CN1444242A - 用于直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的开关器 - Google Patents

用于直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的开关器 Download PDF

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CN1444242A
CN1444242A CN03119874A CN03119874A CN1444242A CN 1444242 A CN1444242 A CN 1444242A CN 03119874 A CN03119874 A CN 03119874A CN 03119874 A CN03119874 A CN 03119874A CN 1444242 A CN1444242 A CN 1444242A
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CN1215505C (zh
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森哲也
船木健治
高桥康佑
前西钢三
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Abstract

一种用于直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的开关器,其适用于直流电感负载和直流阻抗负载的任一种直流负载,经过长时间也不会发生以下问题,①由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良;②由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移引起的锁定;③触点间的熔敷和④电弧的异常持续。其特征在于,具有互为相对的可动触点和固定触点,可动触点由至少含有Ag、SnO2和In2O3的金属氧化物总含量为重量的8~15%,SnO2含量为重量6~10%及In2O3含量为重量的1~5%的AgSnO2In2O3合金组成,固定触点由至少含有Ag及ZnO的ZnO含量为重量的7~11%的AgZnO合金组成,假设可动侧的极性为(+)、固定侧的极性为(-)。

Description

用于直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的开关器
技术领域
本发明涉及打开关闭直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的继电器和开关等开关器。
背景技术
现在,作为打开关闭电路的继电器和开关的触点材料,从其性能和价格的观点看,一般可以使用AgCdO合金。若将它们作为可动触点和固定触点的材料使用,无论在直流阻抗负载或直流电感负载任一种直流负载下经过长时间都不会发生以下问题,如由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良、由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移引起的锁定、触点间的熔敷及电弧的异常持续。但是,由于AgCdO触点含有有害物质镉,近年来用户方面有了加强排斥采用含有镉触点的继电器和开关的趋势。在该趋势中开发使用代替AgCdO触点的触点材料的开关器成了当务之急。
现在,作为不含镉的触点材料(以下称为“无镉触点材料”)正在开发使用银-氧化锡-氧化铟系触点(以下称为AgSnO2In2O3系触点)、银-氧化锡系触点(以下称为AgSnO2系触点)、银-镍系触点(以下称为AgNi系触点)、银-氧化锌系触点(以下称为AgZnO系触点)等技术。采用这样的技术,上述触点材料可单独作为可动触点和固定触点通用的触点材料使用。然而,在开关器上使用这种技术存在有适用和不适用的负载范围,上述触点材料并非在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载任一种直流负载下都能代替AgCdO触点。详细地讲,将不含镉的上述触点材料单独作为可动触点和固定触点通用的触点材料使用时,在直流电感负载下产生①由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良;②由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移引起的锁定;③触点间的熔敷和④电弧的异常持续。在直流阻抗负载下发生上述②~④的问题。这样通过将无镉的上述触点材料单独作为上述通用触点材料使用,在上述任何一种负载条件下都能与AgCdO触点置换是非常困难的。
特别在上述无镉触点材料中AgZnO系触点由于以下原因虽然有时用于开关次数较少的断路器等上,但几乎不在开关次数较多的继电器等开关器上使用。
    (1)AgZnO系触点耐消耗性差,有绝缘恶化的危险。
    (2)AgZnO系触点耐消耗性差,寿命次数短。
    (3)AgZnO系触点硬度非常高,小触点加工困难。
由于AgSnO2In2O3触点打开关闭直流电感负载时触点的转移多,因此经常引起电弧异常持续的问题,对直流电感负载很难适用。
为了使无镉触点材料在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载任何一种直流负载下,与AgCdO触点都能置换,虽然进行了大幅度地重新认识开关器结构的尝试,但存在不知道需要花费研究多少时间和费用的问题。
虽然进行了使用不同的无镉材料作为可动触点和固定触点的材料的尝试,但还是不能在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载双方的负载下,总能代替AgCdO触点。即,在上述双方的负载下,并非总能解决①~④的问题。
因此,考虑预先准备使用只在没有电感性的直流阻抗下能防止上述问题发生的触点材料的开关器,和只在具有电感性的直流电感负载下能防止上述问题发生的触点材料的开关器,根据负载有无电感性分别使用它们。然而触点材料的选择不是根据适用开关器负载的电感性有关,而是根据负载电感性的大小(一般是时间常数和电感系数的大小)进行。也就是说即使是直流电感负载,负载电感性的大小根据负载的种类也是各式各样的,尽管将在具有特定电感性的直流电感负载下不产生上述问题的开关器用于直流电感负载,即使适用于具有与上述电感不同电感性的直流电感负载也不一定不发生上述问题。因此,实际上触点材料的选择必须随着确认适用预定的负载电感性的大小进行,其麻烦的程度是显见的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的开关器。其是鉴于上述情况提出的,适用于直流电感负载和直流阻抗负载中任一种直流负载,经过长时间也不会发生①由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良;②由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移引起的锁定;③触点间的熔敷和④电弧的异常持续,而能打开关闭电路。
该说明书中①的所谓“由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良”是指由于触点的消耗,可动触点和固定触点不接触的现象或可动触点和固定触点只接触不导通的现象。考虑到在直流电感负载下断开触点时,由于贮存在负载中的比较大的能量(电弧的放电能量)一下子放出,触点材料不仅引起后述②的转移,还产生往触点周边部附着,结果一方的触点(阴极方)消耗,以至导通不良。在直流阻抗负载下,由于不产生在直流电感负载下那么大能量的电弧放电,故不会引起那样的导通不良。
②的“从一方的触点(阴极侧)到另一方触点(阳极侧)的材料转移而引起的锁定”是指在不同触点的表面间由于触点材料的转移生成的凹部和凸部,挂绊可动触点和固定触点不能分开或分开延迟的现象。这种现象虽然可以在直流的电感负载和阻抗负载任一种负载下发生,但在直流电感负载下的转移几乎从阴极侧向阳极侧在一个方向上发生,而在直流阻抗负载下的转移在从阴极侧向阳极侧的方向和与其相反的方向双向发生。
③的所谓“触点间的熔敷”是指由于触点表面的熔融产生的可动触点和固定触点粘住,不能分开或分开延迟的现象,在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载任一种直流负载下都可能发生。
④由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良;②由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移引起的锁定;③触点间的熔敷和④电弧的异常持续。的“电弧的异常持续”是指可动触点和固定触点完全断开,但在可动触点和固定触点之间电弧放电持续比较长的时间(例如超过数百ms)的现象,在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载任一种直流负载下都可能发生。
本发明涉及用于直流负载的触点结构和具有该结构的继电器、开关等用于直流负载的开关器。其特征在于,具有互为相对的可动触点和固定触点,可动触点由至少含有Ag、SnO2和In2O3的金属氧化物总含量为重量的8~1 5%、SnO2含量为重量6~10%及In2O3含量为重量的1~5%的AgSnO2In2O3合金组成,固定触点由至少含有Ag及ZnO的ZnO含量为重量的7~11%的AgZnO合金组成,假设可动侧的极性为(+)、固定侧的极性为(-)。
该说明书中在表示触点材料的组成时“Ag-xM”意味着是由Ag和M组成的合金,M的含量占整个重量的X%。例如“Ag-8ZnO”意味着是Ag和ZnO组成的合金,ZnO的含量是整个重量的8%。又如“Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3”意味着是由Ag和SnO2及In2O3组成的合金,SnO2的含量相对总重量占8%,In2O3的含量相对总重量占3%。
附图说明
图1是表示作为具有本发明的触点结构的开关器的电磁继电器整体结构的纵剖面概图;
图2是表示作为具有本发明的触点结构的开关器的开关整体结构的纵剖面概图。
符号说明
1:底板部,2:线圈端子,3a:通用端子,3b:固定触头,4:可动铁片,5:电磁铁,6:固定支架,7:可动触头,8:固定触点,9:可动触点,10:盒体,11:继电器,12:盒体,13:固定触头,14:通用端子,15:操作钮,16:可动触头,17:可动触点,18:固定触点,19:开关。
具体实施方式
本发明的用于直流负载的触点结构具有可以打开关闭电路中直流负载的转换功能,是构成继电器、开关等用于直流负载的开关器的一部分。本发明用于直流负载的触点结构具有互为相对的可动触点和固定触点,可动触点由AgSnO2In2O3合金组成,固定触点由AgZnO合金组成。若用AgZnO合金组成可动触点,用AgSnO2In2O3合金组成固定触点,在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载至少一种负载会比较早地产生诸如由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良、由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移引起的锁定、触点间的熔敷和电弧的异常持续问题。
形成可动触点的AgSnO2In2O3合金是至少包括Ag、SnO2和In2O3的合金。只要能达到本发明上述目的,也可包含其它微量元素(金属或金属氧化物)。
在AgSnO2In2O3合金中含有的金属氧化物(如SnO2、In2O3)的总含量是重量的8~15%,最好是重量的10~12%。若在Ag触点中添加SnO2和In2O3,触点分开时的电弧的遮挡能力提高,添加量越多效果越好。如在触点分开时电弧的持续时间在触点材料是单独的Ag时较长为15.8ms,而用Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3触点时是13.5ms。因此,若这样的金属氧化物的总含量过少,由于触点分开时电弧的持续时间变长,转移量变多,结果容易发生电弧的异常持续。另一方面,若金属氧化物的总含量过多,对触点形状的加工变得困难。另外,由于触点的接触阻抗加大,作为开关器不耐用。
SnO2的含量是AgSnO2In2O3合金总重量的6~10%,最好是总重量的7~9%。SnO2比In2O3便宜,硬度高,提高了耐熔敷性。因此,若SnO2含量过少,为了达到上述金属氧物的总含量,产生增大In2O3的含量需求,制造成本提高。另一方面,若SnO2含量过多,为了达到上述金属氧物的总含量,产生减少In2O3的含量的需要,合金的硬度变大,对触点形状的加工很困难。
In2O3的含量是AgSnO2In2O3合金总重量的1~5%,最好是总重量的2~4%。若In2O3含量过少,对触点的加工变得困难。另一方面,若含量过多,会产生制造成本提高的问题。
形成固定触点的AgZnO合金是至少包含Ag和ZnO的合金。只要能达到本发明的上述目的,也可以包含其它微量元素(金属或金属氧化物)。
ZnO含量是AgZnO合金重量的7~11%,最好是8~10%。对于直流电感负载,在Ag触点中添加ZnO的情况下,在触点分开时的电弧的遮挡能力提高,添加量越多效果越好。如在触点分开时的电弧的持续时间相对触点材料只是Ag时的15.8ms,而在Ag-8ZnO时为12.8ms,在Ag-10ZnO时为12.4ms。这被认为是由于ZnO比Ag容易蒸发,消费更多的电弧能的缘故。其证据被认为表现在ZnO比Ag的蒸汽压高(ZnO:在1673K时是400Pa,Ag:在1673K时是133Pa)。但是,若ZnO含量过少就不能充分得到这一效果,在直流电感负载下电弧的持续时间变得比较长,转移变大。然后产生电弧的异常持续。另一方面,若ZnO含量过多,AgZnO合金的加工性变差,制造困难。
只要AgSnO2In2O3合金和AgZnO合金的各种成份含有规定的量,用什么样的公认的方法调制都可以。例如既可以用粉末冶金的方法调制,也可以用内部氧化法调制。
本发明也涉及开关器。本发明开关器是用于直流负载的,只要具有如上用于直流负载的触点结构,可以具有任何结构。例如可以是继电器、开关等。
例如用图1对本发明的开关器是继电器时的一实施例进行说明。图1是表示作为本发明的开关器的电磁继电器的整体结构的纵剖面概图。在图1中,1是底板部,插通固定着线圈端子2、通用端子3a和固定触头3b。4可摇动地安装在固定支架6的前端部,是通过电磁铁5驱使摇动的可动铁片,由弹簧材料组成的可动触头7保持在该可动铁片4上。8是固定在上述固定触头3b前端部的固定触点。与该固定触点8相对,打开、闭合自如的可动触点9面对固定触点8安装在上述可动触头7的前端部上。10为包覆上述各结构部件并装在上述底板1上的盒体。
又如用图2说明本发明的开关器是开关时的一实施例。图2是表示作为本发明的开关器的开关的整体结构的纵剖面概图。在图2中,12是用电绝缘树脂成形的开关盒体,插通固定着固定触头13和通用端子14,同时滑动自如地贯通保持着开关操作钮15。16是响应上述开关操作钮15的操作而动作的触头,可动触点17安装在其前端部上。18是相对上述可动触点17打开关闭自如的固定触点,面对可动触点17固定在上述固定触头13的前端部上。
本发明的用于直流负载的触点结构和开关器将可动触点的极性设为(+)、固定触点的极性设为(-)使用。所谓“将可动触点的极性设为(+)、固定触点的极性设为(-)使用”意味着连接使用触点结构和开关器,使得在直流负载下使用时,可动触点连接在直流电源的阳极侧,固定触点连接在阴极侧。例如在直流电感负载条件下使用图1的本发明的继电器时,只要将通用端子3a接在直流电源的阳极侧,该通用端子3a与具有可动触点9的可动触头7电连接;将固定触头3b连接在直流电源的阴极侧,该触头3b具有固定触点8,就可以使用该继电器。
以上的本发明的用于直流负载的触点结构和开关器无论在直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载任一种直流负载条件下使用,经过较长时间都不会引起,由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良,由于从一方的触点向另一方触点的材料转移产生的锁定,触点间的熔敷和电弧的异常持续等问题,能够打开关闭电路。而且本发明的用于直流负载的触点结构和开关器即使将可动触点和固定触点之间的打开力设定在0.03~0.7N,接触力设定在0.05~0.5N的比较低的值,经过长时间也不会引起上述问题,可以打开关闭电路。所谓分开力是可动触点从固定触点离开时所需要的可动触点的驱动力,是预先设定的初始设定项目之一。所谓接触力是可动触点与固定触点接触时所需要的可动触点的驱动力,是预先设定的初始设定项目之一。
本发明的用于直流负载的触点结构和开关器可用于从家用弱电装置到工厂用的强电装置的所有的电器电子装置的直流电路。如对电流值为2~30A,特别是2A以上,不到20A的直流电路的打开关闭是有效的。
实施例(实验例1~22)
将由表中所述的触点材料结构的铆接点(可动触点、固定触点)分别铆接在可动触头和固定触头上,通过将这些部件装入继电器而得到图1所示结构的继电器。表中触点材料除所述的金属和金属氧化物外,不含其它的金属和金属氧化物。
将得到的继电器以可动侧的极性做成规定极性的方式连接,在下面的①和②负载条件下进行评价。详细地讲,对于各继电器进行30万次开关,在①的直流阻抗负载的条件下,没有产生由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移产生的锁定和触点间的熔敷和电弧的异常持续,在②的直流电感负载的条件下没有产生由于触点的消耗产生的导通不良,和由于从一方的触点到另一方触点的材料转移产生的锁定,以及触点间的熔敷和电弧的异常持续,对于在这两种条件下的继电器是“良好”的。评价在各种条件下对5个继电器进行。在表中显示了良好的继电器的个数。例如“1/5”意味着在评价的5个继电器中,一个继电器是“良好”。对于本发明,在条件①和②双方的条件下,若是“5/5”则该触点材料合格。
①DC30V,10A,阻抗负载,分开力0.5N/接触力0.2N
②DC30V,5A,电感负载(T=7ms),分开力0.5N/接触力0.2N
表1
实验例No                 结构材料   可动侧的极性   进行试验负荷的条件和结果
可动触点 固定触点       ①DC30V 10A阻抗负载     ②DC30V 5A电感负载
  1     Ag-12CdO     Ag-12CdO     (+)     5/5个     5/5个
  2     Ag-12CdO     Ag-12CdO     (-)     5/5个     5/5个
  3     Ag-8ZnO     Ag-8ZnO     (+)     0/5个     5/5个
  4     Ag-8ZnO     Ag-8ZnO     (-)     0/5个     5/5个
  5     Ag-10ZnO     Ag-10ZnO     (+)     0/5个     5/5个
  6     Ag-10ZnO     Ag-10ZnO     (-)     0/5个     5/5个
  7     Ag-12ZnO     Ag-12ZnO     (+)     0/5个     4/5个
  8     Ag-12ZnO     Ag-12ZnO     (-)     0/5个     4/5个
  9     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     (+)     5/5个     0/5个
  10     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     (-)     5/5个     0/5个
  11     Ag-10Ni     Ag-10Ni     (+)     0/5个     0/5个
  12     Ag-10Ni     Ag-10Ni     (-)     0/5个     0/5个
  *13     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-8ZnO     (+)     5/5个     5/5个
  14     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-8ZnO     (-)     0/5个     0/5个
  *15     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-10ZnO     (+)     5/5个     5/5个
  16     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-10ZnO     (-)     0/5个     0/5个
  17     Ag-8ZnO     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     (+)     5/5个     0/5个
  18     Ag-8ZnO     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     (-)     0/5个     5/5个
  19     Ag-10ZnO     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     (+)     5/5个     0/5个
  20     Ag-10ZnO     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     (-)     0/5个     5/5个
  21     Ag-10Ni     Ag-8ZnO     (+)     0/5个     5/5个
  22     Ag-8SnO2-3In2O3     Ag-10Ni     (+)     0/5个     0/5个
*实验例13和15的继电器具有本发明的结构。
由上表根据实验可以确认13、15项(本发明)的继电器与负载的电感性无关,在什么时候都能在大范围的直流负载下使用。
13、15项以外的继电器不能满足直流电感负载和直流阻抗负载的至少一方。
例如,除可动触点和固定触点的极性改变外,与本发明的继电器相同的继电器(14、16项)和触点材料和极性的组合与本发明的继电器相同,可动触点材料和固定触点材料的组合进行交换的继电器(18、20项)不能满足直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载的双方。
又如21、22项的继电器除可动触点材料或固定触点材料改变外与13项的继电器是相同的,但不能通过直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载双方。
本发明的用于直流负载的触点结构和开关器(例如继电器、开关等)具有以下效果。
(1)将本发明的触点结构和开关器适用于直流阻抗负载和直流电感负载的任一种直流负载,经过长时间都不会发生导通不良、触点熔敷、锁定和电弧异常持续等问题。因此,由于不必根据每一负载的电感性的大小选择触点材料,可以使触点材料通用,结果可以提供总能适用于大范围的直流负载的触点结构和开关器。
(2)由于不使用对环境有害的材料,安全性好。
(3)由于不必附加特别的结构,而不会使成本上升。

Claims (4)

1.一种用于直流负载的触点结构,其特征在于,具有互为相对的可动触点和固定触点,可动触点由至少含有Ag、SnO2和In2O3的金属氧化物总含量为重量的8~15%、SnO2含量为重量6-10%及In2O3含量为重量的1~5%的AgSnO2In2O3合金组成,固定触点由至少含有Ag及ZnO的ZnO含量为重量的7~11%的AgZnO合金组成,设定可动侧的极性为(+)、固定侧的极性为(-)。
2.一种用于直流负载的开关器,其具有如权利要求1所述的触点结构。
3.一种继电器,其具有如权利要求1所述的触点结构。
4.一种开关,其具有如权利要求1所述的触点结构。
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CN1215505C (zh) 2005-08-17
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CA2421476A1 (en) 2003-09-11
US6934134B2 (en) 2005-08-23
DE60300204T2 (de) 2005-12-22
CA2421476C (en) 2008-04-22
DE60300204D1 (de) 2005-01-20
KR20030074267A (ko) 2003-09-19
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EP1345243A1 (en) 2003-09-17
US20030184928A1 (en) 2003-10-02

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