CN1671944A - 可拆卸加热器在含烃地层内的安装与使用 - Google Patents

可拆卸加热器在含烃地层内的安装与使用 Download PDF

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CN1671944A
CN1671944A CNA028210921A CN02821092A CN1671944A CN 1671944 A CN1671944 A CN 1671944A CN A028210921 A CNA028210921 A CN A028210921A CN 02821092 A CN02821092 A CN 02821092A CN 1671944 A CN1671944 A CN 1671944A
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哈罗德·J·维内加
斯科特·L·韦林顿
埃里克·P·德鲁菲格纳克
约翰·M·科尔斯
小弗雷德里克·G·卡尔
詹姆斯·L·梅诺蒂
布鲁斯·G·亨苏克
安东尼·T·科尔
克里斯托弗·A·普拉特
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09CRECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/02Extraction using liquids, e.g. washing, leaching, flotation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09CRECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/06Reclamation of contaminated soil thermally
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G45/00Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/24Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by heating with electrical means
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/166Injecting a gaseous medium; Injecting a gaseous medium and a liquid medium
    • E21B43/168Injecting a gaseous medium
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243Combustion in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
    • E21B43/305Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells comprising at least one inclined or horizontal well
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0224Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using seismic or acoustic means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01VGEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09CRECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C2101/00In situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/028Electrical or electro-magnetic connections
    • E21B17/0285Electrical or electro-magnetic connections characterised by electrically insulating elements
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/40Ethylene production
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S210/00Liquid purification or separation
    • Y10S210/901Specified land fill feature, e.g. prevention of ground water fouling
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318Processes
    • Y10T137/0391Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

在一个实施例中,可以使用一个装置对含烃地层加热。所述装置可以包括配置于所述地层的开口内的加热器。所述装置可以使热从所述加热器输送的所述地层的一部分。所输送的热可以热解地层内至少有些种类的烃。所述加热器可以从地层内的开口内拆卸搬出并重新安装到地层的至少另一开口内。

Description

可拆卸加热器在含烃地层内的安装与使用
技术领域
本发明一般地说涉及从含烃地层开采烃类、氢和/或其它产品的方法和装置。某些实施例涉及把可重新配置的加热器安装进含烃地层和/或使用所述加热器给含烃地层供热。
背景技术
取自地层(例如,沉积地层)的烃类常常用作能源、原料和消费品。对可供利用的油气资源枯竭和生产的烃类总体质量下降的担心导致开发效率更高的开采、加工和/或使用可供利用的油气资源的方法。可以用各种就地处理的方法把烃类材料从地层内开采出来。可能需要改变地层内烃类材料的化学和/或物理性能,使烃类材料更容易地从地层中开采出来。化学和物理改变包括地层内烃类材料产生流体的就地反应、成分改变、溶解度改变、浓度改变、相改变和/或粘度改变。流体可能是,但不限于,气体、液体、乳状液、浆液、和或具有类似液流的流动性的固体颗粒流。
可以用热源对地层加热。可以用电加热器以辐射和/或传导的方式对地层加热。电加热器可以用电阻对元件加热。给予杰曼的美国专利2,548,360号说明了一种放置于井筒稠油内的电加热元件。这种加热器元件对稠油加热并使之变稀能从井筒内泵出。给予伊斯特伦德等人的美国专利4,716,960号说明如何用电对油井管道加热,其方法是以比较低的电压的电流流过管道装置,以防止形成固体颗粒。给予范埃格蒙德的美国专利5,065,818说明了一种胶结于井筒内而没有外套的电加热元件。
给予瓦因加等人的美国专利6,023,554号说明一种配置于外套内的电加热元件。这种电加热元件产生辐射能对所述外套加热。在所述外套与地层之间放置粒状填充材料。所述外套可以传导热对填充材料加热。而所述填充材料又传导热对对地层加热。
给予Van Meurs等人的美国专利4,570,715号也说明一种电加热元件。这种电加热元件有一个导电芯子、一个绝缘材料绕层和一个金属外罩。所述导电芯子在高温下电阻较低。所述绝缘材料可以有电阻、抗压强度和高温下热传导性能较高。所述绝缘材料绕层可以阻止从所述导电芯子到所述金属外罩产生电弧。所述金属外罩可以有抗拉强度和高温下较高的抗蠕变性能。
给予范埃格蒙德的美国专利5,060,287号说明了一种有铜镍合金芯子的电加热元件。
燃烧燃料可以用于对地层加热。燃烧燃料对地层加热比用电对地层加热节省。有几种加热器可以用燃烧燃料作为对地层加热的热源。所述燃烧可以在地层内、井内和/或接近地表面进行。在地层内燃烧可能是火驱采油。可以把氧化剂泵入地层内。氧化剂点燃可以把燃烧锋面推向生产井。可以用泵使氧化剂沿地层的断裂线穿过地层。氧化剂点燃可以不导致均匀流经地层的燃烧锋面。
可以用无焰燃烧器在井内燃烧燃料。给予Mikus的美国专利5,255,742号、给予瓦因加等人的美国专利5,404,952号、给予韦林顿等人的美国专利5,862,858号和给予韦林顿等人的美国专利5,899,269号说明了几种无焰燃烧器。无焰燃烧可以通过把燃料和燃烧空气预加热到超过这种混合物的自燃温度的温度实现。燃料和燃烧空气可以在加热区混合供燃烧。在无焰燃烧器的加热区内可以有降低燃料和燃烧空气混合物的自燃温度的催化表面。
可以用地面加热器向地层供热。所述地面加热器可以产生穿过井筒循环的燃烧气体,对地层加热。另外,可以使用地面燃烧器对穿过井筒对地层加热的热传输流体加热。给予瓦因加等人的美国专利6,056,057号和给予Mikus等人的美国专利6,079,499号说明了几个可以对地层加热的火焰加热器或地面燃烧器的例子。
发明内容
如上所述,人们在开发经济地从含烃地层开采烃类、氢和/或其它产品的方法和装置上已经作出了巨大的努力。然而,目前仍有许多含烃地层无法经济地从其中开采出烃类、氢和/或其它产品。因此仍有需要改善从含烃地层开采烃类、氢和/或其它产品的方法和装置。在某些场合,把加热器放置于地层的开口内又可以从开口内拆出是可取的。在某些情况下,加热器可以重新安装到所述地层的另一开口内。所述加热器还可以取出检查或修理。加热器能取出、更换和/或重新安装,可以减少现场处理在设备和/或运行方面的开支。
可以在含烃地层内的一个开口内配置一个或数个加热器,向地层输热。在有些实施例中,加热器可以放置在地层的裸井筒内。地层的“裸井筒”可以是未下套管的井筒或“无套管”井筒。热可以用传导和辐射的方式从加热器输送到地层。另外,加热器可以放置于用砾石、沙子和或水泥填塞的加热器井内或有套管的加热器井内。
在一个实施例中,加热器可以包括管路内导体加热器。管路可以放置于地层的开口内。导体可以放置于管路内。所述导体可以向地层的至少一部分供热。对中心器可以连接于所述导体。所述对中心器可以阻止所述导体在所述管路内移动。所述管路内导体加热器可以从地层内的开口内拆走。
对所述导体施加电可以向地层的一部分提供热。所提供的热可以从所述导体输送到地层的一段。所述热可以热解地层的所述段内的有些种类的烃。
在一个实施例中,可以组装所需长度的管路内导体加热器。可以把导体放置于管路内制成管路内导体加热器。可以把两个以上的管路内导体加热器连接在一起形成所需长度的管路内导体加热器。管路内导体加热器的各个导体可以在电气上连接在一起。而且各个管路也可以在电气上连接在一起。所需长度的管路内导体加热器可以放置于含烃地层的开口内。在有些实施例中,管路内导体加热器的各段可以用屏蔽活性气体焊接法连接。
在有些实施例中,所需长度的加热器可以在含烃地层附近组装。然后可以把组装好的加热器盘绕起来。可以通过对加热器解绕将其放入含烃地层的开口内。
在一个实施例中,可以用一个或数个加热器向地层的一部分供热。所供之热可以输送到地层选定的段。可以从地层内生产出混合物。所述混合物至少包括热解的一些种类的烃。在某些实施例中,加热器可以从地层的一个开口内拆卸出来并可以重新安装到地层的至少另一开口。
附图说明
本发明的优点,业内人士参照附图阅读下面的详细说明可以很清楚地看到。本说明书的附图有:
图1显示对含烃地层加热的各个阶段;
图2示出的是处理含烃地层的就地转化装置一部分的实施例示意图;
图3示出的是自然分布燃烧器热源的实施例;
图4示出的是绝缘导体热源的实施例;
图5示出的是在一条管路内放置三个绝缘导体加热器的实施例;
图6示出的是在地层内的管路内导体热源的实施例;
图7示出的是可拆卸管路内导体热源的实施例的断面图;
图8示出的是有管路内导体热源的井口的实施例;
图9示出的是管路内导体加热器实施例的简图,其中加热器的一部分基本水平放置于地层内;
图10示出的是管路内导体加热器连接的实施例的放大图;
图11示出的是管路内导体加热器实施例的简图,其中加热器的一部分基本水平放置于地层内;
图12示出的也是管路内导体加热器实施例的简图,其中加热器的一部分基本水平放置于地层内;
图13示出的还是管路内导体加热器实施例的简图,其中加热器的一部分基本水平放置于地层内;
图14示出的是对中心器的实施例;
图15示出的也是对中心器的实施例;
图16示出的是管路内导体热源组装和热源在地层内安装的实施例;
图17示出的是将安装于地层内的管路内导管热源的实施例;
图18示出的是地层内热源的实施例。
具体实施方式
本发明可以有各种变型和可能的形式,其具体实施例在附图中以举例的方法示出并在这里详细说明。这些附图可能不合比例。应该理解,这些附图以及对其进行的说明并不把本发明限制于所公开的具体形式,而恰恰相反,本发明涵盖所附权利要求书中限定的本发明的精神范围内的一切变型、等同物和替换物。
下面的说明一般涉及处理含烃地层(例如:含包括褐煤、腐泥煤等在内的煤;油页岩;碳质页岩;不纯石墨;油母岩;沥青;石油;低渗透性基岩内的油母岩和石油;重烃类;沥青岩;天然地蜡的地层及其中有妨碍生产其它烃类的油母岩的地层等等)的装置和方法。这些地层经过处理后可以生产较高质量的烃产品、氢和其它产品。
“烃类”一般定义为主要由碳原子和氢原子组成的分子。烃类还可以包括诸如卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫这些其他元素,但不限于这些。烃类可以是,但不限于,油母岩、沥青、焦沥青、石油、天然地蜡和沥青岩。烃类可以位于地球内的矿脉内或其附近。矿脉包括,但不限于,沉积岩、砂、硅质生物、碳酸盐、硅藻岩和其它孔隙介质。“烃流体”是含烃类的流体。烃流体可以包括、夹带或夹带于非烃流体(例如,氢“H2”、氮“N2”、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨)。
一个“地层”包括一个或数个含烃层、一个或数个非烃层、一个盖层、和/或一个下伏岩层。“盖层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或数种不同的不渗透物质。例如,盖层和/或下伏岩层包括岩石、板岩或湿/不漏碳酸岩(即,无烃类不渗透碳酸岩)。在一些就地转变方法的实施例中,盖层和/或下伏岩层可以包括一个或数个不渗透和在就地转变处理期间不经受引起其特性大变化的温度的含烃层。例如,下伏岩层可以包括板岩或泥岩。在某些情况下,盖层和/或下伏岩层可以多少有些渗透性。
“地层流体”和“采出流体”两个术语指的是从含烃地层采出的流体,可能包括热解流体、合成气、流动烃和水(蒸汽)。术语“流动体”指的是地层因热处理其内能流动的物质。地层流体可以包括烃流体以及非烃流体。
“热源”是至少向地层的一部分基本以传导和/或辐射方式提供热的任何装置。例如,热源可以包括诸如绝缘导体、长形件和/或配置于管路内的导体之类的电加热器。热源还可以包括诸如地面燃烧器、井底气体燃烧器、无焰分布燃烧器和自然分布燃烧器之类的在地层内、外燃烧燃料产生热的热源。此外,可以想象在有些实施例中,一个或数个热源提供或产生的热可以由其它能源供给。所述其它能源可以对地层直接加热,或者可把能量施加于直接或间接对地层加热的传送介质。要理解,对地层施加热的一个或数个热源可以使用不同的能源。例如,对于某一地层,有些热源可以用电阻加热器供热,有些热源可以用燃烧供热,有些热源可以用一个或数个其它能源(例如,化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物燃料或其它再生能源)供热。化学反应可以包括放热反应(例如,氧化反应)。热源可以有对例如加热器井这样的供热点附近或周围的区域提供热的加热器。
“加热器”是井内或靠近井筒地区发出热量的任何装置。加热器可以是,但不限于,电加热器、燃烧器、与地层内的物质或从地层采出的物质发生反应的燃烧器(例如,自然分布燃烧器)和/或这些燃烧器的组合。“热源组”指的是在地层内反复产生一种热源结构样式的若干热源。
“井筒”一语指的是在地层内钻出的孔或向地层内插入管路形成的孔。井筒可以有基本为圆形的截面或其它形状(例如,圆形、椭圆形、正方形、长方形、三角形、裂缝或其它规则或不规则形状)的截面。在指地层中的开口时,在本文使用中,“井”和“开口”可以与“井筒”互换。
“自然分布燃烧器”指的是使用氧化剂至少氧化地层内一部分碳而发热的加热器,其中氧化发生于井筒附近。自然分布燃烧器的大部分燃烧生成物穿过井筒排出。
“孔眼”指的是有各种尺寸和截面形状(包括,但不限于,圆形、椭圆形、正方形、长方形、三角形、裂缝或其它规则或不规则形状)的孔(例如,管路中的孔)。
“反应区域”指的是经受诸如氧化反应之类的化学反应的含烃地层的某一区域。
“绝缘导体”指的是全部或部分被覆盖了不导电材料的能导电的任何长形材料。“自控”指的是没有任何一种外部控制而控制加热器的输出。
“热解流体”或“热解产生物”指的是基本在烃类热解时产生的流体。热解反应产生的流体可以与地层内的其它流体混合。可以把这种混合物也看作热解流体或热解产生物。本文使用的“热解区域”指的是地层(例如沥青砂地层之类的较可渗透地层)发生反应形成热解流体的区域。
“可冷凝烃类”是在25℃一个绝对大气压下冷凝的烃类。可冷凝烃类可以包括碳号大于4的烃类的混合物。“不冷凝烃类”是在25℃一个绝对大气压下不冷凝的烃类。不冷凝烃类可以包括碳号小于5的烃类。
地层内的烃类可以用不同方法处理生产出许多不同产品。在某些实施例中,这些地层可以分阶段处理。图1示出了对含烃地层加热的几个阶段。图1还示出了(以比较低的差率对地层加热时)含烃地层的地层流体对应于地层温度(℃)(X轴)的当量(每吨的油桶数当量)(Y轴)的例子。
在加热的第一阶段释放甲烷并产生水蒸气。可以尽快地进行第一阶段的对地层加热。例如,对含烃地层一开始加热地层内的烃类就可释放出吸收的甲烷。可以从地层内采出所释放出的甲烷。如果进一步对含烃地层加热,含烃地层内的水就可汽化。在一些含烃地层内,水可能占地层内孔隙体积的大约10%到大约50%。在另一些含烃地层内,水所占的孔隙体积或者大于或者小于上述数据。水在地层内一般在温度大约160℃到大约285℃之间压力在大约6巴到大约70巴的情况下汽化。在有些实施例中,汽化了的水可以改变地层内的湿润性和/或增加地层压力。湿润性的改变和/或压力的提高可影响地层内的热解反应和其它反应。在某些实施例中,可以把汽化水从地层内采出。在另一些实施例中,汽化水可以用于地层内或地层外的蒸汽提取和/或蒸馏。从地层内排出水和增加地层内的孔隙体积可以增加孔隙体积内的储存空间。
在第一阶段的加热之后,可以进一步对地层加热,使地层内的温度(至少)达到初始热解温度(例如,所示第二阶段温度范围的低端温度)。地层内的烃类可以在整个第二阶段内热解。热解温度范围根据地层内烃类的种类而变化。热解温度的范围可能包括大约250℃与大约900℃之间的温度。开采所需产品的热解温度范围可能只占整个热解温度范围的一部分。在有些实施例中,开采所需产品的热解温度范围可能包括大约250℃与大约400℃之间的温度。假使地层内的温度在从大约250℃到大约400℃之间的范围内缓慢地上升,在温度达到400℃时热解产品的开采可以基本完成。用若干热源对含烃地层加热可以在热源周围建立使地层内烃类温度在热解温度范围内缓慢上升的热梯度。
在有些就地转变的实施例中,要热解的烃类的温度可以不在从大约250℃到大约400℃的整个温度的范围内缓慢地上升。地层内烃类可以加热到所需温度(例如,大约325℃)。所需温度也可以选其它温度。用数个热源同时加热可以使地层内较快地较有效地达到所需温度。可以调整从热源输入地层的能量把地层内的温度基本保持于所需的程度。可以把烃类基本保持于所需温度直到热解衰减到从地层开采出的所需地层流体不经济的时候。
可以把包括热解流体在内的地层流体从地层内采出。热解流体可以包括,但不限于,烃类、氢、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、硫化氢、氨、氮、水及其混合物。随着地层温度的上升,采出的地层流体内的可冷凝烃类逐渐减少。在高温下,地层主要产出甲烷和/或氢。如果在整个热解范围内都对含烃地层加热,在到达热解范围的上限时地层可能只产出少量的氢。一切可采出的氢枯竭后一般会出现场层产出的流体量最少的现象。
烃类热解后,地层内可能还有大量的碳和一些氢。存留于地层内的大量碳可以以合成气的形式从地层内采出。合成气可以在图1所示的第三阶段的加热过程中产生。第三阶段包括把含烃地层加热到足以产生合成气的温度。例如,合成气可以在大约400℃到大约1200℃的温度范围内产出。产生合成气的流体引到地层时地层的温度可以决定地层内产出的合成气的成分。如果把可产生合成气的流体引入温度足以产生合成气的地层,合成气就可在此地层内产生。所产生的合成气可以通过一个或数个生产井从地层内采出。在产生合成气的期间可以采出大量合成气。
图2是处理含烃地层的就地转变装置一部分的实施例的示意图。至少在含烃地层的一部分放置若干热源100。热源100可以包括,例如,诸如绝缘导体加热器和管路内导体加热器之类的电加热器、地面燃烧器、无焰分布燃烧器和/或自然分布燃烧器。热源100还可以包括其它种类的加热器。热源100至少可以向含烃地层的一部分提供热。可以通过供应管线102向热源100提供能源。供应管线根据用于对地层加热的热源的种类在结构上可以有所不同。供应管线可以为电加热器输电,为燃烧器输送燃料,或者输送在地层内循环的热交换流体。
生产井104可以用于从地层内采出地层流体。从生产井104采出的地层流体可以通过收集管道106输送到处理设施108。地层流体也可以从热源100开采。例如,为了控制临近热源的地层内的压力,就可以从热源100采出地层流体。从热源100采出的地层流体可以通过管道输送到收集管道106或者通过管道直接输送到处理设施108。处理设施108可以包括分离装置、反应装置、改良装置、燃料箱、透平、储存容器和其它处理地层流体的装置和装置。
处理烃类的就地转变装置可以包括阻隔井110。在某些实施例中,阻隔井110可以包括冷冻井。在有些实施例中,阻隔层可以用于阻止流体(例如,产生的流体和/或地下水)流入和/或流出正在就地转变处理的地层的一部分。阻隔层可以包括,但不限于,天然形成物(例如,盖层和下伏岩层)、冷冻井、冷冻阻隔区域、低温阻隔区域、灰浆墙、硫井、排水井、注入井、地层内产出的胶滞体形成的阻隔地层内析出的盐形成的阻隔层、地层内聚合反应形成的阻隔、打入地层的片材或以上这些的组合。
如图2所示,除了热源100之外在含烃地层部分一般还有一口或数口生产井104。地层流体可以通过生产井104采出。在有些实施例中,生产井104可以有热源。所述热源可以对生产井的或其附近的地层部分加热并可供地层流体的气相排出之用。从生产井高温泵出流体的需要可以减少或消除。避免或限制高温泵出流体可以大量降低生产成本。在生产井或通过生产井加热可以:(1)当生产流体在生产井内流近盖层时阻止所述生产流体冷凝和/或回流;(2)增加对地层的热输入;和/或(3)提高生产井的或其附近的地层渗透性。在有些就地转变方法的实施例中,供应生产井的热量大大少于供应对地层加热的热源的热量。
在一个实施例中,含烃地层可以用位于地层内的自然分布燃烧器装置加热。装置产生的热可以输送到地层的选定部分。自然分布燃烧器可以氧化井筒附近地层内的烃类向地层的选定部分提供热。
足以维持氧化作用进行的温度可能至少大约为200℃或250℃。足以维持氧化作用进行的温度会根据许多因素(例如,含烃地层内的烃类的成分、地层的含水量和/或氧化剂的种类和量)发生变化。可以在加热前从地层内排出一些水。例如,可以通过排水井从地层内泵出水。地层的受热部分可以距离含烃地层的开口不远或临近于所述开口。所述开口可以是地层的加热器井。含烃地层的受热部分可以从所述开口径向延展大约0.3米到大约1.2米。然而,延展的幅度也可以小于0.9米。加热部分的宽度随着时间变化。在某些实施例中,这种变化决定于若干因素,其中包括在氧化碳的时候不用另外的热源提供热而保持氧化作用进行所必须的地层宽度。
地层的部分达到足以维持氧化作用进行的温度后,可以向所述开口提供氧化流体以便在地层内的反应区或热源区氧化至少一部分烃类。烃类的氧化会在反应区产生热。在大多数实施例中,所产生的热会从反应区送到地层内的热解区。在某些实施例中,所产生的热以沿反应区的深度测定的每米大约650瓦与1650瓦之间的速率输送。地层内至少有些烃类氧化时,供应加热器对地层初始加热到足以维持氧化作用进行的温度的能源可以减少或切断。使用自然分布燃烧器可以大量减少能源输入的开支,从而提供更为有效的地层加热装置。
在一个实施例中,在开口内配置管道,向开口内提供氧化流体。所述管道可以有节流孔眼或其它控制流量的机关(例如,狭长切口、文丘里流量计、阀等等)使氧化流体能进入所述开口。节流孔眼可以是各种截面形状的开口,包括,但不限于,圆形、椭圆形、正方形、长方形、三角形、狭长切口或其它规则或不规则形状。在有些实施例中,所述节流孔眼是临界流量孔眼。这种节流孔眼不管孔口的压力多大都可以提供恒定流量的氧化流体。
进入开口的氧化流体的流量可以控制,从而反应区的氧化速度可以控制。进入的氧化剂与出去的氧化产物之间的热输送可以对氧化流体加热。热的输送也可以把管路保持在管路最高运行温度之下。
图3示出的是可以对含烃地层加热的自然分布燃烧器的实施例。可以把管路112配置于含烃层116内的开口114内。管路112可以有内管路118。氧化流体源120可以向内管路118内提供氧化流体122。内管路118沿其纵长方向有若干临界流量孔眼124。临界流量孔眼124可以在开口114内的内管路118的纵长方向螺旋形(或其它任何形式)配置。例如,临界流量孔眼124可以螺旋形配置,相邻的孔眼与孔眼之间的距离为大约1米到2.5米。内管路118的底部可以封闭。可以通过内管路118的临界流量孔眼124向开口114内提供氧化流体122。
临界流量孔眼124在设计上可以做到各个临界流量孔的氧化流体122流速基本相同。临界流量孔眼124还可以在内管路118纵长方向基本均匀地提供氧化流体122的流量。这种流量可以在内管路118纵长方向对含烃层116基本均匀地加热。
充填材料126可以把管路112封闭于地层的盖层128内。充填材料126可以阻止流体从开口114流到地面130。充填材料126可以包括诸如水泥或者胶结的砂子或砾石之类的阻止流体流到地面130的任何材料。穿过所述充填材料的管路或开口为氧化产物提供到达地面的通路。
氧化产物132一般从开口114进入管路112。氧化产物132可以包括二氧化碳、氧化氮、氧化硫、一氧化碳和/或氧与烃和/或碳发生化学作用的其它产品。氧化产物132可以穿过管路112排到地面130。氧化产物132可以沿开口114内的反应区134的面一直流到靠近开口114上端,氧化产物132可以在此处流入管路112。氧化产物132还可以通过配置于开口114和/或含烃层116内的一条或数条管路112流出。例如,氧化产物132可以通过配置于开口114内的第二管路排出。氧化产物132通过管路排出可以阻止氧化产物132流到配置于地层内的生产井。临界流量孔眼124也可以阻止氧化产物132进入内管路118。
使氧化产物132的流速与氧化流体122的流速平衡,从而开口114内基本保持恒定压力。对于100米长的受热部分,氧化流体的流速可以在大约每分钟0.5标准立方米到每分钟5标准立方米之间,或者大约每分钟1.0标准立方米到每分钟4.0标准立方米之间,或者,例如,大约每分钟1.7标准立方米。在用于适应反应区扩大时氧化流体的流速可以逐渐增加。例如,开口内的压力可以为大约8巴。氧化流体122在反应区134内使含烃层116的受热部分136内的至少一部分烃类氧化。受热部分136在开始时可以用电加热器加热到足以维持氧化的温度。在一些实施例中,电加热器可以配置于内管路118内或固定于内管路118的外边。
在某些实施例中,控制开口114内的压力可以阻止氧化产物和/或氧化流体流入地层的热解区。在有些情况下,114内的压力可以控制得稍大于地层内的压力以使开口内的流体进入地层但阻止能把流体远距离输送到地层内的压力梯度的形成。
虽然氧化产生的热输送到地层,但是氧化产物132(和诸如空气之类的多余氧化流体)却不可以穿过地层和/或到地层内的生产井。氧化产物132和/或多余的氧化流体可以从地层内排出。在有些实施例中,氧化产物和/或多余的氧化流体是通过管路112排出的。排出氧化产物和/或多余的氧化流体可以使氧化反应产生的热能输送到热解区而没有大量的氧化产物和/或多余的氧化流体流入热解区。
反应区134产生的热可以用传导的方法输送到含烃层116的选定部分138。此外,产生的热还可以用对流的方法少量地输送到选定部分。选定部分138,有时称为“热解区”,可以基本与反应区134相邻。排出氧化产物(和诸如空气之类的多余氧化流体)可以使热解区能从反应区接受热而不受反应区内氧化产物或氧化剂的影响。氧化产物和/或氧化流体如果在热解区内可以使不需要的产品形成。排出氧化产物和/或氧化流体可以使热解区内的环境能还原。
在有些实施例中,可以在自然分布燃烧器加热器的开口114内配置第二管路。第二管路可以用于从开口114内排出氧化产物。第二管路可以在其纵长方向上配置若干个孔眼。在某些实施例中,氧化产物可以通过配置于第二管路上的孔眼从开口114的上部区域排出。可以在第二管路的纵长方向上配置若干孔眼从而有更多的氧化产物从开口114的上部区域排出。
在某些自然分布燃烧器的实施例中,第二管路上孔眼的方向可以与内管路118上的临界流量孔眼124的方向相反。这种方向可以使通过内管路118提供的氧化流体不直接流进第二管路。
电加热器可以对含烃地层的一部分加热达到足以维持烃类氧化的温度。所述部分可以靠近地层的开口或与地层的开口邻接。所述部分可以从开口径向扩展大约不到1米的宽度。可以向开口提供氧化流体以供烃类氧化之用。使用自然分布燃烧方法时,烃类的氧化可以对含烃地层加热。因而可以减少或关断供给电加热器的电流。自然分布燃烧可以与电加热器结合使用,与只使用电加热器相比,这种两者结合使用提供了一种降低加热含烃地层的能耗支出的方法。
绝缘导体加热器可以是热源的加热器元件。在绝缘导体加热器的实施例中,绝缘导体加热器是矿物绝缘电缆或杆。绝缘导体加热器可以配置于含烃地层的开口内。绝缘导体加热器可以配置于含烃地层的无套管的开口内。把加热器配置于含烃地层的无套管的开口内可以使热从加热器用辐射以及传导的方式输送到地层。使用无套管开口可以便于在必要时从井内取出加热器。使用无套管开口由于可以减少一部分能承受高压的套管可以减少加热器的投资费用。在有些加热器的实施例中,绝缘导体加热器可以配置于地层内的套管内;可以胶结于地层内;或者可以用砂子、砾石或其它填充材料将其压在开口内。绝缘导体加热器可以用位于开口内的支承件支承。所述支承件可以是缆索、杆子或管子。所述支承件可以用金属、陶瓷、人造材料或其混合物制造。在使用中,支承件的部分可能暴露于地层流体和热,所以支承件要能抗化学反应和耐热。
可以用带、点焊和/或其它种类的连接器沿绝缘导体加热器的纵长方向将其连接于各个位置的支承件上。所述支承件可以固定于地层上表面处的井口。在绝缘导体加热器的一个实施例中,绝缘导体加热器设计得有足够的强度,无需支承件。绝缘导体加热器在许多情况下有些挠性,在受热受凉时不致由于热胀冷缩而受损害。
在某些实施例中,可以不用支承件和/或对中心器把绝缘导体加热器放置于井筒内。没有支承件和/或对中心器的绝缘导体加热器可以有以下在使用中不发生故障的各种性能的适当组合:耐温;耐腐蚀;蠕变强度;长度;厚度(直径)和金属性能。
有许多公司制造绝缘导体加热器。这些制造厂家有,但不限于,MI Cable Technologies(Calgary,Alberta),Pyrotenax Cable Company(Trenton,Ontario),Idaho Laboratories Corporation(Idaho Falls,Idaho)和Watlow(St.Louis,MO)。作为一个例子,绝缘导体加热器可以从Idaho Laboratories公司定货,电缆型号355-A90-310-“H”30’/750’/30’带因康镍合金600冷销套,三相Y结构,底连接导线。加热器的规格还可以包括1000VAC,1400°F质量的电缆。355表示电缆外直径(0.355”);A90表示导线材料;310表示受热区套合金(SS310);“H”表示氧化镁混合料;30’/750’/30’表示大约230米的受热区有从顶到底大约9米长的冷销。使用高温标准纯度氧化镁同样规格同样标号的电缆可以从Pyrotenax Cable公司定货。
可以在地层的一个开口内配置一个或数个绝缘导体加热器形成一个或若干个加热器。电流可以通过开口内的各个绝缘导体加热器以对地层加热。另外,电流也可以只通过选定的绝缘导体加热器。不使用的绝缘导体加热器可以作为备用加热器。绝缘导体加热器可以用任何方便的方式与电源连接。绝缘导体加热器的各端可以连接于穿过井筒的引入电缆。这种结构一般有一个靠近加热器的底的180°的弯(“发夹”弯),或弯折。有180°弯的绝缘导体加热器可以不要底端,但这个180°的弯在电气方面和/或结构方面可能是加热器的弱点。若干个绝缘导体加热器可以串联、并联或者串联并联相结合。在加热器的有些实施例中,电流通过绝缘导体加热器的导体并以绝缘导体加热器的套为回路。
在图4所示加热器的实施例中,三个绝缘导体加热器以三相Y形结构与电源连接。所述电源可以向导体提供60赫交流电。对于绝缘导体加热器可能要求无底连接。另外,三相电路的所有三个导体可以在加热器开口的底部附近连接在一起。可以直接在绝缘导体加热器的发热部分的端部进行这种连接,或者在连接于绝缘导体加热器底部发热部分的冷销端部进行这种连接。这种底部连接可以用填充绝缘材料并密封的筒或用填充环氧树脂的筒进行。所述绝缘材料的成分可以与用作电绝缘的材料相同。
图4中所示的三个绝缘导体加热器可以用对中心器144连接于支承件142。另外,这三个绝缘导体加热器也可以用金属带直接固定于支承管上。对中心器144可以保持绝缘导体加热器在支承件142上的位置或阻止绝缘导体加热器在支承件142上移动。对中心器144可以用金属、陶瓷或这两者的组合制造。所述金属可以是不锈钢或其它能经受腐蚀和热环境的其它种类的金属。在有些实施例中,对中心器144可以是弓形金属条,每隔大约不到6米的距离焊接在所述支承件上。用于对中心器144的陶瓷可以是,但不限于,Al2O3、MgO或其它绝缘材料。对中心器144可以把绝缘导体加热器保持于支承件142上的某一位置做到在绝缘导体加热器的运行温度下阻止绝缘导体加热器移动。绝缘导体加热器140可以有一些挠性以经受加热期间支承件142的膨胀。
支承件142、绝缘导体加热器140和对中心器144可以配置于含烃层116的开口114内。绝缘导体加热器140可以用冷销过渡导体148连接于底部导体连接器146。底部导体连接器146可以在电的方面把绝缘导体加热器140互相连接起来。底部导体连接器146可以包括导电而在开口114内的温度下不熔化的材料。冷销过渡导体148可以是电阻小于绝缘导体加热器140的绝缘导体加热器。
引入导线150可连接于井口152,向绝缘导体加热器140供电。引入导线150可以用电阻比较小的良导材料制造,从而电流通过引入导线150时产生比较少的热。在有些实施例中,引入导线是橡胶或聚合物绝缘的多股铜丝。在有些实施例中,引入导线是矿物绝缘铜心导线。引入导线150可以通过位于盖层128与地面130之间的密封法兰连接于地面130的井口152。所述密封法兰可以阻止流体从开口114漏到地面130。
在有些实施例中,增强材料154可以把盖层套管156固定于盖层128。在一个加热器的实施例中,盖层套管是直径7.6cm(3英寸)管壁厚度40号的碳钢管子。增强材料154可以包括,例如,G级或H级普通水泥与石英粉(为提高耐高温性能)的混合物、矿渣或石英粉和/或其混合物(例如,每立方厘米矿渣/石英粉大约1.58克)。在有些实施例中,增强材料154径向扩展从大约5厘米到25厘米的宽度。在有些实施例中,增强材料154径向扩展从大约10厘米到15厘米的宽度。
在某些实施例中,可用一条或数条管路向地层开口供应辅助组分(例如,氮、二氧化碳、含氢气体之类的还原剂等),放出流体和/或控制压力。靠近热源的地方地层压力趋向于最高。在加热器内安装控压设备是有利的。在有些实施例中,在热源附近添加还原剂有助于提供更有利的热解环境(例如,更高的氢分压)。因为渗透率和孔积率在热源附近趋向于更快地增加,最佳办法常常是在热源附近添加还原剂,从而还原剂能更快地进入地层。
如图4所示,可以安装管路158,把气体从气体源160经阀162加入开口114内。管路158和阀164可以用于在不同时间放出流体和/或控制开口114附近的压力。应该理解,本文说明的任何一个热源也都可以配备供应辅助组分、放出流体和/或控制压力的管路。
如图4所示,支承件142和引入导线150可以连接于地层地面130的井口152。地面导管166可以封闭增强材料154并与井口152连接。地面导管166的各实施例的外直径可以为大约10.16厘米到大约30.48厘米,或者,例如外直径为22厘米。地面导管的各实施例可以延伸到地层内开口的大约3米到大约515米的深度。另外,地面导管也可以延伸到开口内的大约9米的深度。可以从电源向绝缘导体加热器140供电以产生热量。作为一例,用大约330伏的电压和大约266安的电流强度向绝缘导体加热器140供电,绝缘导体加热器140产生大约每米1150瓦的热。从三个绝缘导体加热器140产生的热在开口114内可以输送(例如,辐射)去对含烃层116的至少一部分加热。
绝缘导体加热器产生的热可以对含烃地层的至少一部分加热。在有些实施例中,加热器产生的热基本可以通过辐射输送到地层。由于开口内有气体,有些热是通过传导和对流传送的。所述开口可能是没有导管的开口。开口没有导管省去与加热器热胶结于地层相关的费用,与导管相关的费用和/或在开口内充填加热器的费用。此外,以辐射传热一般比传导的效率更高,所以在裸井筒内加热器的工作温度可以低一些。加热器运行初期的传导方式的热传递可以用增加开口内的气体的办法增加。所述气体可以保持于高达27巴的压力下。所述气体可以包括,但不限于二氧化碳和/或氦。裸井筒内的绝缘导体加热器的优点是可以自由膨胀或收缩适应热胀冷缩。绝缘导体加热器的优点是可以拆卸搬走,可以重新配置。
在一个实施例中,绝缘导体加热器可以用缠绕组件安装和拆卸。加热器与支承件同时安装可以使用数个缠绕组件。授予Van Egmond等人的美国专利4,572,299号说明缠绕电加热器如何放入井内。另外,支承件也可以使用盘管装置安装。PCT专利WO/0043630和WO/0043631号说明盘管装置这种方法。加热器在支承件插入井内时可以解绕并连接于支承件上。然后可以把加热器和支承件从缠绕组件上解开。可以沿支承件的纵长方向把垫片连接于支承件与加热器。电加热器用得多,可以多用几个缠绕组件。
在一个就地转变方法的实施例中,可以把加热器安装于基本水平的井桶内。把加热器安装于井桶(垂直的或水平的)内包括在管路内放置一个或数个加热器(例如,三个矿物绝缘导体加热器)。图5示出的是在管路168内放置三个绝缘导体加热器140的一部分的实施例。安装的三个导体加热器140可以用隔片170隔开以使安装的三个导体加热器位于管路内。
管路可以绕在卷轴上。所述卷轴可以放在卡车之类的运输平台上或能运到井筒地点的其它平台上。所述管路可以在井筒附近退绕并插入井筒内以便把加热器安装于井筒内。可以在缠绕的管路的一端配置一个焊接盖。所述焊接盖配置于先进入井筒的管路的一端。管路可以使在井筒内安装加热器变得很容易。
盘管安装可以在导管纵长方向减少焊接和/或螺纹连接点的数量。盘管内的焊接和/或螺纹连接点可以预先检验完整性(例如,通过液压检验)。盘管可以从Quality Tubing,Inc.(得克萨斯州,休斯敦市)PrecisionTubing(得克萨斯州,休斯敦市)和其他制造商购得。盘管可以有许多尺寸和不同材料的。盘管尺寸有从大约2.5厘米(1英寸)到大约15厘米(6英寸)。盘管材料有包括碳钢在内的许多金属的。盘管可以绕在大直径的卷轴上。所述卷轴可以装在盘管装置上。可以从Halliburton(俄克拉赫马州,邓肯市)、Fleet Cementers,Inc.(得克萨斯州,西斯科市)和Coiled Tubing Solutions,Inc.(得克萨斯州,伊斯特兰市)购买到适合的盘管装置。可以从卷轴上退绕并穿过矫直装置再插入井筒内。在把盘管插入井内之前可以在盘管的一端连接(例如,焊接)一个焊接盖。插入后可以把所述盘管从卷轴上切断。
图6示出的是可以对含烃地层加热的管路内导体加热器的实施例。导体174可以配置于管路176内。导体174可以是导电材料的杆或管。在导体174的两端可以有低电阻部分178以使这两部分少产生热。低电阻部分178可以用该部分比导体174截面大或用电阻较小的材料制造。在某些实施例中,低电阻部分178包括连接于导体174的低电阻导体。在有些加热器实施例中,导体174可以是2.8厘米直径的316、304或310不锈钢杆。在有些加热器实施例中,导体174可以是2.5厘米直径的316、304或310不锈钢管。可以使用直径或粗或细的杆或管以取得地层所需的热。导体174的直径和/或壁厚可以沿其纵长方向变化以使其不同部分有不同的加热率。
管路176可以用导电材料制造。管路176可以是316、304或310不锈钢制造的7.6厘米,壁厚系列号40的管子。管路176可以配置于含烃层116内的开口114内。开口114有能容纳管路176的直径。所述开口的直径可以为大约10厘米到大约13厘米。可以使用或大或小直径的开口以适应具体的管路或设计。
导体174可以用对中心器180置于管路176的中央。对中心器180可以在电气方面把导体174与管路176分隔开。对中心器180可以阻止导体174移动并使之位于管路176内的适当位置。对中心器180可以用陶瓷或陶瓷与金属组合的材料制造。对中心器180可以阻止导体174在管路176内扭曲。对中心器180可以沿导体174每隔大约0.5米到大约3米配置一个。
如图6所示,导体174的第二低电阻部分178可以把导体174连接于井口152。电流可以从电源电缆184通过导体174的低电阻部分178传到导体174。电流可以从导体174通过滑动连接器188流到管路176。管路176在电气上可以与盖层导管156和井口152分隔开以使电流回到电源电缆184。导体174和管路176内可以产生热。所产生的热可以在管路176和开口114内辐射,至少可以对含烃层116的一部分加热。作为一例,以大约330伏的电压和大约795安培的电流加于229米(750英尺)受热部分内的导体174和管路176,导体174和管路176可以产生大约每米1150瓦的热。
盖层导管156可以配置于盖层128内。在有些实施例中,盖层导管156周围可以有阻止对盖层128加热的材料。导体174的低电阻部分178可以放置于盖层导管156内。导体174的低电阻部分178可以用,例如,碳钢制造。低电阻部分178的直径可以在大约2厘米到大约5厘米之间,例如,大约4厘米。导体174的低电阻部分178可以用对中心器180配置于盖层导管156的中央。沿导体174的低电阻部分178配置的对中心器180之间的间隔为大约6米到大约12米,例如,大约9米。在加热器的一个实施例中,导体174的低电阻部分178以焊接连接于导体174。在加热器的其它实施例中,低电阻部分以螺纹、螺纹加焊接或其它办法连接于导体。低电阻部分178在盖层导管156内产生很少的热或不产生热。可以把填充材料126放置于盖层导管156与开口114之间。填充材料126可以阻止流体从开口114流到地面130。
在加热器的一个实施例中,盖层导管156是7.6厘米壁厚系列号40的碳钢管。在有些实施例中,盖层导管可以胶结于盖层内。增强材料154可以是矿渣或石英粉或两者的混合物(例如,每立方厘米矿渣/石英粉大约1.58克)。增强材料154可以径向扩展大约5厘米到大约25厘米的宽度。增强材料154也可以用旨在阻止热流进盖层128的材料制造。在加热器的其它实施例中,盖层导管156可以不胶结于地层内。如果需要拆卸管路176,不粘结的盖层导管便于管路176的拆卸搬动。
地面导管166可以连接于井口152。地面导管166的直径为大约10厘米到大约30厘米,或,在有些实施例中,大约22厘米。不导电的密封法兰可以在机械上把导体174的低电阻部分178连接于井口152并在电气上把低电阻部分178连接于电源电缆184。不导电的密封法兰可以把电源电缆184连接于井口152。例如,电源电缆184可以是铜缆、线或其它长形件。电源电缆184可以包含具有低电阻的任何材料。所述电源电缆可以固定于所述低电阻部分的底部以形成电接触。
在一个实施例中,热可以在管路176内产生或由管路176产生。加热器产生的总热量中的大约10%到大约30%是在管路176内或用其产生的。导体174和管路176都可以用不锈钢制造。导体174和管路176的尺寸选择做到所述导体的散热在每米大约650瓦到1650瓦的范围内。管路176内的温度可以是大约480℃到大约815℃,导体174内的温度可以是大约500℃到大约840℃。沿管路176的长度方向对含烃地层基本均匀加热的长度可以长于300米,甚或长于600米。
可以安装管186以便从气源160经阀162向开口114内添加气体。在增强材料154内设有一个能使气体进入开口114内的孔。可以在不同时间使用管186和阀162放出流体和/或控制开口114附近的压力。应该理解,本文说明的任何热源也都可以配备管子以供应添加组分、放出流体和/或控制压力。
图7示出的是可拆卸搬动的管路内导体加热器的一个实施例的断面图。可以穿过盖层128把管路176放置于开口114内,使得在所述管路与盖层导管156之间有间隙。流体可以穿过管路176与盖层导管156之间的间隙从开口114内排出。流体可以从所述间隙经管186排出。连接于井口152的管路176及包含于其内的加热器组件可以作为一个整体从开口114内取出。加热器作为一个整体取出的目的可以是修理、更换和/或用于地层的另一部分。
在某些实施例中,管路内导体加热器的一些部分可以移动或取出,以适应加热器加热的地层部分。例如,在水平井内,开始时管路内导体加热器可能几乎与地层内的开口一样长。随着产品从地层内采出,可以移动管路内导体加热器,将其放在距离地层内开口端部更远一些的地点。通过调整加热器的位置可以把热加于地层的不同部分。在某些实施例中,所述加热器的一端可以连接于密封机构(例如,充填机构或封堵机构)以封住衬管或导管的孔。所述密封机构可以阻止不需要的流体从加热器井筒流出。所述加热器井筒是管路内导体加热器移出的井筒。
图8示出的是井口的实施例。井口152可以用法兰盘192或其它适合的机械装置连接于接线匣190。接线匣190可以控制供给电加热器的电(电流和电压)。电源194可以包含于接线匣190内。在加热器的一个实施例中,所述电加热器是管路内导体加热器。法兰盘192可以包含不锈钢或任何其它适合的密封材料。导体196可以在电气上把管路176连接于电源194。在有些实施例中,电源194可以位于井口152的外边并如图6所示用电源电缆184连接于井口。低电阻部分178可以连接于电源194。密封弹性材料198可以在接线匣190的内表面密封导体196。
法兰盘192可以用金属密封圈200密封。管202可以把法兰盘192连接于法兰盘214。法兰盘214可以连接于盖层导管。导体的低电阻部分178可以连接于接线匣190。低电阻部分178可以穿过法兰盘192。低电阻部分178可以用密封圈组件218密封于法兰盘192内。密封圈组件218用于把低电阻部分178跟法兰盘192和法兰盘214分隔开。密封弹性材料198可以用于在电气上把导体196跟法兰盘192和接线匣190分隔开。对中心器180可以连接于低电阻部分178。热电偶208可以用连接器206和线210连接于热电偶法兰盘220。热电偶208可以封闭于绝缘套(例如,金属套)内。热电偶208可以用密封弹性件212密封于热电偶法兰盘220内。热电偶208可以用于监控井下受热部分的温度。在有些实施例中,流体(例如,蒸汽)穿过井口152排出。例如,管路176外的流体可以穿过法兰盘222排出,或者,所述管路内的流体可以穿过法兰盘224排出。
图9示出的是基本水平放置于含烃层116内的管路内导体加热器的实施例。受热部分226基本水平配置于含烃层116内。可以把加热器导管238放置于含烃层116内。加热器导管238可以用比较硬的抗腐蚀材料(例如304不锈钢)制造。加热器导管238可以连接于盖层套管156。盖层套管156可以包含碳钢之类的材料。在一个实施例中,盖层套管156和加热器导管238的直径大约为15厘米。可以在加热器导管238的一端配置膨胀机构246以适应加热和/或冷却时管路的热胀冷缩。
为了在含烃层116内基本水平地安装加热器导管238,盖层套管156可以从盖层128内的垂直方向弯曲到含烃层116内的水平方向。弯曲的井筒可以在地层内钻井筒时形成。加热器导管238和盖层套管156可以安装于弯曲的井筒内。弯曲井筒的曲半径可以根据在盖层和地层内钻孔的参数决定。例如,从点234到点248的曲半径为200米。
管路176可以配置于加热器导管238内。在有些实施例中,管路176可以用抗腐蚀金属(例如,304不锈钢)制造。管路176可以承受高温。管路176也可以暴露于热的地层流体。可以对管路176进行处理使之具有高辐射率。管路176可以有上段230。在有些实施例中,上段230可以用比管路176其它部分抗腐蚀能力低的金属(例如,碳素钢)制造。上段230的大部分可能位于地层的盖层128内。上段230可以不暴露于与管路176相同的温度。在有些实施例中,管路176和上段230的直径为大约7.6厘米。
导体174可以放置于管路176内。靠近导体174的管路部分可以用在高温下具有所需电气特性、辐射率、蠕变阻力和耐蚀力的金属制造。导体174可以包含,但不限于,310不锈钢、304不锈钢、316不锈钢、347不锈钢和/或钢或非钢合金。导体174的直径大约为3厘米,然而,导体174的直径可以根据,但不限于,加热需要和功率需要而不同。导体174可以用一个或数个对中心器180置于管路176内。对中心器180可以是陶瓷的或陶瓷与金属的混合物的。对中心器180可以阻止导体174与管路176接触。在有些实施例中,对中心器180可以连接于导体174。在其它实施例中,对中心器180可以连接于管路176。导体174可以用滑动连接器188在电气上连接于管路176。
导体174可以与过渡导体236连接。过渡导体236可以用作引入导体232与导体174之间的输电体。在一个实施例中,过渡导体236可以是碳素钢的。过渡导体236可以用电接头242连接于引入导体232。图10是过渡导体236、电接头242、绝缘体240和引入导体232接合的放大图。引入导体232可以包括一个或数个导体(例如,3个导体)。在某些实施例中,所述一个或数个导体可以是绝缘铜导体(例如橡胶绝缘铜电缆)。在有些实施例中,所述一个或数个导体可以是绝缘或非绝缘绞合铜电缆。如图10所示,绝缘体240可以位于引入导体232里边。绝缘体240可以包括玻璃纤维之类的电绝缘材料。如图9所示,绝缘体240可以把电接头242连接于加热器支承件228。在一个实施例中,电流从电源经引入导体232、过渡导体236流入导体174并经管路176和上段230返回。
参看图9,加热器支承件228可以包括用于在含烃层116内安装受热部分226的支承件。例如,加热器支承件228可以是从地面插穿盖层128的吸油杆。所述加热器支承件可以包括一个或数个在插入地层时能在地面互相连接的部分。在有些实施例中,加热器支承件228是组装厂组装好的一个部件。把加热器支承件228插入地层就可把受热部分226推进地层。
可以用增强材料154在盖层128内支承盖层套管156。增强材料可以包括水泥(例如,普通水泥)。可以把盖层128靠近地面的部分内的增强材料154和盖层套管156装于地面导管166内。地面导管166可以包括地面套管。
图11示出的是基本水平置于地层内的管路内导体加热器另一实施例的简图。在一个实施例中,加热器支承件228可以是低电阻导体(例如,图6内所示的低电阻部分178)。加热器支承件228可以包含碳素钢或其他导电材料。加热器支承件228可以在电气上可以与过渡导体236和导体174连接。
在有些实施例中,加热器可以置于含烃地层内无导管井筒内。图12示出的是基本水平置于地层无导管井筒内的管路内导体加热器实施例的简图。受热部分226可以置于含烃层116的开口114内。在某些实施例中,加热器支承件228可以是低电阻导体(例如,图6内所示的低电阻部分178)。加热器支承件228可以在电气上可以与过渡导体236和导体174连接。图13示出的是图12内所示管路内导体加热器的另一实施例。在有些实施例中,射孔套管250可以置于图13所示的开口114内。在有些实施例中,对中心器180可以用于支承开口114内的射孔套管250。
在加热器的其它实施例中,受热部分226可能不像图9、11和12所示的那样基本水平地放置于含烃层116内。例如,受热部分226可能放置于地层内45度或基本垂直方向的含烃层116内。此外,放置于盖层128内的加热器元件(例如,加热器支承件228、盖层套管156、上段230等等)在盖层内的方向可能不是基本垂直的。
在某些实施例中,加热器可能是可拆卸搬动地安装于地层内。加热器支承件228可以用于安装或从地层内撤出加热器,包括受热部分226。撤出加热器可能是为了修理、更换和/或在另外的井筒内使用加热器。加热器可以在同一个或不同的地层内重复使用。在有些实施例中,加热器或其一部分可以绕在盘管装置上移到另一口井的位置。
在对含烃地层加热的有些实施例中,在一个井筒或加热器井内可以安装数个加热器。在一个井筒内有数个加热器可以提供对地层的选定部分加热速度不同于地层其它部分的能力。在一个井筒内有数个加热器,一旦一个或数个加热器发生故障,可以提供备份的加热器。在一个井筒内有数个加热器可以沿井筒的所要部分建立均匀井温剖面。在一个井筒内有数个加热器便于把含烃层从环境温度迅速加热到热解温度。所述数个加热器可能是同一种类的加热器,也可能包括不同种类的加热器。例如,所述数个加热器可能是自然分布燃烧器加热器、绝缘导体加热器、管路内导体加热器、长条件加热器、井下燃烧器(例如,井下无焰燃烧器或井下有焰燃烧器)等等。
图14示出的是配置于导体174的对中心器180的实施例。盘258可以保持对中心器180与导体174的相对位置。盘258可以是焊接于导体174的金属盘。盘158可以定位固焊于导体174。图15示出的是对中心器实施例的顶视图。对中心器180可以用任何能耐高电压高温的绝缘材料制造。这些材料包括,但不限于,氧化铝和/或玻璃陶瓷。如图14和15所示,对中心器180可以在电气上把导体174与管路176分隔开。
管路内导体加热器可以在裸井筒内发热。发出的热用辐射的方式对含烃地层临近管路内导体加热器的部分加热。临近管路内导体加热器的气体传导可以对地层的一部分少量加热。使用裸井筒结构可以减少导管的费用与用能提供绝缘导体与地层之间热传导的材料填充开口相关的充填费用。此外,在地层内使用辐射输送热比用传导传热效率更高,所以,使用辐射传热,加热器的工作温度可以更低些。在比较低的温度下运行可以延长加热器的寿命和/或减少制造加热器所需材料的开支。
管路内导体加热器可以安装于开口114内。在一个实施例中,所述管路内导体加热器可以分段安装于井内。例如,管路内导体加热器的第一段可以用钻机挂于井筒内。此段可能大约12米长。可以把第二段(例如长度基本相同)连接于井内的第一段。第二段可以焊接于第一段和/或用第一段和第二段上的螺纹。配置于井口的轨道焊机可以把第二段焊接于第一段。第一段可以用钻机下到井筒内。后面的段连接于前面的段这一过程可以重复进行直到把所需长度的加热器放进井筒内。在有些实施例中,可以把3段焊接在一起之后再放入井筒内。在用钻机把这3段固定于已经位于地下的部分之前进行焊接并检查。所述3段可以用起重机吊到钻机上。把3段焊接在一起可以减少加热器的安装时间。
在靠近地层的位置(例如,地层现场)组装加热器比把预制的加热器或管路运到含烃地层更加经济。例如,在地层现场组装加热器可以减少长距离运输组装好的加热器的费用。此外,在地层现场组装加热器可以更容易满足地层在长度和/或材料方面不同的具体要求。例如加热器的受热部分可以用诸如304不锈钢或其它耐高温合金之类的材料制造,而盖层内的加热器部分则可以用碳素钢制造。在现场组装加热器可以使加热器能根据地层内开口的具体情况组装从而盖层内的加热器部分是碳素钢而不是价格更贵的耐热合金。加热器的长度可以根据地层不同层的深度和地层参数而不同。例如,地层可以有不同厚度和/或位于起伏的盖层、不平的地面和/或不同厚度的盖层。现场组装不同长度和不同材料的加热器在长度方面可以根据地层内开口的深度决定。
图16示出的是组装管路内导体加热器并将其安装于地层内的实施例。所述管路内导体加热器可以在组装机构272内组装。在有些实施例中,所述加热器可以用运到现场的管路组装。在其它实施例中,加热器是用在组装机构内制成管路的板材制成。在组装机构形成管路的优点可以是在制成管路前可以对各种材料的表面进行处理使之具有所需的涂层(例如,允许到接触的元件的辐射率的涂层)或包层(例如,铜包层)使得处理过的表面是管路的内表面。在有些实施例中,部分加热器是用组装机构的板材组装的,另一部分加热器则是用运到现场的管路组装的。
各个管路内导体加热器274如图17所示可以包括导体174和管路176。在一个实施例中,导体174和管路176加热器可以用若干连接在一起的段制成。在一个实施例中,各段是标准的40英尺(12.2米)的管段。也可以制造并/或使用其它长度的段。另外,导体174和/或管路176的各段可以在组装前、中或后在组装机构272处理。例如,对各段加以处理可以通过使之变粗糙和/或氧化而提高其辐射率。
各个管路内导体加热器274可以在组装机构内组装。管路内导体加热器274的部件可以放置于组装机构内的各个管路内导体加热器274之上或之内。部件可以包括,但不限于,一个或数个对中心器、低电阻部分、滑动连接器、绝缘层和涂层、包层或连接材料。
如图16所示,各个管路内导体加热器274可以在连接站278连接于至少一个管路内导体加热器274以形成所需长度的管路内导体加热器276。例如,所需长度可以是地层内选定的开口所要的管路内导体加热器长度。在某些实施例中,把一个管路内导体加热器274连接于至少另一个管路内导体加热器274包括把一个管路内导体加热器274焊接于至少另一个管路内导体加热器274。在一个实施例中,把一个管路内导体加热器274焊接于另一个管路内导体加热器是通过把两个相邻的部分锻焊在一起完成的。
在有些实施例中,所需长度的焊接在一起的管路内导体加热器的各段放置于工作台、夹持盘上或地下的开口内,直至加热器的整个长度完成为止。每个焊接点完成时可以检查其完整性。例如,焊接的完整性可以用诸如X光检查、声响检查、和/或电磁检查之类的无损伤检查进行。所需长度的管路内导体加热器276在整个长度完成后可以按箭头284的方向绕在卷轴282上。盘绕的管路内导体加热器276使加热器易于运到地层的开口。例如,管路内导体加热器276易于用卡车或火车运到地层的开口。
在有些实施例中,规定长度的焊接在一起的管路内导体加热器绕在卷轴282上,而其它段则在连接站278形成。在有些实施例中,组装机构可能是能移动至地层开口的机动机构(例如,放在一辆或数辆铁路敞车或半拖车上)。用部件(例如,对中心器、涂层、包层、滑动连接器)组装成一定长度的焊接在一起的管路内导体加热器后,就可将其下到地层的开口内。
在有些实施例中,所需长度的管路内导体加热器276可以于盘绕之前在检查站280检查。检查站280可以用于检查完整的所需长度的管路内导体加热器276或者所需长度的管路内导体加热器276的段。检查站280可以用于检查所需长度的管路内导体加热器276的选定的性能。例如,检查站280可以用于检查例如,但不限于,电导率、焊接完整性、热导率、辐射率和机械强度。在一个实施例中,检查站280用于以电磁声发送(EMAT)焊接检查法检查焊接完整性。
所需长度的管路内导体加热器276可以盘绕在卷轴282上从组装机构272运到地层的开口并安装于所述开口内。在一个实施例中,组装机构272位于地层的某一地点。例如,组装机构272可以是用于处理地层流体的地面机构的一部分或位于地层的附近(例如,离地层不到10千米,在有些实施例中,不到20千米或30千米)。其它种类的加热器(例如,绝缘导体加热器、自然分布燃烧器加热器等等)也可以在组装机构272组装。这些其它加热器也可以按照上面说明的所需长度的管路内导体加热器276的方法盘绕在卷轴282上运到地层的开口并安装于所述开口内。在有些实施例中,卷轴282可以作为盘管装置的一部分(例如,用于绝缘导体加热器或管路内导体加热器)。
把所需长度的管路内导体加热器276运到地层的开口用图16内的箭头286表示。运输所需长度的管路内导体加热器276可以包括在台架、拖车、卡车、火车、或盘管装置上运输。在有些实施例中,可以在台架上放置两个以上的加热器。每个加热器可能安装在地层的分开的开口内。在一个实施例中,可以安排一列火车把若干加热器从组装机构272运到地层的各个开口。在有些例子里,可以使用吊运轨道装置把轨道在一个地点使用完之后吊运到另一地点。
盘绕了所需长度的管路内导体加热器276的卷轴282运到开口114后,所述加热器可以按箭头288的方向解绕并安装到所述开口内。卷轴282可以在所需长度的管路内导体加热器276解绕的同时仍留在卡车或火车的台架上。在有些实施例中,一次可以安装数个所需长度的管路内导体加热器276。在一个实施例中,数个加热器可以安装到一个开口114中。卷轴282可以在所需长度的管路内导体加热器276安装之后再用于其它加热器。在有些实施例中,卷轴282可以用于从所述开口内撤出所需长度的管路内导体加热器276。所需长度的管路内导体加热器276可以在其移出开口114时重新盘绕到卷轴282上。之后,所需长度的管路内导体加热器276可以重新安装到开口114里或运到地层的另一开口并安装于其内。
在某些实施例中,所需长度的管路内导体加热器276或任何加热器(例如,绝缘导体加热器或自然分布燃烧器加热器)可以安装成使得可从开口114内移出加热器。加热器能移出从而加热器如果发生故障或损坏可以修理或更换。在其它情况下,所述加热器可以在以后从开口内移出,运到地层(或另一地层)的另一开口并安装于其内。在再另外的情况下,所述加热器可以移出并换上成本低的加热器后对地层加热。加热器能移出、更换和/或重新安装可以便于降低设备和/或运行成本。此外,无效用的加热器能移出并更换可以不必在已发生故障的加热器的井桶附近的受热或加热地层内另外钻井筒。
在有些实施例中,所需长度的管路可以在所需长度的导体之前放进开口114内。所需长度的导体和管路可以在组装机构272组装。所需长度的管路可以安装到开口114内。安装完所需长度的管路后可以把所需长度的导体安装到开口114内。在一个实施例中,所需长度的管路和导体在组装机构272盘绕在卷轴上,然后解绕,安装到开口114内。组件(例如,对中心器、滑动连接器等)可以在把导体安装到开口114内时安装到导体或管路上。
在某些实施例中,对中心器180可以包括形成对中心器(例如,蛤壳形对中心器)的至少两个连接在一起的部分。在一个实施例中,所述部分是在把导体安装到管路或开口内时放到导体上并连接在一起的。所述部分可以用诸如,但不限于,夹板、螺杆、螺钉和/或粘合剂之类的紧固装置连接。所述部分在形状上做到互相配合。例如,第一部分的一端的宽比第二部分的一端稍窄从而在把两部分连接起来时这两端重叠。
在有些实施例中,在组装机构272内把一个低电阻部分连接于所需长度的管路内导体加热器276。在其它实施例中,低电阻部分是在加热器安装到开口114内后连接于所需长度的管路内导体加热器276的。所需长度的低电阻部分可以在组装机构272组装。组装的低电阻导体可以盘绕在卷轴上。所述低电阻导体可以在加热器安装到开口114内后从卷轴上解绕并连接于所需长度的管路内导体加热器276。在另一实施例中,低电阻部分是在低电阻导体连接于所需长度的管路内导体加热器276并安装到开口114内的时候组装的。所需长度的管路内导体加热器276可以在安装后连接于一个支承体,从而低电阻部分连接于所安装的加热器。
组装所需长度的低电阻导体可以包括把各个低电阻导体连接在一起。各个低电阻导体可以是从生产厂家购得的成品导体。各个低电阻导体可以连接于导电材料以降低其电阻。所述导电材料可以在组装所需长度的低电阻导体之前连接于各个低电阻导体。在一实施例中,各个低电阻导体可以有用螺纹连接在一起的端部。在另一实施例中,各个低电阻导体可以有用焊接连接在一起的端部。各个低电阻导体的端部在形状上做到第一个低电阻导体的端部可以装配到第二个低电阻导体的端部。例如,第一个低电阻导体的端部可以是凹形端部而第二个低电阻导体的端部可以是凸形端部。
在另一实施例中,所需长度的管路内导体加热器是在组装管路内导体加热器时在地层的井筒(或开口)附近组装并安装于所述井筒内的。各个导体可以连接起来形成所需长度导体的第一段。同样,管路可以连接起来形成所需长度管路的第一段。可以把上述组装的导体和管路的第一段安装于所述井筒内。可以把上述组装的导体和管路的第一段在先安装到井筒的一端电连接起来。在有些实施例中,所述导体和管路的第一段可以基本同时连接。所述导体和/或管路的其它段可以在安装上述组装的第一段的时候或之后组装。所述导体和/或管路的其它段可以连接于上述组装的导体和管路的第一段并安装于所述井筒内。对中心器和/或其它部件可以连接于导体和/或管路的各段并与所述导体和管路一起安装于所述井筒内。
在一个实施例中,可以在含烃地层的开口(例如,裸井筒)内配置一个长形件。所述开口可以是含烃地层内的无导管开口。所述长形件可以是长形(例如,条形)金属或其它长金属件(例如,杆)。所述长形件可以包含不锈钢。所述长形件可以用在开口内高温下耐腐蚀的材料制造。
所述长形件可以是裸金属加热器。“裸金属”指的是长形件整个运行温度范围内没有为其提供电绝缘的那种绝缘层(例如,矿物绝缘层)的金属。裸金属可以包括具有诸如自然发生的氧化层、人工氧化层和/或薄膜之类的抗腐蚀物的金属。裸金属包括附有不能在长形件一般运行温度下保持电绝缘特性的聚合物或其它电绝缘材料的金属。所述材料可以配置于裸金属上并在加热器使用过程中热降解。
长形件的长度大约650米。使用高强度合金,长度可以更长些,但这样的长形件可能价格很高。在有些实施例中,长形件可以用井口内的板支承。所述长形件可以包括首尾焊接在一起的不同良导材料的许多段。有大量导电焊接材料可以用于把各个分开的段焊接在一起并为电流提供通路在焊接点不产生电弧和/或腐蚀。在有些实施例中,不同的段可以锻焊在一起。这些不同的传导材料可以包括具有高蠕变阻力的合金。不同传导材料的段可以有不同的直径以确保沿整个长形件均匀加热。第一金属如果蠕变阻力比第二金属大一般其电阻率也比第二金属高。可以改变两种不同金属的截面积以使焊接在一起的两个金属段产生基本等量的热耗散。这些传导材料可以包括,但不限于,617因康镍合金、HR-120、316不锈钢和304不锈钢。例如,一个长形件可以有60米的617因康镍合金段、60米的HR-120段、和150米的304不锈钢段。此外,所述长形件可以有一个从井口到盖层内的低电阻段。此低电阻段可以减少地层从井口到盖层内的发热。所述低电阻段可以是选择导电材料和/或增加导电截面积的结果。
在加热器的一个实施例中,一个支承件可以穿过盖层,而所述裸金属长形件连接于这个支承件。一块板、一个对中心器或其它种类的支承件可以位于盖层与含烃层之间的界面附近。一根低电阻电缆,例如多股绞合铜电缆,可以沿所述支承件延伸并与所述长形件连接。所述低电阻电缆可以连接于向所述长形件供电的电源。
图18示出的是可以对含烃地层加热的若干长形件的实施例。两个以上(例如,4个)的长形件300可以由支承件304支承。长形件300可以用绝缘对中心器302连接于支承件304。支承件304可能是管子或管路。支承件304也可能是多孔管。支承件304可以使氧化流体流入开口114。支承件304、长形件300和绝缘对中心器302可以配置于含烃层的开口114内。绝缘对中心器302可以把长形件300保持于支承件304上的某个位置从而在足以使支承件304或长形件300变形的高温下不侧向移动。在有些实施例中,长形件300可以是大约2.5厘米宽大约3厘米厚的不锈钢带。电流可以流经长形件300使长形件300由于电阻而发热。
长形件300可以是电串联的。可以用引入导线150向长形件300供电。引入导线150可以连接于井口152。电流可以用连接于长形件300的引出导线308回到井口152。引入导线150和引出导线308可以在地面130通过位于井口152与盖层128之间的密封法兰连接于井口152。所述密封法兰可以阻止流体从开口114内漏到地面130和/或大气。引入导线150和引出导线308可以用冷销过渡导体连接于长形件300。引入导线150和引出导线308可以用低电阻导体制造,从而在电流通过引入导线150和引出导线308时不发热。
在有些实施例中,盖层套管156可以配置于盖层128内的增强材料154内。在其它实施例中,盖层套管可以不胶结于地层。地面导管166可以配置于增强材料154内。支承件304可以在地面130连接于井口152。对中心器180可以把支承件304保持于盖层套管156内的一个位置。可以向长形件300供电以发出热。长形件300发出的热可以在开口114内辐射对含烃层116的至少一部分加热。
可以从氧化流体源120沿长形件300的长度提供氧化流体。氧化流体可以阻止碳沉积于所述长形件上或其附近。例如,氧化流体可以与烃类发生反应形成二氧化碳。所述二氧化碳可以从开口排出。支承件304的孔306可以沿长形件300的长度提供氧化流体。孔306可以是临界流量孔眼。在有些实施例中,可以在长形件300附近配置一条管路以控制地层内的压力和/或把氧化流体引入开口114。没有氧化流体的流动,碳就可能沉积于长形件300上或其附近或者沉积于绝缘对中心器302上。碳沉积可以使长形件300与绝缘对中心器302或沿长形件300的热点之间的距离缩短。氧化流体可以用于在地层内与碳发生反应。与碳反应发出的热可以补充或补助电发出的热。
含烃地层内的压力可能与地层内产生的流体压力相应。在含烃地层内对烃类加热可以通过热解产生流体。所产生的流体可能在地层内汽化。汽化和热解反应可能提高地层内的压力。对提高压力有影响的流体可以包括,但不限于,热解中产生的和加热中水汽化产生的流体。随着地层受热部分的选定段内温度上升,所述选定段可能由于产生的流体增加和水的汽化其内的压力也会提高。控制流体从地层内排出的速度可以控制地层内的压力。
在有些实施例中,地层受热部分的选定段内的压力可能根据例如距热源的深度、距离,含烃地层内烃类的贫富和/或离生产井的距离等因素而变化。地层内压力可以在许多地点(例如,在生产井或其附近,在热源或其附近,在监测井)测定。
在含烃地层内产生很高的渗透率之前,含烃地层加热到热解温度范围。初期渗透率低可能阻碍热解产生的流体从地层内的热解区输往生产井。因为初期热量从热源传输到含烃地层,靠近热源的含烃地层的流体压力可能提高,流体压力的这种提高可能是地层内至少有些烃类热解时产生的流体引起的。这种提高的流体压力可以通过热源降低、监测、改变和/或控制。例如,热源可以有一个便于从地层排出一些流体的阀。在有些加热器的实施例中,加热器可以有阻止压力损坏加热器的裸井筒结构。
在一个就地转变方法的实施例中,含烃地层一部分的选定段内压力在热解中可以提高到选定的压力。选定的压力可以是在从大约2巴到大约72巴的范围内,在有些实施例中,为2巴到36巴。另外,选定的压力可以是在从大约2巴到大约18巴的范围内。在有些就地转变方法的实施例中,大部分烃流体可以从压力大约2巴到大约18巴的范围内的地层内采出。热解中的压力可以变化或被改变。改变压力可以改变和/或控制开采的地层流体的成分,控制可冷凝流体与不可冷凝流体相比的比率,和/或控制开采的流体的美国石油学会标准重度。例如,降低压力可以导致可冷凝流体的组分多一些。所述可冷凝流体可以含有更高的烯烃比率。
在就地转变方法的有些实施例中,由于流体产生而提高的压力可以保持于地层的受热部分。把提高的压力保持于地层内在就地转变中可以阻止地层下沉。提高的地层压力在热解中可以促进高质量产品的产生。提高的地层压力可以促进地层的流体产生气相。气相的产生有助于缩小用于输送地层产生的流体的收集管道的尺寸。提高的地层压力可以减少或消除下面的需要,即,在地面压缩地层流体以把收集管道内的流体输送到地面设施。在地层内保持提高的压力还便于用产出的不冷凝流体发电。例如,产出的不冷凝流体可以通过透平发电。
保持地层内提高的压力还可以提高地层流体的产量和/或质量。在某些就地转变方法的实施例中,从地层内开采的大量(例如,大部分)烃流体可能是不冷凝烃类。压力可以有选择地提高和/或保持于地层内以促进地层内产生各种链短一些的烃。在地层内少产生短链烃类可以使地层产生更多的不冷凝烃类。地层在较高压力下产生的可冷凝烃类比在较低压力下产生的可冷凝烃类质量高(例如,美国石油学会标准重度较高)。
可以于含烃地层的受热部分保持高压力以阻止产生碳数量多于例如大约25的地层流体。有些碳数量高的复合物可能夹带于地层内的蒸气里,因而可以与蒸气一起从地层内排出。地层内的高压可以阻止在蒸气内夹带碳数量高的复合物和/或多环烃复合物。在含烃地层内提高压力可以提高其内流体的沸点。碳数量高的复合物和/或多环烃复合物可以在地层内长时间保持于液相。长时间周期可以为所述复合物热解形成碳数量少的复合物提供足够的时间。
把提高的压力保持于地层的受热部分可以惊人地促进产生大量高质烃类。保持提高的压力可以促进地层内热解流体的气相输送。提高压力可以促进低分子量烃类的产生,因为这种低分子量烃类会更容易在地层内以气相输送。
据信,低分子量烃类的产生(以及相应增加的气相输送)部分由于含烃地层的一部分内氢的自动产生和反应。例如保持提高的压力在热解时迫使氢生成进入液相(例如,通过溶解)。把含烃地层的这一部分加热到热解温度范围内的温度可以热解地层内的烃类产生液相热解流体。这些产生的流体可能包括双键和/或原子团。液相中的H2可以减少所产生的热解流体的双键,从而减少从所产生的热解流体聚合或形成长链化合物的潜在可能。此外,氢还可能中和所产生的热解流体内的原子团。因此,液相中的H2可以阻止所产生的热解流体互相反应和/或与地层内的其它化合物反应。链短一些的烃类可以进入气相并可从地层内采出。
在提高的压力下进行就地转变可以用于从地层气相开采地层流体。气相开采可以提高重量更轻(和质量较高的)的热解流体的开采量。可以导致热解开采流体后留下的地层流体少一些。气相开采与目前使用的液相开采和液/气相开采相比地层内的生产井可以少一些。生产井少一些可以大量减少与就地转变方法相关的设备开支。
在一个实施例中,可以对含烃地层的一部分加热以提高H2的分压。在有些实施例中,提高的H2的分压可以包括H2的分压在从大约0.5巴到大约7巴的范围内。另外,提高的H2的分压可以包括H2的分压在从大约5巴到大约7巴的范围内。例如,大部分烃流体可以是在H2的分压在从大约5巴到大约7巴的范围内开采的。在热解H2的分压范围内的H2的分压范围可以根据,例如,地层的受热部分的温度和压力而变化。
把地层内H2的分压保持在大于大气压可以提高生产的可冷凝烃流体的美国石油学会标准值。保持提高的H2的分压可以把采出的可冷凝烃流体的美国石油学会标准值提高到大于大约25°,或在有些情况下,大于大约30°。保持含烃地层受热部分内提高的H2的分压可以提高所述受热部分内H2的浓度。所述H2可供与烃类的热解物发生反应。H2与烃类的热解物发生的反应可以减少进入焦油和其它交联的难以提高品位的产品内的烯烃聚合物。因而,可以阻止美国石油学会标准重度低的烃流体的产生。
控制含烃地层内的压力和温度可以控制产出的地层流体的性质。例如,可以通过改变地层受热部分的选定段内的平均压力和/或平均温度改变从地层内采出的地层流体的组成和质量。开采的地层流体的质量可以根据所述流体的特性评定,例如,但不限于,美国石油学会标准重度、产出的地层流体的烯烃百分率、乙烯与乙烷的比率、原子氢与碳的比率、烃类在产出的碳数量大于25的地层流体内的百分率、总折算产量(气体和液体)、总液体产量和/或作为费歇尔化验(Fischer Assay)百分率的液体回收率。
本发明各方面的进一步修改和另外的实施例对于本专业技术人员来说看了本说明是可以很清楚的。因此,应该认为本说明只具有例证性,目的是使本专业技术人员认识到实施本发明的一般方法。应该理解本文说明或显示的形式是用作目前的优选实施例。本文说明或显示的元件、材料可以替换,零件和过程可以逆转,本发明的某些特点可以独立使用,得益于本发明说明的本专业技术人员一切都会很清楚的。可以不脱离后面说明的本发明的权利要求的精神和范围对本文说明的元件作出改变。此外,应该理解本文单独说明的特点在某些实施例中可以结合起来。

Claims (23)

1.一种成形为对含烃地层的至少一部分加热的装置,包括
成形成放置于地层的开口内的加热器;
其中所述装置成形为使热可从所述加热器输送到地层的一部分以热解地层内的至少一些烃类;和
所述装置成形为使得所述加热器能从地层的开口内拆卸出来并重新安装于地层的至少另一开口内。
2.按照权利要求1的装置,其特征为所述加热器包括绝缘导体加热器、管路内导体加热器、自然分布燃烧器加热器和/或无焰分布燃烧器加热器。
3.按照权利要求1或2中任一项的装置,其特征为地层内的所述开口包括裸井筒。
4.按照权利要求1-3中任一项的装置,其特征为所述加热器成形为用卷轴安装和/或拆除,或者用盘管安装/拆除。
5.按照权利要求1-4中任一项的装置,其特征为:所述开口的直径至少大约5厘米,或至少大约7厘米,或至少大约10厘米;所述装置成形为与所述开口配合。
6.按照权利要求1-5中任一项的装置,其特征为所述加热器成形为以便从所述开口移出进行修理或更换。
7.一种在含烃地层内安装权利要求1-6中任一项的装置的方法,包括:用从盘绕的装置解绕至少一部分的办法把所述装置的至少一部分放进含烃地层的开口内;然后再把已经解绕的所述装置的至少一部分放进所述开口内。
8.按照权利要求7的方法,其特征在于还包括把至少一个低电阻导体连接到加热器上,其中至少有一个低电阻导体成形为放进地层的盖层。
9.按照权利要求7或8中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括在含烃地层附近的一个地点组装所述装置的至少一部分。
10.按照权利要求7-9中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括把所述装置的至少一部分盘绕起来。
11.按照权利要求7-10中任一项的方法,其特征在于它还包括用重新盘绕所述装置的至少一部分的办法把该部分从所述开口移出。
12.按照权利要求7-11中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括把所述加热器在卷轴上盘绕和/或解绕。
13.按照权利要求7-12中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括用运货车或火车把所述加热器从组装地点运到含烃地层的所述开口。
14.按照权利要求13的方法,其特征为所述运货车或火车还可以用于运送数个加热器到含烃地层的数个开口。
15.按照权利要求7-14中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括从地层的所述开口拆出所述加热器以便:对其检查和/或修理并再安装到所述开口内;把所述加热器重新安装到地层的至少另一个开口;或更换加热器的至少一部分。
16.一种用权利要求1-6中任一项的装置对含烃地层的至少一部分进行就地处理的方法,包括:
用位于地层内一个或数个开口内的一个或数个加热器向地层的至少一部分提供热;
使所述热能从一个或数个加热器输送到地层的一部分;
从地层内开采混合物。
17.按照权利要求16的方法,其特征在于还包括把地层的至少一部分的温度保持于低端热解温度为大约250℃和高端热解温度为大约400℃的热解温度范围内。
18.按照权利要求16-17中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括把地层的至少一部分加热到能大量热解地层内至少一些烃类。
19.按照权利要求16-18中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括控制地层一部分的至少大部内的压力和温度,其中压力是作为温度的函数控制的;或者温度是作为压力的函数控制的。
20.按照权利要求16-19中任一项的方法,其特征为把热从一个或数个加热器输送到地层的一部分的输送包括基本以传导的方法进行。
21.按照权利要求16-20中任一项的方法,其特征为所开采的混合物包含美国石油学会标准重度至少大约25°的可冷凝烃类。
22.按照权利要求16-21中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括控制地层一部分的大部内的压力,其中所控制的压力至少为大约2.0巴。
23.按照权利要求16-22中任一项的方法,其特征在于还包括控制地层状况使得所开采的混合物包括其中的H2的分压大于大约0.5巴。
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