CN201515238U - 无绳电动工具系统和用于无绳电动工具系统的电池组 - Google Patents

无绳电动工具系统和用于无绳电动工具系统的电池组 Download PDF

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CN201515238U
CN201515238U CN2005900000877U CN200590000087U CN201515238U CN 201515238 U CN201515238 U CN 201515238U CN 2005900000877 U CN2005900000877 U CN 2005900000877U CN 200590000087 U CN200590000087 U CN 200590000087U CN 201515238 U CN201515238 U CN 201515238U
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battery pack
charger
battery
controller
power tool
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史蒂文·J·菲利普斯
杰弗里·J·弗朗西斯
安德鲁·E·西曼
丹尼尔·C·布罗托
戴维·A·卡里尔
丹·T·特林
克里斯托弗·R·扬科尔
詹姆森·B·沃森
丹尼尔·J·怀特
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Black and Decker Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25F—COMBINATION OR MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DETAILS OR COMPONENTS OF PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS NOT PARTICULARLY RELATED TO THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B25F5/00—Details or components of portable power-driven tools not particularly related to the operations performed and not otherwise provided for
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25F—COMBINATION OR MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DETAILS OR COMPONENTS OF PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS NOT PARTICULARLY RELATED TO THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B25F5/00—Details or components of portable power-driven tools not particularly related to the operations performed and not otherwise provided for
    • B25F5/02—Construction of casings, bodies or handles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M10/4257—Smart batteries, e.g. electronic circuits inside the housing of the cells or batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/247—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for portable devices, e.g. mobile phones, computers, hand tools or pacemakers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/296—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by terminals of battery packs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange
    • H02J7/00036—Charger exchanging data with battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with provisions for charging different types of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0042—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the mechanical construction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/42—Grouping of primary cells into batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00711—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/00714—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery charging or discharging current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/007188—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
    • H02J7/007192—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
    • H02J7/007194—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature of the battery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

一种无绳系统具有无绳系统组件，包括无绳设备(如无绳电动工具)、电池组和充电器。电池组与无绳设备紧密结合来提供使无绳设备运行的电力，或者与充电器紧密结合来对电池组中的电池单元充电。在一个方面中，无绳系统具有标识与通信系统，电池组通过该系统标识并将关于电池组的信息发送给与电池组紧密结合的无绳设备或者发送给与电池组紧密结合的充电器。在一个方面中，无绳系统的电池组能够有多种模式，如控制无绳设备和控制充电器。在一个方面中，电池组验证与其紧密结合的无绳设备或充电器。在本实用新型的一个方面中，无绳系统使用有线接口、射频接口、光接口或磁接口中的任一个，在电池组和与电池组紧密结合的无绳设备或充电器之间通信信息。在一个方面中，在电池组的端子模块中使用凹端子来保护该端子不受外物触碰。

Description

无绳电动工具系统和用于无绳电动工具系统的电池组
相关申请交叉引用
本申请要求于2004年10月18日提交的美国临时申请No.60/619843的权益。上述申请的公开通过引用并入这里。
技术领域
本发明涉及无绳电动(power)系统，尤其涉及一种无绳系统，其中无绳系统组件包括无绳电动设备、电池组和充电器。
背景技术
使用可充电电池的无绳产品在工作场所和家里都很普遍。可充电电池用在许多设备中，从家用品到电动工具。通常，在这些设备中使用镍-镉或镍-金属-氢化物电池单元。由于设备使用多个电池单元，因此各电池单元通常可以组成电池组。这些电池组可以与无绳设备相连以便固定到该设备。可以将电池组从无绳设备中取出并在电池充电器中充电，或者可以在该无绳设备自身中充电。
发明内容
无绳系统具有无绳系统组件，包括无绳设备(如无绳电动工具)、电池组和充电器。电池组与无绳设备紧密结合来提供使无绳设备运行的电力，或者与充电器紧密结合来对电池组中的电池单元充电。在本发明的一个方面中，无绳系统具有模拟标识与通信系统，电池组通过该系统标识并将关于电池组的信息发送给与电池组紧密结合的无绳设备或者发送给与电池组紧密结合的充电器。在本发明的一个方面中，无绳系统具有混合模拟/数字标识与通信系统。在本发明的一个方面中，无绳系统具有唯数字标识与通信系统。在本发明的一个方面中，无绳系统具有机械标识系统。
在本发明的一个方面中，无绳系统的电池组能够有多种模式，如控制无绳设备和控制充电器。在本发明的一个方面中，电池组验证与其紧密结合的无绳设备或充电器。
在本发明的一个方面中，无绳系统使用有线接口、射频接口、光接口或磁接口中的任一个，在电池组和与电池组紧密结合的无绳设备或充电器之间通信信息。
在本发明的一个方面中，在电池组的端子模块中使用凹端子来保护该端子不受外物的触碰。
在本发明的一个方面中，电池组的端子模块中的端子是交错或离散的，以减少短路的可能性。
在本发明的一个方面中，电池组具有活动门，当电池组未被紧密结合到无绳设备或充电器时该活动门关闭，以保护电池组的端子模块。
在本发明的一个方面中，在至少一个无绳系统组件的端子模块中使用多弹簧、分离触片端子。在本发明的一个方面，在电池组的端子模块中使用多弹簧、分离触片端子。
在本发明的一个方面中，无绳设备是具有推挽式触发装置的无绳电动工具，该触发装置控制无绳电动工具的电机速度并且反转电机的方向。在本发明的一个方面中，电池组包括控制器，用于控制无绳电动工具的电机。在本发明的一个方面中，提供线性度调节分压器，以允许控制所述触发装置的分压器的电阻的分解设置在指数分解、对数分解、线性分解之间。
在本发明的一个方面中，电池单元是锂离子电池，并且无绳设备是包括软制动的无绳电动工具。
本发明提供一种无绳电动工具的多模式电池组，其特征是包括：外壳，其中放置多个电池单元；和控制器，当电池组连接到电动工具时在第一模式中控制该电动工具，当电池组连接到充电器时在第二模式中控制该充电器。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个电池单元包括多个锂离子电池单元。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个系统组件包括电池组、无绳电动工具和充电器，该电池组包括外壳，其中放置多个电池单元，该电池组具有控制器，当电池组连接到电动工具时在第一模式中控制电动工具，而当电池组连接到充电器时在第二模式中控制充电器。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个电池单元包括多个锂离子电池单元。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个系统组件包括电池组和无绳电动工具，该电池组包括：外壳，其中放置多个电池单元；和控制器，验证电池组连接到的系统组件，并且仅当确定该系统组件是有效系统组件时，才允许电池组与该系统组件一起工作。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个电池单元包括多个锂离子电池单元。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个系统组件包括充电器。
在本发明的一个方面中，所述多个系统组件包括充电器，并且当电池组连接到充电器时，当确定充电器是智能系统组件时，电池组控制器与充电器控制器交换数据供充电器控制器在控制充电器时使用。
传统系统中存在的技术问题是：它们需要在工具中的第一控制器，用于控制工具的操作；以及在充电器中的第二控制器，用于控制充电器的操作。本发明相较于现有技术的有益效果在于包含了能够控制工具和充电器两者的单个控制器。
通过下面提供的详细描述，本发明的可应用的其他领域将变得清楚。应当理解，详细描述和特定示例在表明本发明优选实施例的同时，也仅仅是出于说明的目的，而非意图限制本发明的范围。
附图说明
通过附图和下面给出的详细描述，将会更充分地理解本发明，其中：
图1是无绳电动工具的侧剖面图；
图2A是根据本发明一个方面的电池组和电池充电器的功能控制的系统示意图；
图2B是根据本发明一个方面的电池组和无绳电动工具的功能控制的系统示意图；
图3是根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的模拟标识与通信系统的简化示意图；
图4A是根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的数字/模拟混合标识与通信系统的简化示意图；
图4B是图4A的系统的简化程序的流程图，在该系统中电池组插入无绳电动工具中；
图4C是图4A的系统的简化程序的流程图，在该系统中电池组插入充电器中；
图5是根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的唯数字标识与通信系统的简化示意图；
图6是根据本发明一个方面的、具有机械标识系统的电池组和工具的侧视图；
图7A和7B是其中电池组能够有多种模式的无绳系统的简化示意图；
图8是图7A和7B的系统的简化程序的流程图；
图9是显示根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的电池组和充电器或工具之间的各种通信接口的简化示意图；
图10是根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的磁通信接口的简化示意图；
图11是根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的电池组中使用的、具有凹端子的端子模块的简化侧视图；
图12A和12B是根据本发明一个方面的无绳系统的电池组中使用的、具有交错(staggered)(图12A)或离散(图12B)端子的端子模块的简化顶视图；
图13是根据本发明一个方面的具有活动门的电池组的简化侧剖面图，该活动门(trap door)保护电池组的端子模块；
图14A和14B是根据本发明的多弹簧、分离触片端子的顶视图和侧视图；
图15A是根据本发明一个方面的、具有推挽式触发装置(也用作“反转开关”)的无绳电动工具和电池组的透视图；
图15B是图15A的电池组中使用的控制电路的简化示意图，该电路基于推挽式触发装置的位置，控制图15A的无绳电动工具的电机的速度和方向；
图16是示出图15B的控制电路为了反转图15A的电动工具的电机的方向、使用的安全转移方法的流程图；
图17A是图15B的控制电路使用线性调节分压器的简化示意图；
图17B是显示图17A的线性调节分压器的使用而产生的指数、对数和线性分解控制的图；
图17C-17H是显示利用该线性调节分压器的控制的示例的图；
图18是具有软制动电路的无绳电动工具的控制电路的示意图；和
图19A和图19B是图18的软制动电路的变化的示意图。
具体实施方式
下面对优选实施例的描述本质上仅仅是示例性的，决不意图限制本发明、其应用或用途。
参照图1，无绳设备(如电动工具)用附图标记1示出和指定。无绳电动工具1通常包括蛤壳型外壳2。外壳2包括将外壳2与电池组4连接的机构3。无绳设备1包括电元件5(典型的包含在端子模块(图1中未示出)中)，该电元件5与电池组4的相应电元件6(也是典型的包含在端子模块(图1中未示出)中)相连。无绳电动工具1包括触发装置7，如触发开关，这里可以称为触发装置7，它被启动来为外壳2内提供的电机8供电，这是现有技术中公知的。举例来说，电机8可以是无绳电动工具中传统上使用的永磁DC电机类型。通常，多个电池单元9放置在电池组4内。可以在外壳2内提供控制器10，用于控制电机8。控制器可以作为替代(或者另外)放置在电池组4中，用附图标记206标识(图2A)，并且还可以用于控制电池组4的充电及其放电。
图2A示出连接到充电器200的电池组4。多个电池单元9互连，以提供期望的电压和电流。用于充电和放电该电池组4的电力连接是通过端子A和B。在电池组4里面，存在通过端子G连接到充电器200或无绳电动工具1(图2B)的组ID组件202，当使用充电器200或无绳电动工具1时可以定义电池单元9的化学成分、电池组4的容量和/或充电器的控制器204或无绳电动工具1控制器10(图2B)的其他特性。电池组4还可以具有一个或多个温度传感器(如热敏电阻器)209，该温度传感器209通过端子F连接到充电器单元和电池组4内的控制器206。举例来说，控制器206可以负责对于用户(充电器、工具和/或用户篡改)在任何端子A、B上暴露的状况保护电池单元9。放电或充电电流可以通过使用半导体设备Q1和Q2(例如是MOSFET)钳制或中断。控制器206例如可以由单独的电源供电，如内部电源208。驱动器电路210例如可以位于控制器206和半导体设备Q1、Q2的控制输入之间。
当连接到充电器200时，充电器控制器205可以由电池组4的电源208通过端子A和C供电。这仅仅是示例性的，也可以采用其他手段为充电器控制器205供电。可以通过数据端子D和E交换电池和充电器信息。充电器控制器204然后将驱动充电器200的电力控制器212来向电池组4提供期望的电压和电流。
参照图2B，电池组4显示为连接到无绳电动工具1。无绳电动工具1的控制器10可以由电池组4电源208通过端子A和C供电。无绳电动工具1可以包括工具ID组件214，它通过端子H连接到电池组控制器206。无绳电动工具1可以包括开关S1，它在半导体Q1关断时将端子B拉高。如果半导体Q1在电池组4休眠期间保持关断，并且开关S1突然被推拉，则端子B可以用于将电池组4从休眠工作模式中唤醒。无绳电动工具控制器10可以被配置成读取触发装置7位置，并且通过数据端子D和E将该数据报告回电池组控制器206。电池组控制器206将改变通过半导体Q1提供给无绳电动工具1的电机8的电力的PWM占空比，以便以期望的电机速度启动电机8。在半导体Q1关断的期间，无绳电动工具1中的二极管D1将再循环任何感应电机电流以防止电压尖峰。应当理解，半导体Q1可以作为替代被包含在无绳电动工具1中，并且由无绳电动工具控制器10控制来改变PWM占空比。
无绳电动工具1、电池组4和充电器200例如可以具有数据线的单独接地通路(在图2A和2B中用端子C表示)，所述数据线通过图2A和2B中的端子D和E相连。独立于端子A和B上的电力连接提供数据信号连接的接地通路(不管它们是模拟还是数字的)，将数据信号的接地通路与电力连接隔开。这减少了充电或放电电流经过无绳系统组件的控制电路的可能。这里使用的“系统组件”是可以连接到无绳系统的另一组件的组件，并且包括但不限于，电池组、充电器和无绳设备(如无绳电动工具)。接地通路隔离还将提供模拟和数字通信系统中电噪声的减少。接地端子C例如可以被交错排列在无绳系统组件中使用的端子模块中，从而当电池组4与无绳电动工具1或充电器紧密结合时，无绳系统组件的接地端子是发生接触的第一端子。这允许无绳电动工具控制器10或充电器控制器204在无绳电动工具1或充电器被启动之前接通。
电池组ID组件202和工具ID组件214可以是一个或多个模拟组件，如电阻器、电容器或者其组合、或数字组件。图3示出“唯模拟”标识系统的简化示意图，其中电池组4中的电阻器向充电器200或无绳电动工具1标识电池组4的特性，如温度、充电电压、充电电流，充电器200或无绳电动工具1然后相应地充电或放电电池组4。组ID组件202是电阻器，并且电阻值用于向充电器200或无绳电动工具1(取决于电池组4是连接到充电器200还是无绳电动工具1)标识电池组4的特性。参照图2B，工具ID组件214是电阻器，并且电阻值用于向电池组控制器206标识无绳电动工具1的特性。其他组件，如机械键(mechanical key)、封锁突起(1ockout protrusion)、磁感应等，可以用作ID组件202、214。
电池组4、充电器100和无绳电动工具1包括ID和通信功能，为这些不同系统组件提供标识和通信数据的途径。ID和通信功能可以以多种方式实现，允许在系统组件之间传递不同级别的信息，这下面将更详细描述。ID和通信功能在任何具体组件或无绳系统中实现的方式将取决于组件或系统的需要，后者将决定需要在系统的两个或多个组件之间通信的信息的类型和量。
如上面参照图2A和2B所述，电池组4包括组ID组件202和温度传感器209，后者例如是热敏电阻器。除了电池组ID组件202和温度传感器209，模拟标识与通信系统300(图3)还包括用于标识电池组4的电压参数的电阻器302和用于标识电池组4的电流参数的电阻器304。电池组ID组件202例如是电阻器。然而应当理解，也可以使用其他模拟组件(如电容器)以及不同类型的模拟组件的组合(如电阻器和电容器的组合)。
电池组ID组件202、温度传感器209和电阻器302、304向电池组4相连的系统组件(在图3所示的实施例的情况下为充电器200)标识电池组4的参数。充电器200然后使用该信息，例如控制电池组4的充电。例如，电池组ID组件202可以例如向充电器200标识电池组4的化学成分，即，其中使用的电池单元的类型。说明性的电池单元类型是镍镉电池单元、镍金属氢化物电池单元和锂离子电池单元。充电器200然后将使用对特定化学成分的适当充电算法来充电该电池组。温度传感器209将向充电器200提供指示电池组4的温度的信号。充电器200的控制器204然后例如使用该电池组4温度信息，来控制电池组4的充电，从而当电池组4的温度在可接受的充电所述电池组4的温度范围之外时不进行充电。电阻器302可以例如提供关于电池组4的电压参数的信息。例如，电阻器302的值可以用于指示要对电池组4充电的电压。充电器控制器204然后基于该值设置充电器200对电池组4充电的电压。类似地，电阻器304可以例如提供关于电池组4的电流参数的信息。例如，电阻器304的值可以用于指示要对电池组4充电的最大电流。充电器200的控制器204然后将它对电池组4充电的电流限制在该最大电流参数以下。
唯模拟标识与通信300的一个优点是，多数或所有系统组件都可以保持电气上简单。但这可能反而限制了系统特征。
图4示出数字/模拟混合标识与通信系统400的简化示意图。与图2A、2B和3中所示的实施例相同的元件将用相同的附图标记标识，并且本讨论将着重于差别。尽管图4示出连接到充电器200的电池组4，但应当理解，电池组4可以作为替代连接到无绳电动工具1。
在图4A的实施例中，电池组4的控制器206显示为具有安全控制器402、微控制器404和与微控制器404相连的存储器406。应当理解，这些可以是单独的元件，或者是组合在单个元件(如微计算机)中。数字/模拟混合标识与通信系统400使用存储器406(例如可以是串行存储设备)和/或微控制器404来向电池组4连接的系统组件(在图4所示的实施例中是充电器200)提供关于电池组4的信息。如上面参照图3所述，电池组ID组件202(在图4实施例中例如是电阻器)、温度传感器209、电压电阻器302和电流电阻器304向充电器200提供信息。微控制器404和/或存储设备406提供的信息可以包括关于电池组4的其他参数的信息，如温度限制、电压限制、电流限制、序列标识号、硬件版本号、软件版本号、制冷能力、完成的充电周期数、完成的放电周期数、剩余容量、电池组阻抗或故障状态，或者可以是补充模拟元件所提供的信息的更详细信息。对于至少部分存储器406使用非易失性存储元件，这允许可以由电池组5中的控制器206、无绳电动工具1中的控制器10和/或充电器200中的控制器204更新可读和可写信息。通过使用模拟组件和数字数据来向充电器200提供信息，可以保持模拟系统的简单，还能用数字数据交流更多信息。应当理解，电池组4可以只利用数字组件(如存储器406)来存储向充电器200提供的信息。就这点而言，例如，在电池组4是“哑”电池组-即，没有控制器206的情况下，充电器200可以将从存储器206出来的数据时钟同步。
电池组4和充电器200之间的数字数据通信接口例如可以是双线系统。但应当理解，可以使用其他接口，通过举例而非限制的方式来说，单线系统、3线系统、同步系统或异步系统。接口例如可以是硬连线的(如图4所示)，或者是无线的(如下面详细讨论的)。此外，数字数据可以诸如通过端子A、B连接的电力线之类的其他线路、或者诸如通过端子F、G连接的其他线路上复用。
混合模拟/数字标识与通信系统400的优点是，充电器200或无绳电动工具1能够与具有不同智能水平-如基于微控制器的、基于存储器的、和/或基于模拟的智能-的电池组4相接。充电器200或无绳电动工具1，无论哪个连接到电池组4，都执行在互连充电器200或无绳电动工具1与电池组4的线路上的一系列检查，来确定电池组4中的通信接口类型和智能水平。
图4B和4C示出在无绳电动工具1的控制器10和充电器200的控制器204中(图4B)以及充电器200的控制器204和电池组4的控制器206中(图4C)实现的示例性程序的流程图。参照图4B，无绳电动工具1的控制器10在420开始，并且在421感测电池组4是否插入无绳电动工具1中。如果是的话，则它在422使用数字通信询问电池组4。如果它在424检测到电池组4具有控制器206并且控制器206是智能控制器，如电池组4中的微控制器，则它和控制器206在426确定是控制器206将控制电池组4的放电简档(discharge profile)还是无绳电动工具控制器10将控制它，并且将控制分配给所选控制器10或206，并且所选控制器10、206设置初始化电池组4的放电参数。在428，无绳电动工具控制器10读取用户输入，如触发装置7的位置，并且所选控制器10、206在430设置电池组4的速度和放电简档以控制电机8。无绳电动工具控制器10然后在432检查电池组4是否仍插入无绳电动工具1中。如果是的话，则它返回428。否则，它在434结束。
返回判决框424，如果无绳电动工具控制器10未检测到电池组4具有智能控制器206，则它在436检查来确定电池组4是否具有其中存储关于电池组4的信息的存储器，如EEPROM。如果有的话，则它在438读取存储器，并且在440基于它从存储器438读取的信息来初始化放电参数。然后它在442读取用户输入，如触发装置7的位置，并且在444基于该用户输入和放电参数，设置速度和放电简档。然后它在446检查来看电池组4是否仍插入无绳电动工具1中。如果是的话，则它返回442。否则，它在434结束。
返回判决框436，如果无绳电动工具控制器10未检测到电池组4具有存储设备，则它在448读取电池组4中用于提供关于电池组4的信息的模拟元件。它在449基于该信息初始化放电参数，然后前进到442，它在此读取用户输入，然后如上面所讨论的那样继续。
参照图4C，充电器200的控制器204在450和452开始，检查电池组4是否插入充电器200中。如果是的话，它在454使用数字通信询问电池组4。如果它在456检测电池组4是否具有诸如EEPROM之类的存储设备，则它在458和460读取该存储设备，并且基于从存储设备读取的信息初始化充电参数。在462，它对电池组4充电。在464，它检查电池组4是否插入充电器200中。如果是的话，它在466判断是否达到充电的结尾，如果电池组4的充电结束，则前进到468完成。否则，它返回462。如果在判决框464它确定电池组未插入充电器200，则它前进到468完成。
返回判决框456，如果充电器控制器204未检测到电池组4中的存储设备，则它在470检查电池组4是否具有作为智能控制器的控制器206，如微控制器。如果是的话，则充电控制器204在472放弃对电池组控制器206的控制，并且在474，在电池组控制器206的控制下对电池组4充电。在476，它检查电池组4是否插入充电器200中。如果是的话，则它在478确定是否达到了充电的结尾。否则，返回474继续充电。如果是的话，它前进到468完成。如果在判决框476它确定电池组4未插入充电器200中，则它前进到468完成。
返回判决框470，如果充电器控制器204确定电池组4不具有智能控制器，则它在480读取电池组4中提供关于电池组4的信息的模拟元件，并且在482基于该信息初始化充电参数。在484，它对电池组4充电，并且在486，检查电池组4是否插入充电器200中。如果是的话，它在488确定是否达到了充电的结尾。如果达到了充电的结尾，则它前进到468完成。否则，它返回484对电池组4充电。
图5示出唯数字标识与通信系统500的简化示意图。与图2A、2B和3中所示的实施例相同的元件将用相同的附图标记标识，并且本讨论将着重于差别。尽管图5示出连接到充电器200的电池组4，但应当理解，电池组4可以作为替代连接到无绳电动工具1。
电池组控制器206与充电器控制器204数字通信，以便向充电器200提供关于电池组4的参数的信息，如上面所讨论的，充电器200使用该信息，例如用来控制电池组4的充电。在数字标识与通信系统500的实施例中，电池组4可以包括标识或感测电池组4的参数的模拟组件，如温度传感器209、电池组ID组件202、电压电阻器302和电流电阻器304。但是与充电器200相反，这些模拟组件连接到电池组控制器206的输入，并且电池组控制器206将这些模拟组件提供的信息转换成数字数据，然后它适当地将数字数据传送给充电器控制器204。应当理解，提供标识信息的一个或多个模拟组件，如电池组ID组件202、电压电阻器302和电流电阻器304，可以用存储在电池组控制器206的存储器或可由电池组控制器206访问的存储器中的数据来替代。唯数字标识与通信系统500的优点在于，它使传输无绳系统的系统组件之间(如在电池组4与充电器200之间或在电池组4和无绳电动工具1之间)的最大信息量所需的互连数量最小化。
图6示出机械标识系统600的简化图。与图1、2A和2B中所示的实施例相同的元件将用相同的附图标记标识，并且本讨论将着重于差别。尽管图6示出连接到无绳电动工具1的电池组4，但应当理解，电池组4可以作为替代连接到充电器200。机械标识系统600使用机械元件，如下面所述的开关608，来检测具有开关608的系统组件所面对的系统组件(如电池组4)的类型和特性。这些开关608可以是由机械开关启动元件(如下面所述的开关启动元件606)启动的机械启动开关、由嵌入式磁铁启动的磁开关、由反射面启动的光开关、等等。
无绳电动工具1具有其中放置电元件5的端子模块602，并且电池组4具有其中放置电元件6的端子模块604。端子模块604包括开关启动元件606(从图6中向上凸出)，并且端子模块602包括开关608。当电池组4连接到无绳电动工具时，电池组4的端子模块604中的开关启动元件606启动无绳电动工具1的端子模块602中的相应开关608。端子模块604中开关启动元件606的数量和/或配置对应于关于电池组4的标识信息和它的至少某些参数。被启动和未启动的各开关608的组合向无绳电动工具1标识电池组4以及它的至少某些参数。例如，端子模块604具有两个开关启动元件606，并且无绳电动工具1具有三个开关608，当电池组4连接到无绳电动工具1时，三个开关608中的两个被开关启动元件606启动。应当理解，无绳电动工具1的端子模块602可以包括各开关启动元件606，并且电池组4的端子模块604包括各开关元件608，或者每个端子模块602、604包括开关启动元件606和开关608。
机械标识系统600提供的好处是，减少系统组件(如电池组4和无绳电动工具1)之间的电互连数量，并且消除关于使用机械标识系统600传送的信息由端子污染而引起的问题。
在图6中的虚线中所示的本发明的一个方面中，电池组4包括“允许/禁用”开关610，它由无绳电动工具1的相应开关启动元件612启动，例如可以用于防止短路或不当充电。应当理解，在本发明的这个方面中，充电器200还将具有相应的开关启动元件。电池组4将保持禁用，直到允许/禁用开关610被开关启动元件612启动为止。只有那些与特定类型的、具有允许/禁用开关610的电池组4有效使用的无绳电动工具1和充电器200，才具有相应的开关启动元件612。允许/禁用开关610例如可以是机械开关、磁开关或光开关。
转到图7A和7B，示出电池组4能够有多种模式的无绳系统700。与图1、2A、2B和3中所示的实施例相同的元件将用相同的附图标记标识，并且本讨论将着重于差别。在一个模式中，电池组4中的智能用于控制与电池组4相连的无绳电动工具1的放电简档、限制等。在另一模式中，电池组4中的智能用于控制与电池组4相连的充电器200的放电简档、限制和其他参数。
无绳系统700包括电池组4、无绳电动工具1和充电器200。在图7A中，电池组4显示为连接到无绳电动工具1，并且在图7B中，电池组4显示为连接到充电器200。电池组控制器206可以例如包括安全电路控制器702和微控制器704，尽管应当理解，安全电路控制器702和微控制器704可以组合在单个微控制器中。
电池组控制器206的微控制器704例如被编程来控制无绳电动工具1的电机8。电池组控制器206感测电池组4连接到无绳电动工具1，并且微控制器704利用存储在其存储器中的电机控制算法来控制电机8。电池组控制器206例如可以包括软件鉴别处理，如加密和解密算法，由此它验证电池组4连接到的无绳电动工具1，从而只有“有效的”无绳电动工具才能与电池组4一起使用。“有效的”无绳电动工具是设计成与电池组4的电池组类型一起工作的无绳电动工具。
电池组控制器206然后通过DATA接口线路(DATA1、DATA2)从无绳电动工具1的控制器10获得用于控制电机8的输入，如触发装置7的位置，DATA接口线路将电池组4与无绳电动工具1互连。然而应当理解，无绳电动工具1可以是没有控制器10的“哑”工具。在这种情况下，触发装置7将连接到电池组控制器206而不是控制器10。在另一变型中，无绳电动工具1可以具有存储器来代替控制器10，其中将存储电池组控制器206在建立电池组4的放电简档和限制时将会用到的数据。应当理解，可以使用电池组4和无绳电动工具1的其他智能组合。
电池组控制器206利用电池组4的硬件组件，如Q1、Q2、Q3、R1和R5来控制放电通路，以及感测和跟踪放电电流、电池电压、电池温度和其他物理参数或故障状态。安全电路控制器702和微控制器704例如可以共享电池组4中的其他硬件组件，如R5、Q1、Q2，这减少了零件数。此外，无绳电动工具1的控制主要在电池组4中实现。当电池组4连接到具有电机控制电路的无绳电动工具1时(电机控制电路例如可以使用无绳电动工具控制器10来实现)，安全电路控制器702和微控制器704也可以被编程来控制作为标准电池组的电池组4。
参照图7B，电池组控制器206的微控制器704检测电池组4连接到充电器200。这可以包括软件鉴别处理，如加密和解密算法，由此微控制器704验证电池组4连接到的充电器200，从而只有“有效的”充电器才能与电池组4一起使用。“有效的”充电器是设计成与电池组4的电池组类型一起工作的充电器。例如在电池组控制器206的微控制器704与充电器控制器204之间交换信息，如充电电压、充电电流、电池化学成分、容量、温度阈值和其他参数。就这点而言，可以用微控制器704用来控制充电器200正确对电池组4中的电池单元9充电的充电控制算法，编程微控制器704。
图8示出在无绳电动工具控制器10、充电器控制器204和电池组控制器206的一个或多个中实现的说明性程序的简化流程图，用于实现上面参照图7A和7B所述的功能。在800，程序开始，并且在802，无绳电动工具控制器10(如果电池组4插入无绳电动工具1中)或充电器控制器204(如果电池组4插入充电器200中)检测电池组4是否具有智能控制器，如微控制器。如果没有的话，则程序返回到开始800。如果有的话，则它在804确定询问是否来自“智能”充电器，即，充电器200的控制器204是否是诸如微控制器之类的“智能”设备。如果否的话，则它前进到806，它确定询问是否来自“智能”无绳电动工具。如果否的话，则它在810确定无绳电动工具1是“哑”工具。在这点上，应当理解，当无绳电动工具1是“哑”无绳电动工具时，该程序仅在电池组控制器206中实现。该程序然后在812读取电池组4ID电阻器，如电阻器202(图2A和图2B)，并且在814初始化它用来控制电池组4的放电的放电参数，以便运行无绳电动工具1的电机8。在816，它读取触发装置7的分压器，并且在818，基于该信息和放电参数，设置速度和放电简档以控制电机8。在820，它检查来看电池组4是否仍插入“哑”无绳电动工具1中，如果是的话，则它返回816，在此它读取触发装置7的分压器。如果否的话，它转移到完成822。
返回判决框804，如果该程序确定询问来自智能充电器，即，电池组4插入智能充电器中，则它转移到824，在此电池组控制器206作为主控制器，而充电器控制器204作为从控制器。即，充电器控制器204将在电池组控制器206的控制下工作。电池组控制器206然后在826例如通过上面讨论的处理鉴别充电器200，如果鉴别不成功，则转移到完成822。如果鉴别成功，则充电器控制器204和电池组控制器206在828交换数据，充电器控制器204然后在830使用该数据来控制电池组4的充电。举例来说，交换的数据可以包括充电器200对电池组4充电的电压电平以及它在每个电压电平(如果使用不止一个电压电平充电的话)上对电池组4充电的时间。在832，该程序检查电池组4是否仍插入充电器200中，例如，通过检查电池组4是否具有智能控制器。如果否的话，则它转移到完成822。如果是的话，则它在834检查是否达到充电的结尾。如果是的话，它前进到完成822，如果否的话，它转移回到830，并且继续对电池组4充电。
返回判决框806，如果程序确定询问来自“智能”无绳电动工具1，即，电池组4插入智能无绳电动工具中，则它转移到836，在此无绳电动工具1中的控制器10作为主控制器，而电池组控制器206作为从控制器。即，电池组控制器206将在无绳电动工具控制器10的控制下工作。电池组控制器206然后在838例如通过上面讨论的处理鉴别充电器200，如果鉴别不成功，则转移到完成822。如果鉴别成功，则充电器控制器204和电池组控制器206在840交换数据，然后无绳电动工具控制器10使用该数据来控制无绳电动工具1的电机8。在842，读取用户输入，如触发装置7的位置，并且在844，无绳电动工具控制器10使用该输入连同在840交换的数据，来设置速度和放电简档，并由此控制电机8。在846，该程序检查来看电池组4是否插入无绳电动工具1中，例如，通过检查来看电池组4是否具有“智能”控制器，如果是的话，则转移回到842，在此读取用户输入。如果否的话，它转移到完成822。
无绳电动工具1和充电器200可以使用各种类型的通信接口与电池组4相接。如图9所示，电池组4与无绳电动工具1和充电器200中任一个之间的通信接口900可以是有线接口、射频接口、光接口或磁接口。
图10示出磁通信接口的简化示意图。与图1、2A和2B中所示的实施例相同的元件将用相同的附图标记标识。电池组4具有连接到电池组控制器206和线圈1002的调制器/解调器1000。充电器200具有连接到充电器控制器204和线圈1006的调制器/解调器1004，并且无绳电动工具1具有连接到无绳电动工具控制器10和线圈1010的调制器/解调器1008。在无绳电动工具1、电池组4和充电器200中的任一个只需要接收数据的情况下，它们各自的线圈1002、1006、1010可以是磁传感器，如霍尔效应传感器或磁阻传感器，并且它们各自的调制器/解调器1000、1004、1008则只需要是解调器。可以使用公知的调制技术来调制数据，如脉宽调制、脉码调制、幅度调制和频率调制(尤其是在模拟信号的情况中)，以及多频调制(MFM)、游程长度受限(RLLrun length limited)、开关键控(OOK)、相移键控(PSK)、多相移键控(MPSK)和频移键控(FSK)(尤其是在数字信号的情况中)。
类似地，在RF通信接口中，将使用上述调制方案中适当的一个来确保可靠的数据，但无绳电动工具1、电池组4和充电器200每一个将具有RF连接点，如天线，来代替磁连接点(图10实施例中的线圈1002、1006和1010)。在光通信接口中，也可以使用上述调制方案中适当的一个，与磁连接点相反，但无绳电动工具1、电池组4和充电器200每一个将具有光连接点，如光源和/或光接收器。
在本发明的方面中，电池组4被保护不受各种电危险伤害，如可能由短接电池组4的端子模块(如图6的端子模块604)的各端子的碎片而引起的短路。参照图11，在一个方面中，在电池组4的端子模块1102中使用凹端子1100来最小化外物(如碎片)无意地接触电池组4的端子模块中的端子的可能性。参照图11，凹端子1100可以如图11所示凹进端子1102内，从而使得外物(如碎片)难以接触它们。
在另一方面中，如图12A和12B所示，电池组4(图12A和12B未示出)的端子模块1202的极性相反的端子1200是交错(staggered)(图12A)或离散(图12B)的，即，将极性相反的端子放在端子模块1202的不同侧上或者非对称排列中。通过使端子模块1202中的端子1200交错或离散，减少了由导电外物桥接极性相反的端子1200而引起的短路的可能性。
参照图13，在本发明的一个方面中，为了进一步保护电池组4的端子模块1300中的端子，提供活动门1302，当电池组4未被紧密结合到另一系统设备(如无绳电动工具1)时，活动门1302关闭。只要电池组4没有与另一无绳系统设备(如无绳电动工具1或充电器200)紧密结合，活动门1302就例如可以被弹簧1304弹性装载和偏置关闭。当电池组4被紧密结合到另一无绳系统设备(如图13中所示的无绳电动工具1或充电器200)时，该另一无绳系统设备的端子，如无绳电动工具1的端子模块1308的端子1306，促使活动门1304打开。
参照图14A和14B，示出在电池组4(图14A和14B中未示出)的端子模块1402中使用的多弹簧分离触片端子1400。无绳电动工具1或充电器200(图14A和14B中未示出)的端子模块的端子如图14A中箭头1404所示横向插入端子1400，图14A是端子模块1402的顶视图。每个端子1400包括第一和第二触片1406，从基元件1408向上凸出(如图14B中定向)。第一和第二触片1406彼此水平间隔(如图14A和14B中定向)。每个触片1406包括弹性触片1410。每个弹性触片1410包括相对的郁金香状(tulip)套件1412(在图14A中为了清楚起见只标了其中一个)，它们协作来提供凹端子。每个弹性触片1410例如可以被分开，从而在中间存在间隙1414，效果是给每个弹性触片1410两对郁金香1412，其从触片1406的垂直元件1416水平凸出(如图14B中定向)。通过拥有两个触片1406而提供两个弹性触片1410，使接触面与一个触片1406相比起来加倍。弹性触片1410的分开设计还提供更多的接触面积，并且在高振动环境中提供更好的连接。然而应当理解，端子1400也可以只有一个触片1406。还应当理解，弹性触片1410不是必须分开的。
在本发明的一个方面中，在受遥控设备(如模型汽车)的发射机中普遍使用的推挽型触发装置，最好可以用作无绳电动工具1的触发装置1500(图15A)。除了设置电机8的速度外，触发装置1500还用于反转电机8，消除了单独的反转开关的必要。该控制方案例如在电池组控制器206中实现，尽管应当理解，它也可以在无绳电动工具控制器10中实现。
电池组4例如可以包括连接到电池组控制器206的H-桥1502，具有前向FET F1、F2和反向FET R1、R1。触发装置1500包括分压器1504。分压器1504根据触发装置1500的移动而被映射，并且该映射以触发装置1500处于中间位置的点为界。不工作区例如可以加到映射的中间位置周围，从而前向与反向之间的转移包括触发装置1500足够的行程，以避免误操作，即，不适当地在前向和反向之间切换。就这点而言，触发装置系统，例如可从GreatPlanes Distributors of Champagne，Illinois获得的Futaba Magnum AM FP-T2PDDigital Proportional Radio Control System(数字比例无线电控制系统)发射机中使用的触发装置，典型地具有物理调节，来将触发装置的物理中间位置对准到内面的分压器的期望电阻。它们还可以具有其他特征，如将触发装置的最大摆度(throw)调节到分压器的最大电阻以外的地方的能力。这提供了对于用户期望特定电机速度的特定应用调节触发装置的能力。期望的速度将被设在最大触发装置行程上，于是用户不需要挠动(tickle)触发装置以找到期望速度。
仅仅作为非限制性的示例，分压器1504的电阻例如从全反转速度上的0欧姆延伸到全正转速度上的100K欧姆。于是中间位置将例如是大约50K欧姆。不工作区(dead band)例如是该中间点附近的+/-5K，从而从45K欧姆延伸到55K欧姆。这将是通过电池组控制器206的功能和编程入其中的“触发装置电阻对速度”映射表确定的。当触发装置1500在中间位置时，分压器1504将具有50K欧姆的电阻，该电阻由电池组控制器206读取，后者查阅触发装置电阻对速度映射表，并且确定H-桥1502的驱动MOSFET(F1、F2、R1、R1)都不被接通。
例如，当用户将触发装置1500远离无绳电动工具1的手柄1506时，分压器1504的电阻将从50K欧姆朝着0欧姆减少。当分压器1504的电阻将少到不工作区下限(如45K欧姆)以下时，电池组控制器206将开始以最小占空比对反向MOSFET R1、R2脉宽调制，在反方向上给电机8通电。当触发装置1500的行程在反方向上增加，即，它进一步远离手柄1506，进一步减少分压器1504的电阻时，电池组控制器206按照电池组控制器206中的“触发装置对电阻对速度”映射表所指示的，增加对反向MOSFET R1、R2的占空比。当触发装置1500处于全反向位置时，电池组控制器206例如将对反向MOSFET R1、R2施加100％的占空比，从而向电机8施加全反向功率。在本发明的一个方面中，当处于全反向时可能期望向电机8施加小于全功率的功率。这可以通过调节触发装置1500来实现，从而当触发装置1500处于全反向位置中时，分压器1504的电阻大于0欧姆，或者可以通过适当设置电池组控制器206中的“触发装置对电阻对速度映射表”来实现，从而触发装置1500的全反向位置的占空比小于100％。例如，如果期望将电机8处于全反向时的速度限制到一半速度，则可以将“触发装置对电阻对速度映射表”设置成当触发装置1500处在全反向位置(分压器1504在此处具有0欧姆电阻)时具有50％占空比。
当无绳电动工具1的用户将触发装置1500朝着手柄1506拉以便在前向上发动无绳电动工具1的电机8时，分压器1504的电阻增加。当分压器1504的电阻增加到高于不工作区上限(如55K欧姆)时，电池组控制器206开始以最小占空比对前向MOSFET F1、F2脉宽调制。当触发装置1500的行程在前向上增加时，即，触发装置1500被拉得靠近手柄1506时，分压器1504的电阻增加，并且电池组控制器206如电池组控制器206中的“触发装置对电阻对速度”映射表所示，增加对前向MOSFET F1、F2的占空比。当触发装置1500处于全前向位置时，电池组控制器206例如将对前向MOSFET F1、F2施加100％的占空比，从而对电机8施加全功率。在本发明的一个方面中，当处于全前向时可能期望向电机8施加小于全功率的功率。这可以通过调节触发装置1500来实现，从而当触发装置1500处于全前向位置中时，分压器1504的电阻小于最大电阻(如100K欧姆)，或者可以通过适当设置电池组控制器206中的“触发装置对电阻对速度映射表”来实现，从而触发装置1500的全前向位置的占空比小于100％。例如，如果期望将电机8处于全前向时的速度限制到3/4速度，则可以将“触发装置对电阻对速度映射表”设置成当触发装置1500处在全前向位置(分压器1504在此处具有最大电阻(如100K欧姆))时具有75％占空比。
在本发明的一个方面中，电池组控制器206可以被编程来提供前向与反向之间的“安全转换”，以防止由于快速前向和快速反向之间的转换而损坏无绳电动工具1。参照图16的流程图，在1600，电池组控制器206确定触发装置1500在前向和反向位置之间移动。如果是的话，在1602，它关闭电机8，在1604延迟预定时间段，然后在1606在反向上再开动电机8。或者，如图16中虚线所示，在1604’，在关闭电机8之后，电池组控制器206一直等待到电机8的速度下降到可接受的转换速度以下，在该速度上改变电机8的方向是安全的，然后在反向上开动电机8。
在本发明的一个方面中，可以使用上MOSFET F1、R1或下MOSFET F2、R2来制动电机8。为此，电池组控制器206同时接通上MOSFET F1、R1或下MOSFET F2、R2，将电机8的线圈短接。电池组控制器206例如可以对这些MOSFET对脉宽调制来“软制动”电机8，这将在下面详细描述。在这点上，如虚线所示，在1602’，电池组控制器206关闭电机8，并且接通上和下MOSFET F1、R1、F2、R2对之一来制动电机8。
在本发明的一个方面中，最好可以使用线性度调节分压器，例如受遥控产品(如模型汽车)的发射机中所使用的。参照图17A和17B，提供连接到电池组控制器206的线性度调节分压器1700、1702，允许用户调节触发装置1500行程的前向和反向部分的线性度。然而应当理解，如果使用无绳电动工具控制器10(而不是电池组控制器206)来控制电机8，则线性度调节分压器1700、1702例如将连接到工具控制器10。还应当理解，如果期望仅对前向或仅对反向调节触发装置1500的线性度，则可以只提供一个这样的分压器1700、1702。线性度调节分压器1700、1702例如可以使用(典型地在连接线性度调节分压器到RC发射器中使用的)基本分压器解码连接电路，如电阻分压器到模数转换器，连接到电池组控制器206。
可以调节线性度调节分压器1700、1702来提供触发装置1500的分压器1504的电阻的指数、对数和线性解码。为了简单起见，仅参照前向线性度调节分压器1700描述前向。应当理解，对于反向也是以类似的方式调节反向线性度调节分压器1702。
指数解码为PWM曲线的低速部分分配较多的分压器摆度，而为高速部分分配较少的摆度。前向线性度调节分压器1700将例如被设置到其最大电阻。电池组控制器206解码来自前向线性度调节分压器1700的高电阻，将改变其用于将分压器1504电阻转换成速度的公式，以便与图17B中的指数曲线1704相似。这允许在电机8低速上的精细控制，并且还允许在触发装置1500的正常行程内的全部控制。利用该设置，分压器1504的大约90％的摆度可用于控制PWM曲线的50-100％占空比部分，其余的10％用于控制PWM曲线的0-50％占空比部分。
对数解码为PWM曲线的高速部分分配较多的分压器摆度，而为低速部分分配较少的摆度。前向线性度调节分压器将被调节到其最小电阻，并且电池组控制器206将改变“触发装置电阻对速度”关系用于最大对数控制，以便与图17B中的对数曲线1706相似。利用该设置，分压器1504的大约90％的摆度可用于控制PWM曲线的0-50％占空比部分，其余的10％用于控制PWM曲线的50-100％占空比部分。
线性解码为PWM曲线的高速部分和低速部分分配相等部分的分压器1504的摆度。前向线性度调节分压器将例如被调节到其最小和最大电阻之间的半路，并且电池组控制器将使用图17B中的线性曲线1708所示的线性“触发装置电阻对速度”关系。利用该设置，分压器1504的大约50％的摆度可用于控制PWM曲线的0-50％占空比部分，另50％用于控制PWM曲线的50-100％占空比部分。
下面公式是电池组控制器206在实现上述中可以使用的公式的示例。为了简单起见，仅讨论前向。在该公式中，T是触发装置1500分压器1504的电阻，Tmax是触发装置1500分压器1504的最大电阻，L是前向线性度调节分压器1700的电阻，并且DC是对开关设备(如Q1)的PWM信号占空比，开关设备对电机8开关电力。当0＜TR＜100，Tmax＝100，0＜LR＜10，及0＜DC＜100时，有DC＝(TL)/(Tmax L)100。这产生如图17C-17H所示的、用于改变前向线性度调节分压器1700的设置的分解(resolution)控制。在这点上，L变量以非线性的方式影响线性度，它在“触发装置位置对速度”公式中具有对数或指数效果。当调节使得0＜L＜1时，前向线性度分压器引起对数效果；当调节使得L＝1时，引起线性效果；而当调节使得1＜L＜10时，引起指数效果。前向线性调节分压器1700的对数分压器的使用将使其标准化，从而前向线性调节分压器在其百分之五十设置处将具有大约1欧姆电阻，从而在前向线性调节分压器(potentiometer)1700的百分之五十设置处将是线性控制。
应当理解，在电池组4或无绳电动工具1上的线性调节分压器1700、1702的位置是任意的，但其电阻设置连同触发装置1500分压器1504的电阻设置需要被发送到控制电机8速度的控制器，如电池组控制器206或工具控制器10。
电池组控制器206例如可以被编程来软制动无绳电动工具1的电机8。例如，参照图15B的电路，电池组控制器206将以递增方式脉宽调制来驱动MOSFET(F1、R2或F2、R2)制动对，以便短接电机8的线圈。即，它通过以低脉宽调制的占空比驱动MOSFET制动对开始，并且将占空比递增，例如从0％到100％。这有助于消除高电流尖峰和与“硬制动”相关的电刷电弧。硬制动是这样的，通过短接电机的电刷来短接电机的线圈(典型地是电枢线圈)，电刷被保持短接，一直到电机降低到期望速度为止。通过软制动电机8，优化了电机停止，并且最小化了电刷和换向器磨损。
可以利用其他软制动技术，如2003年8月25日提交的USSN 10/647,807“Method and Device for Braking a Motor”中所披露的内容，其通过引用并入这里。参照图18，该图基本上复制了USSN 10/647,807的图3，但改变了附图标记以避免重复，示出例如无绳电动工具1中包括的电机控制电路1800的示意图，该电机控制电路1800用于控制到无绳电动工具1的电机8的制动该电机8的电力。如图18所示，电池组4的正端子连接到9伏调节器1803的输入1802。9伏调节器1800的输出1804提供正干线(rail)，其连接到二极管1806的阳极。二极管1805的阴极连接到定时器1808(例如是LM 555定时器)的电力端子-引脚8。定时器1808的共用端子-引脚1连接到开关的共用干线1813。二极管1806的阴极还连接到电容器1807(例如是470μF电容器)的一侧，并且通过电阻器1810连接到FET 1812的漏极。电容器1807的另一侧连接到开关的共用干线1813。二极管1806的阴极还通过二极管1822连接到电阻器1824的一侧和晶体管1826的发射极。二极管1806的阴极还通过电阻器1828连接到定时器1808的引脚7，以及连接到二极管1830的阳极和二极管1832的阴极。二极管1830的阴极连接到分压器1834的一侧，并且二极管1832的阳极连接到分压器1834的另一侧。分压器1834的接触电刷(wiper)端子连接到定时器1808的引脚2和6，并且通过电容器1836连接到开关的共用干线(common rail)1813。
电容器1818连接在FET 1812的漏极与开关的共用干线1813之间。FET1812的漏极连接到定时器1808的引脚4。FET 1812的源极连接到开关的共用干线1813，并且FET 1812的栅极连接到电阻器1814、1816的节点。电阻器1814的另一侧连接到电压调节器1802的输出1804，并且电阻器1816的另一侧连接到开关的共用干线1813。开关的共用干线1813通过触发装置7的主接触件1817连接到电池组4的负端子。电容器1820连接在9伏调节器1802的输出1804和开关的共用干线1813之间。
定时器1808的输出引脚-引脚3，通过电阻器1838连接到晶体管1840的基极。晶体管1840的集电极连接到电阻器1824的另一侧，并且通过电阻器1842连接到晶体管1826的基极。晶体管1840的发射极连接到开关的共用干线1813。晶体管1826的集电极连接到二极管1844的阳极，并且通过电阻器1846连接到FET 1848的栅极。二极管1844的阴极连接到晶体管1840的集电极。
在工作时，当触发装置7的主接触件1817闭合时，由电阻器1814、1816形成的分压器接通FET 1812，拉低定时器1808的端子4，将其关闭。电容器1807被充电。无绳电动工具控制器10控制FET 1850来开动和关闭电机8，以控制电机8的速度。
当主接触件1817断开时，FET 1812关断，允许定时器1808的引脚4被拉高，将定时器1808接通。无绳电动工具控制器10将FET 1850关断。定时器1808在输出引脚3输出脉冲序列，后者通过晶体管1840、1826提供到FET1848的栅极，接通和关断FET 1848来制动电机8。分压器1834调节定时器1808的占空比和频率。或者，可以通过用电阻器和电阻器网络代替分压器1834，来设置定时器1808的占空比和频率。
图19是参照图18描述的软制动的变化的简化示意图。无绳电动工具1例如具有插入其中的电池组4(图2B)。在图19所示的实施例中，电池组控制器206控制无绳电动工具1的电机8，而软制动电路1900放置在无绳电动工具1中。在图19所示的实施例中，触发装置7包括开关1902，例如可以是机械开关，其一侧通过端子A连接到电池组4的正侧，另一侧连接到前向/反向开关1904的第一电源侧接触件1928。前向/反向开关1904的第二电源侧接触件1930通过端子B连接到电池组4的串联的半导体Q1、Q2。如上面所讨论的，电池组控制器206通过改变通过半导体Q1提供给电机8的电力的PWM占空比，来控制提供给无绳电动工具1的电机8的电力。
触发装置7还包括开关1906，例如可以是电开关，其一侧连接到前向/反向开关1904的第一电源侧接触件1928，另一侧连接到二极管1908的阳极。电机8的第一侧连接到前向/反向开关1904的第一电机侧接触件1932，电机8的第二侧连接到前向/反向开关1904的第二电机侧接触件1934。触发装置7还包括分压器1910。分压器1910的一侧通过端子A连接到电池组4的正侧，并且分压器1910的另一侧通过端子C连接到电池组4的电源208的共用端。分压器1910的接触电刷接触件通过端子H连接到电池组控制器206。二极管1908的阴极通过电容器1912连接到端子B，并且通过电阻器1914连接到脉冲发生集成电路1918(例如可以是LM555定时器)的电力端子1916。电力端子1916通过电容器1920连接到端子B和齐纳二极管1922的阴极，齐纳二极管1922的阳极还连接到端子B。脉冲发生集成电路1918的输出连接到电开关1924的开关输入，例如用作电开关1924的MOSFET的栅极。电开关1924连接在前向/反向开关1904的第一和第二电力侧接触件1928、1930两端，因此连接在电机8的线圈两端。
当无绳电动工具被操作时，拉动触发装置7，闭合机械开关1902并断开触发装置7的电开关1906。电机8的速度如上所述由电池组控制器206控制。当释放触发装置7时，它断开机械开关1902，中断来自电池组4的电流通路，还闭合电开关1906。因为电机8正在转动，所以在电机8的线圈两端产生反EMF。该电力通过电开关1906连接到软制动电路1900，并通过二极管1908施加到电容器1912，以便充电该电容器1912。电容器1912向脉冲发生集成电路1918提供电力，并且一旦电容器1912充电到足够的水平，例如充电到齐纳二极管1922的电压，脉冲发生集成电路1918就接通，并且开始例如以高频率向电开关1924提供脉冲，使得电开关1924以高频率反复地接通和关断。
当电开关1924接通时，由电机8的正的反EMF产生的电流通过电开关1924，流回到电机8的线圈中。该电流在电机8上产生负扭矩，并且使其放慢。通过反复接通和关断电开关1924将该电流“脉冲提供”给电机8，这防止电机电流过高，并且防止电机8的永磁体饱和。
当再次拉动触发装置7时，电开关1906断开，断开到软制动电路1900的电流通路，关断脉冲发生集成电路，关断电开关1924。机械开关1902闭合，允许正常电流流入电机8，以便无绳电动工具1的正常工作。由于电开关1924连接在电机8的线圈两端，因此如果对电开关1924使用适合的设备，如MOSFET，则它在电机8的正常工作期间可以用作惯性二极管(freewheelingdiode)。
图19B是示出图19A的软制动电路1900的变型的简化示意图。相同的元件将用相同的附图标记标识，并且本讨论将着重于差别。在图19B中，二极管1926(通过前向/反向开关1904)连接在电机8的线圈两端，在电机8的正常工作期间用作惯性设备。电开关1924的一侧然后连接到触发装置7的电开关1906与二极管1908的节点，而非连接到前向/反向开关1904的第一电力侧接触件1928。通过以这种方式将电开关1924的一侧连接到电开关1906，当触发装置7被拉动时，通过电开关1906的断开，到电开关1924的电力被断开，这防止当触发装置7拉动时、当机械开关1902闭合时、电开关1924被主动通电而发生任何击穿的可能性。
软制动电路1900的优点是使用电机8的反EMF来为其供电。因此，不需要电路系统一直保持软制动电路通电。通过将软制动电路1900放在无绳电动工具1中，它被一体装在无绳电动工具1中，因此不需要任何电池组4与无绳电动工具1之间的通信来操作它。
在本发明的一个方面中，电池组4的电池单元9是锂离子电池单元，并且无绳电动工具1或电池组4包括用于无绳电动工具1的电机8的软制动。
本发明的描述本质上仅仅是示例性的，因此不背离本发明宗旨的变型意图落在本发明范围内。这些变型不应被认为是背离本发明的宗旨和范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种无绳电动工具的多模式电池组，其特征是包括：
外壳，其中放置多个电池单元；和
控制器，当电池组连接到电动工具时在第一模式中控制该电动工具，当电池组连接到充电器时在第二模式中控制该充电器。
2.如权利要求1所述的多模式电池组，其特征是，所述多个电池单元包括多个锂离子电池单元。
3.一种包括多个系统组件的无绳电动工具系统，其特征是：所述多个系统组件包括电池组、无绳电动工具和充电器，该电池组包括外壳，其中放置多个电池单元，该电池组具有控制器，当电池组连接到电动工具时在第一模式中控制电动工具，而当电池组连接到充电器时在第二模式中控制充电器。
4.如权利要求3所述的无绳电动工具系统，其特征是，所述多个电池单元包括多个锂离子电池单元。
5.一种包括多个系统组件的无绳电动工具系统，其特征是：所述多个系统组件包括电池组和无绳电动工具，该电池组包括：外壳，其中放置多个电池单元；和控制器，验证电池组连接到的系统组件，并且仅当确定该系统组件是有效系统组件时，才允许电池组与该系统组件一起工作。
6.如权利要求5所述的无绳电动工具系统，其特征是，所述多个电池单元包括多个锂离子电池单元。
7.如权利要求5所述的无绳电动工具系统，其特征是，所述多个系统组件包括充电器。
8.如权利要求5所述的无绳电动工具系统，其特征是，所述多个系统组件包括充电器，并且当电池组连接到充电器时，当确定充电器是智能系统组件时，电池组控制器与充电器控制器交换数据供充电器控制器在控制充电器时使用。
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US20060087285A1 (en) 2006-04-27
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US20100141207A1 (en) 2010-06-10
US20060087283A1 (en) 2006-04-27
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US20060087286A1 (en) 2006-04-27
US7868591B2 (en) 2011-01-11
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US7723952B2 (en) 2010-05-25
EP1805863A2 (en) 2007-07-11

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