CN1937976B - 一种用于避孕的增强组织向内生长的装置 - Google Patents

一种用于避孕的增强组织向内生长的装置 Download PDF

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CN1937976B
CN1937976B CN2005800097909A CN200580009790A CN1937976B CN 1937976 B CN1937976 B CN 1937976B CN 2005800097909 A CN2005800097909 A CN 2005800097909A CN 200580009790 A CN200580009790 A CN 200580009790A CN 1937976 B CN1937976 B CN 1937976B
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杰弗里·P·卡利斯特
威廉·S·特雷穆利斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及阻塞装置和为了避孕目的使用这样的装置来阻塞患者体腔如生殖腔的方法。该阻塞装置通常具有阻塞件(11)、与该阻塞件相连的第一金属件(16)、与该阻塞件相连的第二金属件(17)。第一和第二金属件用于产生电活动，其增强组织生长进入和/或到达阻塞件，从而有助于体腔阻塞。在一个具体实施方式中，第一和第二金属件由不同的金属材料形成并产生电活动。在第二个具体实施方式中，将电源施加在第一和第二金属件上，以产生增强组织生长的电活动。

Description

一种用于避孕的增强组织向内生长的装置
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及阻塞装置、用于这样的装置的递送系统以及利用这样的装置和系统阻塞身体通道的方法的领域。本发明尤其用于阻塞生殖腔(如女性患者的输卵管或男性患者的输精管)以促成避孕。 
背景技术
传统的避孕方法通常归为三类：物理阻碍物、药物和手术。虽然每一种都具有一些优点，但它们也具有各种各样的缺点。诸如避孕套和子宫帽避孕套的阻碍物由于破损、移位以及错放而容易失败。依赖于人工控制激素水平的药物方法，例如口服避孕药和诺普朗特(NorplantTM)，因长期使用会引起已知和未知的副作用。诸如输卵管结扎和输精管切除的手术方法非常有效，但是牵涉到手术的费用和附带风险，并且经常是不可逆性的。 
最近，已提出了微创治疗方法，其在生殖腔中放置支架状装置用于阻塞这样的内腔，作为输卵管结扎的避孕的替代方法。但是，安置单独的支架或具有纤维材料的支架或者类似的阻塞装置可能不会产生足够或永久的生殖腔的阻塞，这依赖于阻塞装置的类型。例如，阻塞装置可能太小而不能提供完全的生殖腔的阻塞，或该装置可能对细胞移动是可渗透的。例如，安置在生殖腔中的阻塞装置可能不会安全可靠地密封生殖腔壁，或者可能最初允许卵细胞或精细胞通过该装置，直至组织生长完成生殖内腔的阻塞，这样导致怀 孕发生。另外，阻塞装置可能形成足够的阻塞而阻挡卵细胞的通过，但是允许精细胞穿过或通过该阻塞装置，使在该阻塞上游的卵细胞受精而导致宫外孕。 
已有人提出使用阻塞性避孕或绝育装置，尤其是具有网孔或纤维材料的装置来促进组织向内生长(参见例如美国专利第6,432,116号)。但是，对于这些装置，在放置后存在初始期，在该期间，患者处于细胞通过该装置的危险中并且可导致怀孕。 
发明内容
本发明提供了改进的用于阻塞体腔，尤其是为避孕目的阻塞生殖腔的装置和利用该装置阻塞的方法。如本文所使用的，组织生长包括但不限于导致在阻塞装置内、上、或周围形成组织的细胞增殖和/或生长。组织生长可以是上皮形成、瘢痕形成、或其他细胞生长或增殖。 
具有本发明特征的阻塞装置通常包括：阻塞件，用来在需要阻塞的体腔中扩展；以及第一和第二金属元件，其与阻塞件相连，并且用于在患者体腔中产生电活动(electrical activity)，以增强组织在阻塞装置的阻塞件之中或之上的生长。 
在具有本发明特征的一个具体实施方式中，该阻塞装置具有阻塞件并且具有两个金属件，该金属件由不同金属材料形成并被电连接(electrically connected)，以便在该阻塞装置接触体液或其他导电液体时产生电活动，从而刺激细胞生长进入或到达该装置的阻塞件。金属件的一个或两个可以是阻塞装置的部分或直接或间接附着在阻塞装置上的独立元件。 
在具有本发明特征的另一个具体实施方式中，该阻塞装置具有阻塞件并且具有两个独立的金属件，将该金属件设置成电连接至电 源(例如，电池或其他低压源)以产生足以刺激细胞在该装置的阻塞件之上或之内生长的电活动。当将该阻塞装置放置在体腔中并接触在其中充当电解液的体液或其他导电液体(例如，盐水)时，细胞在阻塞件之内或之上的生长得到刺激，以增强装置在体腔的附着和腔的阻塞。 
对于体现本发明特征的阻塞装置来说，一个尤其有用的应用是用于为了避孕目的而阻塞生殖腔如输卵管或输精管。在一些情形中，为了在体腔中加强电活动而设置的金属件之一或一组金属件可由铜形成，以提供除了阻塞腔道以外的进一步的避孕作用。另外，治疗或诊断试剂(例如抗生素、化学疗法)可以与阻塞装置一起用于避孕或其他用途。例如，该阻塞件可以涂敷以其中含有诸如药物、酶或蛋白质的试剂的聚合物，用于引发或促进组织生长。在又一个改进中，该阻塞件的表面可镀上或另外结合可洗脱的炎性材料(inflammatory material)以在限定体腔的壁的组织中产生炎性反应，这进一步有助于阻塞内腔。炎性材料包括铜或铜合金。其他炎性材料如放射性物质(发射α、β或γ粒子)可以单独或者结合其他炎性材料使用。 
体现本发明特征的阻塞装置优选具有阻塞件，该阻塞件至少部分具有第一递送状态，该状态具有适于递送到生殖腔或其他体腔所选位置的较小横向尺寸，以及第二扩展的状态，该状态的横向尺寸比第一状态大，以促进该装置的阻塞件固定在生殖腔或体腔中。该装置的阻塞件可以是可扩展的或从第一状态可自身扩展到第二状态，从而阻塞体腔的气囊。 
该阻塞装置可以是管状支架形状结构，如在1996年12月18日提交的序号为第08/770,123号、1998年7月8日提交的第09/112,085号、1999年12月21日提交的第09/468,749号的美国专利申请，以及2003年6月27日提交的序号为第60/483,587号的美 国临时申请中所描述的。可选地，该阻塞装置可具有在2003年12月24日提交的序号为10/746,131的未决申请中展示的一个或多个蜘蛛形结构。该阻塞件在扩展状态的横截面尺寸通常为约1mm至5mm，优选约2mm至4mm，长度通常为约0.5cm至约8cm，优选约1.5cm到约4cm。尽管本文的描述集中在仅使用一个阻塞装置，但是可在生殖腔或其他体腔中使用两个或多个阻塞装置。 
将具有本发明特征的阻塞装置置于缩小状态，以便于该装置在生殖腔或其他体腔中的引入或推进，这通常是在递送外壳的内腔中。一旦处于患者体腔内的希望位置，则递送外壳被抽回，同时阻塞装置保持在希望位置的原地。外壳收回将阻塞装置暴露在所选部位，通过给该阻塞件的内腔内的气囊充气或者通过自扩展(由于制成该阻塞件的金属材料的性质和条件)来扩展该阻塞装置。该阻塞装置的暴露部分可以在整个阻塞装置脱离递送外壳之前进行扩展或被扩展。该装置的自扩展阻塞件可用超弹性镍钛诺(NITINOL)形成，该超弹性镍钛诺具有在体温下稳定的奥氏体相，即，阻塞件的材料除了通过施加压力外在体温下不会从奥氏体相转化成马氏体相。该阻塞件还可由热扩展的金属材料如形状记忆镍钛诺形成，其在体温下具有稳定的马氏体相，并且当加热到高于马氏体-奥氏体转化温度时又恢复到“记忆中”的扩展状态，引起阻塞件在患者体腔中的扩展。 
与阻塞件相连并且在体腔中产生电活动以刺激组织生长的金属件可以至少部分地由适合的导电金属材料如不锈钢、NiTi合金、铂、钽、铜以及金形成。其他导电材料也合适。此外，该金属件可以是阻塞件的部分或直接或间接固定在阻塞件上的独立元件。它们可以通过一个或多个电导体或者甚至阻塞件本身进行电连接。 
可将纤维线(strand)或纤维线的束、纤维网、多孔聚合物体等等设置在阻塞装置之内或之上，以有利于除了组织生长的电刺激 之外的组织向内生长。可将纤维束、纤维网或多孔聚合体设置在或者可扩展气囊或者自身扩展性阻塞装置中。但是，在可扩展气囊阻塞件的内腔中的网状、纤维状或多孔聚合材料可能会使气囊在内腔中的放置变得困难。 
通常，为了产生电活动，将两个被电连接的不同金属件浸入如体液或盐水或二者的电解液中，以刺激组织生长。阻塞装置通常被浸入其中的体液，例如生殖腔中的潮湿组织和表面常常足以产生这些目的所需要的最小量的电活动。如果需要，可在体腔中提供其他导电液体如盐水，以有利于所希望的电应用。 
根据结合所附示例性附图对具有本发明特征的具体实施方式的详尽描述，本发明的这些和其他优点将会变得更加清楚。 
附图说明
图1是体现本发明特征的、其阻塞件处于第一收缩状态的阻塞装置的正视图。 
图2是图1所示装置沿线2-2得到的横断面视图。 
图3是图1所示的装置处于第二扩展状态的正视图。 
图4是图3所示的装置沿线4-4得到横断面视图。 
图5是体现本发明特征的可选的阻塞装置的正视图，其在阻塞件的内腔内具有间断地放置在多个节段中的纤维线束。 
图6是另一个体现本发明特征的可选的阻塞装置的正视图，其在阻塞件的一端设有交织线纤维网。 
图7是图6所示纤维网的局部端视图。 
图8是图6所示的放置在体腔中的阻塞装置的纵向剖视图，并示出在阻塞件之内和之上的组织生长。 
图9是图8所示的装置沿线9-9得到的横断面视图。 
图10示出了体现本发明特征的另一个可选的阻塞装置，其以未扩展状态设置在体腔中并且在阻塞件的外表面上具有纤维套或袋。 
图11示出了处于扩展状态的图10所示的装置。 
图12是体现本发明特征的阻塞装置的正视图，该装置在未扩展状态的阻塞件内部具有金属棒。 
图13是图12所示的阻塞装置处于扩展状态的正视图。 
图14是一种改型的阻塞装置的横断面视图，其中示出了在阻塞件内部的纤维体中放置有内棒或内线。 
图15示出了体现本发明特征的阻塞装置，其具有螺旋形阻塞件和不同金属成分制成的螺旋形部件，该构件安装在螺旋形阻塞件的线匝之间的空间内。 
图16示出了体现本发明特征的阻塞装置，其包括图15所示的阻塞件，在该阻塞件的内腔中具有紧密盘绕的螺旋形构件。 
图17是可选的阻塞装置的等距视图(an isometric view)，该阻塞装置包括两张由不同金属材料形成的金属板或金属薄片。 
图18是在其表面具有不同金属颗粒的可选的阻塞装置的等距视图。 
图19是女性生殖腔解剖结构的示意图，其中在女性患者输卵管内放置有被构造的体现本发明特征的阻塞装置。 
图20是19所示阻塞装置的部分正视图，该装置设置在女性患者的输卵管内并具有外部电源。 
图21是可选的阻塞装置的透视图，该装置具有沿支撑轴设置有一些蜘蛛形构件的阻塞件。 
具体实施方式
图1-4示意性地示出了体现本发明特征的阻塞性避孕装置10，其通常包括可扩展的支架状阻塞件或结构11，该阻塞件或结构11具有第一开口端12、第二开口端13、在其中延伸的腔14以及在内腔中沿其实际长度延伸的纤维状部件15。图1和2示出了处于递送状态用于引入并在患者生殖腔中推进的装置10。图3和4描述了处于扩展状态的该装置。 
如图2的最佳所示，纤维状部件15被横向设置在阻塞结构11中。在这个具体实施方式中，为了电刺激组织生长进入或到达阻塞件11，用一种金属材料形成交织或散布的金属线元件16，而用第二种不同的金属材料形成交织或散布的金属线元件17。当被置于患者的体腔内并接触体液或其他导电液体时，这些金属线对于第一金属材料产生足够的刺激组织生长的电活动。例如，金属线16可用不锈钢制成而金属线17可用铜制成。尽管由不锈钢和铜产生的电活动极微小，但是所产生的温和的电环境足以刺激组织向内生长进入或到达该阻塞件上。如前所述，铜线17不仅产生电流响应，而 且可提供避孕效果。为了简化附图，只示出了两种金属线16和17。纤维状部件15可具有多个生物相容的非金属线(例如，PET、尼龙、Hytrel)以促进由电活动提供的增加的细胞生长。 
如图4所示，当将阻塞装置10扩展成扩展状态时，纤维状部件15可以为扩展形式，以便纤维状部件15延伸穿过扩展的腔14。支架状阻塞件11具有开放的格架型(lattice-type)结构，该结构有利于组织穿过在扩展状态中的其壁的向内生长，这有利于将该阻塞件固定到确定生殖腔的壁上并阻塞生殖腔。优选地，阻塞件11的直径约等于或稍大于生殖腔(避孕装置10设置在其内)的尺寸。例如，为了放置在女性患者的输卵管内，扩展的横向尺寸可以为约0.05mm到约5mm，优选为约0.1mm到约3mm。 
纤维状部件15是可透过的，以有利于上皮形成或其他组织向内生长，并且包括具有组织向内生长的该纤维状部件的复合体足以阻塞生殖腔以防止生殖细胞在其中的通过。 
可选地，形成部分纤维状部件15的金属线(例如16和17)可用相同金属材料形成并与阻塞件11(其由不同金属材料形成)接触以产生足够的电活动，从而刺激组织生长。 
在图5所示的可选的具体实施方式中，阻塞装置20具有带有多个纤维状部件22、23以及24(设置在阻塞件21的内腔25中)的阻塞件21(与图1所示相似)。分开的纤维状部件22-24沿着管状阻塞件21的长度方向放置，其中纤维状部件22和23在该阻塞件的端部内，而纤维状部件24放置在中部。图中示出了三个纤维状部件22-24，但是可将更多或更少数目的纤维状部件设置在内腔25中。如上所述，单个纤维状部件的分开的细丝或线可用不同金属材料形成，一个纤维状部件的金属丝的金属材料可以与邻近的纤维状部件的金属丝不相同，或者一个或多个纤维状部件的金属丝可用与阻塞件21的金属材料不相同的金属材料形成，以便产生足够的刺激组织生长进入或达到装置20的电活动。
另外，阻塞件21可具有一个由与其管状部分27不同的金属材料形成的管状部分26。在这种构造中，网状部件的细丝可用与管状部分23和24中的一个或两个的金属材料不相同的金属材料形成，以致在被放置于体液或其他导电液体中时沿着阻塞件长度方向改变电活动。尽管没有示出，但是管状节段26和27可由设置在其间的纤维状部件所分开和隔离。 
图6和7示出了阻塞装置30，该装置具有阻塞件31，其带有由多个交织的线33和34形成的可渗透的网状件32，这些交织的线延伸横过阻塞件31的开口端35并促进组织生长而且阻塞在其内放置有该阻塞装置的体腔。部分或所有交织线33可用第一金属材料形成，而部分或所有交织线34可用不同于线33的金属材料的金属材料形成。如上所述，网状件32的金属线33或34可用与阻塞件31的金属材料不相同的金属材料形成。 
图7是图6所示装置的端视图，示出了形成网状件32的交织线33和34。但是，网状件32可包括各种适合的支持组织生长的可透过结构。例如，网状件32可以用由生物相容材料形成的发泡多孔膜代替。电活动刺激并增强如上所述的组织生长。 
图8和9示意性地示出了图6和7所示的阻塞装置30在患者生殖内腔35中呈扩展状态的情形。在设置在阻塞件31开口端37处的网状件32内显示出了组织生长36。为了简化的目的，图6-9所示的具体实施方式将网状件32描绘为单层的交织丝或线33和34，其横跨开口37而设置，并且在网状件之内的一个或多个金属线提供在它们本身之间的、或者与阻塞件31的金属材料之间的电效应。网状件32可用多个层构成，各层具有相同或不相同的网格尺寸。电活动(galvanic action)可以在带有多层网状件的装置中的不同层之间、这些层本身之中以及这些层和阻塞件的金属材料之间产生。网状件的各层可由绝缘材料层分开。示出的网状件32交织状或交错状，以简化附图。但是，构件32可以为纤维物质或其他纤维或多孔构造的形式。
各种生物相容的非金属材料可用来形成网状件33和34，包括聚合物和处理过的动物组织，例如达可纶(Dacron)、尼龙、异源组织如猪或牛的心包组织，其促进组织生长，而阻塞件用于提供电流的电刺激以促进细胞增殖，并由此促进组织自身的向内生长或与网状件33和34中的一个或多个金属线相结合的组织向内生长。另外，可将网状件32的线33和/或34涂敷或其他方式浸渍以细胞生长刺激素、激素、和/或化学制品，以增强组织增殖(impregnation)。用来形成网状件32的线的直径通常为约0.00025mm到约0.25mm。很明显，可使用宽范围的支持组织生长的网格尺寸。例如，在一个具体实施方式中，网状件32可具有约5μm到约0.05mm的网格尺寸，并且优选约10μm到约15μm。优选地，将具有较大网格尺寸(mesh size)的网状件涂敷以上皮形成促进剂。 
图10和11示出了具有本发明特征的具有阻塞装置40(与图6-9所示的装置相似)的具体实施方式，该装置具有阻塞件41(在该阻塞件的内腔43中设有纤维团块42)，以及纤维套或袋(sock)44(沿阻塞件41外表面的至少部分延伸并覆盖阻塞件41的开口端45)。在外部、内部以及开口端上的纤维材料确保更广泛的用于阻塞的组织生长。纤维套或袋44部分46可与该纤维套的延伸覆盖开口端45的部分47形成一体或分开。电活动(galvanic activity)可在外套44内的金属线之间、在外套44内的金属线和在内腔43内的纤维体42中的金属线或者在纤维体42内的金属线或套或袋44内的金属线或二者以及阻塞件之间产生。纤维体42的纤维材料和套或袋44的纤维材料是可透过的，以便在阻塞件41被扩展而接触生殖腔46的壁(如图11示意性所示)时允许组织向内生长。由于在内腔43中存在纤维体42，所以阻塞件41优选在生殖腔48中自扩展。 
图12-14示出了体现本发明特征的可选的阻塞装置50，并且该装置具有金属海波管(hypotube)52形式的管状支架形阻塞件51，并且狭槽53切入该海波管的壁，以允许该阻塞件扩展为具有更大横向尺寸的扩展状态，如图13所示。在这种构造中，棒或线54纵向设置在阻塞件51的内腔55中。可以通过构造一种金属的阻塞件51的所有或部分，以及设置在由不同金属形成的阻塞件的内腔55中的棒或线54而产生电活动。阻塞件51可以可选地具有倒刺状或钩状突起56，其有助于将阻塞件51保持在生殖腔中。虽然在图13中示出的突起56倾向阻塞件的一端，但是它们可以倾向阻塞件的任意端或两端。金属棒或金属线54可以悬在纤维体57中，如图14所示。纤维体57可由金属或非金属线58例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)形成。这些纤维线58可用绝缘材料形成，以将棒或线54与阻塞件51隔离开。然而，纤维体57可具有一个或多个金属线，其由不同于棒或线54或阻塞件51的金属材料形成。 
图15示出了具有本发明特征的可选的阻塞装置60。在这个具体实施方式中，阻塞装置60包括阻塞件61，其形成第一金属材料的螺旋形线圈62，在螺旋形线圈的单个线匝(turn)之间具有空间63。由不同于第一金属材料的第二金属材料形成的第二个螺旋形线圈64被安装在第一线圈62的空间63中，以产生电活动从而增强组织生长进入和/或到达阻塞件61。可将螺旋形线圈62和64相接触的表面隔离(未示出)至不同程度，以控制电活动的水平从而实现希望的组织向内生长。如前所述，纤维体(未示出)可设置在阻塞件61的内腔(未示出)中，或者纤维套或袋(诸如图10和11所示)可提供在阻塞件的外部，以进一步增强组织生长。为了放置在患者体腔中，螺旋线圈62和64可以是气囊或自身可扩展的。 
在图16中示出了另一个体现本发明特征的阻塞装置70，其具有由螺旋形线圈结构72(与图15所示的阻塞件61相似)和设置在阻塞件71的内腔74中的较小直径的螺旋线圈73形成的阻塞件71。阻塞件71可扩展并优选用形状记忆或超弹性金属材料制成，例如像镍钛诺(NITINOL)的NiTi合金。直径较小的螺旋形线圈73可通过诸如上述和图14所示的网状或其他纤维体(未示出)悬浮在内腔73中。内部线圈73可用与阻塞件的金属材料不相同的金属材料形成，以产生刺激组织生长进入和到达装置70的阻塞件71的电活动。设置在内腔74中的纤维体的线可以是金属线并增加电活动。 
图17示出了另一个体现本发明特征的阻塞装置80。在这个具体实施方式中，阻塞装置80具有阻塞件81，该阻塞件81具有用轧制在一起的不同金属形成的两个层82和83。在两个金属层之间可以存在绝缘材料层(未示出)，以增强电效应并将离子交换定位在阻塞件81的边缘。 
图18示出了体现本发明特征的又一个结构。这个具体实施方式的阻塞装置90具有阻塞件91，该阻塞件91是可以或不可以相对于体腔壁扩展的管状元件92，在该管状元件的表面具有用不同金属材料形成的颗粒93和94。管状元件92通常是绝缘体，并且当将该装置植入生殖腔并接触起电解液作用的体液时，在不同金属颗粒之间存在电压差，其足以促进组织向内生长的发生，并由此增强其中放有阻塞装置90的生殖腔的阻塞。 
除了通过如上所述的电活动刺激组织生长之外，可对生殖腔如输卵管或输精管的组织施加电压，以增强组织生长进入或到达放置在如上所述的生殖腔内的阻塞装置。图19和20示出了适合的阻塞装置100。如图20所示，适合的阻塞装置100包括由四个分开的间隔安装的(interfitting)螺旋线圈102、103、104以及105构成的阻塞件101。螺旋线圈102和104通过导线106和107分别电连接至 电源110(例如，电池)的相反极108和109。螺旋线圈102和104充当电极。螺旋线圈103和105是绝缘体。这样，两个螺旋线圈102和104沿其长度相互绝缘，并通过接触阻塞件101的金属部分的组织相互传导电流。 
图19示出了在患者输卵管111内使用的阻塞装置100。导线106和107延伸通过患者子宫腔112和阴道113，并电连接至电池110。来自外部电源110的电能的施加通常是间断的。例如，可在最初的五天里每天将来自电池110的电能施加约1小时并且可能只是刺激最初的组织向内生长才需要。这是可以进行监控的，并且当组织向内生长充分完成时停止电能的施加。这种电刺激非常有助于在植入阻塞装置的开始阶段启动有效的组织向内生长。可使用基本上相同的基本系统来阻塞男性生殖腔如输精管。 
图21示出了另一种具有本发明特征的阻塞装置130。阻塞装置130具有带有细长轴132和蜘蛛形可扩展件133、134以及135的阻塞件131。这些可扩展件由不同于与其相邻的可扩展件的金属材料形成以提供所需的电活动。在位置136和137处示出了不同金属材料的部分之间的接点。接点136和137可通过激光焊接机械地、冶炼地、粘接地形成。在轴部分难于进行连接的那些情况下，可利用圆柱形套环(collar)来连接轴部分的配合端。可选地，阻塞装置130可以整个用第一金属材料形成，并且由第二种不同金属材料形成的套环138可固定在一个或多个可扩展蜘蛛形元件133、134、135或轴132上，以提供增强组织生长所需的电活动。一个或多个蜘蛛形元件133-135可具有如图5所示的纤维件(未示出)。 
可采用多种方法来将体现本发明特征的阻塞装置固定在生殖腔或除了上述的其他腔中。例如，可以采用机械、粘接或其他固定方法来将扩展的阻塞装置固定到确定体腔的脉管壁(vessel wall)上。在这一方面，诸如在美国专利第4,140,126号、美国专利第4,562,596号、美国专利第4,577,631号、美国专利第4,787,899号、美国专利第5,104,399号、美国专利第5,167,614号、美国专利第5,275,622号、美国专利第5,456,713号、以及美国专利第5,489,295号中所述将支架或修复装置固定到主动脉或动脉壁的方法可能会有用。 
体现本发明特征的装置的阻塞件优选用诸如NiTi合金的超弹性材料形成，以便在扩展过程中对体腔提供可控的力。另外，可对阻塞件的表面进行设置，以进一步促进上皮和其他组织的向内生长。合适的表面处理包括等离子腐蚀、喷砂处理、机械加工以及使表面变粗糙的其他处理。可对阻塞件的表面进行涂敷或接种(seed)以刺激上皮形成。 
纤维和网状件可通过各种合适的方式连接至阻塞件，这些方法包括捆扎、缝合、夹子、粘合剂、热粘合、或溶剂粘合。 
在不偏离本发明范围的情况下，可对本发明进行各种更改和改进。例如，尽管本发明已经主要针对阻塞生殖体腔作了描述，但是阻塞装置可用来阻塞各种体腔或通道，如各个位置的动脉或静脉、动脉-静脉畸形的病灶、婴儿动脉导管未闭、以及导致良性或癌性肿瘤的动脉。 
另外，可利用的其他阻塞装置和递送装置被披露在1996年12月18日提交的序号为08/770,123、1998年7月8日提交的序号为09/112,085、1999年12月21日提交的序号为09/468,749、2004年12月24日提交的序号为10/746,131的专利申请，以及2003年6月27日提交的序号为60/483,587的临时申请中。 
虽然本发明的单独特征在一个或多个具体实施方式中进行描述而没有在其他具体实施方式中进行描述，但是很明显，具有本发 明特征的一个具体实施方式的单独特征可与一个或多个其他具体实施方式的任何或所有特征相结合。 
当在下面的权利要求中使用时，诸如“元件”、“构件”、“装置”、“部件”、“部分”、“件”、“方式”、“步骤”以及含有相似意思的措辞的术语不应该解释为援引(ivoke)35U.S.C.§112(6)的规定，除非权利要求明确使用术语“装置”，然后是没有具体结构的特定功能，或者明确使用术语“步骤”，然后是没有具体操作的特定功能。本文所提及的所有专利及专利申请的所有披露内容皆通过引用包含在本文中。 

Claims (16)

1.一种用于阻塞患者生殖腔的避孕结构，包括：
a.可扩展的支架；
b.第一元件，其构成所述支架的部分，并且其至少部分由第一金属材料形成；和
c.第二元件，其构成所述支架的部分，并且其至少部分由与第一金属材料不相同的第二金属材料形成；
d.其中，所述第一或第二元件中的至少一个与所述支架形成一体；以及
e.在所述第一和第二元件之间存在电连接，用于当所述第一和第二元件接触所述生殖腔中的导电液体时在它们之间产生足够的电活动，以刺激组织在所述生殖腔中的生长。
2.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，所述组织生长进入所述支架。
3.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，所述组织生长到所述支架上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，所述第一或第二元件中的一个至少部分由铜形成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，所述第一或第二元件中的一个至少部分由铁形成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，所述第一元件容纳在所述第二元件内。
7.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，所述支架设有其上固定有多条线的纤维件。
8.根据权利要求7所述的结构，其中，所述多条线为网状结构。
9.根据权利要求7所述的装置，其中，所述纤维件设置在所述支架的内腔中。
10.根据权利要求7所述的结构，其中，所述纤维件设置在所述支架上。
11.根据权利要求1所述的结构，其中，将所述第一和第二元件设置与电源电连接。
12.根据权利要求11所述的结构，其中，所述电源是电池。
13.一种用于阻塞患者体腔的可扩展结构，包括
a.可扩展支架；
b.第一元件，构成所述支架的部分，并且至少部分由第一金属材料形成；和
c.第二元件，构成所述支架的部分，并且至少部分由不同于所述第一金属材料的第二金属材料形成；
d.其中，所述第一或第二元件中的至少一个与所述支架形成一体；以及
e.在所述第一和第二元件之间存在电连接，用于当所述第一和第二元件接触所述体腔内的导电液体时在它们之间产生足够的电活动，以刺激组织在所述体腔中的生长。
14.一种用于阻塞患者体腔的结构，包括
a.可扩展的支架；
b.第一装置，其由第一金属材料形成并且构成所述支架的部分，用于与第二装置一起产生电活动，所述第二装置至少部分由第二金属材料形成并构成所述支架的部分；
c.其中，所述第一或第二装置中的至少一个与所述支架形成一体；以及
d.在所述第一和第二装置之间的电连接装置，用于当所述第一和第二装置接触所述体腔中的导电液体时在它们之间产生足够的电活动，以刺激组织在所述体腔中的生长。
15.一种用于使患者绝育的系统，包括：
a.用于阻塞患者生殖腔的装置，具有：可扩展的支架；第一元件，其至少部分由金属材料形成；以及第二元件，其至少部分由金属材料形成并且电连接至所述第一元件，其中，所述第一或第二元件中的至少一个与所述支架形成一体；
b.用于将所述支架引入所述患者的生殖腔内的装置；
c.用于在所述患者的生殖腔中扩展所述支架的装置；
d.用于将所述第一和第二元件保持在所述生殖腔中并接触电解液的装置；以及
e.用于在所述第一和第二元件之间产生电活动以增强组织生长进入或到达所述支架的装置。
16.一种用于阻塞患者生殖腔的结构，包括：
a.可扩展的支架；
b.第一金属件，构成所述支架的部分；和
c.第二金属件，构成所述支架的部分，其中，所述第一或第二金属件中的至少一个与所述支架形成一体；
d.电源；
e.第一导电体，其电连接在所述第一金属件和所述电源之间；以及
f.第二导电体，其电连接在所述第二金属件和所述电源之间。
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