CN1708876A - 使用接收预定信号适应天线阵列的方法及装置 - Google Patents

使用接收预定信号适应天线阵列的方法及装置 Download PDF

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CN1708876A
CN1708876A CNA2003801020939A CN200380102093A CN1708876A CN 1708876 A CN1708876 A CN 1708876A CN A2003801020939 A CNA2003801020939 A CN A2003801020939A CN 200380102093 A CN200380102093 A CN 200380102093A CN 1708876 A CN1708876 A CN 1708876A
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signal
weight control
antenna
control assembly
signal quality
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约翰·A·里格内尔
詹姆士·A·小波拉特
麦克·J·令许
汤姆斯·E·格尔苏屈
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IPR Licensing Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/246—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/28—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the amplitude
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
    • H04B7/086—Weighted combining using weights depending on external parameters, e.g. direction of arrival [DOA], predetermined weights or beamforming

Abstract

一种可增加无线通信系统容量的天线装置，该天线与站共同操作及包括多个天线组件，每一耦合至个别权重控制组件以提供权重至自每一组件传送(或由的接收)的信号。当接收导频信号时，在如闲置模式期间，调整每一天线组件的权重以达到最适接收，该天线阵列产生要自该移动站传送的信号的波束成形器，及指向性接收阵列以最适地侦测及接收自该基地台传送的信号。借由指向性接收及传送信号，多路径衰退及信元间干扰大为降低。该权重是以粗及微调模式调整，在粗调模式所有权重控制组件连带地调整或变更使得该天线波束扫描圆的预定扇型直到该接收信号的信号质量度量被最适化，该粗调模式之后为微调模式，在微调模式期间权重是独立地调整以进一步最适化该信号质量度量。

Description

使用接收预定信号适应天线阵列的方法及装置
技术领域
本发明有关移动式(携带式)蜂巢通信系统，具体说是有关一种由移动站使用的天线装置以提供波束形成传输及接收能力。
背景技术
广泛配置的通信系统，如蜂巢移动电话系统，提供基站与一或更多移动站之间的无线通信，该基站典型为一种相互连接至以陆地为基底的公共交换电话网络(PSTN)的经电脑控制收发器组，该基站包括一种天线装置以传送前向链接射频信号至移动站，该基站亦接收自每一移动单元传送的反向链接射频信号，每一移动站亦包括一种天线装置以接收前向链接信号及传送反向链接信号。典型移动站为数字蜂巢式手机电话或是耦合至蜂巢式调制解调器的个人电脑。在某些蜂巢式系统，多重移动站可传送及接收在相同频率，但是在不同时槽或是具不同调变码的信号以区分传送至个别站或自个别站接收的信号。
另一日益普遍的无线数据通信系统型式为无线局域网络(WLAN)如由电气及电子工程师协会(IEEE)标准802.11a及其变化802.11b及802.11g所订定的。此种WLANs在涵盖区域区分为信元(于WLAN术语称之为基础服务集或BSS)方面类似于蜂巢式系统，这些信元是由控制基站(已知为存取点)控制。如同在蜂巢式系统，远程移动站接着使用该基站以存取通信网络。WLANs为无线通信系统的另一种型式，其中无线信道被分享。
在移动站传送及接收信号的最常见天线型式为一种单极或全向式天线，此种型式的天线是由耦合至站内收发器的单一电线或天线组件所组成，该收发器接收要自站内电路传送的反向链接信号及于指定至该站的特定频率调变该信号于载波信号，经调变载波信号由该天线组件传送。由该天线组件于特定频率接收的前向链接信号是由该收发器解调及供应至在移动站内的处理电路。
由单极天线所传送的信号本质上为全向的，亦即，该信号是以相同信号强度于大概水平平面的所有方向传送，使用单极天线组件所进行的信号接收同样地为全向的。单极天线在其侦测于一方向的信号比侦测来自另一方向的相同或不同信号的能力是没有差别的。一般说，单极天线不会产生在方位的显著辐射，该天线场型一般称为甜甜圈形状且该天线组件是位于甜甜圈的中心。
已由移动站所使用的第二种天线型式叙述于美国专利第5,617,102号，于此所叙述系统提供一种包括如装设于如膝上型电脑的外部框的两个天线组件的指向性天线。该系统包括接附于每一组件的相位位移器，该相位位移器可切换为开或关以作动在通信期间传送至电脑或自电脑接收的信号相位。借由交换该相位位移器为开及调节施用于信号输入的相位位移量，可修改天线场型(其应用于接收及传送模式)以提供集中的信号或波束于该所选择方向，此亦称为天线增益或方向性的增加。所引用专利的双重天线组件由此指引经传输信号进入预先决定的象限或方向以允许该站相对于该基站的方位变更，并最小化因方位变更所引起的信号损失。根据天线互易原理，该天线接收特征类似地由该相位位移器的使用达成。
该移动站必须分享至无线信道的存取的无线系统识别为受干扰限制系统，亦即，当信元及相邻信元中更多移动站变为主动的，频率干扰变得更大及于是错误率增加。当错误率增加时，为维持信号及系统完整性，操作员必须减少可允许的最大数据率。如此，可增加数据率的另一方法为减少主动移动站的数目，由此清除潜在干扰的频道。然而，因为缺乏至系统使用者的优先级此鲜少为增加数据率的有效机构。
用于无线通信系统移动站的先前技术天线本质上具有各种问题，一种此种问题称为多路径衰退。在多路径衰退中，由传送者(基站或移动站)所传送的射频信号在至所欲接收者的路径上会遇到干扰，该干扰可例如自物体，如不在直接传送路径上的建筑物，反射，但此重新指引原始信号的经反射信号至接收者，在此种实例，该接收者接收相同射频信号的两种信号：原始信号及经反射信号。每一经接收信号是在相同频率，但该经反射信号因为反射及后续较长传送路径会与原始信号为异相，结果，原始及经反射信号彼此部分抵消(相消干扰)，造成接收信号的衰退或减少，因而称之为多路径衰退。
单一组件天线为高度易受多路径衰退，单一组件天线无法决定经传送信号所传送的方向且无法调谐或减弱以更精确地侦测及接收在任何特定方向的信号，其方向场型是由天线组件的物理结构固定。
当相位位移器被活化时，叙述于先前所提及参考的双重组件天线因为由天线场型所形成的半球形瓣的对称及相反本质故亦易受多路径衰退。因为在天线场型所产生的瓣或多或少彼此为对称的及相反的，在与其原始相反方向所反射的信号可以与直接接收的原始信号一样的功率被接收，亦即，若原始信号在所欲接收者前或后(相关于传送者)的物体反射及自与直接接收信号的相反方向在所欲接收者反射回去，在两个信号之间的相位差会因多路径衰退而产生相消干扰。
另一存在的问题为信元间干扰，大部分系统基站位于信元中心(在WLAN的情况为BSS中心)。自信元边缘至其基站的距离典型上是由自位于该信元边缘附近的移动站传送可接受信号至该信元的基站所需的最大功率量所驱动(亦即传送可接受信号一段等于一信元半径的距离所需的功率)。
当接近一信元边缘的移动站传送越过该边缘进入相邻信元及与通信干扰的信号发生于相邻信元内，信元间干扰发生。通常当使用类似频率于相邻信元的通信时，信元间干扰发生。信元间干扰的问题因接近信元边缘的站通常使用较高的传送功率使得它们所传送的信号可有效地由位于信元中心的所欲基站接收而为复杂的。考量来自位于所欲接收者前或后的另一移动站的信号能够以相同功率位准到达该基站，表示额外干扰。
该信元间干扰问题在码分多存取(CDMA)中更为恶化，因为在相邻信元的站通常于相同时间以相同频率传送。例如，一般说，在相邻信元的两个站(操作于相同载波频率但传送至不同基站)会彼此干扰若两个信号皆在基站的其中一接收时，一信号出现为相对于另一的噪声。干扰程度及接收器侦测与解调该所欲信号的能力亦受这些站所操作的功率位准影响，若这些站的其中一位于信元边缘，相对于在其信元及相邻信元内的其它单元，其在较高功率位准传送以到达所欲基站，但是其信号亦由不欲的基站接收，亦即在相邻信元的基站。依据在不欲基站所接收的两个相同载波频率的信号的相对功率位准而定，其可能无法适当地识别自其信元内所传送的信号与自相邻信元内所传送的信号。所需的为一种减少站天线的数面视场的方法，可由减少在基站所接收的干扰传送的表观支数而具有在前向链接(基站至移动站)操作的显著效果。对反向链接亦需要类似改良，使得达到个别接收信号品质所需的经传送信号功率可被减少。
发明内容
本发明提供一种不昂贵的天线装置以用于无线相同频率通信系统如CDMA蜂巢通信系统或WLAN系统的移动或携带式站。
本发明提供一种有效构形该天线装置的机构及方法以最大化有效辐射及/或接收能量。该天线装置包括多个天线组件及相同数目的可调整权重控制组件。如在该技术中所熟知，该权重控制组件为可控制的以调整耦合至该天线组件的每一的信号的相位、振幅及/或延迟。该权重控制组件(如相位移位器、延迟线路、具有可变增益的放大器)是可连带地及独立地操作的以影响由在该天线组件的每一的站所传送的反向链接信号的方向及自该站所传送的前向链接信号的方向。
该天线控制器提供该权重控制组件的粗及微调。首先，该控制器连带地控制该权重控制组件的每一以作动至每一天线组件的信号输入的相位使得该天线大概地指向已提供方向，该控制器接着移位至独立模式使得该权重控制组件的每一被独立地调整以微调该天线指向。
在独立模式的该权重控制组件的适当调整可由例如由监测对自该基站所传送及由该移动站所接收的预定信号的最适响应而决定。
该预定信号的精确本质是依据本发明所使用的无线通信系统型式而定。对蜂巢式系统，该预定信号通常为导频信道信号或存取信道信号。在WLAN系统中，该预定信号可为信标帧、巴克序列、前导序列、或是其它预定位型式。一般，训练序列、前导及类似演绎的已知信号亦可用于预定信号。
该天线装置于是用做自该移动站传送信号的波束成形器及用做由该移动站所接收信号的指向性天线。经由天线组件阵列的使用，每一具有可编程权重控制组件以依所欲形成该天线波束，该天线装置增加每传送位的有效传送功率，于是，在信元中主动移动站的数目可维持相同但此发明天线装置增加每一站的数据率超过先前技术天线可达到的数据率。或者，若数据率维持在已知速率，使用此处所叙述天线装置在单一信元中更多移动站可变为同时主动的。在任一种情况下，信元容量增加，如由在任何已知时间所通信的数据总和所测量。
前向链接通信容量亦因为该天线装置的方向接收能力而增加，因为该天线装置较不易受到来自相邻信元的干扰，该前向链接系统容量借由增加更多使用者或借由增加信元半径大小而增加。
本发明先前及其它目的、特点及优点可由下列本发明较佳具体实施例的下列详细说明明显看出，如结合相关附图所说明，其中在不同附图中相同标号表示相同部件，该附图不必要按比例绘制，强调的是在于说明本发明原则。
附图说明
图1是说明无线通信系统的信元的示意图。
图2A是说明由该移动站所使用的天线装置的一构形的示意图。
图2B是说明天线装置的另一构形的示意图。
图3为最适地设定由每一天线组件所传送或接收的信号的权重值所执行的处理步骤的流程图。
图4为由摄动算法所执行以最适地决定天线组件排列的步骤的流程图。
图5是说明计算要指定至每一天线组件的权重的摄动计算算法的流程图。
图6是说明另一种天线具体实施例的示意图。
具体实施方式
下文为本发明较佳具体实施例的叙述。
图1说明典型无线通信系统如CDMA蜂巢通信系统。该信元50表示一种实体区域，其中移动站60-1至60-3与中央放置的基站160通信，一或更多移动站60配备有根据本发明构形的天线100，该移动站60具有由系统操作员的无线数据及/或声音服务及可经由基站160连接装置如膝上型电脑、便携式电脑、个人数字助理(PDAs)或其类似装置至网络75，其可为公共交换电话网络(PSTN)、封包交换电脑网络，如网际网络、公共数据网络或私人内部网络。该基站160可在任何数目的不同可提供通信协议上与该网络75通信，通信协议可为如原级速率ISDN、或其它LAPD为基础协议如IS-634或V5.2，或甚至TCP/IP若网络75为封包型以太网络如网际网络。该站60通常是可移动的及当与该基站160通信时可自一位置移动至另一位置，当该站离开一信元及进入另一信元，该通信链接自离开信元的基站交递至进入信元的基站。
图1仅借由实例及本发明叙述的容易性说明于信元50的一基站160及三个移动站60。本发明可应用于通常在个别信元如信元50中多个更多移动站60与一或更多基站160通信的系统。
熟知本技术的人员亦应了解图1可为使用发信号机制如CDMA、TDMA、GSM或其它的标准蜂巢式通信系统，其中无线信道是指定为携带该基站160及站60之间的数据及/或声音。在较佳具体实施例中，图1为类CDMA系统，其使用码分多存取原则如在定义于用于空气界面的IS-95B标准所定义的原则。
但应了解图1亦为其它无线系统型式的代表，例如，根据IEEE标准802.11b操作的无线局域网络(WLAN)具有一或更多控制基站160(以802.11说法亦正确地称为存取点)。WLANs在每一基站160服务数个同时为主动的远方移动站60的方面为类似于蜂巢系统。所以，此处对基站160的介绍同等地可应用于WLAN存取点。
本发明提供具有天线100的移动站60，天线100提供自该基站160所传送的前向链接射频信号的方向性接收及反向链接信号经由方法命令的波束成型自该移动站60至该基站160的方向性传送，此观念借由或多或少在最佳传播方向自每一移动站60朝该基站160向外延伸的波束场型71至73做为实例说明于图1。借由能够或多或少朝该基站160指引传输，及借由能够方向性地接收或多或少来自该基站160位置的信号，该天线装置100减少该移动站60的信元间干扰及多路径衰退的影响。而且，因为该传送波束场型71、72及73在该基站160方向向外延伸但是在大多数其它方向为减弱的，自该移动站60-1、60-2及60-3至该基站160的有效通信信号的传输需要较少功率。
图2A是说明根据本发明一具体实施例所构形的移动站60及相关天线装置100的详细示意图。天线装置100包括一种平台或外框110，多个天线组件101-1、101-2、…、101-n(此处总体称为天线装置101)装设于其上。在外框110内，该天线装置100包括权重控制组件111-1、111-2、…、111-n(总体称为权重111)以调整由每一个别组件101-1、101-2、…、101-n所接收或传送的信号的振幅、相位或振幅与相位、双向求和网络或分离器/结合器120、收发器130、及控制140，它们皆经由总线135连。如所说明，该天线装置100是经由该收发器130耦合至膝上型电脑150(未依比例绘制)。该天线100提供经由自该基站160所传送的前向链接信号180及传送至该基站160的反向链接信号170的无线数据通信服务予该膝上型电脑150。
在一具体实施例中，每一天线组件101可配置于该外框110的表面，例如，若外框为矩形盒子，四个组件101可个别位于对应于矩形角落的位置(在一具体实施例中该矩形为正方形)，及第五个天线组件101在对应于矩形中心的位置。在每一组件101之间的距离为足够大使得由超过一组件101所接收的信号之间的关系与亦接收相同信号的其它组件为异相的，假设所有组件101具它们的个别权重控制组件111的相同设定。然而，n可为任何方便数字。
该权重控制组件111皆为相依的及可独立调整的以影响要传送至该站及/或自该站(亦即膝上型电脑150在此实例中)接收的信号的方向性，借由在信号传送期间适当地调整每一组件101的该权重控制组件(亦即权重)，形成复合波束，其在位置上是朝该基站160指向，亦即，自该天线100传送反向链接信号170的该权重控制组件的最适安排为产生指向性反向链接信号波束成形器的每一天线组件101的设定，结果为一种指向较强反向链接信号型式于所欲接收器基站160的方向的天线100，减少在相邻信元的不欲基站亦接收该反向链接信号170的可能性。
用于在该反向链接170传送信号的该权重控制组件设定亦使得该组件101最适地接收自该基站160所传送的前向链接信号180，及减少接收来自其它相邻基站的信号。因为每一天线组件101的该权重控制组件的可控制本质及独立性，仅自或多或少在该基站160位置的方向到达的前向链接信号180被最适地接收，该组件101自然地拒绝未自邻近该所欲前向链接信号180的方向所传送的其它信号，换言之，指向性天线借由调整每一组件101的该权重控制组件而形成。
应了解存在天线组件101及接收器130的替代具体实施例。如在图2B所示，多个天线组件101-1、101-2、…、101-m再次伴随相同数目多数权重控制组件111-1、111-2、…、111-m。在此具体实施例存在不同多数的收发器130-1、130-2、…、130-n，在此具体实施例中该分离器/结合器120连接至所有收发器130。在一此种具体实施例中，n＝m使得一收发器130伴随每一天线组件101。然而，其它RF结合器/分离器125可借由合并伴随一或更多天线组件101的信号而用于提供n不等于m的排列。
无论使用图2A或图2B具体实施例，根据本发明意旨，该权重控制组件111设定先由粗调建立，于此所有权重控制组件111同时调整为指向天线波束，代替调整该权重控制组件111，使用多个权重向量，每一权重向量表示天线定向角及每一包含值或组件，一组件用于每一权重控制组件111。当该权重控制组件被调整(或是向量组件施用于每一权重控制组件)，监测信号质量度量(如信号噪声比、功率或信号干扰比(Eo/Io))以发现最适(亦即最小或最大，依据特定度量)信号质量度量值。因为所有权重控制组件111以此粗调模式同时调整，天线波束形状维持为不变的且该天线波束经由方位角旋转。一旦该最适信号质量度量值已识别，该权重控制组件111彼此去耦合及接着独立调整以微调该天线波束场型。
粗调接着微调的本发明技术减少达到最适天线波束场型所需时间，离开该粗调步骤，每一权重控制组件111的独立调整包括独立参数(通常说是表示n个自由度)的调整及所以，需要较长时间以收敛至最适波束场型。以仅一自由度开始该方法，借由同时变更所有该权重控制组件111，快速地达到一般最适天线场型；接着为决定该最适天线场型的微调方法。该粗调/微调方法较先前技术更快速地收敛至该最后最适天线波束场型。
该求和网络120是耦合至每一权重控制组件111的信号端子S，在传送期间，该求和网络120提供反向链接信号至每一该权重控制组件111，该权重控制组件111借由施以权重(在一具体实施例中，相位移位)于该输入信号而影响该反向链接信号的修正，如由至每一该权重控制组件111的控制输入信号P所决定。区别自每一组件101所传送的该反向链接信号170引起与自其它组件所传送的\信号的相长或相消干扰，以此方式，该干扰信号合并以形成该反向链接信号170的强复合波束于所欲方向。提供至每一天线组件101的所施以权重决定该复合波束所传送的方向。
用于自每一天线组件101的传送的该权重控制组件111亦提供类似作用于自该基站160所接收的前向链接信号180，亦即，当每一组件101接收来自该基站160的信号180，(在该权重控制组件111的调整前)因为在该基地110的组件101的实体分开该个别经接收信号彼此为异相的。然而，每一经接收信号是由该权重控制组件111移位，此调整使得每一信号与其它经接收信号180为同相的。于是，伴随该复合接收信号，由该求和网络120所产生的信号质量度量被最大化。
为最适地建立每一该权重控制组件111的权重值，权重控制值是由该控制器140提供。一般说，在该较佳具体实施例中，当该膝上型电脑150未经由该天线100传送或接收载重或信息数据的闲置时段期间，该控制器140决定这些最适权重。当该站60在此闲置状态操作，自该基站160传送及在每一天线组件101接收的预定信号是用做调整该权重控制组件111的基础以如借由最大化该接收信号能量或其它链接信号质量度量最适化接收。
用于调整该权重控制组件111的预定信号190的精确型式是依据系统100的精确型式而定，在CDMA蜂巢式系统的情况下，该预定信号110可为前向链接导频信号或存取信道信号。在WLAN系统100的情况下，该预定信号190可为信标帧、巴克序列、或是类似预定位型式，其它合适预定信号190可为于该接收器的前导、训练序列及类似演绎的已知信号。
该控制器140由此决定及设定每一该权重控制组件111的最适权重，以最适化该前向链接导频信号190的接收。当该天线100进入在该基站160及该膝上型电脑150之间的信号传送或接收的主动模式，由每一该权重控制组件111所设定的权重维持为如在前一闲置状态所设定的。
在提供由该控制器140所执行的权重设定计算的详细叙述之前，应了解本发明一部份是基于这样的观察即该基站160相对于任何一移动站(亦即，膝上型电脑150)的位置是本质上约略为圆周的，亦即，若沿移动站60画出一圆且假设基站位置具最小一粒度，该基站160可位于360个可能角度位置，n个权重的组合，(该n个权重控制组件111的每一有一值)，最适化在360°圆内的角扇形的天线场型。使用根据本发明建立该权重值可得到最小的扇形宽度。
根据本发明意旨，使用两步骤方法以决定最适权重。首先，该控制器140经由一系列值同时调整所有权重控制组件111，例如所有权重控制组件111可同时调整使得该天线波束场型的中央轴经过五度间隔，产生沿该360度圆的72个不同角位置。至每一该权重控制组件111以改变以扫描该天线波束的权重的控制信号输入可自在该控制器140内的存储器位置读取，进入该存储器位置的指数为所欲天线波束角度及该输出为要施用于每一该权重控制组件111的P端子的五个权重以将该天线波束指向所欲方向，在每一波数位置该接收器130对该导频信号的响应被决定。在本发明一具体实施例当站60是在闲置状态时执行天线重新扫描方法。在主动模式期间该扫描方法亦可在自该基站160所传送的已知数据组上执行，在经由360度圆的所有定向角(或是圆形的预先决定扇形若已知该基站160为在相对于该移动站60的某个方向)增量及侦测对每一定向角的接收器响应之后，决定具最适接收器响应的权重组合(亦即，每一该权重控制组件111有一值)，如由任何一数目的接收器度量(例如，最大信号噪声比、位错误率、每位能量Eb或每芯片能量Ec与总干扰Io或与总噪声No的比值)及将该权重控制组件111重新设定为这些权重值。
接着，该权重控制组件111去耦合及每一由输入独立权重值于每一的P端子而独立地控制，直到最适信号质量度量被识别，此微调方法最后决定每一该权重控制组件111的权重，其产生最适信号质量度量，如由该接收导频信号所决定。
亦应注意虽然图2A说明一种分离器/结合器120(与该收发器130一起操作)，所有由该组件101接收及传送的信号通过此，根据本发明意旨此组件不为必要的。在另一具体实施例中，如在图2B所示，每一组件101可直接连接至收发器130以接收及传送信号，于此该权重控制组件111是置于每一组件及其相对应收发器之间，每一收发器可个别决定在其相关组件所接收的信号的信号质量度量且该五个(或是在更一般的情况为n)产生信号质量度量是提供做为至该控制器140的输入以决定合并信号质量度量及响应的以建立每一组件的权重如此处所揭示。基本上，本发明意旨可应用于多个一起操作的天线组件以放置天线的最适定向角，而无论用于经由每一组件所接收及传送的信号的特定处理方法。
图3显示根据本发明一具体实施例由该控制器140所执行的步骤302至307以在该粗调整期间达到该最适信号质量度量(亦即，最适天线定向角)。取代该控制器140，在该站60内的通用微处理器或专属微处理器可被程序化以执行说明于图3及图4的方法。如上文所叙述，当站60是在闲置状态时，执行以粗调及微调模式扫描该天线波束角度的方法，为决定该权重控制组件111的最适粗调权重值，在借由使用由该基站160所传送的该导频信号190的数据接收及传送的闲置时段期间执行步骤302至306。然而，在本发明另一具体实施例中，在该站60的主动操作状态期间可使用由该基站160所传送的已知数据执行该重新扫描方法，该信号质量度量是该已知数据决定且该粗调及微调方法是如于图3、图4及图5所说明的执行。
在步骤302，该控制器140借由如侦测某个前向链接信号180的不存在或是预定信号190的存在决定该站60是在闲置状态。在步骤303权重建立用于每一该权重控制组件111及响应的该天线波束场型是指向于第一或相对0度方位角，该步骤303为重新扫描回路的第一步骤，该回路对由该天线100所假设的每一定向角执行一次以搜寻最适定向角，当该回路执行时，伴随每一该权重控制组件111的权重被修改使得该天线100扫描至不同角方向且每一通过该回路。该权重可如预先计算及储存于表中，且对每一可能天线角度每一组件101具一权重，换言之，步骤303程序化第一角度的每一该权重控制组件111，可概念化第一角度为在围绕该移动站60的360度圆的角度0度。在步骤304该站60(或是另一具体实施例中，膝上型电脑150)决定该接收预定(如导频)信号190的信号质量度量，做为自该求和网络120的输出，在步骤304的测量反映基于在步骤303所施用的目前权重组每一天线组件101多好地侦测该接收预定信号190，该信号度量值是储存于步骤304。该度量可如为链接质量度量如位错误率或是每芯片信号能量比噪声能量(Ec/No)。
该步骤305接着将处理回到步骤303于此该权重由该控制器140连带修改以改变该天线100的定向角。在一具体实施例中，此调整是由自所储存向量中选择另一权重向量而完成，及使用该向量组件做为该权重值。在一具体实施例中，此调整是由自所储存向量中选择另一权重向量而完成，及使用该向量组件做为该权重值。步骤302至305重复直到已在所欲定向角扫描该天线100，且信号质量度量对每一角度测量，一旦该步骤305决定所有所欲定向角已被扫描，步骤306决定最适权重组，如由产生最适(最大或最小，如由该所选择信号度量所决定)接收信号度量值的设定所决定。步骤307接着以经决定的权重组程序化该权重控制组件111以产生最佳结果。
一旦图3的粗调整方法完成且于步骤307设定最佳信号质量度量的权重值，步骤308显示方法进行至图4的微权重调整方法。
图4的微权重调整方法开始于步骤401于此选择该权重控制组件111的其中一保持于固定值当变化该权重控制组件的权重值时。在步骤402修改其余权重控制组件。在一具体实施例该权重控制组件是根据预先决定的算法或是以固定增量值调整或增量，最适化有N个自由度的度量的算法的用途及特征为该技术中所熟知。接着在步骤406该信号质量度量被测量及储存，所储存值具在步骤401及402所设定的唯一权重，该方法经由该步骤402、406及408所形成的回路持续执行，每一次经过步骤402时调整该四个权重控制组件，在该步骤402所执行的权重调整的粒度是可由系统使用者决定的。在该经变化权重控制组件的所有可能设定已利用之后，该决定步骤408回到正向响应及该方法进行至该决定步骤410，于此得到负向响应直到所有该权重控制组件已于步骤401选择。所以，选择另一权重控制组件以保持于固定值(步骤401)且当方法再次执行经过该步骤402、406及408调整其它权重控制组件。
自该决定步骤410的肯定响应将处理进行至步骤412，于此该权重控制组件111的最佳设定被决定。回忆在步骤406该预定的信号度量被测量及储存，所以，在步骤412的处理包括检查该经储存信号质量度量值以识别该最适值。在步骤414，决定伴随该最佳或最适信号度量值的该权重控制组件111的权重及根据这些值调整该权重控制组件111。在此时，粗及微调整方法皆已完成及由在步骤414的权重所决定的天线场型为最适场型。
在闲置时间时段期间，可重复图3及图4方法以补偿该天线100相对于该基站160的方向及方位的移动及引起干扰场型的变化的实体环境的变化。此外，在信息信号传送期间该天线100可由经由图3及图4流程图处理而最适化，当已知数据由该站60接收使得该接收数据的信号度量值适合用于该最适信号质量度量的比较与识别。
图5说明进行一种摄动算法以决定以每一天线组件101的最适权重的电子组件的示意图，如图3及图4方法所需要。
例如，若n＝5，该算法固定五个未知，最适权重W[i]中的四个的值，如W[2]至W[5]，该算法摄动该系统及观察响应，发现未固定权重，如W[1]的最适排列。该所测得链接质量度量，在此情况Ec/Eo，馈送至第一增益区块G1。该输入的控制回路增益设定G是馈送至第二增益区块G2。自值″1″交替至值″-1″的第一快速时脉CLK1由I1倒反及馈送至第一多存取器M1，多存取器M1的另一输入是自该增益区块G2馈入。
M1的输出是与该第一增益区块G1的输出一起馈送至多存取器M3，积分器N1测量平均位准及将此值提供至锁存L。通常于″1″及″0″之间变化及远小于CLK1(至少小100倍)的速率交替的缓慢时脉CLK2驱动该锁存时脉C。该锁存L的输出是由加成区块S与来自M2的未倒反输出相加，结果W[i]为倾向寻求要最适化的函数的局部最小值的值。
示于图5的方法接着由设定该第一权重为W[1]及接着由根据图5方法变化W[3]至W[5]来决定W[2]而重复，该方法持续寻求该五个未知权重设定的每一的最适值。
应了解当天线组件数目不等于五时，该方法为类似的。
或者是，在粗调模式，取代增量地改变每一天线组件101的权重设定，每一组件的权重可储存于向量表，具n个组件的每一向量表示权重控制组件111的n个权重控制设定。在每一向量的值可基于接收预定信号的到达角度事先计算，亦即，每一天线组件的值是根据基站相对于移动站所放置的方向决定。操作时，到达角度可用做至向量表的索引且该权重控制组件是设定为由所选择向量的组件所表示的权重。借由使用具向量的表，仅需执行到达计算的单一角度以适当地设定每一天线组件101的粗权重。接着执行图4的权重调整方法。
在本发明较佳具体实施例的天线装置建造为不昂贵的及大幅增加在CDMA受干扰限制系统的容量。亦即，于CDMA系统单一信元内的主动站数目部分由提供用于使用的频率数目及由信号干扰限制而限制，当使用中的频率数目增加时信号干扰限制发生。当更多频率在单一信元内变为主动的，干扰将最大限制加于可有效地与该基站通信的使用者数目。信元间干扰亦为信元容量的限制因素。借由使用粗及微调方法所提供的本发明快速收敛的能力，提供移动站对相对于该基站160的角度及位置的变化的快速及准确适应。
因为本发明适应地消除来自相邻信元的干扰及选择性地指引自每一以本发明配备的移动单元的信号的传送与接收至该基站及自该基站指引，每信元使用者数目的增加被实现。而且，本发明借由提供朝该基站的延伸经指引波束减少每一主动站的所需传送功率。
替代天线实体具体实施例包括四个组件天线其中组件中的三个是位于等边三角形平面的角落及正交地排列及自该平面向外延伸。该第四个组件类似地放置但是位于三角形中心。
进一步地，本发明意旨可应用于包含多个组件的天线，其中少于所有组件为主动组件，亦即，用于辐射或接收信号，其它组件用做寄生组件以反射、重新指引或吸收一些部份经发射信号以有利地以传送模式成形经发射波束及类似地有利地影响该接收波束型式。该组件可在主动或寄生模式操作如依组件控制器所决定。
图6说明包含寄生及主动组件的天线具体实施例，寄生组件500及502是个别连接至终端504及506，主动组件508是连接至习知接收电路510，例如在图2A所示的电路。虽然图5说明两个寄生组件及单一主动组件，熟知本技术的人员已知伴随图6的基本原理可延伸至n个寄生组件及m个主动组件。在一具体实施例中，例如，本发明意旨可应用于每一排列于矩形的四个角落的寄生组件及在约略矩形中心的主动组件。
操作时，如所示信号在该寄生组件500及502的每一接收，该信号接着被分别携带至该终端504、506，及由此经由该组件500及502反射回去。该终端504及506包括下列任何之一：相位移位装置、权重控制组件(例如图2A或图2B的权重控制组件111)、阻抗终端及开关。该终端504及506控制输入至其的信号的振幅及相位、仅相位、或仅振幅及由此产生具有相关于该接收信号的某个关系式(亦即，振幅及相位特征)的经反射信号，该经反射信号是自该组件500及502辐射，及在于该主动组件508接收时有效地合并。已见到图6具体实施例完成天线阵列的这三个主要目的：在组件接收信号，施以相位或振幅移位于该接收信号及合并该接收信号。虽然图6构型已以该接收模式解释，熟知本技术的人员已知根据天线互易理论类似功能可在传送模式达到。
虽然本发明已参考较佳具体实施例特别示出及叙述，熟知本技术的人员要了解可进行在形式及细节的各种变化而不偏离由所附权利要求所定义的本发明精神及意旨。熟知本技术的人员要仅使用例行实验来认知或能够确认一些此处所叙述本发明特定具体实施例相当变化。例如，存在决定每一天线组件的适当权重的替代机构，例如储存权重于链接清单或数据库以取代表。而且，熟知本射频测量技术的技术人员要了解存在各种侦测信号如该接收预定信号的到达角度及信号质量度量的方式。决定到达信号角度及信号质量度量的这些机构意欲由本发明使用，一旦接着知道位置，可快速地得到权重控制组件的适当权重，意欲包含此种相当机构于权利要求的范围内。

Claims (27)

1.一种设定收发器的多个天线组件的最适权重控制组件排列的方法，该方法包括步骤：
(a)自该多个天线组件的每一个接收预定信号；
(b)合并由该多个天线组件的每一个所侦测的该接收预定信号以产生一种经合并的接收预定信号；
(c)决定该经合并的接收预定信号的信号质量度量；
(d)连带调整伴随在该站的至少两个该多个天线组件的权重控制组件以响应该接收预定信号的信号质量度量；
(e)重复该步骤(d)直到达到最适信号质量度量；
(f)独立地调整该权重控制组件以响应该接收预定信号的该信号质量度量；及
(g)重复该步骤(e)直到该经合并的接收预定信号的该经决定信号质量度量达到最适值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量是经接收信号能量与干扰的比值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量是经接收信号能量与热噪声的比值。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量是经接收信号功率。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于每一权重控制组件包括一种相位移位器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于每一权重控制组件包括一种放大器及一种相位移位器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于每一权重控制组件包括一种电磁耦合器。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该步骤(d)及(f)包括调整施于来自该多个天线组件的输出信号的振幅、相位或振幅与相位。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，包括多个收发器，其特征在于该多个收发器包括第一多个站及第二多个基站，其特征在于该步骤(a)是在自该第一多个站中的一站及自该第二多个基站中的一基站之间的通信对话开始时执行。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量的该最适值超过一预定值。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该预定信号是一种导频信号。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该预定信号是一种信标帧。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该预定信号是自由前导、巴克、训练或在该接收器已知的其它演绎序列所组成族群选出。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于合并的步骤(b)进一步包括在调整至少两个特定接收预定信号的权重控制组件之后，在合并其它接收预定信号之前合并该特定经接收预定信号的步骤。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于当该站是在主动状态时，该权重控制组件的调整发生。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该权重控制组件是可连带地在第一模式调整及独立地在第二模式调整以借由减少未自所欲基站传送的信号所引起的干扰而最适化在天线组件所接收的信号。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该权重控制组件是可连带地在第一模式调整及独立地在第二模式调整以借由减少自其它基站所引起的干扰而最适化经由该天线组件传送至所选择基站的信号。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于多重基站于共同载波频率传送码分多存取信号。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于该码分多存取信号是在一信元内传送，每一信元包括一基站及多个移动站，每一移动站具有一种天线装置。
20.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于多个站及至少一基站包括提供存取点于多个移动站之间的无线局域网络通信的系统。
21.一种设定连接至多个收发器的多个天线组件的最适权重控制组件排列的方法，该方法包括步骤：
(a)自该多个天线组件接收一预定信号；
(b)合并在该多个收发器的每一所侦测的该接收预定信号以产生一种复合经接收预定信号；
(c)决定该复合接收预定信号的信号质量度量；
(d)连带调整伴随至少两个该多个天线组件的该权重控制组件以响应该接收预定信号的该信号质量度量；
(e)重复该步骤(d)直到达到最适信号质量度量；
(f)独立地调整该权重控制组件以响应该接收信号的该信号质量度量；及
(g)重复该步骤(e)直到该复合接收预定信号的该经决定信号质量度量达到最适值。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量是接收信号能量与干扰的比值。
23.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量是接收信号能量与热噪声的比值。
24.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于该信号质量度量是接收信号功率。
25.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于每一权重控制组件包括一种相位移位器。
26.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于每一权重控制组件包括一种放大器及一种相位移位器。
27.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于每一权重控制组件包括一种电磁耦合器。
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