DE10163455A1 - Determining direction of mobile radio transmission, by activating sub-groups comprising combinations of antennas in rapid succession and using phase shifts to locate source - Google Patents

Abstract

A number of spatially distributed antennas (1,1') form an antenna array for receiving radio waves emitted from the source of the mobile radio transmission. The phase shift is used to locate the source. A respective sub-group of the antennas of the array is activated simultaneously to receive the mobile radio waves, and other sub-groups in the form of combinations of antennas are activated in rapid succession. An Independent claim is also included for an antenna device.

Description

The invention relates to a method and an antenna arrangement for Direction detection of a mobile radio transmission according to the preamble of claim 1 or according to the preamble of claim 17.

Mobile communications are not permitted in all areas of life. examples for Illegal areas are prisons (for security against illicit ones Agreements, etc.), but also planes, hospitals (each for reasons of electromagnetic compatibility EMC) or other areas (protection against Nuisance such as B. in restaurants or the like.). In these areas a unwanted mobile radio transmission reliably recognized and sufficiently local assigned so that the device can be switched off quickly and possibly from the Bring traffic is possible. It must be the mobile communications transmitting device should never be designed as a radio. This is how many others are disturbed Devices, e.g. B. so-called notebooks and CD players, due to the high used there Clock frequencies.

Mobile telephones (eg so-called "cell phones") send during calls and when organizational processes (e.g. logging into a radio network) Radio frequency energy. The respective radio network (e.g. GSM, DECT, Tetra, UMTS) has it characteristic features in the frequency and time domain, through which the Mobile radio transmission can be assigned. Send other devices (see above) as undesirable side effect of radio frequency energy with characteristic features out.

The direction detection for z. B. electromagnetic transmitter is a well-known problem of radio technology and is generally referred to as bearing or radio location. However, it only works properly if the radio waves (free field) are not disturbed. In conventional radio direction finding, different arrangements of antennas are used. With regard to the type of evaluation of the signals obtained with these antennas, it is known that with the aid of two antennas at a distance of approximately the size of the wavelength, the direction from which the wave is incident on the incident homogeneous wave is via the phase shift of the voltage curve can be determined on the two antennas. The phase shift can be determined by statically compensating it by phase shifter circuits and by forming the maximum of the sum signal. Alternatively, the minimum can be sought at a phase rotation of 180 ° (see FIG. 1a).

In modern digital mobile radio methods, digital direction finders are generally used (see FIG. 1b). In these, the signal is first mixed in a different frequency range by a mixer, in order to then determine the direction by means of digital filtering using simple digital circuits. For this purpose, complex digitally controllable oscillators and filters are used (Meinke / Gundlach, Taschenbuch der Hochfrequenztechnik, page Q53 about direction finder). The digital direction finder requires at least two complex digital receivers (at least a second one for the second antenna) to realize the direction detection.

For the described application of tracking undesirable Cellular emissions cannot be of the type required for simple bearing undisturbed radio propagation can be assumed. Rather, modern ones are based Mobile radio systems (especially in higher frequency ranges, e.g. GSM, DECT, Tetra, UMTS) on the use of reflection, diffraction, etc. In general the high-frequency transmitting devices are also in densely built-up areas Areas, in buildings or airplanes etc. with the consequence of multipath reception.

Other known solutions for DF tasks, especially for environments with So-called multi-path reception, in which one transmitter several reflections Receives radio waves simultaneously from different directions and being a single Antenna pair are no longer sufficient due to the errors that occur on the arrangement of several antennas at a uniform distance in the Order of magnitude of half to full wavelength of the wave of Cellular radio transmission, resulting in imperfections of the incoming wave (in particular through multi-path reception) partially compensated for a to achieve better accuracy, and the better the more antenna elements be used. But with this build directional antennas built in the today's mobile radio wavelengths of, for example, 33 cm (for the GSM900 network) about 15 cm (for example for the GSM1800 network and that UMTS network) up to 12 cm (for so-called wireless LAN networks in DV networking) relatively large in both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, that is for them Application for monitoring buildings for unwanted radio emissions or generally not to enable location services in buildings with the application. However, too few are used in this procedure Antennas, there is the problem of large errors in direction detection. It is no longer possible, for example in a building Determine the lounge of a transmitting mobile radio transmitter with high reliability. Furthermore, the many antennas required with the associated electronics (e.g. phase shifters or digital receivers) at a high cost, not for cheap surveillance technology or location services is marketable.

In short, one could say that the known techniques of radio direction finding either high resolution with a large design of the antenna arrangement and with high Offer circuitry complexity or with a small design and low Allow effort only low resolution. Both are for the intended application not practical.

DE 198 52 715 A2 describes a method for detection and local Limitation of unwanted mobile communications, e.g. B. unauthorized mobile telephony is known in which with at least one mobile radio receiver with one their receiving properties influenceable receiving device Surrounding area of the mobile radio receiver for the presence of mobile radio emissions is examined. The starting point is a learning phase at least once carried out, in which a Reference transmission device for mobile radio transmissions and the mobile radio receiver images radiated and known local reference radio broadcasts recorded become. The images recorded in this learning phase leave an assignment of the location of reference radio transmissions Reference transmitters to make a comparison between later in the procedure with mobile radio transmissions not broadcast by the reference transmitter enables that of the reference transmitter, with the image of the unwanted cellular transmission in a downstream step in one Evaluation phase the images recorded in the learning phase and the image of the recorded mobile communications are compared with each other and a Information about the spatial position of the transmitter of the unwanted Mobile radio transmission in the surrounding area is determined. By comparing the Images of unwanted cellular and reference radio broadcasts can be concluded on the basis of various criteria which of the images of the Reference radio transmissions closest to the undesired mobile radio transmission comes and make a statement about where the transmitter of the unwanted cellular emissions could be likely. described However, this method is only for the use of simple arrangements of Receiving antennas.

The object of the present invention is therefore, even with a relatively small design the antenna arrangement used and a reasonable effort direction-specific detection of a mobile radio transmission, especially in one Allow environment with multipath propagation.

The object of the invention is achieved with regard to the method from the characterizing features of claim 1 and with regard to Antenna arrangement from the characterizing features of claim 17 each in Interaction with the characteristics of the associated generic term. Further advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the subclaims.

The invention according to claim 1 is based on a method Direction detection of a mobile radio transmission, in which a number of spatially distributed Arranged antennas form an antenna array (antenna diversity) with which one Source of the mobile radio transmission outgoing radio waves, in particular from the closer spatial environment of the antenna array usually in the range of Hundreds of meters are recorded, with those from the antennas received cellular waves based on their phase shift to localize the Source of the mobile radio transmission can be used. Such a process is further developed by having a subgroup at the same time preferably exactly one subgroup, the antennas of the antenna array is activated simultaneously with the reception of the mobile radio waves, whereby in rapid succession the antennas of the antenna array each have other subgroups in the form of Combinations of individual antennas can be activated. In contrast to the known, antenna arrays with a uniform structure are always only the signals less, preferably two individual antennas combined with each other in order to To keep the effort for the phase shift and the required receiver low. These individual antennas of the antenna array are not evenly distributed, but rather with different pitches optimized for each task arranged. In order to use the for the despite the few antenna elements Combined evaluation of many antenna signals required for accuracy ensure (antenna diversity), the antenna pairs are switched quickly, to be considered essentially constant throughout each one To obtain a sufficient number of measured values for the radio path of the mobile radio transmission. The antenna diversity makes it in interaction with the Compensation options of the method possible, even in a very close range Multi-path reception marked radio technology environment the true direction recognizable from the mobile radio transmitter to the receiver.

In a particularly preferred embodiment it is provided that the switchover each of the activated subgroups of the antenna array with one Frequency is that for a radio link that is essentially to be regarded as constant the mobile radio waves at least one measured value by different subgroups of the antenna array is detected. This makes it possible that during a its short period (burst period) as over an approximately constant Short mobile radio signals to be viewed from different antennas of the different subsets of the antenna array signals of the same Radio link are measured and therefore these signals are different Evaluations of the same radio link under with regard to the reception characteristics of the used antennas allow different reception conditions. So can, for example, take a measurement with a relatively large distance between the participants Antennas to each other and therefore with a relatively good resolution, but the danger of ambiguities in the measurement signal, another measurement with antennas that are closer together relative to each other, thereby smaller Resolution while avoiding ambiguities. In total, such Measurements make the direction of the mobile radio transmission much more precise can be determined as this in a single measurement under constant Measurement conditions and using only a subset of the Antenna arrangement could be the case.

Furthermore, it can be provided that in the evaluation of the respective Subgroups of the antenna array received signals plausibility considerations be carried out, the signals received by the respective subgroups put in relation to each other. For example, individual contradict each other Measurements of what can be regarded as constant at least for a short time Radio signals from the different subgroups, so can by such Plausibility considerations, an assessment can be made, which the measurement as probably more accurate and therefore should be viewed as the correct result. in this connection There are many different plausibility criteria that can be used the reception situation and also from the local conditions.

A further embodiment provides that the speed of the determination of the Phase shift with each measurement and the frequency of switching between the respective subgroups of the antenna array and the duration of the Measurement should be chosen such that the respective subgroups of the Antenna arrays receive such a number of signals that this data too can be statistically and / or numerically evaluated. Not just a few, but a sufficiently large number of measurements can be made statistical methods or other evaluation methods such as numerical or graphical methods are used with which from this Amount of measurement signals an improved result can be determined. It can this sufficiently large number of measurements on the one hand using a individual subgroup of the antenna array and the same Reception conditions can be determined. It is also conceivable to quickly switch between the sub-groups of the antenna array to be used in each case a sufficient one Number of measurement signals in the case of changing antennas To determine reception conditions. You can also use these two methods can be combined with each other, so that a sufficient number of measured values both during a measurement cycle with an identical subgroup as well as with different subgroups of the antenna array is determined.

A first advantageous embodiment provides that the number of signals from which is received by the respective subgroups of the antenna array while a single radio link that is essentially to be regarded as constant (a burst) received and evaluated numerically or statistically. This is it possible with the same radio link and using different ones Subgroups of the antenna arrangement the properties of the radio link so diverse measure that by combination and in particular numerical evaluation or graphic interpretation achieved a significant improvement in results can be. This can be used, for example, to determine the influences of Reflections of the radio waves with those present in the transmission or reception area To compensate for obstacles such as walls or the floor.

A significant improvement in accuracy is obtained if the evaluation of the signals received during a single radio link that is to be regarded as essentially constant is numerical based on the equation for the total voltage


he follows.

In particular, graphic and numerical methods can be used for this in order to determine a meaningful result from this sum voltage, In particular, by determining individual parameters, a determination can be more relevant Data from this map are made that graphically represent a cut correspond by the map and metrologically by measuring the same bursts with different subsets of the antenna arrangement can be determined.

Another embodiment provides that the number of signals by the respective subsets of the antenna array is received during a longer one permanent and running under changing transmission and reception conditions Radio link (a number of bursts) is received and statistically evaluated. Here, regardless of the ongoing changes in the radio link the successively transmitted bursts measure the radio link until one there is a significant number of measured values which are statistically reliable Evaluation of this multitude of measured values is permitted and thereby the influences of the changing transmission ratios of the radio link can be compensated. As Statistical evaluation methods can use very different methods come.

In a further embodiment, it is particularly conceivable that the statistical Evaluation in the form of a determination of Histograms are made that show the location and frequency of reception minima and / or Receiving maxima with definable settings for determining the Phase shift used phase shifters and different subgroups the antenna arrangement indicates and by weighting an improvement in Allows determination of the direction of reception of the mobile radio transmission. This is one Averaging the results of a large number of individual direction measurements (e.g. by Minima) easily possible, for example with the help of the focus of one Histogram of the frequency of minima / maxima for a specific setting of the Phase shifter. This can be done by carrying out the focus in one in a 360 ° repeating system by determining the centroid one arranged on a circle with radius 1 around the zero point Histogram, the frequency of the minima / maxima at the respective Angular position (i.e. the setting of the phase shifter) represents the "weight". Thereby become inevitable jumps in a multi-path environment the minima / maxima by up to + 180 ° or -180 ° with respect to the center of gravity of the Histogram rated the same. In addition, the distance between the determined Center of gravity from zero is a measure of the quality of the histogram. Is it close to 1 so it is good and the direction is very clear, if it is close to 0, few would new measured values lead to a completely different direction, so the quality is bad.

Furthermore, it is conceivable in a preferred embodiment that from the Histograms and their temporal allocation to each other are determined, which classify the reception minima and / or reception maxima with regard to allow their accuracy. Because of what happened during the here Measurements of constantly changing radio links are especially the time assignment and composition of the measured values on which the histograms are based Significance and, if taken into account, allows a significant improvement in Evaluation results. If in continuation of the idea of investigation of quality classes the distance of a minimum and / or maximum from Center of gravity of the histogram and / or the standard deviation and / or the ratio the signal strength at the minimum position or the maximum position and / or the absolute or the relative signal level and / or the amount of good quality Total measured values are used, so a further selection of the Measured values take place in the sense that the measured values only correspond to their determined values Quality class in the overall result of the direction determination and thus a simple and quickly calculable evaluation of the measured values he follows.

It is also conceivable for the histograms to be recorded beforehand Histograms are compared, which are defined for defined mobile communications Broadcast locations were won. For this purpose, the histograms are used for a Learning phase with known reception conditions and with a known location the source of the mobile radio transmission for each area to be monitored Environment of the antenna array saved. To determine the location of the source the mobile radio transmission in regular operation is used for the one detected Mobile radio transmission in the area of interest determined histogram Distance to the learned histograms with quality factor function below Taking into account the parameters specified above. In combination with the learned histograms also shows which subgroup of the Antenna arrays for a certain broadcasting location a reliable or a delivers unreliable measured value. When comparing the histograms then Adaptive to the sending location, only the meaningful measured values are compared with each other. This means that in the case of controversial measured values, which are used to determine neighboring locations conceivable source of mobile radio transmission lead, nevertheless a reliable Assignment possible.

It is advantageous if the exact location of the sending location of the Mobile radio transmission is only carried out when the current, relatively rough Examination of the environment of the antenna array the presence of a Mobile radio transmission was recognized in the relevant area. This will make it possible ongoing monitoring of the environment of the antenna array by a relatively fast to carry out a rough survey and the exact and therefore only then time-consuming analysis of the location of a mobile radio transmission to initiate if the presence of a mobile radio transmission by the Exceeding a predefinable field strength threshold and / or in a relevant one Angular range related to the location of the mobile radio transmission was determined. In this case, a continuous survey can also be carried out in this Detection mode the angular range from which a detection of a mobile radio transmission is accepted, with the help of the direction detection option of the antenna be restricted.

In addition, it is conceivable that a radio analysis of the environment around the Antenna array is performed around and based on the results of this analysis the measurements of the individual subgroups of the antenna array are corrected. By using prior knowledge from this radio analysis of the environment (e.g. the calculation of the field course using analytical models or using Ray Tracing / Launching Tools) can source the errors for each location Mobile radio transmission estimated for each sub-group of the antenna array become. This and, if necessary, in combination with the learned histograms can be used recognize which subset of the antenna array for a particular location provides a reliable or unreliable reading. Because of the relative small design of the antenna array according to the invention, it can in principle not avoid individual subsets of antennas at individual Deliver measurements with large errors measurement signals. Depending on the Environment the strength of reflection of the cellular signals on the ground, the The presence of other reflectors in the area (e.g. house walls) Errors differ from location to location of the source of the mobile radio transmission be and always concern other subsets of antennas. By a This influence of errors can be minimized by radio analysis.

Due to the now very powerful digital technology, the evaluation of the Signals received by the antenna array are preferably very inexpensive Standard computers is carried out.

According to claim 17, the invention further relates to an antenna arrangement for Direction detection of a mobile radio transmission, in particular using the The method of claim 1, wherein a number of spatially arranged Antennas form an antenna array (antenna diversity) with which a source of Mobile radio transmission outgoing radio waves from the environment of the Antenna arrays are recorded, the received radio waves for localization the source of the mobile radio transmission based on its phase shift be used. Such a generic antenna arrangement is thereby further developed that the antennas of the antenna array to each other horizontally and staggered vertically at different distances essentially in one plane are arranged (space diversity). Due to the different staggering, d. H. differently adjustable distances between the individual antennas of the antenna array, can always use those antennas for measuring the mobile radio transmission Form a sub-group for receiving from a roughly determined Receive direction have the relatively optimal reception conditions. Be additional different subgroups for measuring the same mobile radio transmission used and also those described in the process Evaluation options used, so can with relatively little equipment and at the same time, only a small space requirement for the antenna array is sufficient exact determination of the location of the source of the mobile radio transmission can be determined.

In a further embodiment, the arrangement and the distances of the Antennas of the antenna array to each other as well as the combination of individual antennas Subgroups adapted to different measuring tasks and measuring accuracies individual subgroups of antennas can be configured. The Arrangement of the individual antennas of the antenna array and their relative Distance to the reception conditions at the location of the antenna array and yourself resulting boundary conditions are adjusted, the combination of individual Antennas in subgroups allow multiple use of the antennas for example in the context of a precise or rough determination of the Receive direction.

Especially when as sub-groups of the antenna array that belong to each other antennas can always be activated together in such a way that for a first subgroup the antennas of this subgroup are closely adjacent to one another in a spatial direction and for another subgroup the antennas are in the same spatial direction have a greater distance from each other, the quality of the Increase the measurement result significantly, because for a first rough determination the Direction of reception the antennas can be used that are narrow in one spatial direction are adjacent to each other and therefore largely ambiguous reception exclude. In addition, the antennas are then used in the same Have a larger distance from each other due to the Multipath reception are more susceptible to ambiguities and their measurement results therefore need to be assessed more precisely. In particular, the combination of these two Subgroups allowed a significant improvement in results at Determining the direction of reception of a mobile radio transmission. Such The procedure can be implemented with just three antennas, one of which two directly adjacent and a third antenna further away are.

It is advantageous if, within the antenna array, antennas with different Polarization diversity can be used. This is a horizontal as well as a vertical measurement with regard to polarization the location of the source of the mobile radio transmission possible, so that the Accuracy of specifying this location is further increased.

A device-technical simplification can be achieved in that within the Antenna arrays are used that are both horizontal and horizontal polarize vertically and therefore only the space required by one Need antenna plate from at least one active antenna element. A Such an antenna can thus perform measurement tasks both horizontally and vertically Take direction, which can save another antenna.

It is also conceivable that at least one for each antenna of the antenna array separate phase shifter is provided. However, in another embodiment a further simplification of the technical equipment effort can be achieved, that each antenna of the antenna array via transfer switch circuitry can be connected to at least one phase shifter. As a result, a Switching the different antennas of a subgroup to an identical one Phase shifters occur so that only one phase shifter or one reduced overall Number of phase shifters is required.

It is also conceivable that the antennas of the subgroups of the antenna array can be connected to one another in terms of circuitry via a combiner.

By the described antenna arrangement in connection with the described method, it is possible to transmit radio signals from digital mobile radio systems in a surveillance area / localization area relatively exactly at favorable Conditions and with a relatively small design Localize surveillance antenna / localization antenna. This is despite the applications described Usually, multipath propagation is possible.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention and the antenna arrangement according to the invention is shown in the drawing.

Show it:

FIG. 1a phase determination using a configuration with electronically tunable phase shifters and a combiner according to the prior art,

FIG. 1b digital beam forming with parallel receivers according to prior art,

Fig. To a monitored building 2a geometric the arrangement of a monitoring antenna relative specifying relationships,

Fig. 2b arrangement of a sub-group within the antenna surface of the monitoring antenna according to Fig. 2a and definition of the angle Θ and Φ for the characterization of the incident direction of electromagnetic waves,

Fig. 2c subset of an antenna arrangement comprising two at a distance from each other b arranged individual aerials,

Fig. 2d forming a histogram for evaluating a static sufficiently large number of measured values,

Fig. 3 symmetric antenna array of 2 × 2 sub-groups each of 3 antenna elements,

Fig. 4 unbalanced antenna array of 3 sub-groups each of 3 antenna elements,

Fig. 5 unbalanced antenna array of 4 sub-groups each of 3 antenna elements,

Fig. 6 antenna array of 4 sub-groups each of 3 antenna elements with simplified actuation,

Fig. 7 antenna array of 3 sub-groups each of 3 antenna elements with simplified actuation,

Fig. 8 configuration with four simultaneously driven sub-groups,

Fig. 9 for example, the combination of the basic combinations entire monitoring antenna including polarization diversity and space diversity,

Fig. 10 graph of a function of correcting amount of ground reflections.

The phase shift between incident mobile radio waves 15 can be determined in a manner which is fundamentally known from the prior art, as shown in FIG. 1 a , by compensating it by phase shifter circuits 3 , 4 and forming the maximum of the sum signal 5 . Alternatively, the minimum can be sought at a phase rotation of 180 °. For this purpose, a number of antennas 1 are connected with their antenna gates 2 via phase shifters 3 , which bring about a phase shift β ₂ , β ₃ , β ₄ , with a combiner 4 , which combines these signals as a combination network to form a sum signal 5 . An antenna 1 can feed the signal present at the antenna gate 2 into the combiner 4 even without being processed by a phase shifter 3 . This determination of the direction of the incident mobile radio waves 15 is done purely statically.

Another known method according to FIG. 1 b is based on the use of a digital receiver 1 , in which the signals 20 picked up by the antenna after amplification in a low-noise amplifier 7 and conversion in a mixer 9 in a lower frequency range after passing through a bandpass filter 10 A / D conversion in A / D converters 6 and subsequent analysis of the phase relationship in corresponding logic modules 8 takes place before the signals are combined in an combiner 4 to form an output signal 5 . The determination of the direction of the incident mobile radio waves 15 is also carried out purely statically, only the subsequent evaluation enables an analysis, albeit a very flexible one.

In FIGS. 2a and 2b, the reception situation is illustrated in the monitoring of a building 12 in schematic illustrations, which is monitored by a monitoring antenna 11 at a distance _R0. For this purpose, an antenna arrangement 11 is arranged at a height h in relation to the H high and B wide building 12 at a distance R ₀ . The antenna array 1 consists of N groups of individual antennas or antenna elements (so-called. Subarrays 1). The antenna elements of a subarray 1 are electrically connected to one another. Each of the N subarrays 1 has its own antenna output 2 ("antenna gate"). The N subarrays 1 are all of the same structure, that is, they move apart within the antenna area (see FIG. 2b).

• - Gegebenenfalls Sendesignal eines Mobilfunksenders 14 im überwachten Gebäude 12,
• - Interferenzsignale anderer Mobilfunksender 14 außerhalb des Gebäudes 12,
• - Rauschsignal, bestehend aus Anteilen, welche von der Antennenanordnung 11 empfangen werden ("externes Rauschen") und Anteilen, welche in den Bauteilen des Empfängers erzeugt werden ("Empfängerrauschen").

The N signals available at the output of the N antenna gates 2 are processed in a subsequent circuit (including the preamplifier), which is not shown in more detail here. The signal present at the output of this circuit is composed of different parts:

• - If necessary, transmission signal from a mobile radio transmitter 14 in the monitored building 12 ,
• Interference signals from other mobile radio transmitters 14 outside the building 12 ,
• - Noise signal, consisting of components that are received by the antenna arrangement 11 ("external noise") and components that are generated in the components of the receiver ("receiver noise").

• - Nur Rauschen und Interferenz, jedoch kein Signal eines Mobilfunksenders 14 im überwachten Gebäude 12,
• - Signal eines Mobilfunksenders 14 im überwachten Gebäude 12 zusätzlich zum Rauschen und der Interferenz.

The problem with the detection of the origin of a mobile radio transmission in the monitored area is therefore to make the decision between two "hypotheses" based on the actually existing output signal:

• Only noise and interference, but no signal from a mobile radio transmitter 14 in the monitored building 12 ,
• - Signal from a mobile radio transmitter 14 in the monitored building 12 in addition to the noise and interference.

The location problem, that is to say the determination of the location of a mobile radio transmitter 14 and in particular the room 13 in which the mobile radio transmitter 14 is located, can be attributed to a direction finding problem. If one starts by simplifying the assumption that the wave propagation between the mobile radio transmitter 14 in the building 12 and the group antenna 1 takes place in a straight line between the associated window of the room 13 and the group antenna 1 ("line-of-sight", LOS), then the relationship between the spatial coordinates (coordinates η ₀ and ζ ₀ , see FIG. 2a) and the two angles Θ and Φ, which describe the direction of incidence of the electromagnetic wave


specify.

The angle of incidence range to be monitored follows from the size W × H of the monitored building 12 and the antenna distance R ₀ and the mounting height h of the antenna 11 :


and for h <H

In addition to the geometric boundary conditions shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, the following must also be observed in accordance with FIG. 2c. In Fig. 2c, an antenna arrangement is shown, its own in both sub-arrays 1 "own" antenna port. 2 In addition, an electronic lobe forming network consisting of a phase shifter 3 and a combiner 4 is shown. The measuring principle and its problems can already be explained on the basis of this antenna arrangement 11 from two subarrays 1 , 1 '.

For the sake of this basic explanation, it is assumed for the sake of simplicity that the centers of the subarrays 1 , 1 'are in the locations y = z = 0 and y = 0, z = b (see FIG. 2b). First of all, consider the received signal at the antenna gate 2 of the left subarray 1 (hereinafter referred to as index 1). In the form of the associated analytical signal, it can be in the form

u ₁ (t) = u _T (t) exp (j2πf ₀ t) = | u _T (t) | exp (jφ (t)) exp (j2πf ₀ t) (1.3 / 1a)

represent, with u _T (t) as the "equivalent low-pass signal", | u _T (t) | as the envelope, φ (t) as the modulated phase and f ₀ as the carrier frequency. If a flat, homogeneous wave strikes the antenna 11 (far field condition is fulfilled) and both subarrays 1 , 1 'are identical, the signal at the antenna gate 2 of the right subarray 1 ' (hereinafter identified by the index 2 ) differs from that at the antenna gate 2 of the left subarray 1 only by a phase shift ψ. Therefore applies

u ₂ (t) = u ₁ (t) exp (jψ) (1.3 / 1b)

This phase difference is the only available information about the angle of incidence Θ and it applies

In all the methods for measuring ψ determined below, this phase can only be determined up to integer multiples of 2π. This results in several solutions for the angle of incidence:

If


applies, only one of the angles of incidence is real and you have a clear solution for Θ.

From | ψ | _max = π follows the condition for a clear determination of the angle of incidence:

The distance between the subarrays 1 , 1 'must therefore not be greater than half a free space wavelength.

A direct measurement of the phase difference ψ between the two antenna gates 2 normally requires that each antenna gate 2 is assigned its own receiver. This multi-channel receiver structure will be explained in more detail later. An indirect method for determining ψ (alternatively two 2-channel receivers) is shown in Fig. 2c.

Here, the signal of the right antenna gate 2 of the subarray 1 'is changed in phase by an electronically controllable phase shifter 3 with the adjustable phase β:

≙ ₂ (t) = u ₂ (t) .exp (-jβ) = u ₁ (t) .exp (-j (ψ - β)), (1.3 / 5)

and then u ₁ (t) and ≙ ₂ (t) are added in a combination network 4 (combiner 4 ).

If the radiation density (in W / m ² ) of the incident wave is denoted by S _A (f), then the spectral power density S (f) available at the antenna gates 2 is through


given. Here G _e (Θ) is the profit function of a single subarray 1 , 1 '. The expression | ≙ _w . ≙ _A | describes the adaptation of the polarization of the antenna 11 to the polarization of the incident wave.

As a result of the superimposition of the two signals in combiner 4 , the voltage is obtained at output 5 of combiner 4

Because of

| u _out | ² = | u ₁ (t) | ^2. [1 + cos (ψ - β)]

follows for the spectral power density of the output signal

S _out (f) = S (f) [1 + cos (ψ - β)] (1.3 / 8)

The measurement of the power P in an analysis bandwidth of ΔF around a center frequency f ₀ results

If one introduces the (generally time-variable) power P _A (t) received from a subarray 1 , 1 ', the result is

P (β (t)) = [1 + cos (ψ - β (t))]. P _A (t) (1.3 / 10)

If P _A (t) were time-independent, the output power would change cos-shaped with β if the phase shift β were changed. The β value β _M at which P becomes maximum corresponds to the phase gesuchten sought, from which the angle of incidence Θ sought according to Eq. (1.3 / 3) follows. Alternatively, one can determine the phase shift β ₀ at which P becomes minimal. From this phase shift, folgt then follows according to

ψ = β ₀ + π.

• - Überlagertes Rauschsignal
• - Zusätzliche einfallende Wellen 15 aus Mehrwegeausbreitung des Signals der zu ortenden Mobilfunksender 14 und/oder von anderen Mobilfunksendern 14
• - Während der Veränderung der Phase β mit der Zeit verändert sich auch die Empfangsleistung P_A(t) (siehe Gl.(1.3/10)).

When deriving the phase difference ψ here, however, ideal relationships were assumed. In reality, imperfections of the following types must also be taken into account:

• - Superimposed noise signal
• - Additional incident waves 15 from multipath propagation of the signal of the mobile radio transmitter 14 to be located and / or from other mobile radio transmitters 14
• - While the phase β changes over time, the received power P _A (t) also changes (see Eq. (1.3 / 10)).

Such imperfections can be triggered in particular by reflections caused by reflections of the radio waves on walls or on the floor arise. The following can be used to compensate for such errors by reflection Considerations are made.

As a simplified model for this, it is assumed that there is a main reflection (HR) and the direct component (line of sight LOS) between the transmission location and the reception location of the waves 15 . In general, LOS is significantly stronger than HR. However, effects such as an unfavorable superimposition of waves at a transmission location such as a walled-out room can cause the ratio of LOS and HR to vary greatly. If HR is similar in size to LOS, there are clear errors. The effect depends on the phase angle with which HR acts on the antenna compared to LOS. HR also provides slightly different path lengths and therefore phases for the two antennas. This shift also has an impact.

It applies to the components which add up after the combiner 4 via the two antennas 1 , 1 '(referred to as P ₀ and P ₂ , see FIG. 2c):


with _{φ PH} = phase shift angle


on the assumption that the amounts L ₂ and L ₀ or HR ₀ and HR _{2 are the} same size and that by definition the phase of the LOS component on antenna 1 is set to zero.

After sorting and with φ _HR2 = φ _HR0 + Δφ _HR

For this function, depending on φ _PH, the minimum or maximum of the amount or the curve for it is sought; with the following parameters:

HR ₀ / L ₀ ; φ _HR0 ; Δφ _HR

For a small amount of main reflection HR, the minimum results at the point
φL2 + φPH = 180 °, i.e. at the ideal position according to the theory.

For increasing HR ₀ / L _0, however, the minimum shifts to another location, so that an apparently wrong direction is detected. The shift occurs depending on φ _HR0 ; Δφ _HR and is shown as an example for combinations of the parameters in FIG. 10.

About the sizes φ _HR0 ; Δφ _HR can be used to determine the approximate size and range of variation as well as the frequency dependency for each parameter:
This is shown using the example of ground reflection. The following statement applies to a transmission location in a room at a height HT at a distance d (= R ₀ ) from the antenna, and a height of the antenna plate 1 HR ₀ and a height of the antenna 1 'of H ₀ + ΔH ( see Parson: The mobile radio propagation channel):


(Here as a hint: More precise estimates result from series developments).

The deviation Δf / F _{midband is of interest} . For example for GSM900:
± 1.38%
with f _midband = 90.5 MHz; Δf = 12.5 MHz
and accordingly for GSM1800
± 2.15%
as well as the size of the pre-factor

H _T = 5 m ± 20%; H _R = 5 m fixed, d = 25 ± 10% m.

For GSM900 this results in:
360 ° .6.05 (± 30%) (1 ± 1.4%).

This means that the angle can in principle have any value for a room as the send location assume between 0 ° and 360 °. However, it can be done in sections (with a certain frequency, a certain transmitter point) be quite constant. This can because of the then constant, statistically not averaged value of misses lead in the direction / space found.

This applies all the more to the GSM 1800.

However, there is an interesting result for Δφ _HR . Applies here


and thus

With the same assumed uncertainties regarding d and HT (HR and ΔH are fixed!), The result is much more favorable:
For ΔH = 0.5 m
For GSM900:

Δφ _HR = 360 ° .0.01. (10 m + 10 m (± 10%) + 0.5 m) (1 ± 1.4%) ≍ 73.8 ° ± 6.4%.

Δφ _HR can thus be determined a priori on the basis of measurements of the distances / simulation or the like and is relatively constant! This shows that the following angles are known with relatively high accuracy for a room as the send location:

Δφ _HR and φ _L2

By contrast, frequency hopping and slight variations in the transmitter point can be in a wide range

φ _HR0

and the amount ratio HR0 / L0.

Under this premise, a correction for the main reflection HR (here as Ground reflection example) as follows.

For the angles Δφ _HR and φ _L2 , which are considered to be almost constant for a room, an estimate is made for the unknown disturbance variables φ _HR0 and the magnitude ratio HR0 / L0 by multiplying the measured value for the minima with antennas (antenna diversity) that existed from one another (and each Time with another error) is determined.

This is shown using the example of the vertical component:
For example, 4 frequency diagrams of the mini positions found are recorded.

The formula for the sum voltage is converted to


and the parameter HR0 / L0 can then be used to determine the amount curve. The interpretation of this equation can be carried out analytically, but particularly advantageously by using numerical and in particular graphic methods. In FIG. 5 is a graphical representation is given of an example of such a function.

This function is used to determine a cut along a line with a fixed (but unknown) φ _HR0 and with a fixed but unknown ratio HR0 / L0 for each measurement using the tuned phase shifter.

After roughly finding the rooms in question with the help of the value of φ _PH , a best fit of the intersection curve found for all rooms in question can now be carried out - if there is no uniqueness. The statistical accuracy can be increased by collecting similar curves.

In another important embodiment, antenna diversity can be used. If two measurements are carried out with the same antenna plate 1 but different antenna plate 1 'in quick succession so that the radio link can be regarded as constant, the following applies:
The two (or even more) lines have the same fixed (but unknown) φ _HR0 and fixed but unknown ratio HR0 / L0 with different Δφ _HR and φ _L2 . This increases the uniqueness of the curve fitting particularly when the parameters φ _HR0 and HR0 / L0, which cannot be influenced, lead to similar curves for similar rooms. The possibility that this is the case for several intersection curves is very small and decreases with the number of intersection curves considered at the same time.

In a special embodiment, the different polarization of antennas (polarization diversity) can be used. If two measurements are carried out with the same antennas at the same location but with different polarization in such a short succession that the radio link can be regarded as constant, the following applies:
The two (or even more) lines have the same fixed (but unknown) φ _HR0 and two fixed but unknown ratios HR0 / L0 (e.g. vertically and horizontally polarized or circularly polarized right and left) with the same Δφ _HR and φ _L2 . Since the ratio of HR0 / L0 can be estimated at different polarizations at different reflection points, the uniqueness of the curve fitting can be further increased, especially if the parameters φ _HR0 and HR0 / L0 that cannot be influenced lead to similar curves for similar rooms. The possibility that this is the case for several intersection curves is very small and decreases with the number of intersection curves viewed at the same time.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the Computing time gain some scalar parameters to describe and to the curves compare without having to look at all the points. These are, for example Amount ratio maximum to minimum or the absolute level.

In a further embodiment, the parameters can be developed in series in the given equations an analytical expression for (partial) Gain error compensation.

An example of the graphical representation of the absolute value function S for a phase shift 24 from 0 ° to + 348 ° and phase of the ground reflection 28 from 0 to 340 ° can be seen in FIG. 10, which is a strongly emaciated representation which reproduces only a subset of the information that can actually be derived. The lines of the functional curves 29 are to be interpreted as contour lines. The "deepest valley" 31 and two "mountains" 32 can be seen.

Parameter HR0 / L0 = 0.2

Basic data of the room assumed as an example: φ _L2 = 90 ° and Δφ _HR = 20 °.

For a more detailed explanation, it should be noted: the phase shifters 3 are cyclically tuned and thus the phase 27 of the phase shifters 3 changes constantly. However, the phase of the ground reflection 28 can be regarded as constant (at least for the duration of a burst). If the value for the ground reflection 28 is kept constant in FIG. 10 and the phase shift 27 is tuned, a cut 30 is made graphically by the function S. Since the phase shifters 3 are quickly tuned in time, a curve results in the measurements as a time course, which contains the cut "peaks" 31 and "valleys" 32 in the form of a minimum-maximum curve. The shape of this curve, and not just the positions of minimum and maximum, is also characteristic.

If, for the sake of clarity, the position of the minimum found in the cut 30 is now limited, the “jump” of the phase angle for which the minimum is found can be seen for two possible (random) cut lines and thus different phases of the ground reflection 28 .

For explanation it should be noted that the phase of the ground reflection 28 for an antenna array 11 cannot be influenced in practice. However, it can very well be achieved by switching to another antenna array 11 that a different phase of the ground reflection 28 and thus a different cutting line 30 result. The differences in the ground reflection angles are predictable within narrow limits.

If several antenna arrays 11 are used , then at least one double cutting line 30 can be pushed through at a known distance through FIG. 10 until a best fit is obtained between the signal curve found and the curves resulting from the cuts 30 .

The above-mentioned error influences can be further eliminated or reduced, for example, by evaluating a statistically significant number of individual measurements of the same radio link by different subgroups by evaluating them using a histogram according to FIG. 2d.

As can be seen in FIG. 2d, a statistical evaluation, such as the measurement values obtained above, can take place in the form of a histogram 19 which is dependent on the direction of reception and which specifies the position and frequency of reception minima and / or reception maxima n with definable settings of phase shifters used to determine the phase shift and allows an improvement in the determination of the direction of reception of a mobile radio transmission by weighting.

For this purpose, the center of gravity can be carried out in the histogram 19 in a 360 ° repeating system by determining the centroid 16 of a histogram 19 arranged on a circle 18 with the radius 1 around the zero point 17 , the number n _{i of} the minima / maxima 21 is applied at the respective angular position (ie the setting of the phase shifter) and quasi represents the "weight". In this way, in an environment with multipath propagation, unavoidable jumps of the minima / maxima 21 by up to + 180 ° or -180 ° with respect to the center of gravity 16 of the histogram 19 are evaluated equally. In addition, the distance 23 of the determined centroid 16 from the zero point 17 provides a measure of the quality of the histogram 19 , the connecting line between the zero point 17 and the centroid 16 also defines the direction 26 of the centroid in the histogram 19 . If it is close to 1, it is good and the direction is very clear, if it is close to 0, only a few new measured values would lead to a completely different direction, so the quality is poor. In practice, the numbers n _{i of} the minima / maxima at the respective angular position (ie according to the setting of the phase shifter) are plotted on the circle 18 and contribute to the formation of the center of gravity according to their size. If the numbers n _i corresponding to all the settings of the phase shifter 3 are plotted for every degree of phase shift, the corresponding histogram 19 can be created.

Furthermore, it is conceivable that 19 quality classes are determined from the histogram, which allow a classification of the reception minima 21 and / or reception maxima 21 with regard to their accuracy. If, for example, in continuation of the idea of determining quality classes, the distance 23 of a minimum 21 and / or maximum 21 from the focal point 16 of the histogram and / or the standard deviation and / or the ratio of the signal strength at the minimum position n _i and the maximum position n _i and / or the absolute or the relative signal level and / or the amount of the qualitatively good measured values are used overall, then a further selection of the measured values can take place in such a way that the measured values are only included in the overall result of the direction determination according to their determined quality class and thus a simple and quickly calculable evaluation of the measured values.

In FIGS. 3 to 8 show different configurations of the antenna assembly 11 according to the invention and downstream evaluation electronics are illustrated, wherein there is only a schematic configuration of the antennas 1 and their logical interconnection with the evaluation electronics.

The configuration of an antenna assembly 11 shown in FIG. 3 shows two paired subarrays 1, 1 ', the sub arrays 1, 1' are arranged on the corners of a rectangle. Furthermore, a transfer switch 24 can be seen, which enables a switchover between the horizontally superposed subgroups of subarrays 1 , 1 'and thereby enables the partial suppression of reflections of the radio waves at the bottom of the installation site of the antenna arrangement 11 . Phase shifters 3 can be saved by using a transfer switch 24 . The transfer switch 24 is used to switch between horizontal and vertical swivel operation of the antenna arrangement 11 . In monitoring mode, the system switches to horizontal swivel operation and is detected with continuous swiveling of the main lobe. After the detection, the phase is then set in the localization mode so that a zero point is used for localization. This is done horizontally and vertically in succession by switching the transfer switch 24 once.

The arrangement outlined in FIG. 4 shows a simplified antenna arrangement 11 made up of 3 subarrays 1 , 1 'with extended switching options. In the monitoring mode, the transfer switch 24 is brought into the dashed position and thus only one antenna group 1 , 1 'is controlled. The second switch 25 can then be used to switch between horizontal and vertical zeros, by alternatively operating two elements of the subarrays 1 , 1 'arranged horizontally or vertically.

The arrangement outlined in FIG. 5 shows an antenna arrangement made up of 4 subarrays 1 , 1 ', which offers a further switchover option compared to that of FIG. 4. In the localization mode (transfer switch 24 in the solid position), the switch 25 can be used to switch to vertical scanning (solid) and two different configurations of horizontal scanning (dashed positions). In the first arrangement for horizontal scanning, two horizontally adjacent subarrays 1 , 1 '(bottom right in FIG. 5) are operated. This enables the pivoting of a zero over the entire area for rough localization (relatively large zero width). In the second mode, two more distant subarrays 1 , 1 'are operated (bottom right outside and bottom left outside), which reduces the width of the zero point, but creates an ambiguity. Localization can be guaranteed if both scans are performed sequentially.

If the horizontal or vertical coverage area of an individual subarray 1 , 1 'in the monitoring mode is not sufficiently large, a slight swiveling of the main lobe can already be used in the monitoring mode, as indicated in FIG. 6. The activation of the antenna arrangement 11 does not differ from the activation when a zero point is pivoted. For the construction of the antenna arrangement 11 , this means that the transfer switch 24 provided in FIG. 4 can be saved and thus monitoring can take place when the switch 25 is in the middle position (horizontal swivel) or right position (vertical swivel).

The circuit according to FIG. 7 represents a simplification of the arrangement from FIG. 4 analogous to the comments on FIG. 6.

If a multidimensional scanning is desired, an arrangement with at least three phase shifters 3 must be used, as shown in FIG . In order to enable a sufficiently precise horizontal location, a change-over by switches 25, 25 'between unambiguous but coarse localization (solid switch position) and ambiguous, but finer localization is shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 (dotted switch position) is provided. In monitoring mode, the main lobe (expediently when operating in the pulled switch position), as described in relation to FIG. 6, can be pivoted alternately to two fixed positions in order to cover the largest possible area.

• - für eine horizontale grobe Abtastung die Antennen H und I zu einer Untergruppe
• - für eine horizontale feine Abtastung die Antennen H und D zu einer Untergruppe
• - für eine horizontale grobe Abtastung mit polarisation diversity die Antennen K und G zu einer Untergruppe
• - für eine horizontale feine Abtastung mit polarisation diversity die Antennen C und G zu einer Untergruppe
• - für eine vertikale grobe Abtastung entweder die Antennen E und F oder die Antennen F und H jeweils zu einer Untergruppe
• - für eine vertikale feine Abtastung die Antennen H und E zu einer Untergruppe

zusammengefaßt und die jeweils gewonnenen Signale wie vorstehend beschrieben mittels Histogramm 19, Plausibilitätsbetrachtung und/oder funktechnischer Bewertung korrigiert. Sachnummernliste 1, 1' Antenne/Einzelantenne/Subarray
2 Antennentor
3 Phasenschieber
4 Combiner
5 Ausgangssignal
6 Analog/Digital-Wandler
7 Rauscharmer Verstärker
8 Logikbausteine
9 Mischer
10 Bandpaßfilter
11 Antennenarray
12 überwachtes Gebäude
13 Raum
14 Mobilfunksender
15 einfallende Mobilfunkwellen
16 Flächenschwerpunkt
17 Auflager
18 Kreis
19 Histogramm
20 Minima/Maxima
21 positiver Winkelbereich
22 negativer Winkelbereich
23 Gütemaß
24 Transferschalter
25 Umschalter
26 Richtung des Schwerpunktes im Histogramm
27 Phasenverschiebung des Phasenschiebers
28 Bodenreflexion
29 Funktionsverläufe
30 Schnitte
31 Berge
32 Täler
An embodiment of the antenna arrangement 11 is shown in FIG. 9, which enables the most diverse possible combination of the scans to determine mobile radio transmissions within buildings 12 . Here, in combination of the individual principles described above, the following subgroups of antennas 1 or subarrays 1 are formed and used to determine the respective minima or maxima. The antenna elements A to K are basically of a similar or even identical design and are interconnected in different subgroups as described below in order to be able to use the various measurement characteristics of the subgroups as advantageously as possible. So be

• - For a horizontal rough scan antennas H and I to a sub-group
• - for a horizontal fine scan antennas H and D to a sub-group
• - for a horizontal coarse scan with polarization diversity, the antennas K and G to a subgroup
• - for horizontal fine scanning with polarization diversity, antennas C and G to a sub-group
• - for a vertical coarse scan either antennas E and F or antennas F and H each to a sub-group
• - for a vertical fine scan antennas H and E to a sub-group

summarized and the signals obtained in each case, as described above, corrected by means of histogram 19 , plausibility check and / or radio-technical evaluation. Part number list 1 , 1 'antenna / single antenna / subarray
2 antenna gates
3 phase shifters
4 combiners
5 output signal
6 analog / digital converters
7 low noise amplifier
8 logic modules
9 mixers
10 bandpass filters
11 antenna array
12 monitored buildings
13 room
14 mobile radio transmitters
15 incoming cellular waves
16 area focus
17 supports
18 circle
19 histogram
20 minima / maxima
21 positive angular range
22 negative angular range
23 Quality measure
24 transfer switches
25 switches
26 Direction of the center of gravity in the histogram
27 phase shift of the phase shifter
28 Ground reflection
29 Functional curves
30 cuts
31 mountains
32 valleys

Claims (26)

1. Method for recognizing the direction of a mobile radio transmission, in which a number of spatially distributed antennas ( 1 , 1 ') form an antenna array (11, antenna diversity) with which mobile radio waves ( 15 ) originating from a source of the mobile radio transmission are recorded, the Mobile radio waves ( 15 ) received by the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') are used on the basis of their phase shift ( 27 ) to locate the source of the mobile radio transmission, characterized in that a subset of the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') of the antenna array ( 11 ) is activated simultaneously with the reception of the mobile radio waves ( 15 ), with other subgroups in the form of combinations of individual antennas ( 1 , 1 ') being activated in rapid succession from the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') of the antenna array ( 11 ). 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in each case only two of the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') of the antenna array ( 11 ) are activated as a sub-group simultaneously to receive the mobile radio waves ( 15 ). 3. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the switching of the respectively activated subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) is carried out with such a frequency that for a radio link of the mobile radio waves ( 15 ) which is essentially to be regarded as constant, at least one measured value is obtained by different subsets of the antenna array ( 11 ) are detected. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that when evaluating the signals received from the respective subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ), plausibility considerations are carried out which relate the signals received from the respective subgroups to one another. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the speed of the determination of the phase shift ( 27 ) in each measurement and the frequency of switching between the respective subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) and the duration of the measurement are chosen such that from the respective subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) receive such a number of signals that this data can also be evaluated statistically and / or numerically. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the number of signals received by those of the respective subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) during a single essentially constant radio path (a burst) received and statistically and / or is evaluated numerically. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the evaluation of the signals that were received during a single essentially constant radio path to be regarded, numerically based on the equation for the total voltage


he follows. 8. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the number of signals which is received by the respective subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) during a longer duration and running under changing transmission and reception conditions radio link (a number of bursts) received and statistically evaluated. 9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the statistical evaluation takes the form of a reception-direction-dependent determination of histograms ( 19 ), the position and frequency of reception minima and / or reception maxima ( 20 ) with definable settings for determining the phase shift ( 27 ) used phase shifters ( 3 ) and differing subgroups of the antenna arrangement and by weighting allows an improvement in the determination of the reception direction of the mobile radio transmission. 10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that from the histograms ( 19 ) and their temporal assignment to each other quality classes ( 23 ) are determined, which allow classification of the reception minima and / or reception maxima ( 20 ) with regard to their accuracy. 11. The method according to any one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that for determining quality classes ( 23 ) the distance of a minimum and / or maximum ( 20 ) from the center of gravity ( 16 ) of the histogram ( 19 ) and / or the standard deviation and / or the ratio of the signal strength at the minimum position or the maximum position and / or the absolute or the relative signal level and / or the amount of the qualitatively good measured values as a whole are used. 12. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the histograms ( 19 ) is compared with previously recorded histograms, which were obtained for defined mobile radio transmissions from defined transmission locations. 13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the exact location of the transmission location of the mobile radio transmission is only carried out when the presence of a mobile radio transmission in the relevant area was detected during the ongoing examination of the environment of the antenna array ( 11 ). 14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that a mobile radio transmission in the relevant surrounding area around the antenna array ( 11 ) is then considered relevant if a predefinable field strength threshold and / or an angular range based on the transmission location of the mobile radio transmission has been exceeded. 15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a radio-technical analysis of the environment around the antenna array ( 11 ) is carried out and the measurements of the individual subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) are corrected on the basis of the results of this analysis. 16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the evaluation of the signals received by the antenna array ( 11 ) is carried out on standard computers. 17. Antenna arrangement for recognizing the direction of a mobile radio transmission, in particular using the method according to claim 1, in which a number of spatially distributed antennas ( 1 , 1 ') form an antenna array (11, antenna diversity) with which emanates from a source of the mobile radio transmission mobile shafts (15) are taken up from the surroundings of the antenna array (11), wherein the received Mobuilfunkwellen be (15) used for locating the source of the mobile radio transmission based on their phase shift (27), characterized in that the antennas (1, 1 ') of the Antenna arrays ( 11 ) are arranged horizontally and vertically to one another at different distances, essentially in one plane (space diversity). 18. Antenna arrangement according to claim 17, characterized in that the arrangement and the spacing of the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') of the antenna array ( 11 ) to each other and the combination of individual antennas ( 1 , 1 ') to sub-groups adapted to different measuring tasks and measuring accuracy of individual Subgroups of antennas ( 1 , 1 ') can be configured. 19. Antenna arrangement according to claim 18, characterized in that as related sub-groups of the antenna array ( 11 ) always antennas ( 1 , 1 ') can be activated together in such a way that the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') are narrow in one spatial direction for a first sub-group are adjacent to one another and for another subgroup the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') are spaced apart from one another in the same spatial direction. 20. Antenna arrangement according to claim 19, characterized in that the measurement with the closely adjacent antennas ( 1 , 1 ') of the first sub-group a rough localization, the measurement with the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') arranged at a greater distance from one another of the second sub-group enables a more precise localization of the mobile radio transmission. 21. Antenna arrangement according to one of claims 17 to 20, characterized in that within the antenna array ( 11 ) antennas ( 1 , 1 ') with different polarization directions (polarization diversity) can be used. 22. Antenna arrangement according to claim 21, characterized in that within the antenna array ( 11 ) antennas ( 1 , 1 ') can be used, which can be polarized both horizontally and vertically. 23. Antenna arrangement according to one of claims 17 to 22, characterized in that plane antenna plates made of at least one active antenna element can be used as antennas ( 1 , 1 '). 24. Antenna arrangement according to one of claims 17 to 23, characterized in that at least one separate phase shifter ( 3 ) is provided for each antenna ( 1 , 1 ') of the antenna array ( 1 , 1 '). 25. Antenna arrangement according to claim 24, characterized in that each antenna ( 1 , 1 ') of the antenna array ( 11 ) can be connected in terms of circuitry to at least one phase shifter ( 3 ) via transfer switches ( 24 ). 26. Antenna arrangement according to one of claims 17 to 25, characterized in that the antennas ( 1 , 1 ') of the subgroups of the antenna array ( 11 ) can be connected to one another in terms of circuitry via a combiner ( 4 ).