DE1648322A1 - Measuring or switching element made of bimetal - Google Patents

Measuring or switching element made of bimetal

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Publication number
DE1648322A1
DE1648322A1 DE19671648322 DE1648322A DE1648322A1 DE 1648322 A1 DE1648322 A1 DE 1648322A1 DE 19671648322 DE19671648322 DE 19671648322 DE 1648322 A DE1648322 A DE 1648322A DE 1648322 A1 DE1648322 A1 DE 1648322A1
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Germany
Prior art keywords
bimetal
bimetallic
thermal expansion
resistance
insulating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
DE19671648322
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German (de)
Inventor
Wolfgang Vettermann
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Mannesmann VDO AG
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Mannesmann VDO AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mannesmann VDO AG filed Critical Mannesmann VDO AG
Publication of DE1648322A1 publication Critical patent/DE1648322A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H37/00Thermally-actuated switches
    • H01H37/02Details
    • H01H37/32Thermally-sensitive members
    • H01H37/52Thermally-sensitive members actuated due to deflection of bimetallic element
    • H01H37/54Thermally-sensitive members actuated due to deflection of bimetallic element wherein the bimetallic element is inherently snap acting
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H61/00Electrothermal relays
    • H01H61/01Details
    • H01H61/013Heating arrangements for operating relays

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft MOB- oder Schaltglieder aus Bimetall mit-einer Helzwiöklung aus elektrischem Wideretandsmaterialo Teile aus Bimetall, die sich bei einer Temperaturänderung infolge der unterschiedlichen Wärmedehnung der beiden Metall. schichten in einer bestimmten Richtung verbiegen, werden in den verschiedensten Formen für temperaturabhängige MeB## und Schaltvorgänge verwendet. Es ist ferner bekennt- Bimetallglieder mit einer elektri. oben Widerstandewioklung" einer , sogenannten Heizwivklungfür die Anzeige von Meßwerten oder für bestimmte Sohaltfunktiorien zu verwenden, wann die Meö,# oder Schaltgrüße-als ein bestimmter Stromfluß darstellbar ist. Die vom M®H## oder äohaltstärom durchflossene Ileiz,-dokgung des Bimetallgliedes bewirkt Eber dir durch ihren. Widerstand erzeugte Wärme die Ausbiegung des Bimetallgliedeswelche in eine b%8wertanzeige umgesetzt oder fr die Auslösung einen Sohaltvorgangen benutzt wird. Die Verwendung von Bimetallgliedern für e.Olohe Zwecke . idt jedoch wegen der einer Temperatureinwirkung nur zögernd folgenden Verbiegung des Bimetalls nuT@Tiegm oder Schaltvorgänge beeohränkt, welche keine schnellen Größenändercangen aufweisen oder wann die verzögernde und integrierende Wirkung den Bimetalligleden erwUnsoht ist* . Die Iieizwioklung ®oloher Mefl-. oder Sohaltglteder aus Bimetall wurde bisher als Wideretsndedrahtwioklung um des Bmetsllglied mit dem jeweils erforderlichen elektrieohen Widigatandewert gewinkelte Durph die notwendige l®plation des Widerstands.. drahten sowie den -toi weise unvermeidlichen Abstand der. Heizwiokl=g von-der Oberrfläohe des Bimetallgliedee und den daduroh gebildeten Wtpoleter wird der Wärmeübergang ton; der Heizwicklung auf da® Bimetall und dessen Aueblegung noüh susätdlioh verzögerte Bei der Herstellung eoldher -Bimetallw glieder ,mit Heisw:Loklungen in der Oerienfertigung ~t so -außerdem recht schwierig, eine Gleichförmigkeit den Wärme, übergangen und damit der einzelnen Bimetallglieder unterein-# ander zu erreichen* Die Erfindung eohaltet diesen Nachteil weitgehend aus und vermindert außerdem die Verzögerung der Ausbiegung den Bim' metallglieden erheblich, sie besteht darin"- dßß auf dem Bi- metall eine Isollersohioht und auf dieser die Ileizwioklung als dünne Sohioht aus elektrischem Widerstandsmaterial fest aufgebracht ist. Um einen besondein wirkungsvollen Wärmew übergang von der Heizsahieht auf das Bimetall zu erreialien, ist en vorteilhaft, die Isolier.. sowie die Widerstandeeähioht nur auf der Schichtseite den Bimetalle mit höherer Wärmeausdehnung aufzubringen. Um die Biegefähigkeit den Bimetallgliedeg durch die Isolier- und Wideratandeeohioht so wenig wie möglich zu beeinträchtigen, ist en ferner zweokmäßigf die-Isoliersohiƒht aus einem elastieohen, temperaturbeständigen Werkstoff herzustellen und nur einen 2e11 der Bimetallfläohs mit Widerstandsmaterial zu beeohiohten, beispielsweise nur in Streifenform. Größere Widerstandswerte kann man durch einen längeren Leitungsweg erreichen, wenn die Widerstandesohioht in der Form einen Leitungsmusters, zum Beispiel in Form von Mäandern nach Art einer gedruckten Schaltung auf der Ieoliersohloht aufgebracht wird. Um den Biegewiderstand der sueätzliohen Schicht so klein wie möglich zu halten ist es ferner vorteilhaft, der Ieoliersahioht die gleiche Form wie die der fideretandeschieht, also z,B, die@Yorm des Leitung®musters zu geben, Die Brfindung bietet neben der .leichteren Möglichkeit einer gleichmäßigen Pertigung mehrere erhebliche Voriteile,t Zunächst wird die Wär*ewirkung durch die einseitige Anordnung der Fideretandssohioht auf der Sohiahteeite des Bimetalle mit höherer Wärmedehnung erheblich verbeeeert, weil die Bimetall sohioht mit geringerer Wärmesuedehnung unbeheist bleibt und dadurch eine Temperaturdifferent in den beiden Schichten den Bimetalle entsteht, welche die- Aue Biegung erheblich besohleunigl Diese Wirkung kann noch durch eine Zusätzliche eleetieehe wärmeisolierende Schicht auf der Widerstandssohioht yerstärht werden. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist, daß das Bimetallglied jede beliebige Form, insbesondere auch Scheibenform haben kann, auf welche das Wickeln einer Widerstandsdrahtwioklung sehr schwierig, wenn nicht überhaupt unmöglich ist., Die Aufbringung der Widerstandasehieht in der Form eines Leitungsmusters nach Art einer gedruckten Sohaitung kann in bekannter Weise durch Ätzen oder durch unmittelbares Bedrucken erfolgen. Deegleiohen kann die elastische Isölierechidht iri gleicher Form aufgedruäkt oder ausgeätzt werden Eine weitere Vergrößerung der Temperaturdifferens zwischen der beheizten und unbeheiztea Bimetallschioht und dadurch eine größere Beschleunigung der Ausbiegung kann durch eine Vergrößerung der wärmeabstrahlenden Oberfläche der uribeheizten Sohiohtseite mit geringerer Wärmedehnung erreicht werden, wenn diese Oberfläche gewellt oder geriffelt oder gekordelt oder mit Rippen versehen wirda Die wärmoableitung von der uribeheizten Schicht und damit die Beschleunigung der Ausbßegung kann ferner noch durch den Einbau des Bime$allgliedee in einen Behälter und Einbetten zumindest mit seiner un beheisten Schichtseite in ein gut wärmeleitendes Medium weiter verbessert werden, Irr der Zeichnung sind ein Schnitt durch ein Bimetallglied sowie Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sehematisoh dargestelltb Die Zeichnung zeigt in Fig.1 eine SQhnittanaicht der verschiedenen Sohiohten den Bimetallgliedes nach der Erfindung* Fig62 eine Draufsicht auf ein bandförmiges Bimetallglied, . Fig63 eine Draufsicht auf ein aaheibenförmiges Bimetallglied, Figa4 und 5 Seitenansichten von scheibenförmigen Dimetallgli_edern mit verschiedener Haltering,, Gemäß Pigo1 besteht das Bimetall aus den beiden metallischen Grundschichten 1 und 2, Die Smhiaht 1 besteht aus einem Metall geringerer Wärmeausdehnung als die Ketallschioht 2 mit wegentlioh größerer Wärmeausdehnung a Die Schicht 1 mit geringerer Wärmedehnung bleibt unbeheizt und soll einen möglichst guten Wärmeübergang auf das umgebende TJedium haben, Zweckmäßig ist es daher, die äußere Oberlläohe 1a zu wellen oder zu riffeln oder zu kordeln oder mit Rippen zu versehen, Auf der anderen Schicht 2 mit großer Wärmedehnung ist eine Isoller®ohioht aufgebrachte Diese kann beispielsweise aus einem elastisoeßn Isolierstoff mit guter Temperaturbeständigkeit beatehedie Biegefähigkeit des Bimetallgliedes möglichst wenig zu beeinträchtigen. Sie kann aber auch aus einer Oxydsehleht der Metl.lsohioht 2 selbst bestehen Auf-der ieöliereehieht 3 ist eine Schicht 4 aus 'elektrischem Widerstandsmaterial und darüber gegebenenfalls eine wärmetoolierende Schicht 5 aufgebracht a Pige2 zeigt die Draufsloht auf ein bandförmiges Bimetallglied mit einem vienderförmfgen Leitungsmuster der Wideretandesehicht 4, Pig.3 zeigt ein scheibenförmiges Bimetallglied mit einem der Kreisform angepasoten Leitungsmuster der Wi-leretandssohicht 4, imd zwar mit einer Halterung der Scheibe an ihrem Umfange, wie sie in Pig.4 in einer Seitenansicht gezeigt ist, mit dem entsprechenden Aneehluß der elektrischen am äUeren Rande des Mäandermuotere. Die Bimetalleoheibekann bei Normaltemperatur und unheheizt eben stein. Bei einer Erwärmung krümmt sie sich dann mit der be- heizten Bimetallechloht 2 auf der Außenseite der Krümmung, Wird die Bimetallebheibe kfalottenförmig vorgelogen mit der beheizten Bimetalleoliieht 2 auf der Innenseite der Krümmung bei Normaltemperatur und im umbeheizten Zuotand , denn kippt die Binetallgoheibe bei Erwärmung der Sehicht 2 durch die gedruckte Ileizwioklung - 4 in Pfeilrichtung in die geetriohielte gezeichnete Stellung. In Pig.5 ist eine Seitenansicht einer Bimetalleaheibe mit zentraler Befestigung gezeigt, die bei Erwärmung durch die Widerstandesohicht 4 um den Befestigungepunktmit ihrem Umfang in die 'gestrichelte Lage umspringt. Auohein bandförmiges Bimetallgl;.ed, welches entweder in der litte oder an seinen Enden gehalten in gleicher Weine varge» bogen als Kippglied ausgebildet sein. Durmh die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung der Heizwicklung nur auf der Oberflächenseite der Bimetalleehiahtmit großer Wärmedehnung ist es möglich, daß bimetallglied selbst als Kippglied auszubilden und die Anordnung einer speziellen Kippfeder einzusparen. Eine besonders geringe Verzögerung der Anzeige jeden M--98-werten, der durch einen Stromciert darstellbar ist, kann erreicht werden, wenn die unbeheizte Bimetallsohioht ! in einem gut wärmeleitenden Medium eingebettet ist. Figo4 zeigt schematisch eine solche Einbettung in einer ivietallkapnel 6, welche beispielsweise mit einem gut wärmeleitenden öl oder auch mit Quecksilber gefüllt ist, Die Kapsel pelbst kann in bekannter !'.'eise in gut wärmeableitender Verbindung stehen" Auf einen sicheren Drumkausgleieh auf beiden Seiten den Bimetallgliedes muß dabei geachtet werden (nicht dargestellt),The invention relates to MOB or switching elements made of bimetal with a helmet ring made of electrical resistance material, parts made of bimetal, which change when the temperature changes as a result of the different thermal expansion of the two metals. Bending layers in a certain direction are used in a wide variety of forms for temperature-dependent measurement and switching processes. It is also confessed- bimetallic links with an electric. Top Widerstandewioklung "a so-called Heizwivklungfür the display of measured values or Sohaltfunktiorien certain to use when the # MEOE, or be represented switching Greetings-than a certain current flow. The M®H from ## or äohaltstärom-carrying Ileiz, the Bimetallgliedes -dokgung causes The heat generated by their resistance results in the bending of the bimetal element, which is converted into a value display or used to trigger a holding process. The use of bimetal elements for purposes, however, is only hesitant because of the effect of temperature @Tiegm or switching operations beeohränkt having no quick Größenändercangen or when the retarding effect and integrating the Bimetalligleden is erwUnsoht *. the Iieizwioklung ®oloher Mefl-. Sohaltglteder or bimetal has been as Wideretsndedrahtwioklung to the Bmetsllglied with the respectively required elektrieohen Widigatan dewert angled durph the necessary l®plation of the resistance .. wires as well as the -toi wise unavoidable distance of the. Heizwiokl = g from-the surface of the bimetallic link and the daduroh formed Wtpoleter, the heat transfer is ton; the heating coil on DA® bimetal and its Aueblegung noüh susätdlioh delayed In the preparation eoldher -Bimetallw limbs, with Heisw: Loklungen in the Oerienfertigung ~ t so -außerdem quite difficult to obtain a uniformity of the heat passed over, and thus the individual Bimetallglieder among each other # * reaching the invention eohaltet this disadvantage largely and also reduce the delay of the deflection of the Bim 'metal Glieden significantly, it is "- dßß on the bimetallic a Isollersohioht and on this the Ileizwioklung is applied as a thin Sohioht of electrically resistive material laid . to a special your effective Wärmew transition from the Heizsahieht on the bimetal to Errei alien, s is advantageous for the insulating .. and apply the Widerstandeeähioht only on the coated side of the bimetal strips with a higher thermal expansion. to the Bimetallgliedeg through the insulating and Wideratandeeohioht the bendability so as little as possible to be affected chtigen, en is also the-Isoliersohiƒht from a elastieohen, temperature-resistant material zweokmäßigf manufacture and beeohiohten only one of 2E11 Bimetallfläohs of resistive material, for example, only in strip form. Larger resistance values can be achieved by using a longer conduction path if the resistance resistor is applied to the insulating material in the form of a line pattern, for example in the form of meanders in the manner of a printed circuit. To keep the bending resistance of the sueätzliohen layer as small as possible it is also advantageous that Ieoliersahioht the same shape as that of the fideretandeschieht, so e, g, to give the @ Yorm of Leitung®musters The Brfindung offers the possibility .leichteren a uniform Pertigung several significant Voriteile, t First, the Wär * ewirkung by the one-sided arrangement of the Fideretandssohioht on the Sohiahteeite the bimetals with a higher thermal expansion significantly verbeeeert because the bimetal sohioht remains free Heist lower Wärmesuedehnung and thereby a temperature Different in the two layers the bimetals arises, which accelerates the bending considerably . This effect can be strengthened by an additional electrical heat-insulating layer on the resistance layer. Another advantage is that the bimetal element can have any shape, in particular also a disk shape, on which the winding of a resistance wire coil is very difficult, if not impossible at all known way through Etching or by direct printing. The elastic insulation sheet can be pressed on or etched out in the same shape. A further increase in the temperature difference between the heated and unheated bimetallic sheet and thus a greater acceleration of the deflection can be achieved by enlarging the heat-radiating surface of the originally heated sheet metal side if this surface is corrugated with less thermal expansion or is fluted or corded or provided with ribsa The heat dissipation from the originally heated layer and thus the acceleration of the excavation can also be further improved by installing the bimetallic link in a container and embedding at least its unheistened layer side in a good heat-conducting medium , Irr of the drawing, a section through a bimetal, as well as embodiments of the invention sehematisoh dargestelltb the drawing shows in Fig.1 a SQhnittanaicht the various Sohiohten the Bimetallgliedes by d he invention * Fig62 is a plan view of a band-shaped bimetal link. Fig63 is a top view of a disc-shaped bimetallic link, Figa4 and 5 side views of disc-shaped Dimetallgli_edern with different retaining ring, According to Pigo1, the bimetal consists of the two metallic base layers 1 and 2, The Smhiaht 1 consists of a metal of lower thermal expansion than the Ketallschioht 2 with greater Wegentlioh Thermal expansion a The layer 1 with lower thermal expansion remains unheated and should have the best possible heat transfer to the surrounding medium. It is therefore advisable to corrugate or flute or cord or to provide ribs on the outer surface 1a, on the other layer 2 with high thermal expansion is an Isoller®ohioht applied. This can, for example, consist of a elastisoeßn insulating material with good temperature resistance beatehed the flexibility of the bimetal link as possible little to affect. But it can also consist of a Oxydsehleht the Metl.lsohioht 2 itself made on-the ieöliereehieht 3 is a layer 4 of 'electrically resistive material and also optionally a wärmetoolierende layer 5 is applied a Pige2 shows the Draufsloht on a tape-shaped bimetal member with a vienderförmfgen line pattern of Wideretandesehicht 4, Pig. 3 shows a disk-shaped bimetallic element with a circular shape adapted line pattern of the Wi-leretandssohicht 4, indeed with a holder of the disk on its circumference, as shown in Pig. 4 in a side view, with the corresponding connection of the electrical on the outer edge of the Mäandermuotere. The bimetallic heat exchanger can be stone at normal temperature and unheated. When heated, they then curves with the heated Bimetallechloht 2 on the outside of the curve, is the Bimetallebheibe kfalottenförmig lied with the heated Bimetalleoliieht 2 on the inside of the curve at normal temperature and in umbeheizten Zuotand because tilts the Binetallgoheibe when heated the Sehicht 2 by the printed ileizwioklung - 4 in the direction of the arrow in the geetriohielte drawn position. In Pig.5 a side view of Bimetalleaheibe is shown with a central fastening which when heated by the Widerstandesohicht 4 around the Befestigungepunktmit their U mf HS jumps in the 'broken line position. Auohein band-shaped Bimetallgl; .ed which either held in litte or at its ends in the same wine Varge "arch be formed as a bistable element. Durmh the inventive arrangement of the heating coil only on the surface side of the Bimetalleehiahtmit large thermal expansion, it is possible that bimetal itself form a bistable element and to save the arrangement of a special toggle spring. A particularly short delay in the display of each M - 98 value that can be represented by a Stromciert can be achieved if the unheated bimetallic tube! is embedded in a medium that conducts heat well. Figo4 shows schematically such an embedding in a ivietallkapnel 6, which is for example filled with a good heat-conducting oil or with mercury, The capsule pelbst can in a known! '.' Else in good heat dissipating compound are "on a secure Drumkausgleieh on both sides of the Bimetal link must be taken into account (not shown),

Claims (1)

Pa t AtärneIYre cüi e -
Mefl- oder Sehaltglieder aus Bimetall mit einer Heig# wioklung eus elektrischem Widerstandsmaterial, da,@duroh ßtkennselohnet, daß auf dem Bimetall (1,2) eine Idolierm aohieht.(3) fand auf dieser die Heizwicklung als dünne Schicht (4) aus elektrieohem Widerstandematerial fest aufgebracht ist, 2,/ Bimetallglied nach "Anspruch l# dadurch gekenn, zeichnet, daS* die isolier.- (3) sowie die Wideratsndaeohioht (4) auf der Sohiohtseite (2) der Bimetalle mit größerer Wärmeausdehnung aufgebracht ist, 3./ Bimetsllglied nach den Ansprüchen '! und 2, dadurch kennzeichnet, daß nur ein Teil der Oberfläche des Bimetaligliedee mit Wideretandematerial (4) beschichtet ist. 4./ Bimetallglied nach einem der vorangehenden Anepräch8, dadurch gekennzeiohnot, daB die Widerstandeeohiaht (4) in der.Porm einen Leitung®mustere (z.B. Mäander) riaeh Art einer gedrückten Schaltung aug der Ieoliereohioht aufgebracht ist, -.( Bimetallglied nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dsduroh-gekenn w zei, dae die Idoliereohioht (3) in der gleichen Form wie die Widerstandeaohioht-(4) auf dem Bimetall (2) autgebraaht ist. _ , 6,/ Bimetallglied nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, Aaduro&*ennzeiohnet# da8- auf der Widerstandesohioht (4) eine elaetieohe, wärmeisolierende Sohieht (5) sufgabraoht ist. . 7:/ Bimetallglied nach einem der vorangehenden Aneprücheg dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Oberfläche (ia) der Schichtseite (1) des Bimetalle mit kleinerer Wärmeauedehnung zur 'Vergrößerung der !@ärmesbetrahlung ge- wellt oder geriffelt oder gekordelt oder mit Rippen versehen ieta 8a/ Bimetallglied-nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ea=gekrümmt mit der be- heizten Bimetalleahicht (?' größerer Wärmedehnung auf der Innenseite der Krümmung ausgebildet und an n einen Enden oder an seinem Umtange gehalten 19t. 90% Bimetallglied nach Anspruch 8, Aadurch gekennzeiphnet, daß es in einem Behälter (6) eingebaut und in diesem zumindest mit seiner unbeheizten Bimetallsohichtm seite (1) in einem gut wärmeleitenden Medium (x) eingebettet ist.
Pa t AtärneIYre cüi e -
Mefl or Sehaltglieder made of bimetal with a Heig # wioklung eus electrical resistance material, because, @ duroh ßkennselohnet that on the bimetal (1, 2) an idolierm aoh is. (3) found on this the heating winding as a thin layer (4) of electrically resistive Resistance material is firmly applied, 2, / bimetallic link according to "claim l # characterized, characterized in that * the insulating (3) and the resistance (4) is applied to the sole (2) of the bimetallic with greater thermal expansion , 3. / Bimetsllglied according to claims'! and 2, characterized indicates that only part of the surface is coated the Bimetaligliedee with Wideretandematerial (4). 4. / bimetal according to one of the preceding Anepräch8, gekennzeiohnot in Dab Widerstandeeohiaht (4) in the .Porm a Leitung®mustere (eg meander) riaeh kind of a pressed circuit aug the Ieoliereohioht is applied, -. (bimetal blade according to claim 3 or 4, dsduroh-labeled in w zei that Idoliereohioht (3) in the dae g the same shape as the resistance (4) is autgebraaht on the bimetal (2). _, 6, / bimetallic link according to one of the preceding claims, Aaduro & * ennzeiohnet # da8- an elastic, heat-insulating shoe (5) is sufgabraoht on the resistor (4). . 7: / bimetal according to one of the preceding Aneprücheg characterized in that the surface (ia) of the layer side (1) of the bimetals smaller Wärmeauedehnung to 'increase of the @ ärmesbetrahlung overall curl or serrated or knurled or provided with ribs IETA 8a / bimetal! -to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that EA = curved with the loading heated Bimetalleahicht (? 'greater thermal expansion on the inside of the curve formed at n 19t one end or supported at its Umtange. 90% bimetal member according to claim 8, Aadurch gekennzeiphnet that it is incorporated in a container (6) and embedded therein at least side with its unheated Bimetallsohichtm (1) in a highly thermally conductive medium (x).
DE19671648322 1967-07-20 1967-07-20 Measuring or switching element made of bimetal Pending DE1648322A1 (en)

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Cited By (68)

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FR2385181A1 (en) * 1977-03-24 1978-10-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert BILAME WITH ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENT
EP0194512A2 (en) * 1985-03-08 1986-09-17 E.G.O. Elektrogeräte AG Electrical heater for a bimetal, in particular for an electrical power regulator
EP0999934A1 (en) * 1997-07-15 2000-05-17 Silver Brook Research Pty, Ltd A thermally actuated ink jet
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