商品库存、转运允许指示符、分运允许指示符、特别指令、赔偿指令以及修改次数。由此可见，TradeDOC 100的某些字段与TradeManager 150数据库中的相同(例如L/C号)，而其他(例如转运允许指示符)只是TradeDOC 100生成单证所要求的，因而未被Trade Manager 150跟踪。
TradeDOC 100接收上面就贸易交易说明的字段数据，从而在TradeDOC 100数据库中创建一L/C记录。如下面就图3A和图3B将要说明的，TradeDOC 100可根据L/C条款创建一所需单证清单。TradeDOC 100将L/C条款和条件分析拆解为各属性以及处理规则，以便使对于单证要求的判定处理更为自动。除了每一交易的L/C记录，TradeDOC 100可(基于客户的标准指令)根据L/C或PO中包含的“商品库存”数据创建一个或多个“销售单”记录(注意一个L/C或PO可有超过一个的“销售单”与其相关联)。如下面更为全面的说明，TradeDOC 100允许基于其自己的销售单而非采购商130所发出的PO或L/C对交易保持跟踪。若数据源自采购商130、或采购商颁证银行或顾问银行，以待定状态建立一销售单记录，因为TradeDOC 100需要受益方(销售商120)提供销售单记录细节(例如“销售单号”这种记录细节)。若数据直接源自销售商120，便输入数据，并将销售单记录状态设定为“销售单经过确认”。
反映商业贸易性质时，偶尔会发生对L/C或PO的修改，因而TradeDOC 100能够处理这种修改。对L/C或PO的修改以电子或硬拷贝形式来自采购商130或顾问银行。最好，如对初始通知的L/C或PO所说明的，对L/C或PO的修改包含全部字段数据。经过修改的L/C或PO中，数据反映的是经过修改的条款。一旦收到该修改的L/C或PO，TradeDOC 100根据下列核对标准：颁证银行L/C号、顾问银行L/C号以及L/C状态并非“撤消”，从TradeDOC 100数据库当中检索初始的L/C或PO记录。若未发现所核对的记录，或发现记录但对经过核对的L/C检测的是错误记录，交易便带有一例外报告标志，L/C的修改处理流程便被终止。若L/C的状态是“已经届满”或“预定结束”而且所提议的经修改L/C中的“届满日期”比处理日期还早的话，交易便带有一例外报告标志，并使修改流程终止有待TradeDOC 100操作员的人工修改。
对一经修改L/C或PO处理过程中，TradeDOC 100提供下列验证：不应存在一新增加的销售单；必须存在一被删除或被修改的销售单；以及每一经修改销售单相对于其全部相关“发票”(若存在)加以验证来检查余下抵消值。若上述验证失败，TradeDOC 100可显示一警告消息并进行处理流程，或显示一出错消息，并终止处理流程有待于人工修改。与初始的L/C同样，若所提供的数据不完整，必须以人工方式修改。
一旦经修改的L/C得到验证，便基于该修改更新L/C记录。此外，还根据需要基于所修改的L/C条款更新此清单或所需单证(根据L/C和/或PO生成)。这可能意味向该清单加新单证，从清单当中删除老单证和/或修改该清单上任何现存单证所需份数。最后，若修改了L/C的商品库存便更新销售单记录。这可能意味增加新销售单、删除老销售单和/或修改任何现存销售单的各个要素。若经修改L/C的数据来自销售商120以外的其他任何人，必须由销售商120确认任何新的或经修改的销售单。与修改同样，TradeDOC 100能够处理所删除的L/C。必须注意，TradeDOC 100仅修改依据L/C和PO生成的贸易单证或经修改的L/C和/或经修改的PO，但不修改PO或L/C本身。
回到图3A和图3B，上述图示出TradeDOC 100所执行的处理流程以及TradeDOC100与其他系统互动这两者。上述图中示出的该流程的起点是，L/C和/或PO的条款达成一致并归入TradeDOC 100及Trade Manager 150数据库，目前销售商120的义务是根据各方之间达成的协议制造和交货。以电子方式通过Trade Manager 150或TradeEDI 125通知销售商100 L/C或PO。
如上面对TradeDOC 100数据库所述，销售商120据此制造其商品的有效运作单证是一称为销售单的内部单证。尽管未在图中专门示出，TradeDOC 100能够根据L/C和/或PO生成销售商120的销售单。作为替代，销售商120可自己生成销售单。如图3所示，TradeDOC 100与Trade Manager 150通信以便如在Trade Manager 150中所报导的那样保持当前的交易状态。如下面所述随着处理过程中达到里程碑，TradeDOC100提供给Trade Manager 150一更新状态。如上所述，若销售商120和采购商130同意，该状态便可供销售商120和采购商130利用。
一旦销售商120本身或TradeDOC 100生成了销售单，TradeDOC 100便在步骤300将销售单细节与L/C和/或PO细节相比较。该比较是要验证销售商120的销售单与L/C和/或PO的全部要求相符合。举例来说，L/C会需要制造交货1,000单位，而销售商120可能错误地生成规定10,000单元的销售单。步骤300的检查将确保在销售商120在任何未来可能极高代价的行为之前揪住并改正这种错误。
步骤305示出TradeDOC 100所提供的可选功能。实际上，销售商120可处于提供融资即“供方信用”给采购商的地位。若为这种情形，销售商对该特定采购商130在预置的信用限度下检查信用可资利用度。金融机构对采购商130信用可资利用度执行实际的监视，TradeDOC通过提供交易条款来辅助金融机构作出此判断。步骤305中，销售单用于判断融资是否可提供。尽管未在图3A中示出，通过银行运作的TradeDOC100或通过第三方融资源120对融资作出判断。所形成的融资判断回报给销售商120。
同时将销售单提供给TradeDOC 100，销售商120将相同销售单提供给其制造部门122。制造分支122根据销售单生成一其制造雇员将据此制造实际商品的制造说明单。销售单本身并不能由制造雇员在其日常运作及规划功能中利用。尽管图3A规定制造部门122生成一制造说明单，但若已经制造了商品并且进入库存(例如销售商是分销商而非制造商)，制造商部门122便可提供一表明将从库存当中提取的商品项目的库存提取单以便满足销售单。
制造说明书送至TradeDOC 100将销售单与制造说明单相比较。步骤310中这种比较检测采购商130所要求商品的制造说明书(体现在PO或L/C中)和制造部门122计划使得满足采购商130的要求成为可能的商品说明书之间的任何差异。接着，将步骤300的比较用来找出销售商120所用单证中的某些差错。这种差错可能造成错误类型或数目的商品，进而造成销售商120的利润损失。举例来说，若采购商130订购了10,000蓝色单元，而制造商122错误地制造10,000红色单元，销售商120首先必须返工制造最初要求的蓝色单元，很可能造成装运延误，而且销售商120还存在10,000红色单元的积压。
若TradeDOC 100检测出制造说明单和销售单之间矛盾，便通知销售商的生产控制126。最好在进行任何所需制造或取货之前有核对步骤310。由于TradeDOC 100在步骤310执行的比较实际上是一瞬间的，所以销售商120只要确保在制造开始之前某一时刻生成制造说明单并发送至TradeDOC 100。步骤320中，销售商的生产控制126对制造说明单进行改正，并将经改正的制造单送回至TradeDOC 100，对说明单进行相对于销售单的确认比较。若删除了相同或另外的差错，便可在TradeDOC 100和销售商120的生产控制126系统或职员之间进行交互处理过程。一旦未检测出矛盾，制造部门122用经过验证的制造说明单着手并逐渐完成商品制造。
完成步骤310的比较后，在步骤315中TradeDOC 100用经过核对的销售单来创建装运指令(例如装货底单或空运单)。商品装运的管理流程与商品制造流程并行。装货底单或空运单或其他装运指令根据TradeDOC 100数据库生成，该数据库包括但不局限于下列关于装运的数据：申请人/采购商130的名称、货币币种、数量、汇票期限信息、实际装运日期、商品库存、商品描述及数量、采购订单/合同号、名称、第三方单证地址及电话号码(若有的话，例如检查证明，若可能，为合同方)、以及(若有的话)特定指令。本发明之前，销售商120不得不以人工方式生成装运指令，这又造成人为的或制度性差错可能。
一旦步骤315中的自动处理流程生成了装运指令单证，TradeDOC 100便如图3B所示将装运指令(例如提取单)发送给货物运输商(装运商)250。而且，较佳实施例中，将互联网用作装运指令从TradeDOC 100发送至货物运输商250的通信媒介。响应TradeDOC 100的装运指令，装运商250返回一装货底单(B/L)。B/L是运输商品时装运商250所用的商业单证。本发明一替代实施例中，TradeDOC 100可生成该B/L底单，它接着发送至装运商250以请求准许。尽管图3B中未专门说明，但TradeDOC 100在步骤350中检查装运商250的B/L底单，来验证其符合TradeDOC 100先前生成的装运指令细节。
步骤350中，TradeDOC 100用步骤310(参照图3A)的经核对销售单并根据销售商120会计部门124(参照图3A)的应收帐款更新或发票底单自动生成发票。如图3A所示，销售商120的会计部门124仅在销售商的制造部门122通知了会计部门124已经完成商品制造以后才生成应收帐款更新或发票底单。应收帐款更新或发票底单反映的是制造部门122实际制造出的商品。TradeDOC 100验证销售商120的会计系统124的应收帐款更新或发票底单是遵循步骤310所生成的经核对销售单。而且，TradeDOC100的验证确保应收帐款更新或发票底单当中没有人为的或制度性的差错。若从会计系统124的单证当中检测出某些差错，便以人工方式改正这些差错。一旦TradeDOC100验证会计部门124的数据正确，TradeDOC 100便生成构成完成贸易交易所需单证其中一部分并用于创建其余单证这种实际发票。
TradeDOC 100在步骤355所用的步骤350中生成的发票自动生成一装运保险指令。该装运保险指令需要包含有关要求投保商品的相关信息。保险指令(最好经互联网)送至保险提供商390。保险提供商390进而生成所要装运商品的装运保险条款的证明单证并发送回TradeDOC 100。
步骤360中，完成贸易交易所需的全部最终出口单证由TradeDOC 100用TradeDOC100数据库中的现存数据、步骤350的发票、货运商250的最终B/L以及保险提供商390的保险单证自动生成。所生成的最终正式单证包括但不局限于例如发票、提取单、B/L、保险证明以及分析证明。某些情形，客户会用独立的证明经纪人/代理人来证明所要装运的商品，例如SGS。TradeDOC 100向他们提供发票/提取单当中的商品清单，并在完成检查后检查机构将提供经证明的消息。这可利用电子消息或纸质证明/戳印来进行。
步骤375中，步骤360中生成的单证包括装货单和空运单在内，可由TradeDOC100生成一应收帐款保险申请。该申请送至一保险提供商390，它可以与提供装运保险的保险提供商相同或不同。步骤365中，TradeDOC 100能够将最终单证送至需要提前知道这些单证的销售商120的经纪人和代理人。一个例子是一负责确保商品对海关畅通的当地代理人。步骤370中，TradeDOC 100生成对于销售商120就生成全部正式文件所进行服务的服务收费。一较佳实施例中，这些服务收费以电子形式在其中一个其工作站上出示给销售商100。这种服务收费的出示包括一“付款”按钮，销售商120可点击该按钮，销售商120的帐户(例如一按需通知储蓄帐户)便自动按服务收费数量付帐。
某些地区如香港，当地政府要求任何进出口都要向当地贸易部提交一申明。TradeDOC 100可利用TradeDOC 100数据库中全部现成信息生成可提交给香港贸易部(最好经电子通信手段)这样一种出口申明。另外，出口到美国(U.S.)的纺织品需要一出口配额申请。一旦知道界面，TradeDOC 100便能利用与当地政府系统之间的电子界面，以便提交当地政府所需的出口单证。纺织品进口至U.S.需要U.S.的签证。TradeDOC 100可自动生成所需单证，并利用与美国海关系统或与美国海关系统有界面的当地政府系统的界面。举例来说，香港政府贸易部与美国海关系统具有联系以有利于获得所需的U.S.签证。某些商品的出口，例如澳大利亚的奶制品需要澳大利亚政府机构对该产品出具证明。TradeDOC 100能够利用与合适的政府机构的界面获得该电子证明。日用品出口商通常需要提供分析证明以确定产品即铝的质量/纯度。而且TradeDOC 100可利用与出口商或第三方证明人的界面来获得分析证明。
本处理流程的最终步骤是全部最终出口单证送至颁证银行来启动征收处理流程。征收处理流程中，最终单证必须出具给一开放帐户交易下的采购商130或出具给L/C交易下的采购商130的银行(颁证银行)。本发明的一个显著优点是，因为全部最终单证都是电子形式的，单证可(用上面所述的公司内部网)在最靠近采购商130或采购商130的银行的银行地点打印。该远程打印能力很明显地减少出具征收文件所需时间，并且总体上消除单证丢失或其他失误的任何可能。这另外还缩短征收所花时间。若海关和银行成为网络的一部分，该单证可在Web站点邮寄供L/C或订购协议上规定的合适的各方检索。
图4示出开放帐户或L/C交易的征收处理流程。本发明辅助采购商130管理其应付款帐户，并辅助销售商管理其收款帐户。系统会代表采购商130将发票与PO核对，并提供一电子文档等格式来更新采购商130的内部帐户及记录保持系统。系统会代表销售商120将进项的采购商130付款与未结算发票核对，并提供一电子文档等形式来更新销售商120的内部会计及记录保持系统。
如图4所示，TradeDOC 100以电子方式将全部最终贸易单证发送给FinancialSystem 175用于公开帐户或L/C上的付款处理。Financial System 175再一次在步骤420验证检查贸易单证以确保单证与L/C或PO之间没有矛盾。若运作FinancialSystem 175的银行并非是颁证银行，便将贸易单证以电子方式或打印形式送至颁证银行(未图示)，该颁证银行进而通知采购商130付款到期。若运作FinancialSystem 175的银行是颁证银行或为采购商130保存公开帐户，Financial System 175便通知银行的付款系统450收到最终贸易单证。付款系统450进而将L/C付款的债务建议送至Trade Manager 150，它将付款建议送至采购商130。如图4中替代示出的，销售商120可自己告知采购商130在一公开帐户上付款的请求。
与告知付款相并行，若采购商130请求，Financial System 175便能够代表采购商130执行一对帐功能。Financial System 175模块所执行的对帐功能将贸易单证下的付款与(公开帐户交易下的)未结算L/C或PO核对。因为L/C可能包含多项PO，PO和L/C两者可能指多项发票，所以这并非是微不足道的任务。对帐处理流程所生成的文档送至采购商130的会计系统以便完成/更新其帐户应付款记录。
若银行是颁证银行或持有公开帐户，采购商130便向Trade Manager 150提供一付款授权。响应该付款授权，付款系统450便从采购商130的帐户(例如DDA)扣款，并将付款送至销售商120或其银行400。再如上面所述，对于向销售商120收取的服务收费，当Trade Manager 150告知采购商130付款时，Trade Manager 150可集成一“付款”按钮便于得到向销售商120付款的授权。
若销售商120是银行客户，一旦由颁证银行或还款银行付款，便将付款经Financial System 175授信给销售商120的帐户。付款系统450将付款细节连同已经扣除的收费一起发送至TradeDOC 100。TradeDOC 100执行用销售商120的发票细节或费用款项细节来对付款进行对帐的功能。TradeDOC 100所执行的销售商120的对帐功能与Financial System 175相反，因为该销售商120的对帐是基于费用款项进行的。销售商120发票的费用款项细节最好是保存在TradeDOC 100数据库中，而非Financial System 175数据库中。作为替代，若全部具体对帐信息包含在FinancialSystem 175数据库中Financial System 175便可执行销售商120的对帐。由于利用上面就采购商130所述的流程，TradeDOC 100便将应收帐款以及费用的经对帐信息发送至销售商120的会计系统用于更新其应收帐款记录。如上所述，因为销售商120的核心业务是制造和销售商品，因而本发明提供的对帐功能是很理想的。
本发明的一个显著优点是，其可被打包并加上标记(即白色标记)，使得系统用户不知道谁在实际运作该系统。举例来说，该系统可实际由A银行运作，但可将用户界面屏幕设计使得用户认为此系统正由B银行运作。按此方式，B银行能够以与公司形象一致的用户界面对其客户提供服务，而A银行则享有从B银行收到的运作该系统的收益。此外，本发明的各个方案可单独许可和运作。举例来说，某些销售商120可能只想要TradeDOC 100提供的单证功能，而不需要Financial System 175、TradeManager 150或TradeEDI功能。
虽然是相对于其特定实施例对本发明加以说明的，但许多其他变形和用途对本领域技术人员来说将是很明显的。因而希望，本发明并非由在此的具体说明限定，而只能由所揭示内容的实质和范围来限定。

Claims (63)

1.一种与采购商和销售商之间贸易运作相关联单证的处理方法，其特征在于，包括下列步骤：
接收一包含关于该贸易运作需求信息的初始单证；
至少将某些需求信息映射至数据库；以及
用数据库中包含的需求信息自动生成贸易单证。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，初始单证是采购商的采购订单。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，接收初始单证的步骤还包括以电子方式接收初始单证的步骤。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，初始单证是采购商的信用证申请。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
保存一包含采购商所用的标准条款和条件的客户档案；以及
用客户档案中包含的标准条款和条件自动生成信用证。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括当数据库中包含的需求信息和客户档案中包含的标准条款和条件相矛盾时以人工方式修正信用证的步骤。
7.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
颁发信用证；以及
告知销售商该信用证的颁发。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括保存数据库上贸易运作状态的步骤。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括提供采购商和销售商对数据库的访问以便查看贸易运作状态的步骤。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，提供采购商和销售商对数据库访问的步骤还包括在互联网上提供访问。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，提供采购商和销售商对数据库访问的步骤还包括在私人网络上提供访问。
12.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，提供采购商和销售商对数据库访问的步骤还包括在拨号线路上提供访问。
13.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，提供采购商和销售商对数据库访问的步骤还包括提供保密访问。
14.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，靠加密、认证以及非否认手段提供保密访问。
15.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括对采购商和销售商指定的另外当事方提供对数据库访问的步骤。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，初始单证是一信用证申请，该方法还包括下列步骤：
接收采购商的多项采购订单；
存储多项采购订单；以及
用所存储的多项采购订单自动生成信用证。
17.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括响应初始单证生成一销售单的步骤。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于，生成销售单的步骤还包括用数据库中包含的需求信息自动生成销售单的步骤。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于，销售商希望就贸易运作将信用赋予采购商，该方法还包括用自动生成的销售单来确定该信用可资利用度的步骤。
20.如权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
将该销售单与数据库中包含的需求信息相比较以确定任何矛盾；以及
存在某些矛盾时改正销售单，由此生成一经过核对的销售单。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
用销售单生成一制造说明单；
将该制造说明单与经过核对的销售单相比较以确定任何矛盾；以及
存在某些矛盾时改正制造说明单，由此生成一经过核对的制造说明单。
22.如权利要求20所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
用经过核对的销售单自动生成装运指令；以及
将该装运指令发送给一装运商。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法，其特征在于，装运指令为一装货底单。
24.如权利要求22所述的方法，其特征在于，将装运指令发送给装运商的步骤还包括以电子方式发送装运指令的步骤。
25.如权利要求20所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括生成一发票的步骤。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法，其特征在于，生成发票的步骤还包括用经过核对的销售单自动生成发票的步骤。
27.如权利要求25所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
将发票与经过核对的销售单相比较以确定任何矛盾；以及
存在某些矛盾时改正发票，由此生成一经过核对的发票。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
接收一装运商的装运指令；
将装运指令与经过核对的发票相比较以确定任何矛盾；以及
通知装运商这些矛盾，由此该装运商可改正这些矛盾而提供经过核对的装运指令。
29.如权利要求27所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
用经过核对的发票自动生成装运保险指令；以及
将装运保险指令发送给一承保商。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
从承保商接收一保险证明；以及
用保险证明、经过核对的发票和经过核对的装运指令自动生成贸易单证。
30.如权利要求28所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括用经过核对的发票和经过核对的装运指令自动生成贸易单证的步骤。
31.如权利要求30所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括以电子方式通知采购商和销售商所规定的当事方关于生成贸易单证的步骤。
32.如权利要求30所述的方法，其特征在于，贸易单证包括经过核对的发票、经过核对的装运指令、保险证明、提取单以及检验证明。
33.如权利要求30所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括向采购商给出贸易单证用于协商的步骤。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括代表采购商执行对帐功能的步骤。
35.如权利要求34所述的方法，其特征在于，代表采购商执行对帐功能的步骤还包括相对于需求信息对贸易单证规定的到期付款进行对帐的步骤。
36.如权利要求33所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
接收反映采购商给销售商付款的付款信息；以及
响应该付款信息代表销售商执行对帐功能。
37.如权利要求36所述的方法，其特征在于，代表销售商执行对帐功能的步骤还包括相对于经过核对的发票对付款信息进行对帐的步骤。
38.如权利要求30所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括向代表采购商的银行给出贸易单证用于协商的步骤。
39.如权利要求38所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括在银行附近的位置打印单证的步骤。
40.如权利要求39所述的方法，其特征在于，贸易单证以电子方式提供给银行。
41.一种与采购商和销售商之间贸易运作相关联单证的处理系统，其特征在于，该系统包括：
一界面模块，接收一包含关于该贸易运作需求信息的初始单证；
一与该界面模块相连的数据库，该界面模块至少将某些需求信息映射至数据库；以及
一与数据库相连的单证生成模块，该单证生成模块用数据库中包含的需求信息自动生成贸易单证。
42.如权利要求41所述的系统，其特征在于，初始单证是采购商的采购订单。
43.如权利要求41所述的系统，其特征在于，界面模块是以电子方式接收初始单证的电子界面模块。
44.如权利要求41所述的系统，其特征在于，初始单证是采购商的信用证申请。
45.如权利要求44所述的系统，其特征在于，还包括：
一客户档案数据库，该客户档案数据库包含采购商所用的标准条款和条件；以及
一与客户档案数据库相连的信用证生成模块，该信用证生成模块用客户档案中包含的标准条款和条件自动生成信用证。
46.如权利要求45所述的系统，其特征在于，还包括一与信用证生成模块、数据库和客户档案数据库相连的修正模块，该修正模块当数据库中包含的需求信息和客户档案中包含的标准条款和条件相矛盾时便修正信用证。
47.如权利要求41所述的系统，其特征在于，还包括一与数据库相连的跟踪模块，并且在数据库中保存一贸易运作状态，跟踪模块提供采购商和销售商对数据库的访问以便查看贸易运作状态。
48.如权利要求47所述的系统，其特征在于，跟踪模块与互联网相连，并且在互联网上提供对数据库的访问。
49.如权利要求47所述的系统，其特征在于，跟踪模块与私人网络相连，并且在私人网络上提供对数据库的访问。
50.如权利要求47所述的系统，其特征在于，跟踪模块与拨号线路相连，并且在拨号线路上提供对数据库的访问。
51.如权利要求47所述的系统，其特征在于，跟踪模块与界面模块相连，界面模块提供对数据库的保密访问。
52.如权利要求51所述的系统，其特征在于，靠加密、认证以及非否认手段提供保密访问。
53.如权利要求41所述的系统，其特征在于，初始单证是一信用证申请，该系统还包括：
一与界面模块和信用证生成模块相连的采购订单存储设施，采购订单存储设施经界面接口模块从采购商接收到多项采购订单，并且信用证生成模块用采购订单存储设施所存储的多项采购订单自动生成信用证。
54.如权利要求41所述的系统，其特征在于，单证生成模块响应初始单证生成一销售单。
55.如权利要求54所述的系统，其特征在于，单证生成模块用数据库中包含的需求信息生成销售单。
56.如权利要求55所述的系统，其特征在于，还包括一与单证生成模块相连的信用证验证模块，若销售商希望就贸易运作将信用赋予采购商，信用证验证模块便用销售单来确定采购商信用可资利用度。
57.如权利要求54所述的系统，其特征在于，还包括一与单证生成模块和数据库相连的比较改正模块，该比较模块将该销售单与数据库中包含的需求信息相比较以确定任何矛盾，当存在某些矛盾时该比较改正模块改正销售单，由此生成一经过核对的销售单。
58.如权利要求57所述的系统，其特征在于，单证生成模块还采用销售单生成制造说明单，比较改正模块将该制造说明单与经过核对的销售单相比较以确定任何矛盾，当存在某些矛盾时该比较改正模块进一步改正制造说明单，由此生成一经过核对的制造说明单。
59.如权利要求57所述的系统，其特征在于，单证生成模块与界面模块相连，该单证生成模块还用经过核对的销售单生成装运指令，界面模块将该装运指令发送给一装运商。
60.如权利要求57所述的系统，其特征在于，单证生成模块还生成一发票。
61.如权利要求60所述的系统，其特征在于，比较改正模块将发票与经过核对的销售单相比较以确定任何矛盾，并且当存在某些矛盾时改正发票，由此生成一经过核对的发票。
62.如权利要求61所述的系统，其特征在于，单证生成模块用经过核对的发票生成所需的贸易单证。
CN99816335A 1998-12-23 1999-12-23 包括生成、处理和跟踪在内的贸易运作及贸易单证的集成系统和方法 Pending CN1439142A (zh)

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