CN1575377B - 在地层中形成孔的方法和系统以及由该方法和系统形成的孔和所产生的混合物 - Google Patents

在地层中形成孔的方法和系统以及由该方法和系统形成的孔和所产生的混合物 Download PDF

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CN1575377B
CN1575377B CN028211057A CN02821105A CN1575377B CN 1575377 B CN1575377 B CN 1575377B CN 028211057 A CN028211057 A CN 028211057A CN 02821105 A CN02821105 A CN 02821105A CN 1575377 B CN1575377 B CN 1575377B
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哈罗德·J·维内加
罗宾·A·哈特曼
克里斯托弗·A·普拉特
克里斯托弗·K·哈里斯
戈登·B·莱珀
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/02—Extraction using liquids, e.g. washing, leaching, flotation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/06—Reclamation of contaminated soil thermally
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/24—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by heating with electrical means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/166—Injecting a gaseous medium; Injecting a gaseous medium and a liquid medium
    • E21B43/168—Injecting a gaseous medium
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
    • E21B43/305—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells comprising at least one inclined or horizontal well
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0224—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using seismic or acoustic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C2101/00—In situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/028—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections
    • E21B17/0285—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections characterised by electrically insulating elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/40—Ethylene production
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
    • Y10S210/901—Specified land fill feature, e.g. prevention of ground water fouling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

描述了一种用来在一含烃地层中形成孔的方法。沿第一孔的一部分设置多个磁铁。采用系列磁场的磁跟踪形成地层中的第二孔。第二孔可与第一孔相隔一预定的距离。

Description

在地层中形成孔的方法和系统以及由该方法和系统形成的孔和所产生的混合物
技术领域
本发明一般涉及用来从不同含烃地层产出烃、氢和/或其他产物的方法和系统，还涉及由该方法和系统形成的孔和所产生的混合物。某些实施例涉及用磁跟踪在含烃地层形成孔或井筒的方法和系统。
背景技术
由地下(例如，沉积)地层获得的烃常用作能源、原料和消费品。对耗尽可资利用的烃资源和对产出的烃总体质量不断下降的忧虑已导致开发各种工艺用来更有效地采收、处理和/或使用可资利用的烃资源。原地处理可被用来从地层中提取烃料。地层中烃料的化学和/或物理性质可能需加以改变以使烃料更易于从地层中提取。这些化学和物理变化可包括产出可提取流体的原地反应、地层中烃料的成分变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相的变化和/或粘度变化。流体可以是，但不限于，气体、液体、乳状液、稀浆和/或具有类似液流的流动特性的固粒流。
授予Kuckes的美国专利No.5,485,089和授予Kuckes的美国专利No.RE36,569描述了一种用来确定一井筒到一大体平行的附近目标井的距离的方法，目标井则是用来引导钻井筒的。该方法包括将一磁场传感器配置在井筒中一已知深度处并在目标井中设置一磁场源。
授予Kuckes的美国专利No.5,515,931和授予Kuckes的No.5,657,826描述了一种用于连续定向钻井筒的单导线系统。该系统包括一大致平行于井筒的理想路线延伸的导线。
授予Kuckes等人的美国专利No.5,725,059描述了一种为用来产生一地下阻挡层的井筒导向用的方法和装置。该方法包括：钻第一参考井筒，缩回钻杆同时将一种密封材料注入井筒周围的土地，再同时将一导线拉入井筒。导线被用来在参考井筒周围产生一相应磁场。磁场的矢量分量被用来确定正在被钻的井筒到参考井筒的距离和方向以便为钻井筒导向。授予Kuckes的美国专利No.5,512,830；授予Hartmann等人的No.5,541,517；授予Kuckes的No.5,589,775；授予Hartmann的No.5,787,997和授予Kuckes的No.5,923,170描述了用磁或电磁场测量井筒间距离和方向的方法。
对某些井筒而言，相邻井筒间距可能需保持为一选定距离并保持在一定允差之内。若所选的井筒间距未被保持在允差之内，这些井筒就可能是无用的或许需重钻或改钻，这可费用不小。因此，需要用来在要求的允差内形成以选定距离隔开的井筒的技术。这些技术也必须可靠，可用来形成可以不同角度在地层中形成的各种井筒。
如以上所概述，一直存在着大量的努力，为的是开发出经济地从含烃地层生产烃、氢和/或其他产品的方法和系统。但现在仍存在着许多含烃地层，烃、氢和/或其他产品不能经济地从中产出。因此，仍然需要有更好的方法和系统，用来从各种含烃地层生产烃、氢和/或其他产品。
发明内容
本发明的技术方案如下：
根据本发明，提供一种用来在一含烃地层形成一个或一个以上孔的方法，包括：在地层中形成或设置一第一孔；将多块磁铁置入第一孔，其中多个磁铁系沿第一孔的至少一部分设置，其中，多个磁铁能够移动，且其中多个磁铁沿第一孔的至少该部分产生一系列磁场；又用该系列磁场的磁跟踪在地层中形成第二孔，使得第二孔与第一孔相隔一预定的距离。
优选地，多个磁铁组成一磁铁串。
优选地，多个磁铁包括至少两个相隔一选定距离的相斥磁极接头，所述至少两个相斥磁极接头的极性相反，其中所选择的距离大于1米小于500米，或小于200米，或者，其中所选择的距离大致等于或大于第一孔和第二孔之间的预定距离。
优选地，多个磁铁包括至少两个磁铁段，磁铁段的设置方式使得取自每个磁铁段的相斥磁极相互大致邻接由此形成一相斥磁极接头。
优选地，至少一个磁铁段有一有效北极和一有效南极。
优选地，包括一相斥磁极接头的至少两个磁铁段被设置在一段导管内，其中该段导管被连接到至少一段的他段导管上，其中所述至少一段的他段导管包括至少两个包括相斥磁极以便产生一相斥磁极接头的磁铁段，又其中所述至少一段的他段导管的相斥磁极接头包括一个与上述该段导管的相斥磁极接头的极性相反的极性。
优选地，至少一个磁铁段的磁极强度是在1000高斯到2000高斯之间，1200高斯到1800高斯之间，或为1500高斯。
优选地，包括移动第一孔内的多个磁铁以便随时间改变至少一个磁场和/或使第二孔的长度得以增加。
优选地，包括形成多个与第一孔相邻的孔，其中这些孔中至少两个系采用第一孔中系列磁场的磁跟踪得以形成。
优选地，第一孔为大致垂直的孔，又其中第二孔为大致水平的孔，该第二孔与第一孔相隔一选定的距离并在一选定的地层中深度处经过第一孔。
优选地，第一孔包括一非磁性套管。
优选地，系列磁场包括一第一磁场和一第二磁场，且其中第一磁场的强度与第二磁场的强度不同，或，其中第一磁场的强度大致与第二磁场的强度相同。
优选地，第一孔由一处于一孔网中的中央孔构成，该方法另包括形成多个与第一孔相邻的孔网中的孔。
优选地，第一孔由一处于一孔网中的中央孔构成，该方法另包括形成与第一孔相邻的孔网中的多个孔，并且其中所述多个孔中的每个都与第一孔相隔预定距离。
优选地，包括设置至少一个位于第一孔内的加热机构和至少一个位于第二孔内的加热机构使得这些加热机构可用来供热给地层的至少一部分。
优选地，第二孔和第一孔间距的偏差每500米孔长度不超过±1米。
优选地，对系列磁场的测量系在第一孔内多个磁铁的两个或两个以上位置进行，以便减小固定磁场对确定第一孔和第二孔间距离的影响。
优选地，至少两个位置由相隔L/4倍数的位置构成，且其中L为多个磁铁中两个相斥磁极接头间的距离。
优选地，多个磁铁中至少一个磁铁由铝、镍和/或钴合金的组合物构成。
优选地，多个磁铁被设置在一套管、一加热器套管和/或一射孔套管内。
优选地，将多个磁铁的至少一部分设置在一导管内，然后将导管设置在地层中的第一孔中。
优选地，导管由非磁性材料构成。
优选地，包括用一种方法在含烃地层内形成两个以上的孔，另包括：将一磁铁串设置在第一孔中，其中磁铁串在地层的一部分内产生磁场；采用磁铁串产生的磁场的磁跟踪形成由一个或一个以上邻近第一孔的孔构成的第一组孔；将磁铁串从第一孔移至由一个或一个以上孔构成的第一组孔中的一个孔；并形成邻近内有磁铁串的孔的第二组一个或一个以上的孔。
优选地，包括采用磁铁串的磁跟踪形成邻近第二组一个或一个以上孔中一孔的第三组一个或一个以上的孔，其中磁铁串已被移至第二组一个或一个以上孔中的那个孔。
优选地，包括采用磁铁串的磁跟踪形成邻近第一组一个或一个以上孔中一孔的第三组一个或一个以上的孔，其中磁铁串已被移至第一组一个或一个以上孔中的该孔中，又其中该孔为不同于用来形成第二组一个或一个以上孔的那个孔。
优选地，包括在含烃地层中形成一孔网。
优选地，至少一个加热器被设置在地层中的至少一个孔内，其中加热器可被用在一方法中，该方法包括：从至少一个加热器供热给地层的某一部分；在地层内热解至少一些烃类；并从地层产出一混合物，其中此混合物包含至少一些被热解的烃类。
优选地，包括：一钻井装置；一包括两个或两个以上可位于一导管中的磁铁段的磁铁串，其中每个磁铁段包括多个磁铁；以及一可构造配置成以便检测在地层内一磁场的传感器。
优选地，传感器被连接到钻井装置上。
优选地，磁铁串另包括一个或一个以上可构造配置成以防止磁铁段相对导管运动的紧固件。
优选地，磁铁串被设置在地层中的第一孔中而钻井装置被设置在地层中的第二孔中。
优选地，导管包括一个或一个以上管段，其中每个管段包括两个磁铁段。
优选地，每个管段包括两个磁铁段，两个磁铁段被设置使得这两个磁铁段形成一个大致位于每个管段中心的相斥磁极接头。
优选地，所述的系统在含烃地层中形成的孔。
优选地，所述的系统在一含烃地层中形成的孔产出的烃的混合物。
优选地，孔被用在一原地转化过程中，用在一蒸汽辅助的重力驱油过程中，用在一土壤补救过程中，用作一阻挡层井，用作一生产井，用作一加热器井和/或用作一冻结井。
在一实施例中，可在一含烃地层形成一个或一个以上孔(或井筒)。可在该层形成一个第一孔。可将多个磁铁置入第一孔。可将多个磁铁沿第一孔的一部分配置。多个磁体可沿第一孔这部分产生一系列磁场。
可用在第一孔由多个磁铁产生的这系列磁场的磁跟踪在该层形成第二孔。磁跟踪可被用来形成与第一孔相隔一预定距离的第二孔。在某些实施例中，第一孔和第二孔间隔的偏差可不超过每500m长度的孔允差±1m左右。
在一些实施例中，多个磁铁可形成一磁铁串。磁铁串可包括一个或一个以上磁铁段。在某些实施例中，每个磁铁段可包括多个磁铁。磁铁段可包括一有效北极和有效南极。在一个实施例中，将二相邻磁铁段及相斥磁极加以配置以形成相斥磁极接头。
可在一含烃地层形成多孔。在一个实施例中，多孔可形成孔网。可在地层形成一个第一孔。可将一磁铁串置于第一孔中以便在地层的一部分产生磁场。可用位于第一组孔中的第一孔中的磁铁串的磁跟踪形成第二组孔。在一个实施例中，可用磁铁串的磁跟踪形成第三组孔，该处磁铁串位于第二组孔中的一孔中。在另一实施例中，可用磁铁串的磁跟踪形成第三组孔，该处磁铁串位于第一组孔中的另一孔中。
用来在一含烃地层形成孔的系统可包括一钻井装置，一磁铁串和一传感器。磁铁串可包括两个或两个以上置于一导管内的磁铁段。每个磁铁段可包括多个磁铁。传感器可用来检测由磁铁串产生的地层内磁场。可将磁铁串置于第一孔中而将钻井装置和传感器置于第二孔中。
附图说明
利用下面最佳实施例的详细描述并参考下列附图，本发明的优点对本领域技术人员可变得显而易见，在附图中：
图1画的是加热一含烃地层的各阶段的图。
图2示出一用来处理含烃地层的原地转化系统一部分的实施例的示意图。
图3画的是一加热器井的实施例。
图4画的是一加热器井的实施例。
图5画的是一加热器井的实施例。
图6明示一在含烃地层中从一单井分支的多个加热器的示意图。
图7为一在含烃地层中从一单井分支的多加热器的俯视示意图。
图8画的是位于含烃地层中的加热器井的实施例。
图9画的是在一含烃地层中的加热器井网的实施例。
图10、11和12示出随邻近监测井中的孔深而变的磁场分量。
图13示出井筒的增斜(build-up)部分的磁场分量。
图14画的是井筒的增斜部分的磁场分量的比率。
图15画的是井筒的增斜部分的磁场分量的比率。
图16、17、18和19画的是实算磁场分量与模拟磁场分量的比较。
图20画的是一静磁钻井操作的实施例的示意图。
图21画的是包括两个磁铁段的一段导管的实施例。
图22画的是磁铁串一部分的示意图。
虽然本发明对各种更改和可供选择的形式颇为敏感，还是借助图例示出了其具体的实施例，这样就可在此对它们详加描述。附图不一定按比例。然而应得到充分理解的是，附图和对图所作详细描述不想用来将本发明限于所揭示的特定形式，相反，目的是包括落在由所附权利要求书界定的本发明的基本原理和范围内的所有更改的、等效的和可供选择的形式。
具体实施方式
下面的描述一般涉及用来处理一含烃地层(例如，一含煤(包括褐煤，腐泥煤等)，油页岩，碳质页岩，次石墨，油母岩，沥青，油，低渗透性基岩中的油母岩和石油，重烃类，地沥青石，天然石蜡的地层，其中的油母岩正阻碍产出其他烃类的地层，等)的系统和方法。可对这些地层进行处理以便获得质量相当高的烃类产品、氢和其他产品。
“烃”被大致定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃也可包括其他元素，例如，但不限于，氯、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是，但不限于，油母岩、沥青、焦沥青、石油、天然石蜡和地沥青石。烃可位于地中矿质基岩之中或与之相邻。基岩可包括，但不限于，沉积岩、沙、石英石(silicilytes)、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其他多孔质。“烃流体”为含烃流体。烃流体可包括、夹带或被夹带在非烃流体(如氢(“H2”)、氮(“N2”)、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨)中。
一“地层”包括一个或一个以上含烃层、一个或一个以上非烃层、一上覆岩层和/或一下伏岩层。一“上覆岩层”和/或一“下伏岩层”大致包括一种或一种以上不同类型的不渗透材料。例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括岩石、页岩、泥石或湿/密碳酸盐(即一种无烃不渗透碳酸盐)在原地转化过程的一些实施例中，一上覆岩层和/或一下伏岩层可包括在原地转化处理过程中不受温度支配且相对来说不渗透的多个含烃层或一个含烃层，该处理可导致上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的特有的重要变化。例如，一下伏岩层可能含页岩或泥石。在一些情况下，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可能略可渗透。
术语“地层流体”和“产出流体”指从一含烃地层提取的流体，可包括热解流体、合成气、流动烃和水(蒸汽)。术语“流动流体”指地层中可因地层的热处理而可流动的流体。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。
“热源”为大致上通过传导式和/或辐射式热传导将热供给一地层的至少一部分的任何系统。例如，一热源可包括电加热器例如一绝缘导体、一细长件和/或一导管内配置的导体。热源也可包括通过燃烧一地层外部或内部的燃料产生热量的热源，如表面燃烧器、井底气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和自然分布式燃烧器。此外，可以设想，在某些实施例中，供给一个或一个以上热源或在其中产生的热可由其他能源供应。其他能源可直接加热一地层，也可将热源供给直接或间接加热该地层的传导介质。要知道，正将热供给一地层的一个或一个以上热源可使用不同的能源。例如，对一给定的地层，有些热源可由电阻加热器供热，有些热源可由燃烧供热，有些热源则可由一个或一个以上其他能源(如化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物燃料或其他可再生能源)供热。化学反应可包括放热式反应(如氧化反应)。热源可包括供热给贴近和/或环绕一加热位置如一加热器井的区域的加热器。
“加热器”为用来在一井中或在一邻近井筒区域产生热的任何系统。加热器可以是，但不限于，电加热器、燃烧器、与一地层中的材料或从一地层中产出的材料反应的燃烧器如自然分布式燃烧器和/或它们的组合。“热源单元”指许多热源，它们形成一个被重复以在一地层中产生一热源图形的样板。
术语“井筒”指地层中通过钻孔或将一导管插入地层制成的孔。井筒横截面可大体为圆形也可为其他形状(如圆形、椭圆形、方形、矩形、三角形、缝形或其他规则或不规则形状)。如此处所使用的那样，术语“井”和“孔”当指地层中的孔时可与术语“井筒”互相交换使用。
“热解流体”或“热解产物”指大致地在烃热解过程中产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层中其他流体混合。可把此混合物看作热解流体或热解产物。如此处所使用的那样，“热解区”指被动或主动地反应形成热解流体的一块地层(例如，较为可渗透的地层如沥青砂地层)。
“可凝烃”为在一个大气压的绝对压力下在25℃冷凝的烃。可凝烃可包括碳数大于4的烃的混合物。“非凝烃”为一个大气压绝对压力下在25℃不冷凝的烃。非凝烃可包括碳数小于5的烃。
地层中的烃可以各种方式加以处理形成许多不同的产物。在某些实施例中，这些地层可分阶段加以处理。图1表明加热一含烃地层的几个阶段。图1也画出了产自含烃地层的地层流体的收率(每吨油当量桶数)(y轴)与地层温度(℃)(X轴)的关系曲线(此时地层系以较低速度加热)。
在第1阶段加热过程中存在着甲醇的解吸和水的汽化。可以尽可能快地完成第1阶段对地层的加热。例如，开始加热含烃地层时，地层中的烃可使所吸甲醇解吸。解吸出的甲醇可由地层产出。如将含烃地层进一步加热，含烃地层内的水可被气化。在一些含烃地层中，水可约占地层中孔隙体积的10～50％。在其他地层中，水可占据孔隙体积的更大或更小部分。在处于约160～约285℃的地层中，水一般对于约6～70巴绝对压力而气化。在一些实施例中，气化的水可产生地层中湿润性变化并/或可增高地层压力。湿润性变化和/或增高的压力可影响地层中的热解反应或其他反应。在某些实施例中，可使气化的水从地层产出。在其他实施例中，气化的水可用于地层内外的抽汽和/或蒸馏。从地层中孔隙体积中除去水和增大孔隙体积可增大烃在孔隙内的贮存空间。
第1阶段加热之后，可将地层进一步加热，使得地层内温度达到(至少)起始热解温度(如第2阶段所示温度范围的下限温度)。地层内的烃可在整个第2阶段热解。热解温度范围可随地层中烃的种类而变。热解温度范围可包括约250℃到约900℃之间的温度。用来产生预定产物的热解温度范围可仅贯穿热解温度总范围的一部分。在一些实施例中，用来产生预定产物的热解温度范围可包括约250℃到约400℃之间的温度。如果地层中烃的温度从250℃左右缓慢地升到400℃左右，热解产物的产出可在温度达到400℃时大体完成。用多个热源加热含烃地层，就可在将地层中烃的温度在热解温度范围内自低至高缓慢升高的热源周围形成温度梯度。
在一些原地转化的实施例中，不将要受热解的烃的温度从250℃左右缓慢升到400℃左右。可将地层中的烃加热到一预定温度(如325℃左右)。可将其他温度选作预定温度。来自热源的热的叠加可使得预定温度较为迅速有效地在地层定下来。可调整从热源输入地层的能量以保持地层中的温度大致为预定温度。可将烃大致保持在预定温度直到热解减弱使想要的地层流体从地层中产生变得不经济为止。
包括热解流体的地层流体可由地层产生。热解流体可包括，但不限于，烃、氢、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、硫化氢、氨、氮、水及其混合物。当地层温度提高时，产出的地层流体中可凝烃量趋于减少。在较高温度，地层可主要地产生甲醇和/或氢。如将含烃地层在整个热解范围内由低高进行加热，在达到热解范围上限之前地层可能只产生少量氢。耗尽所有可资利用的氢后，一般会有极少量流体从地层产生。
烃热解后，大量碳和一些氢仍可存在在地层中。很大一部分地层中剩余的碳可以合成气的形式从地层产生。合成气可在图1画出的第3阶段加热过程中产生。第三阶段可包括将含烃地层加热到足以使合成气发生的温度。当将合成气产生流体引到地层时地层的温度可确定地层内产生的合成气的成分。如果将合成气产生流体在足以使合成气发生的温度引入地层，合成气就可在地层内发生。可通过一个生产井或若干生产井将所发生的合成气从地层中提取。在合成气发生过程中可产生大量合成气。
图2示出用来处理含烃地层的原地转化系统一部分的实施例的示意图。可将热源100布置在含烃地层的至少一部分之内。热源100可包括，例如，电加热器如绝缘导体、导管内置导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和/或自然分布式燃烧器。热源也可包括其他种类的加热器。热源100或供热给含烃地层的至少一部分。可通过供应管线102将能量供给热源100。供应管线在结构上可随正被用来加热地层的热源类型不同而不同。热源的供应管线可将电力传给电加热器，可将燃料输出燃烧器，也可输送在地层内循环的热交换流体。
生产井104可被用来从地层提取地层流体。从生产井104产生的地层流体可通过集管106输送到处理设施108。地层液体也可从热源100产生。例如，流体可从热源100产生以便控制与热源相邻的地层内的压力。从热源100产生的流体可通过管道输送到集管106，所产生的流体也可通过管道直接输送到处理设施108。处理设施可包括分离设备、反应设备、改质设备、燃料电池、透平、贮罐和用来处理所产生地层流体的其他系统和设备。
处理烃的原地转化系统可包括阻挡层井(barrier well)110。在某些实施例中，阻挡层井110可包括冻井(freeze well)。在一些实施例中，阻挡层可被用来防止流体(如所产生的流体和/或地下水)移入和/或移出承受原地转化处理的地层的一部分。阻挡层可包括，但不限于自生部分(如上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层)、冻井、冻结阻挡层区(frozen barrierzones)、低温阻挡层区、灌浆井、硫井、排水井、注入井、由地层中产生的凝胶形成的阻挡层、由地层中盐的沉积产生的阻挡层，由地层中聚合反应形成的阻挡层、被驱入地层的薄板(sheet)或它们的组合。
要经受原地转化的烃类可能会处于一大块区域的下方。可将原地转化系统用来处理地层的较小部分，而可对地层的其他部分超限时间(overtime)处理。在用来处理一地层(如一油页岩层)的系统的实施例中，可将一井田24年开发规划分成代表各钻井年份的24个独自的图。每图可包括120个“瓦片(tile)”(重复性矩阵结构)，其中每图由6行×20列瓦片组成。每个瓦片包括1个生产井和12或18个加热器井。加热井可以等边三角形式样加以配置，井间距约12m。可将生产井置于加热井等边三角形的中心，也可将生产井大致置于二相邻加热器井间的中点。
在某些实施例中，可将热源置于含烃地层内形成的加热器井内。加热器井可包括穿过地层的上覆岩层的孔。加热器井可伸入或贯穿至少一个地层含烃部分(或含烃层)。如图3所示，加热器井130的一个实施例可包括一螺旋形烃层124中孔。与立置加热器相反，螺旋形加热器井可增大与地层的接触。螺旋形加热器井可在加热或冷却加热器井时提供防止皱弯(buckling)或其他形式失效的扩张空间。在一些实施例中，加热器井可包括贯穿上覆岩层126的大致直的部分。用加热器井的直部贯穿上覆岩层可减小传给上覆岩层的热损失并降低加热器井的成本。
如图4所示，可将一热源实施例置入加热器井130。加热器井130可大致为U形。U字形的双腿可视具体的加热井和地层特点而宽些或窄些。在一些实施例中可将加热器井130的第一部分132和第三部分134配置得大致垂直于烃层124的上表面。此外，加热器井的第一和第三部分可大致垂直地贯穿上覆岩层126。加热器井130的第二部分136可大致平行于烃层的上表面。
在一些实施例中，多个热源(如2、3、4、5或10个或10个以上热源)可从一加热器井延伸。如图5所示，热源100从加热器井130贯穿上覆岩层126贯入烃层124。当表面情况的考虑(如美观上的考虑、表面土地使用上的考虑和/或近表的不利的土壤状况)使得最好是将井口平台集中在一小块区域上时，可采用多个从一单井筒延伸的井。例如，在土壤被冻结和/或为湿地的区域，使得最小数量的井口平台位于选址可能在成本上更有效。
图6明示从含烃地层中一单井分支的多侧或岔开的侧置加热器的示意图。在含烃地层中(如在一煤层、油页岩层或沥青砂层中)较薄和较深的层，在较薄的烃层内大致水平地配置一个以上加热器可能是有利的。可将从水平井筒供给热导率低的薄层的热量更有效地保存在薄层内，减小该层的热损失。可将大致垂直的孔146设置在烃层124中。大致垂直的孔146可为烃层124中形成的孔的伸长部分。烃层124可在上覆岩层126之下。
也可将一个或一个以上大致水平的孔138配置在烃层124中。在一些实施例中，水平孔138可含带眼衬管。可将水平孔138连接到垂直孔146上。水平孔138可为从垂直孔146的伸长部分分出的伸长部分。可在垂直孔146形成后形成水平孔138。在某些实施例中，可使孔138向上倾斜以利于地层流体流向生产导管。
每个水平孔138可处在相邻水平孔上方或下方。在一个实施例中，可在烃层124形成六个水平孔138。三个水平孔138与另外三个水平孔138朝向可成180°或大致反向。两个朝向大致相反的孔可处在地层中大致同一垂直平面内。可视，但不限于，烃层124的厚度、地层种类、烃层中预定加热速度和预定生产速度将任何数量的孔连接到一个垂直单孔146上。
可将生产导管142大致垂直地设置在垂直孔146内。可将生产导管142在垂直孔146内大致居中。可将泵144连接到生产导管142上。在一些实施例中，可将这种泵用来从井底抽地层流体。泵144可为杆式泵、渐进腔式泵(PCP)(螺杆泵)、离心泵、喷射泵、气举泵、潜水泵、旋转式泵等。
可将一个或一个以上加热器140设置在每个水平孔138内。可通过垂直孔146将加热器140设置在烃层124中并置入水平孔138。
在一些实施例中，加热器140可用来在垂直孔146和水平孔138内沿加热器的长度发热。在其他实施例中，加热器140可被用来仅在水平孔138内发热。在某些实施例中，加热器140发出的热循其长度可有变化，且/或在垂直孔146和水平孔138间可有变化。例如，垂直孔146内加热器140可发热较少而水平孔138内加热器可发热较多。使垂直孔146内至少有一些加热可能是有利的。这可使由地层产生的流体以气相形式保持在生产导管142中且/或可使生产井内产生的流体升级。使得生产导管142和加热器140通过一地层内单井安装到地层中去可降低与在地层中形成孔和在地层内安装生产设备和加热器有关的成本。
图7画的是图6实施例的示意性俯视图。在烃层124中可形成一个或一个以上垂直孔146。垂直孔146中的每个可循烃层124中单一平面存在。水平孔138可在大致垂直于垂直孔146的平面的平面内延伸。更多的水平孔138可如图6示意图所示在一平面内处在该水平孔的下方。一定数量的垂直孔146和/或垂直孔146的间隔可由，例如，预定加热速度或预定生产速度确定。在一些实施例中，垂直孔的间隔可为4米左右至30米左右。为满足特定地层的需要，可采用更长或更短的间隔。水平孔138可长达1600米左右。但是，水平孔138的长度可随，例如，最大安装成本、烃地层124的面积或可产加热器的最大长度而变。
在一原地转化处理的实施例中，可对一含有一个或一个以上薄烃层的地层进行处理。烃层可为，但不限于，贫富煤层、贫富油页岩或沥青砂层中的较贫烃层。在一些原地转化过程实施例中，可用大致水平位于一个或多个烃层内和/或附近的热源来处理地层。较贫烃层在地表之下可以很深。例如，一地层可有一深达650米左右的上覆岩层。在一地层内将大量大致垂直的井钻得很深可能很费钱。将加热器水平设置在这些地层中加热地层长达1600米左右的较大部分可能是有利的。采用水平加热器可减少在地层内设置足够数量的加热器所需垂直井的数量。
图8阐明了可与上部地表148成一接近水平角度的含烃层124的实施例。但含烃层124的角度可有变化。例如，含烃层可以倾斜或陡峭地倾斜。陡峭地倾斜的含烃层采用目前可资利用的采矿方法在经济上可行地进行生产可能不行。
可采用装有可调电机和加速度计的钻机形成井筒。可调电机和加速度计可使井筒沿含烃地层中一层而行。可调电机可在钻孔过程中自始至终保持加热器井130和含烃地层124边界间距离大致不变。
在一些原地转化的实施例中，可采用地质导向钻法在含烃地层钻井筒。地质导向钻井可包括采用传感器确定或估计含烃地层124边界到井筒的距离。传感器可监测地层中特性或信号的变化。特性或信号变化可供确定理想钻孔路线用。传感器可监测阻抗、声信号、磁信号、伽马射线和/或地层内的其他信号。地质导向钻法用钻孔装置可包括一可调电机。可基于传感器采集的数据控制可调电机以便保持至含烃地层边界的距离为预先确定的值。
在一些原地转化的实施例中，可采用其他技术形成地层中的井筒。可用冲击技术和/或声波钻井技术形成井筒。可基于一些因素确定用以形成井筒的方法。这些因素可包括，但不限于，现场的可达性、井筒的深度、上覆岩层的特性、该或这些含烃层的特性。
图9阐明了在烃层124形成的多个加热器井130的实施例。烃层124可为一陡峭地倾斜的地层。可在地层中这样形成一个或多个加热器井130使得两个或两个以上加热器井大致互相平行，且/或使得至少有一个加热器井大致平行于烃层124的边界。例如，可用磁导向法形成一个或一个以上加热器井130。在授予Kuckes的美国专利No.RE36,569、Kuckes的No.5,923,170、Kuckes的No.5,725,059、Kuckes的No.5,512,830和Kuckes的No.5,485,089中阐明了磁导向法的一些例子。磁导向法可包括钻平行于相邻加热井的加热井130。可先钻好相邻井。磁导向可包括通过检测和/或确定在相邻加热井中产生的磁场来引导钻井。例如，可通过使电流流过相邻加热器井中设置的绝缘载流电缆在相邻加热井中产生磁场。
磁导向的另一例子是采用旋转磁铁测距以监测井筒间距离。VectorMagnetics LLC(Ithaca，NY)用了一例旋转磁铁测距系统。采用旋转磁场测距时，磁铁随一井筒中的钻头转动以产生磁场。另一井筒中一台磁力仪被用来检测旋转磁铁产生的磁场。从磁力仪得到的数据可用来测量钻头相对于磁力仪的坐标(x、y和z)。
在一些实施例中，可用静磁导向形成与第一孔相邻的孔。授予Hartmann等人的美国专利No.5,541,517描述了一种用来以具有磁化套筒部分的第二井筒为基准钻一井筒的方法。
钻井筒(孔)时，可将一个或多个磁铁插入第一孔以便提供一个用来引导形成一个或多个相邻孔的钻井机构的磁场。可用位于在钻孔中的3轴磁通脉冲磁力仪检测磁场。控制系统可用磁力仪测出的信息来确定和落实形成与第一孔(在所要求的允差内)相隔一选定距离(例如与之平行)的孔所需的操作参数。
可用磁跟踪形成各种类型的井筒。例如，通过磁跟踪形成的井筒可被用于原地转化过程(即热源井、生产井、注入井等)，用于蒸汽辅助重力泄油过程，周围阻挡层(perimeter barriers)或冻结阻挡层(frozenbarriers)(即阻挡层井或冻结井)的形成，和/或用于土壤补救过程。典型地，磁跟踪可被用来为相邻井筒间距离要求较小允许偏差的过程形成井筒。例如，冻结井可能需要被设置得以较小的偏差或无偏差平行准直地相互平行以便在处理地域一带形成连续的冻结阻挡层。此外，垂直和/或水平设置的加热器井和/或生产井可能需要被设置得以较小的偏差或无偏差平行准直地相互平行为大致均匀的加热和/或从一地层中的处理地域产出创造条件。在另一实施例中，可将磁铁串设置在垂直井(如垂直的监测井)中。可用垂直井中的磁铁串引导水平井的钻孔使得水平井以选定的相对垂直井的距离和/或以选定的地层中深度通过垂直井。
在一个实施例中，贝塞耳(Bessel)方程可被用来用测量磁场强度来确定相邻井筒的间距。源自第一井筒的磁场可用第二井筒中的磁力仪加以测量。用Bessel方程的偏差分析磁场强度可确定第二井筒相对第一井筒的坐标。
可将北极和南极沿Z轴设置，将一北极置于原点，并将北极和南极以不变的间隔L/2交替设置直至Z＝±∞，此处Z为沿Z轴而定的位置，L为连贯的北极和连贯的南极间的距离。
磁强计传感器不动，也可移动磁铁例如，通过移动磁铁串，且可采用多重测量以消除固定磁场(如地磁场、其他井、其他设备等)对测量井筒相对位置的影响。在一个实施例中，可用三重测量消除固定磁场的影响。可在第一位置进行第一测量。可在距第一位置L/4的第二位置进行第二测量。可在距第一位置L/2的第三位置进行第三测量。可对至少两个测量结果(如第一和第三测量结果)求平均数以消除固定磁场的影响。三个测量全部用上就可确定井筒间的方位角、井筒间的径向距离和第一测量位置沿Z轴的初始距离。
可采用模拟来示出间距L对由设置有磁铁的井筒产生并在相邻井筒中测出的磁场分量的影响。图10、11和12示出作为相邻监测井筒深度的函数的磁场强度。Bz为平行于井筒长度的磁场分量，Br为井筒垂直方向上的磁场分量，BHsr则为井筒间的角磁场分量。在图10、11和12中，BHsr为零因为二井筒间不存在角偏(angular offset)。图10示出当水平井筒深度为100米而相邻监测井筒深度为90m(即井筒间距10米)时的磁场强度分量。磁极间距L为10米，磁极具有磁场强度1500高斯。将正极设置在80米处，诸极系沿井筒方向从0米处到250米处加以设置。图11示出当水平井筒深度为100米而相邻监测井筒深度为95米(即井筒间距5米)时的磁场强度分量。Bz分量随着井筒间距的减小而开始压扁。图12示出当水平井筒深度为100米而相邻监测井筒深度为97.5米(即井筒间距2.5米)时的磁场强度分量。随着井筒间距进一步减小，Bz分量偏离Br分量更甚。图10、11和12表明，为能用为一远场近似法的改进的Bessel函数解来监测磁场分量，极间距L一般应小于或约等于井筒间距。
进一步的模拟确定了增斜(build-up)对磁场分量的影响(井筒的最大变向为每30米约10°)。二井筒距离不变互相随动。有磁铁的井始于一固定深度和磁铁位置，并随着形成井筒而演生角度(不转向)。监测井始于有磁铁的井筒下10米深处并偏离磁铁位置2米，也演生角度但速度略快以保持隔开大致相等的距离。
图13示出有磁铁的井筒每30米演生4°而监测井则每30米演生4.095°以保持井距时的磁场强度分量。分量最大值不再与磁极位置相对(如图10所示)因为井筒被略加偏置并被保持距离不变。
图14描绘了源自图13的Br/BHsr这一比率。在理想情况下，比率应为5，因为监测井筒与有磁铁的井筒之间隔开垂直距离10米并有一2米的偏移(Hsr方向)。格外的点归因于以下事实，即相应于格外点的数据系取自Br和BHsr均为零处磁极间的中点。
图15描绘了每30米增斜10°时的比率Br/BHsr。井筒间距离与图14中的相同。图15表明增斜速度较高时精确度仍较好。图13～15表明，磁定向的精确度对井筒的增斜部分仍较良好。
图16描绘了实际计算出的磁场强度分量与将改进的Bessel方程在磁极间相距L＝20米时用于两个平行井筒而模拟出的磁场强度分量的比较。图16描绘了作为井筒间距的函数的B2分量，其间通过调整磁极强度P，一最好的吻合(即模拟距离和实际距离之间的差被调在零)被调在7米处。图17描绘了图16中两条曲线间的差。如图16和17所示，模拟的和实际的距离之间的差别相当小且可以是可预测的。图18描绘了当拟合被用来使理想的吻合位于7米处时作为井筒间距离的函数的Br分量。图19描绘了图18中两条曲线之间的差。图16～19表明，采用Bz或Br确定距离时存在着同样的精确度。
图20描绘了形成一孔的静磁钻井作业的实施例，该孔与一已钻孔相隔一选定的距离(例如，大致平行于已钻孔)。可在烃层124中形成孔170。例如，可大致平行于烃层124的边界(如表面)形成孔170。可根据，例如，孔的预定用途、地层深度、地层类型等在烃层124内以其他取向形成孔170。孔170可保括套管152。在某些实施例中，孔170可为裸眼(未下套管的)井筒。在一些实施例中，可将磁铁串154插入孔170。可将磁铁串154从卷筒展开送入孔170。在一实施例中，磁铁串154包括一个或一个以上磁铁段156。
在一些实施例中，套管152可为一导管。可用不大受磁场影响的材料(如无磁性合金例如无磁性不锈钢(如304、310、316不锈钢)、增强聚合物管或黄铜管)制造套管152。导管可为导体内置于导管中的加热器的导管，也可为带孔衬管或套管。若套管不大受磁场影响，磁通就不会受屏蔽。在其他实施例中，套管可用受磁场影响的材料(如碳钢)制成。采用受磁场影响的材料可能减弱要由相邻孔166中的钻孔装置164检测的磁场强度。例如，碳钢可减弱套管外的磁场强度(例如，视套管的直径、壁厚和/或导磁率而减小2/3)。可用碳钢套管(或其他磁屏蔽套管)内的磁铁串在表面进行测量以确定受到碳钢套管屏蔽时磁铁串的有效磁极强度。在某些实施例中不用套管152(例如，用于裸眼井筒时)。测量相邻孔166中的磁铁串154产生的磁场可被用来确定相邻孔166相对于孔170的坐标。
在一些实施例中，钻井装置164可包括磁导探头。磁导探头可含一3轴磁门磁力仪和一3轴井斜仪。井斜仪一般用来确定探头相对地球重力场的旋转(即“工具面方位角”)。普通的磁导探头Tensor Energy(RoundRock，TX)有售。
在某些实施例中，可将磁导探头设置在河流穿越钻机的钻柱内。河流穿越钻机可用来钻穿过烃层的水平井筒或大致水平的井筒。在某些实施例中，河流穿越钻机用来钻包括烃层内大致水平的井筒在内的斜穿地层上覆岩层的井筒。河流穿越钻机可形成这样一个井筒，它具有一处在表面上第一位置的第一孔和在井筒的另一端处在表面上第二位置的第二孔。河流穿越钻机可包括位于为第一和第二孔选择的地点的机械。机械(如在第一孔地点)可用来钻井筒，而相同的机械或其他机械(如在第二孔地点)可用来将设备(如热源、生产导管等)拉入井筒。用河流穿越钻机形成井筒时，河流穿越钻机的钻柱可随着钻柱钻入地层上覆岩层而斜钻井筒。河流穿越钻机的钻入角度可小至5°左右大至20°左右，一般为10°左右或20°左右。以入口角钻井筒直到达到给定深度(通常位于地层的烃层内的某一位置)为止，在该深度转动钻柱以便在大致水平的方向上钻透地层。钻井筒大致水平的部分直到井筒的水平长度达到预定值。水平长度达到预定值后，将钻柱转成出口角，出口角一般，但不一定非得是，和入口角相同，以便与处于井筒第二端的机械会合。
形成井筒后，井筒的第一端和/或第二端的机械可用来将设备拉入井筒。在一些实施例中，随着钻柱被拉自井筒，钻柱可用来扩井筒和/或加大井筒的直径。将设备(如加热器或热源)拉入水平长井筒可能比将设备推入井筒更有效。河流穿越钻机通常为在烃层中形成水平井筒提供一种经济有效的方法。水平井筒可在表面上第一位置有第一孔并在表面上第二位置有第二孔。河流穿越钻机由The Crossing Company Inc.(Nisku，Alberta)等公司经营。
可将磁铁段156设置在导管158内。导管158可为成卷带螺纹的或无缝的管。导管158可通过连接一个或一个以上管段162形成。管段162可包括非磁性材料如，但不限于，不锈钢。在某些实施例中，导管158通过连接若干带螺纹管段形成。管段162可具有任何预定长度(例如，管段可具有带螺纹的管用标准长度)。管段162具有选定的长度，该选定的长度使得可以产生磁场，使磁铁串154中相斥磁极接头之间具有选定距离。相斥磁极接头间距离可决定磁导向方法的灵敏度(即在确定相邻井筒间距时的精度)。一般，相斥磁极接头间距离被选择得与相邻井筒间距规模相同(例如，接头间距离可在1米左右至500米左右的范围内，或在一些场合，在1米左右至200米左右的范围内)。在一个实施例中，导管158为不锈钢带螺纹的管(例如，由约6米(20英尺)长管段162形成的外径约为7.3厘米(2.875英寸)的壁厚40号的304不锈钢)。管段162长约6米时，相斥极间距将为约6米。在一些实施例中，可随着导管被形成和/或被插入孔170而将管段162连接。导管158可具有一个125米左右和175米左右之间的长度。可根据磁铁串的预定用场采用其他长度的导管158(如小于125米左右或大于175米左右)。
在一个实施例中，导管158的管段162可包括两段磁铁156。管段中也可采用多于或少于两段磁铁。可将磁铁段156在管段162中设置得使相邻磁铁段具有相斥的磁极(即磁铁段接头处的相斥磁极(如N-N)使磁铁段互斥)，如图20所示。在一个实施例中，管段162包括两个磁极相斥的磁铁段156。可将相邻管段162间的极性设置得使管段具有相引磁极(例如，管段接头处相引磁极(如S-N)使管段相互吸引)，如图20所示。将每个管段的相斥磁极设置得大致居中使每个管段内磁铁段的装配变得较为容易。在一个实施例中，相邻管段162的近中部具有相反的磁极。例如，一个管段的近中部可具有北极而相邻管段(或一管段的两端的管段)可具有南极如图20所示。
可将紧固件160设置在管段162的端部以便将磁铁段156保持在管段内。紧固件可包括，但不限于，销、螺栓或螺丝。紧固件可用非磁性材料制成。在一些实施例中，可将管段162的端部封堵(如设置在端部的端盖)以便将磁铁段156封在管段内。在某些实施例中，也可将紧固件160设置在相邻磁铁段156的相斥磁极接头处以防止相邻磁铁段移开。
图21描绘了包括磁极相斥的两个磁铁段156在内的管段162的实施例。磁铁段156可包括一个或一个以上连接起来形成单一磁铁段的磁铁168。磁铁168可为阿尔尼科铝镍钴合金磁铁(Alnico magnet)或具有足够的磁场强度以便产生可在附近井筒中检测出来的磁场的其他类型的磁铁。阿尔尼科铝镍钴磁铁主要由铝、镍和钴的合金构成，且例如，AdamsMagnetic Products，Co.(Elmhurst，IL)有售。在一个实施例中，磁铁168为阿尔尼科铝镍钴磁铁，直径约为6厘米，长度约为15厘米。由若干单块磁铁来装配磁铁段增大了磁铁段产生的磁场强度。在某些实施例中，磁铁段的极强可在1000高斯左右到2000高斯左右之间(例如，约1500高斯)。可将相引磁极连接而将多块磁铁168连接起来使得磁铁段156的形成方式为一端为南极二端为北极。在一个实施例中，将40块长约15厘米的磁铁168连接以形成长约6米的磁铁段156。可将磁铁段156的相斥磁极大致设置在管段162的中间如图20和21所示。可将磁铁段设置在管段162内并用紧固件160将它保持在管段内。可将一个或一个以上的管段162如图20所示那样连接起来形成一磁铁串。
图22描绘了磁铁串154一部分的实施例的示意图。可将磁铁段156设置得使相邻磁铁段具有相斥的磁极。在一些实施例中，可加力以减小磁铁段156间的距离172。可另加磁铁段以增加磁铁串154的长度。在某些实施例中，可将磁铁段156设置在管段162内，如图20所示。磁铁串可在装配后卷起。磁铁串的安装可包括将磁铁串卷展开。卷起和展开磁铁串也可用来改变磁铁串相对于附近井筒中传感器(例如如图20所示井筒166中的钻孔装置164)的位置。
磁铁串可包括多个南-南和北-北相斥磁极接头。如图22所示，多个相斥磁极接头可感生一系列磁场174。交变磁铁串内各部分的极性可提供若干磁场差(magnetic field differential)。磁场差可用来控制被钻井筒间的给定间隔。加大磁铁串内相斥磁极接头间距可加大下述径向距离，隔开这段距离一磁力计可检测一磁场。在一些实施例中，相斥磁极接头间的距离可有变化。例如，在贴近地表部分与在地层中位置较深的部分相比，前者可用更多的磁铁。
在某些实施例中，当两个井筒间距加大或减小时，磁铁串的相斥磁极接头间的距离可分别得到加大或减小。相斥磁极接头间的距离加大磁场变化的频率，从而可为井筒间距较小的钻井作业提供更多的引导。相斥磁极接头之间的较长距离可用于增加井筒间距较大时的总磁场强度。例如，相斥磁极接头间距约为6米可感生足以钻间距小于16米左右的相邻井筒的磁场。在某些实施例中，相斥磁极接头间距可在3米左右和24米左右之间变动。在一些实施例中，相斥磁极接头间距可在0.6米左右和60米左右之间变动。相斥磁极接头间距可以改变以便调节钻井系统的灵敏度(如相邻井筒间距上的允差)。
在一些实施例中，所用磁铁的强度可影响所感生磁场的强度。在某些实施例中，相斥磁极接头间距6米可感生足以钻间距小于6米左右的井筒的磁场。在其他实施例中，相斥磁极接头间距6米左右可感生足以钻间距小于10米左右的相邻井筒的磁场。
磁铁串的长度可基于磁铁串的成本和钻井时需重新设置磁铁串引起的成本间经济上的折衷考虑。磁铁串长度可从30米左右到500米左右不等。在一个实施例中，磁铁串可有一150米左右的长度。如此，在一些实施例中，如果在钻井筒长于磁铁串的长度，磁铁串可能需重新加以设置。
当需在一中央井筒周围钻多个井筒时，可钻中央井筒并将磁铁串设置在中央井筒中以引导大致围绕着中央井筒的其他井筒的钻进。钻井时的累积误差可通过钻由磁铁串引导的相邻井筒来加以限制。此外，只有采用磁铁串的井筒可包括可比一般衬套贵的非磁性衬套。
作为一个例子，可以七点井网方式在井网中心形成第一井筒。磁铁串可设置在第一井筒中。可用第一井筒中的磁铁串引导形成相邻(或周围)六个井筒。形成七点井网后，通过将磁铁串设置在六个周围井筒中的一个之中并形成最邻近设置有磁铁串的井筒的井筒，可另外形成其他井筒。可重复形成最近的相邻井筒并移动磁铁串以形成相邻井筒的过程直到为含烃地层形成井网。钻尽可能多的最靠近单一井筒的相邻井筒可减少与将磁铁串在井筒间移动和/或安装多个磁铁串相关的成本和时间。
在一个实施例中，将磁铁串设置在先形成的井筒中，利用磁导向形成最靠近先形成井筒的相邻井筒。先形成井筒可用任何标准钻井方法(如陀螺仪、井斜仪、地场磁力仪等)或通过来自另一先形成井筒的磁导向来形成。采用磁导向形成最近相邻井筒可减小为含烃地层形成的井网中井筒间的总偏斜。例如，每钻500米可将井筒间偏斜大致保持在±1米以下。在形成的加热器井筒的一些实施例中，沿井筒的长度热量可以有所不同以便补偿加热器井筒间距上的任何变化。
如图2所示，除热源100外，一个或一个以上生产井104可一般地设置在含烃地层的一部分之内。地层流体可通过生产井104产生。在一些实施例中，生产井104可包括一热源。热源可加热处于或靠近生产井的部分地层便于地层流体的气相分离。可减少或消除对从生产井高温抽液的需要。避免或限制高温抽液可大大降低生产成本。供热于或透过生产井可：(1)在那样的生产流体正在接近上覆岩层的生产井中运动时防止生产流体凝结或回流，(2)增加传入地层的热量和/或(3)增大地层在或近生产井处的导磁率。在一些原地转化过程的实施例中，供给生产井的热量大大少于供给加热地层的热源的热量。
含烃地层中的地下压力可相当于地层内产生的流体压力。加热含烃地层内的烃可由热解产生流体。所产生的流体可在地层内气化。气化和热解反应可增大地层内的压力。有助于压力上增大的流体可包括，但不限于，热解过程中产生的流体和加热过程中气化的水。随着地层被加热部分的选出部分内温度升高，选出部分内的压力可因增多的流体产生和水的气化而增大。控制流体从地层脱离的速度可供地层中压力控制用。
在一些实施例中，在含烃地层被加热的区段的选出部分内的压力可随一些因素如深度、与加热源的距离、含烃地层内烃的丰度和/或与一生产井的距离而变。地层内的压力可在若干不同位置加以确定(例如，生产井附近或生产井处、热源附近或热源处或监测井处)。
可在相当大的导磁率在含烃地层内产生之前将含烃地层加热到热解温度范围。起初缺乏导磁率可防止产生的流体从地层内的热解区迁移到生产井。随着热量开始从热源传到含烃地层，含烃地层内的流体压力可挨着热源增大。这一流体压力上的增大可能是通过流体在地层中至少一些烃的热解过程中产生引起的。增大的流体压力可通过热源加以释放、监测、改变和/或控制。例如，热源可包括供一些流体从地层脱离用的阀。在一些热源的实施例中，热源可包括防止压力损伤热源的裸眼井筒配置。
在一个原地转化过程的实施例中，可将压力在含烃地层一个区段的选出部分内增大到一个在热解过程中选出的压力。选出压力可从约2巴绝对压力到约72巴绝对压力不等，或，在一些实施例中，从2巴绝对压力到36巴绝对压力不等。要不，选出压力也可以从约2巴绝对压力到约18巴绝对压力不等。在一些原地转化过程的实施例中，多数烃流体可从具有从约2巴绝对压力到18巴绝对压力范围内的压力的地层中产生。热解过程中的压力可变也可加以改变。压力可以加以改变以便改变和/或控制产生的地层流体的成分，控制与非可凝流体相比可凝流体的百分比，和/或控制正在产生的流体的API重度。例如，减小压力可导致较大可凝流体组分的产生。可凝流体组分可含较大百分比的烯烃。
在一些原地转化过程的实施例中，可将因流体产生而增大的压力保持在地层被加热的区段内。在地层内保持增大的压力可防止在原地转化过程中地层沉陷。增大的压力可有助于在热解中产生高质量的产物。增大的压力可有利于源于地层的流体的产气。气相的产生可便于减小用来输送由地层产生的流体的集管的尺寸。增大的地层压力可减少或消除对在表面压地层流体以便将集管中的流体输送到表面设施的要求。在地层内保持增大的压力也可有利于从产生的非可凝性流体产生电力。例如，可使所产生的非可凝流体通过透平发电。
在地层中增大的压力也可加以保持以便产生更多和/或更好的流体。在某些原地转化过程的实施例中，由地层产生的大量(例如，大多数)烃流体可为非可凝烃。可在地层内有选择地增大和/或保持压力以便促进地层中较小链烃的形成。在地层中产生小链烃可使更多的非可凝烃得以从地层产生。高压下从地层产生的可凝烃可具有比低压下从地层产生的可凝烃更高的质量(例如，较高的API重度)。
可将高压保持在含烃地层被加热的区段内以便防止具有大于，例如，25左右的碳数的地层流体的产生。一些碳数较高的化合物可被夹带在地层中的蒸汽内并可由蒸汽使其从地层中脱离。地层中较高压力可防止蒸汽中多环烃化合物和/或高碳数化合物的夹带。增大含烃地层内压力可增高区段内流体的沸点。高碳数的化合物和/或多环烃化合物可长时间在地层中以液相形式保存。这段相当长的时间可为化合物热解形成低碳数的化合物提供充足的时间。
在地层被加热的区段内保持增大的压力可惊人地便于生产大量高质量的烃。保持增大的压力可促进地层内热解流体的气相迁移。增大压力常可使生产分子量较小的烃成为可能，因为这些分子量较小的烃更易于以气相形式在地层中迁移。
分子量较小的烃的产生(和相应加剧的气相迁移)相信是，部分地，由于含烃地层部分区段内氢的自生和反应造成的。例如，保持增大的压力可迫使热解过程中产生的氢成为液态(例如，通过溶解)。将该区段加热到处于热解温度范围内的一个温度可使地层内的烃热解产生液相的热解流体。产生的组分可含双键和/或基。液态H2可还原产生热解流体的双键，由此减小长链化合物从产生的热解流体热解或形成的能力。此外，氢还可中和所产生的热解流体的基。因此，液相H2可防止所产生的热解流体互相反应和/或与地层中的其他化合物反应。链较短的烃可入气相并可由地层产生。
在增大的压力下运作一个原地转化过程可为源自地层的地层流体的气相生产创造条件。气相生产可使较轻(和质量较高的)热解流体增加采收成为可能。气相生产可导致较少的地层流体在流体由热解产生后被留在地层。气相生产可使得地层中生产井比采用液相或液/气相生产时为少。减少生产井可大大减少与原地转化过程有关的设备成本。
在一个实施例中，可将含烃地层一部分区段加热以增大H2的分压。在一些实施例中，增大的H2分压可包括从0.5巴左右到7巴左右不等的H2分压。要不，增大的H2分压范围也可包括从5巴左右到7巴左右不等的H2分压。例如，可产生系数烃流体，其中H2分压系处于5巴左右到7巴左右的范围内。处于热解H2分压范围内的一个范围内的H2分压可随例如地层被加热区段的温度和压力而变。
将地层内的H2分压保持为大于大气压可增大产生的可凝烃流体的API值。保持增大的H2分压可将产生的可凝烃流体的API值增加到大于25°左右，或在某些场合，大于30°左右。在含烃地层被加热的区段内保持增大的H2分压可增大被加热区段内H2的浓度。H2可能可以用来与烃的热解组分起反应。H2与烃的热解组分的反应可将烯烃的聚合化为焦油和其他交联的、难以升级的产物。因此，可防止产生具有低的API重度值的烃流体。
在含烃地层内控制压力和温度可使产生的地层流体的性质得到控制。例如，从地层产生的地层流体的成分和质量可通过改变地层被加热区段的选出部分的平均压力和/或平均温度来改变。产生的流体的质量可基于流体的特性加以评价，这些特性举例来说有，但不限于，API重度、烯烃在产生的地层流体中的百分比、乙烯与乙烷之比、原子氢和碳之比、具有大于25的碳数的所产生的地层流体内烃的百分比、总当量生产(气和液)、总液体生产和/或作为费歇尔分析(Fischer Assay)一部分的液体收率。
鉴于本描述，本发明的各方面的更多的变更和其他实施例对本领域技术人员可以是显而易见的。相应地，本描述要被认作仅为说明性的，目的是为本领域技术人员讲授实施本发明的一般方式。要被充分理解的是，这里所示出和描述的本发明的形式要被看作现今最佳的实施例。可用多种要素和材料取代这里所说明和描述的要素和材料，部分和过程可有所颠倒，本发明的某些特性可独立地加以利用，对本领域的技术人员在由本发明的描述中获益后全都是很明显的。不脱离如下列权利要求书所述的基本原理和范围对这里所述的要素均可作出改变。此外，要得到充分理解的是，这里独立地描述的特点可以在某些实施例中被合并。

Claims (30)

1.一种用来在一含烃地层形成一个或一个以上孔的方法，包括：
在地层中形成或设置一第一孔；
将多个磁铁置入第一孔，其中多个磁铁系沿第一孔的至少一部分设置，其中，多个磁铁能够移动，且其中多个磁铁沿第一孔的至少该部分产生一系列磁场；又
用该系列磁场的磁跟踪在地层中形成第二孔，使得第二孔与第一孔相隔一预定的距离；
其中多个磁铁包括至少两个磁铁段，磁铁段的设置方式使得取自每个磁铁段的相斥磁极相互大致邻接由此形成一相斥磁极接头。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中多个磁铁组成一磁铁串。
3.如权利要求1或2中的任何一个所述的方法，其中多个磁铁包括至少两个相隔一选定距离的相斥磁极接头，所述至少两个相斥磁极接头的极性相反，其中所选择的距离大于1米小于500米，或小于200米，或者，其中所选择的距离大致等于或大于第一孔和第二孔之间的预定距离。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中至少一个磁铁段有一有效北极和一有效南极。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中包括一相斥磁极接头的至少两个磁铁段被设置在一段导管内，其中该段导管被连接到至少一段的他段导管上，其中所述至少一段的他段导管包括至少两个包括相斥磁极以便产生一相斥磁极接头的磁铁段，又其中所述至少一段的他段导管的相斥磁极接头包括一个与上述该段导管的相斥磁极接头的极性相反的极性。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中至少一个磁铁段的磁极强度是在1000高斯到2000高斯之间，1200高斯到1800高斯之间，或为1500高斯。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，另包括移动第一孔内的多个磁铁以便随时间改变至少一个磁场和/或使第二孔的长度得以增加。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，另包括形成多个与第一孔相邻的孔，其中这些孔中至少两个系采用第一孔中系列磁场的磁跟踪得以形成。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中第一孔为大致垂直的孔，又其中第二孔为大致水平的孔，该第二孔与第一孔相隔一选定的距离并在一选定的地层中深度处经过第一孔。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中第一孔包括一非磁性套管。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中系列磁场包括一第一磁场和一第二磁场，且其中第一磁场的强度与第二磁场的强度不同，或，其中第一磁场的强度大致与第二磁场的强度相同。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中第一孔由一处于一孔网中的中央孔构成，该方法另包括形成多个与第一孔相邻的孔网中的孔。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中第一孔由一处于一孔网中的中央孔构成，该方法另包括形成与第一孔相邻的孔网中的多个孔，并且其中所述多个孔中的每个都与第一孔相隔预定距离。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法，另包括设置至少一个位于第一孔内的加热机构和至少一个位于第二孔内的加热机构使得这些加热机构可用来供热给地层的至少一部分。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中第二孔和第一孔间距的偏差每500米孔长度不超过±1米。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中对系列磁场的测量系在第一孔内多个磁铁的两个或两个以上位置进行，以便减小固定磁场对确定第一孔和第二孔间距离的影响。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法，其中至少两个位置由相隔L/4倍数的位置构成，且其中L为多个磁铁中两个相斥磁极接头间的距离。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中多个磁铁中至少一个磁铁由铝、镍和/或钴合金的组合物构成。
19.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中多个磁铁被设置在一套管、一加热器套管和/或一射孔套管内。
20.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中将多个磁铁的至少一部分设置在一导管内，然后将导管设置在地层中的第一孔中。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法，其中导管由非磁性材料构成。
22.如权利要求1所述的方法，另包括用一种方法在含烃地层内形成两个以上的孔，另包括：
将一磁铁串设置在第一孔中，其中磁铁串在地层的一部分内产生磁场；
采用磁铁串产生的磁场的磁跟踪形成由一个或一个以上邻近第一孔的孔构成的第一组孔；
将磁铁串从第一孔移至由一个或一个以上孔构成的第一组孔中的一个孔；并
形成邻近内有磁铁串的孔的第二组一个或一个以上的孔。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法，另包括采用磁铁串的磁跟踪形成邻近第二组一个或一个以上孔中一孔的第三组一个或一个以上的孔，其中磁铁串已被移至第二组一个或一个以上孔中的那个孔。
24.如权利要求22所述的方法，另包括采用磁铁串的磁跟踪形成邻近第一组一个或一个以上孔中一孔的第三组一个或一个以上的孔，其中磁铁串已被移至第一组一个或一个以上孔中的该孔中，又其中该孔为不同于用来形成第二组一个或一个以上孔的那个孔。
25.如权利要求22-24中任何一个所述的方法，另包括在含烃地层中形成一孔网。
26.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中至少一个加热器被设置在地层中的至少一个孔内，其中加热器可被用在一方法中，该方法包括：
从至少一个加热器供热给地层的某一部分；
在地层内热解至少一些烃类；并
从地层产出一混合物，其中此混合物包含至少一些被热解的烃类。
27.一用来实施权利要求1-26中任何一个中的方法的系统，包括：
一钻井装置；
一包括两个或两个以上可位于一导管中的磁铁段的磁铁串，其中每个磁铁段包括多个磁铁；以及
一可构造配置成以便检测在地层内一磁场的传感器；
其中导管包括一个或一个以上管段，其中每个管段包括两个磁铁段，两个磁铁段被设置使得这两个磁铁段形成一个大致位于每个管段中心的相斥磁极接头。
28.如权利要求27所述的系统，其中传感器被连接到钻井装置上。
29.如权利要求27或28所述的系统，其中磁铁串另包括一个或一个以上可构造配置成以防止磁铁段相对导管运动的紧固件。
30.如权利要求27所述的系统，其中磁铁串被设置在地层中的第一孔中而钻井装置被设置在地层中的第二孔中。
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