CN1806349B - 包括具有非对称传导特性的中间层的有机太阳能电池 - Google Patents

包括具有非对称传导特性的中间层的有机太阳能电池 Download PDF

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CN1806349B
CN1806349B CN2004800164010A CN200480016401A CN1806349B CN 1806349 B CN1806349 B CN 1806349B CN 2004800164010 A CN2004800164010 A CN 2004800164010A CN 200480016401 A CN200480016401 A CN 200480016401A CN 1806349 B CN1806349 B CN 1806349B
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克里斯托弗·布拉贝克
克里斯托弗·沃尔多夫
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种有机太阳能电池,其具有由两种分子成分组成的光敏层,即电子供者与电子受者,以及具有设置在该光敏层两侧的电极,其中,在至少一个电极和光敏层之间设置一个具有非对称传导特性的中间层。

Description

包括具有非对称传导特性的中间层的有机太阳能电池
技术领域
本发明涉及一种有机太阳能电池,其具有由两种分子成分组成的光敏层,即电子供者与电子受者,以及具有设置在该光敏层两侧的电极。
背景技术
对于有机太阳能电池和光电探测器(尤其是bulk heterojunctionPolymer-Solarzellen,大容量异质结聚合物太阳能电池),已注意到随着照明强度的增加并联电阻下降。这一现象被称为光分流(photo-shunt)。光分流导致填充系数的降低,并因而导致太阳能电池效率的降低。
一种提高串联电阻和触点选择性的方法在WO 01/84645 A1中公开。
但迄今为止尚未有已知的提高并联电阻的合适的解决方案。
发明内容
因此,本发明要解决的技术问题在于,提高有机太阳能电池的并联电阻,以减小由于较小的并联电阻而产生的损耗。
按照本发明的一个方面提出了一种光电池,其具有一光敏层和两个电极,其特征在于在至少一个电极和该光敏层之间设置一个具有非对称传导特性的中间层。
“非对称传导特性”是指对于不同的载流子的非对称迁移性。本发明的优点在于,通过适当地选择中间层的材料,特别是对于有机太阳能电池来说,无需对中间层进行掺杂。由此可以避免所有如掺杂带来的稳定性问题的缺点,尤其是在有机层中。
中间层优选具有(大)带间隙,该带间隙至少等于或大于光敏层的带间隙。该中间层的带间隙例如位于1.7~6.1eV(电子伏特)的范围内或优选位于2.5~3.7eV范围内。
具有大带间隙的层优选至少是半透明的,或者是完全透明的。
当采用这样的层时,可以防止一类载流子(电子或空穴电子(即空位或空穴))从一个电极传到另一个电极。由此可以极大地提高并联电阻(至少对于一类载流子)。
在本发明的一种优选实施方式中,光电池具有分别设置在两个电极和光敏层之间的中间层,该中间层具有大的带间隙和非对称传导特性。
具有大带间隙的层基本上是透明的,或至少是半透明的。“非对称传导特性”是指对于不同载流子的非对称迁移性。当采用两个这样的层时,一层可以传输电子,而另一层传输空穴电子。通过串联连接这两个层,可以对两类载流子都极大地提高并联电阻。由此可以防止两类载流子从一个电极传至另一个电极。由此也减小了由于少数载流子在电极中重新组合而带来的损耗。
在本发明的另一种实施方式中,光敏层具有包含电子供者的区域和包含电子受者的区域。该电子受者区域配有阴极。该光电池的特征在于,中间层设置在该电子受者区域和阴极之间,并具有使电流主要经电子传导的材料。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,光敏层具有包含电子供者的区域和包含电子受者的区域。该电子供者区域配有阳极。该光电池的特征在于,中间层设置在该电子供者区域和阳极之间,并具有使电流主要经空穴电子(空穴,正电荷)传导的材料。
由此,为电极或活跃的层设置了传导特性的非对称性。这意味着,在阴极和电子受者区域之间设置了电子传导层。这还意味着在阳极和电子供者区域之间设置了空穴电子传导层。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方式中,在电子受者和阴极之间传导电子的中间层包括TiO2或C60。
在本发明的一种优选实施方式中,光电池的特征在于传导空穴电子的中间层包括PEDOT。PEDOT(Poly-3,4-ethylendioxythiophen)是导电聚合物,其基于通过二醚键聚合而成的杂环噻吩。
根据本发明的另一种优选实施方式,传导电子的中间层的传导带与电子受者的最高占用分子轨道一致。由此避免了在中间层和电子受者区域之间形成给太阳能电池的性能和效率带来负面影响的电势差。
本发明的另一种优选实施方式的特征在于,传导空穴电子(空穴)的中间层的传导带与电子供者的最低未占用分子轨道一致。由此避免了在中间层和电子供者区域之间形成给太阳能电池的性能和效率带来负面影响的电势差。
按照本发明,优选光电池是有机光电池。
具体来讲,本发明提供了一种光电池,其具有在第一电极和第二电极之间的一光敏层,其特征在于,在该第一电极和该光敏层之间设置第一层,在所述第二电极和所述光敏层之间设置第二层,所述第一层主要经电子传导电流并且与所述第一电极直接接触,所述光敏层与所述第一层直接接触,并且包含配对的聚合物和富勒烯,所述第二层主要经空穴电子传导电流并且与所述光敏层直接接触,所述第二电极与所述第二层直接接触,所述第一层和第二层中的每个层具有处于2.5电子伏特到3.7电子伏特的范围内的带间隙,并且,所述第一电极是半透明的或者是透明的。
附图说明
以下借助附图描述本发明,图中示出:
图1示出根据本发明实施方式的太阳能电池的截面视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据本发明实施方式的太阳能电池的剖面。该太阳能电池坐落在载体材料或者说基底4上。基底4可以是玻璃、塑料、晶体等材料制成的。基底4用爆破线6表示,以示对于本发明来说基底4的厚度是不重要的,并且是可变的。基底仅用于使太阳能电池具有相应的机械稳固性以及必要时提供表面保护。基底的朝向光入射的一面涂有防反射层2,以避免因反射造成的损耗。
基底上的第一层8是太阳能电池的电极。该电极是阴极还是阳极并不重要。
在此不加限制地假设,光从下面透过基底4入射进所示的太阳能电池。因此,第一电极8例如应由Al、CU、...ITO(Indium-tin-oxide铟锡氧化物)等等构成。需注意的是,朝向光入射的电极(在此为电极8)优选为透明或半透明的和/或具有栅格结构。
为简单起见,假设设置在基底4上的电极8是阴极。在该阴极上敷设了具有大带间隙和非对称传导特性(即由于(剩余)电子的运动而带来的传导特性)的第一中间层10。由于大的带间隙,该材料是基本透明或至少的半透明的。只有电子能够通过该中间层运动。在此,可以这样选择第一中间层10的材料和大小,使得它们与活跃层以及电子受者的特性相匹配。在有机太阳能电池中,这可以通过将带间隙与电子受者的最高占用分子轨道相匹配来实现。
可以这样选择中间层10的其它特性,如厚度和折射率,使得中间层10起电极8和后续层之间的防反射层的作用。
应注意的是,朝向光入射的中间层10特别是电极8具有栅格结构。
中间层10由活跃层本身覆盖。活跃层12的组成对于本发明来说不重要。活跃层通常具有包含电子供者的区域16和包含电子受者的区域14,这两个区域例如通过耗尽层来互相混合和/或相互连接。在活跃层中通过光入射产生的载流子(电子-空穴对)分别被分离地吸入相交界的层中。
活跃层例如可以由经典的具有pn结的非晶半导体构成。但在本发明中对于有机太阳能电池非常具有优点的例如是采用P3HT/PBCM、CuPc/PTCBI、ZNPC/C60,或配对的聚合物组分和富勒烯组分。
在所示的太阳能电池中,活跃层12的朝向基底的一侧14配有电子受者,而背向基底的一侧16配有电子供者。
在活跃层12之上、在电子供者一侧16是具有大带间隙和非对称传导特性的第二中间层18。第二中间层18的传导特性基于空穴电子的运动性。同样,该材料由于大带间隙而基本透明或至少是半透明的。只有空穴电子可以通过该中间层运动。在此,可以这样选择第二中间层18的材料和大小,使得它们与活跃层的特性以及电子供者的特性相匹配。在有机太阳能电池中,这可以通过将中间层的带间隙与电子供者的最低未占用分子轨道相匹配来实现。
总之,由于两个串联连接的非对称传导的中间层10和18,电子和空穴电子都不能直接从一个电极传到另一个电极,因为第一中间层或第二中间层呈现为不能穿透的障碍。因此没有载流子可以从一个电极到另一个电极。由此,相对于常规构造的太阳能电池提高了并联电阻,并由此提高了太阳能电池的效率。
可以这样选择中间层18的其它特性,如厚度和折射率,使得中间层18构成活跃层12和后续层之间的防反射层。这尤其对于光级联电池或多电池是具有优点的。
可以这样选择中间层18的其它特性,如厚度和折射率,使得中间层18(与随后的电极一起)构成活跃层12和后续层之间的反射层。这尤其对于光单电池是具有优点的,因为穿过活跃层的光在反射之后可以再次在耗尽层中产生载流子对。
背向光入射的中间层(根据实施情况为10或18)不必是透明或半透明的。这意味着背向光入射的中间层的带间隙不必很大。
而朝向光入射的中间层(根据实施情况为10或18)则必须是透明或至少是半透明的,以使得入射光能够传至活跃层。这意味着朝向光入射的中间层的带间隙必须至少与朝向光入射的活跃层材料的带间隙一样大。
在第二中间层18之后是电极层20,其在本例中是阳极。该阳极的电极材料在目前的实施方式中例如由Ag、Au、Al、CU、...ITO等等构成。由于在当前实施方式中该阳极是背向光入射的,因此对其就厚度、透明性或任何其它制约而言没有任何限制。此外,该阳极还可以由保护层(未示出)覆盖。
波形箭头22表明光入射方向。
当然,太阳能电池还可以相反地构建在例如不透明的基底4上,此时光可以从上面入射。但这样的“反向”结构带来的缺点是,朝向光入射的结构和层受到环境的影响(如空气中的氧、灰尘等),这使太阳能电池会很快损坏或无法使用。
在一种“反向”结构中,防反射层2例如设置在太阳能电池的另一侧。
本发明也可以用于常规的单晶或多晶太阳能电池。在此,也将中间层10、18设置在电极和活跃层之间。
本发明使太阳能电池和光探测器的并联电阻得以提高。由此降低了“光分流”效应,并由此提高了填充系数并进而提高了太阳能电池的效率。由此也使二极管的理想特性上升。
本发明基于对不同的载流子采用具有大带间隙和非对称传导特性的中间层。本发明的优点还在于,无需对中间层进行掺杂,并由此回避了在有机材料中掺杂所带来的稳定性难题。
中间层既可以从气相也可以从溶液中分离出来,这使得中间层的处理和制造成本很低。
在采用介于电极和光敏半导体层之间、具有大带间隙(能带隙)和强非对称传导特性的(半)透明层时应注意,在活跃层和阴极之间设置具有高电子迁移性的层,而在活跃层和阳极之间设置具有高空穴(空穴电子)迁移性的层。还应注意,将具有高电子迁移性的层的传导带与电子受者的最高占用分子轨道匹配,而将具有高空穴迁移性的层的价带与电子供者的最低未占用分子轨道匹配。
在中间层具有足够的载流子迁移性时,无需另外掺杂。
此外,至少两个中间层的带间隙可以是不同的。还可以理解,具有多个中间层的构造也落入本发明权利要求保护的范围内,因为这样的多中间层可以视为一个“联合中间层”。此外,清楚的是,本发明当然也可以用于级联或多太阳能电池。在考察各太阳能电池层以及级联太阳能电池时,所有可能的具有至少一个介于光敏层和电极之间的中间层的组合,以及具有介于每个光敏层和每个电极之间的中间层的构造也都落入本发明权利要求的保护范围。
通过中间层的非对称传导特性仅对一种载流子禁止构成穿越导通路径。由此提高了并联电阻。由此也同时降低了少数载流子分别到达另一电极并因此通过金属电极中相反电荷的载流子的重新组合而带来损耗的可能性。

Claims (10)

1.一种光电池,其具有在第一电极和第二电极之间的一光敏层,其特征在于,
在该第一电极和该光敏层之间设置第一层,
在所述第二电极和所述光敏层之间设置第二层,
所述第一层主要经电子传导电流并且与所述第一电极直接接触,
所述光敏层与所述第一层直接接触,并且包含配对的聚合物和富勒烯,
所述第二层主要经空穴电子传导电流并且与所述光敏层直接接触,
所述第二电极与所述第二层直接接触,
所述第一层和第二层中的每个层具有处于从2.5电子伏特到3.7电子伏特的范围内的带间隙,并且,
所述第一电极是半透明的或者是透明的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光电池,其特征在于,
所述第二层具有非对称传导特性。
3.根据权利要求2所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第一层或第二层具有带间隙,该带间隙大于或等于所述光敏层的带间隙。
4.根据权利要求2所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第一层或第二层是半透明的或者是透明的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第一层的传导带与所述光敏层中的电子受者的最高占用分子轨道一致。
6.根据权利要求2、3或4所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第二层包括PEDOT。
7.根据权利要求6所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第二层的价带与所述光敏层中的电子供者的最低未占用分子轨道一致。
8.根据前述权利要求1所述的光电池,其特征在于,该光电池是有机光电池。
9.根据权利要求2所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第一电极是阴极,所述第二电极是阳极,所述第一层包含TiO2,而所述第二层包含PEDOT。
10.根据权利要求1所述的光电池,其特征在于,所述第一电极朝向入射光并且具有栅格结构。
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