DE19851489A1 - Front bonnet of motor vehicle has flexurally rigid bottom structure, skin-type top layer, and intermediate layer forming deformable, inflatable chambers acting as airbags - Google Patents

Front bonnet of motor vehicle has flexurally rigid bottom structure, skin-type top layer, and intermediate layer forming deformable, inflatable chambers acting as airbags

Info

Publication number
DE19851489A1
DE19851489A1 DE1998151489 DE19851489A DE19851489A1 DE 19851489 A1 DE19851489 A1 DE 19851489A1 DE 1998151489 DE1998151489 DE 1998151489 DE 19851489 A DE19851489 A DE 19851489A DE 19851489 A1 DE19851489 A1 DE 19851489A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
chambers
front hood
skin
intermediate layer
motor vehicle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE1998151489
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Ruprecht Sinnhuber
Oskar Ries
Martin Schmuecker
Gerhard Zogalla
Ludovicus Poppelaars
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Volkswagen AG
Original Assignee
Volkswagen AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Volkswagen AG filed Critical Volkswagen AG
Priority to DE1998151489 priority Critical patent/DE19851489A1/en
Publication of DE19851489A1 publication Critical patent/DE19851489A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
    • B60R21/34—Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
    • B60R2019/007—Means for adjusting or regulating the crash absorption capacity of the vehicle, e.g. when detecting an impending collision
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
    • B60R21/34—Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians
    • B60R2021/343—Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians using deformable body panel, bodywork or components

Abstract

The bonnet has a flexurally rigid bottom structure(1), a skin-type top layer(3), and an intermediate layer(4) forming deformable chambers(5). The chambers are inflatable like an airbag and are in communication through at least one pipe with at least one gas generator(7), and have a sensor(8) in the form of a crash switch or contact transducer on the front section of the vehicle.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine mehrschichtige Fronthaube für ein Kraftfahrzeug.The invention relates to a multilayer front hood for a motor vehicle.

In großem Umfange im Einsatz sind Fronthauben, die als wesentliche Bestandteile zwei Bleche, nämlich ein Außenblech und ein als Unterstruktur zu bezeichnendes Innenblech, aufweisen, die an den Haubenrändern miteinander verbunden sind. Derartige Hauben lassen sich relativ steif ausführen, wobei zusätzliche Maßnahmen, beispielsweise nach Art von Sollknickstellen, getroffen sein können, die bei einem Frontalcrash eine gezielte Umsetzung von Aufprallenergie in Verformungsarbeit sicherstellen bzw. zum Schutze der Insassen ein gezieltes Ausknicken nach oben gewährleisten. Während eine derartige bekannte Gestaltung einer Fronthaube primär dem Schutz von Fahrzeuginsassen bei einem Frontalcrash dient, befaßt sich die Erfindung mit einer "fußgängerfreundlichen" Ausbildung einer Fronthaube. Bekanntlich sind Fußgänger bei Kollisionen mit Kraftfahrzeugen aufgrund physikalischer Bedingungen besonders gefährdet, da der Vorderwagen eines Kraftfahrzeugs im Vergleich zu einem Fußgänger aufgrund vieler Anforderungen sehr hart und steif ist. Insbesondere besteht die Gefahr, daß beim Aufprall eines Fußgängers von oben auf die Fronthaube des Fahrzeugs Kopfverletzungen entstehen, da die Fronthaube, wie dargelegt, relativ steif ausgelegt ist und demgemäß erst bei großer Aufprallenergie verformt wird.Bonnets, which are two essential components, are widely used Sheets, namely an outer sheet and an inner sheet to be referred to as a substructure, have, which are connected to each other at the hood edges. Such hoods can be carried out relatively stiff, with additional measures, for example after Kind of predetermined kinks, which can be targeted in a frontal crash Ensure the implementation of impact energy in deformation work or to protect the Ensure that the occupants specifically buckle upwards. While such well-known design of a front hood primarily for the protection of vehicle occupants serves a frontal crash, the invention deals with a "pedestrian-friendly" Training of a front hood. It is known that pedestrians are involved in collisions Motor vehicles are particularly at risk due to physical conditions, as the Front of a motor vehicle compared to a pedestrian due to many Requirements is very hard and stiff. In particular, there is a risk that when Impact of a pedestrian from above on the front hood of the vehicle Head injuries occur because, as stated, the front hood is designed to be relatively rigid and is therefore deformed only with high impact energy.

Der Erfindung liegt demgemäß die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine gattungsgemäße Fronthaube zu schaffen, die ohne Beeinträchtigung eines günstigen Verhaltens bei einem Frontalcrash, d. h. ohne Beeinträchtigung des Insassenschutzes, so aufgebaut ist, daß sie auch den Erfordernissen des Fußgängerschutzes Rechnung trägt.The invention is accordingly based on the object of a generic front hood to create that without affecting favorable behavior at a Frontal crash, i.e. H. without impairing occupant protection, is so constructed that it also takes account of the requirements of pedestrian protection.

Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung dieser Aufgabe besteht in den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Hauptanspruchs, vorteilhafte Ausbildungen der Erfindung beschreiben die Unteransprüche. The inventive solution to this problem consists in the characterizing Features of the main claim describe advantageous embodiments of the invention the subclaims.  

Auch bei der erfindungsgemäßen Fronthaube ist also eine für den Insassenschutz und Fahrbetrieb wichtige große Steife sichergestellt, nämlich durch die steif ausgeführte Unterstruktur, die zu diesem Zweck mit Rippen oder Hutprofilen versehen ein kann. Die Steife bzw. Härte dieser Unterstruktur wird sich jedoch bei einem Fußgängeraufprall bei der erfindungsgemäßen Fronthaube allenfalls in einem geringen Maße äußern, da der Aufprall des Fußgängers auf die Oberseite der Haube erfolgt die gegen die Unterstruktur durch die Kammern bildende Zwischenschicht abgedeckt ist. Die Kammern werden beim Körper- oder Kopfaufprall des Fußgängers unter Abstützung an der steifen Unterstruktur deformiert, wobei durch die hautartige Deckschicht eine Verteilung der durch den Fußgänger hervorgerufenen Belastung auf eine Vielzahl von Kammern erfolgt. Aus diesem Grunde ist es zweckmäßig, die Kammern schubübertragend zumindest mit der hautartigen Deckschicht zu verbinden.Also in the case of the front hood according to the invention there is one for occupant protection and Important large stiffness ensured driving, namely by the stiffly executed Substructure that can be provided with ribs or hat profiles for this purpose. The Stiffness or hardness of this substructure will, however, become apparent in the event of a pedestrian impact of the front hood according to the invention at best to a small extent, since the Impact of the pedestrian on the top of the hood takes place against the Substructure is covered by the intermediate layer forming the chambers. The chambers are in the event of a pedestrian collision with the body or head, supported on the stiff Substructure deformed, with a distribution of the load caused by the pedestrian to a large number of chambers. For this reason, it is advisable to at least transmit the shear transfer to connect the skin-like top layer.

Eine besonders wirkungsvolle Konstruktion ergibt sich, wenn die Kammern aufblasbar gestaltet und mit einem nur bei einem Fußgängeraufprall gezündeten Gasgenerator verbunden sind.A particularly effective construction results when the chambers are inflatable designed and with a gas generator ignited only in the event of a pedestrian impact are connected.

Eine derartige Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand der Zeichnung erläutert, die einen Querschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäß ausgebildete Kraftfahrzeug- Fronthaube wiedergibt.Such an embodiment of the invention is described below with reference to the drawing which explains a cross section through a motor vehicle designed according to the invention Front hood reproduces.

Die Fronthaube ist mehrschichtig ausgebildet; man erkennt bei 1 eine steife Unterstruktur, die mit versteifenden Profilen, hier in Gestalt von Hutprofilen 2, versehen ist. Die oberste Schicht dieser Fronthaube bildet die hautartige Deckschicht 3, die beim Aufprall eines Fußgängers eine Lastverteilung auch auf Bereiche der Fronthaube vornimmt, die nicht unmittelbar unter der Aufprallzone des Fußgängers liegen.The front hood is multi-layered; 1 shows a rigid substructure which is provided with stiffening profiles, here in the form of hat profiles 2 . The uppermost layer of this front hood forms the skin-like cover layer 3 , which in the event of a pedestrian impact also distributes the load to areas of the front hood that are not directly below the impact zone of the pedestrian.

Einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der Fronthaube bildet die Zwischenschicht 4 zwischen den beiden beschriebenen Schichten 1 und 3, die in diesem Ausführungsbeispiel airbagartige Kammern 5 bildet, die hier unterschiedlich groß und damit auch unterschiedlich steif sind und somit eine Anpassung an die Wölbung der hautartigen Deckschicht 3 vornehmen. Diese Kammern 5 sind zweckmäßigerweise zumindest an ihrer in der Figur nach oben weisenden Oberfläche mit den anderen Schichten, hier also der hautartigen Deckschicht 3, schubübertragend verbunden, wodurch nicht nur eine Lagefixierung erreicht wird, sondern auch die Lastverteilung durch die hautartige Deckschicht 3 unterstützt wird.An essential component of the front hood is the intermediate layer 4 between the two layers 1 and 3 described , which in this exemplary embodiment forms airbag-like chambers 5 , which here are of different sizes and thus also have different stiffnesses and thus adapt to the curvature of the skin-like cover layer 3 . These chambers 5 are expediently connected to the other layers, in this case the skin-like cover layer 3 , in a shear-transmitting manner, at least on their surface pointing upwards in the figure, which not only fixes the position, but also supports the load distribution by the skin-like cover layer 3 .

Die hier also airbagartig ausgeführten Kammern 5 sind über bei 6 angedeutete Leitungen mit dem Gasgenerator 7 verbunden, der zweckmäßigerweise an der Spritzwand bzw. am Wasserkasten des Kraftfahrzeugs angeordnet und dem der Precrash-Sensor oder Berührungssensor 8 zugeordnet ist. Dieser ist zweckmäßigerweise an einer vorderen Oberkante des Fahrzeugvorderwagens angeordnet und erkennt entweder die Annäherung des Fahrzeugs an einen Fußgänger oder den Beginn der Berührung zwischen Fahrzeug und Fußgänger, so daß sehr schnell die Auslösung des Gasgenerators 7 und damit das Aufblasen der Kammern 5 erfolgt. Durch einen entsprechenden Algorithmus kann der Sensor zwischen Fußgänger- oder Fahrzeugkontakt unterscheiden.The airbag-like chambers 5 here are connected via lines indicated at 6 to the gas generator 7 , which is expediently arranged on the bulkhead or on the water tank of the motor vehicle and to which the pre-crash sensor or touch sensor 8 is assigned. This is expediently arranged on a front upper edge of the front of the vehicle and recognizes either the approach of the vehicle to a pedestrian or the start of contact between the vehicle and pedestrian, so that the gas generator 7 is triggered very quickly and thus the chambers 5 are inflated. The sensor can differentiate between pedestrian and vehicle contact using an appropriate algorithm.

Infolge dieser Ausbildung der Fronthaube kann diese in ihrem steifen Bereich, d. h. im Bereich der Unterstruktur 1, im Hinblick auf den Fahrbetrieb und auf einen Frontalcrash optimiert werden, ohne daß auf einen wirksamen Fußgängerschutz verzichtet werden muß da dieser durch die beiden anderen Schichten 3 und 4 gewährleistet wird, die aber zum Fußgängerschutz auch die steife Unterstruktur 1 heranziehen, indem sie sich auf dieser bei einem Fußgängeraufprall abstützen.As a result of this design of the front hood, its rigid area, that is to say in the area of the substructure 1 , can be optimized with regard to driving operation and a frontal crash, without having to do without effective pedestrian protection, since it is protected by the other two layers 3 and 4 is guaranteed, but which also use the rigid substructure 1 for pedestrian protection by leaning on it in the event of a pedestrian impact.

Verständlicherweise ist es zwecks Beschleunigung des Aufblasvorgangs möglich, einzelnen oder Gruppen der aufblasbaren Kammern 5 individuelle Gasgeneratoren 7 zuzuordnen, die dann auch von individuellen Sensoren 8 her gezündet werden; in diesem Falle können gezielt nur bestimmte Bereiche der Fronthaube, die gerade von dem Fußgänger beaufschlagt werden, aktiviert werden.Understandably, in order to accelerate the inflation process, it is possible to assign individual gas generators 7 to individual or groups of the inflatable chambers 5 , which are then also ignited by individual sensors 8 ; in this case, only certain areas of the front hood that are currently being impacted by the pedestrian can be activated in a targeted manner.

Claims (7)

1. Mehrschichtige Fronthaube für ein Kraftfahrzeug, gekennzeichnet durch eine biegesteife Unterstruktur (1), eine hautartige Deckschicht (3) und eine deformierbare Kammern (5) bildende Zwischenschicht (4) zwischen beiden.1. Multi-layer front hood for a motor vehicle, characterized by a rigid substructure ( 1 ), a skin-like cover layer ( 3 ) and a deformable chambers ( 5 ) forming intermediate layer ( 4 ) between the two. 2. Fronthaube nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch eine Zwischenschicht (4), die als Kammern Waben mit sich zwischen Deckschicht (3) und Unterstruktur (1) erstreckenden, zumindest mit der Deckschicht (3) schubübertragend verbundenen Wänden bildet.2. Front hood according to claim 1, characterized by an intermediate layer ( 4 ) which, as chambers, forms honeycombs with walls extending between the cover layer ( 3 ) and the substructure ( 1 ) and at least connected to the cover layer ( 3 ) in a thrust-transmitting manner. 3. Fronthaube nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kammern (5) aufblasbar ausgebildet und über zumindest eine Leitung (6) mit zumindest einem Gasgenerator (7) in Verbindung stehen, dem ein Sensor (8) nach Art eines Precrash oder Berührungssensors am Vorderwagen des Fahrzeugs zugeordnet ist.3. Front hood according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chambers ( 5 ) are inflatable and are connected via at least one line ( 6 ) to at least one gas generator ( 7 ), which is a sensor ( 8 ) in the manner of a pre-crash or Touch sensor is assigned to the front of the vehicle. 4. Fronthaube nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sensor (8) an einer oberen Vorderkante des Vorderwagens angeordnet ist.4. Front hood according to claim 3, characterized in that the sensor ( 8 ) is arranged on an upper front edge of the front end. 5. Fronthaube nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mehrere Gasgeneratoren einzelnen oder Gruppen der Kammern (5) zugeordnet sind.5. Front hood according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that several gas generators are assigned to individual or groups of the chambers ( 5 ). 6. Fronthaube nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, gekennzeichnet durch Kammern (5) nach Art von Airbags.6. Front hood according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized by chambers ( 5 ) in the manner of airbags. 7. Fronthaube nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Unterstruktur (1) versteifende Profile (2), wie Rippen- oder Hutprofile, aufweist.7. Front hood according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the substructure ( 1 ) has stiffening profiles ( 2 ), such as rib or hat profiles.
DE1998151489 1998-11-09 1998-11-09 Front bonnet of motor vehicle has flexurally rigid bottom structure, skin-type top layer, and intermediate layer forming deformable, inflatable chambers acting as airbags Withdrawn DE19851489A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1998151489 DE19851489A1 (en) 1998-11-09 1998-11-09 Front bonnet of motor vehicle has flexurally rigid bottom structure, skin-type top layer, and intermediate layer forming deformable, inflatable chambers acting as airbags

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1998151489 DE19851489A1 (en) 1998-11-09 1998-11-09 Front bonnet of motor vehicle has flexurally rigid bottom structure, skin-type top layer, and intermediate layer forming deformable, inflatable chambers acting as airbags

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DE19851489A1 true DE19851489A1 (en) 2000-05-11

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10014510A1 (en) * 2000-03-23 2001-10-04 Acts Gmbh & Co Kg Vehicle front hood construction to soften the impact on a pedestrian during an accident
WO2001098118A3 (en) * 2000-06-19 2002-03-28 Delphi Tech Inc Automotive hood of inflatable character
EP1318062A2 (en) * 2001-12-04 2003-06-11 Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG Structural element for a motor vehicle
DE10222512A1 (en) * 2002-05-22 2003-12-11 Volkswagen Ag Energy-absorbing body part, in particular the front hood, for a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle
WO2004078528A1 (en) * 2003-03-06 2004-09-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for monitoring a bonnet on a vehicle
DE102005033949A1 (en) * 2004-07-20 2006-06-08 Magna Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik Ag & Co. Kg Engine hood for motor vehicle, has honeycomb plates with areas forming different thickness and hardness, and reference offset area provided crosswise over whole width of hood, where offset area is attained by attenuating hood structure
DE10114958B4 (en) * 2000-04-07 2006-08-03 Siemens Restraint Systems Gmbh Composite part for motor vehicles
DE202013009616U1 (en) * 2013-10-30 2015-02-02 GM Global Technology Operations LLC (n. d. Ges. d. Staates Delaware) Damping device and motor vehicle
FR3009257A1 (en) * 2013-08-01 2015-02-06 Renault Sa HOOD AND VEHICLE COMPRISING SUCH HOOD
GB2547790A (en) * 2016-02-12 2017-08-30 Ford Global Tech Llc Vehicle hood assembly with deployable pedestrian protection
US10246044B2 (en) 2016-02-12 2019-04-02 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle hood assembly with deployable pedestrian protection
US20230192027A1 (en) * 2021-12-20 2023-06-22 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehilce-hood assembly including energy absorbers

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DE2821156A1 (en) * 1978-05-13 1980-07-10 Volkswagenwerk Ag Pedestrian protection for front of car - has two sets of impact sensors linked to control circuit
DE3345576A1 (en) * 1983-12-16 1985-06-27 Ford-Werke AG, 5000 Köln SANDWICH COMPONENT, IN PARTICULAR HOOD, FLAP OR THE LIKE FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE BODY
DE19615744C1 (en) * 1996-04-20 1997-06-05 Daimler Benz Ag Vehicle with several body parts each with outer skin movable on impact
DE19710417A1 (en) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-17 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag bonnet fitting for vehicle
DE19712961A1 (en) * 1997-03-27 1998-10-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Safety mounting for front engine cover

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2821156A1 (en) * 1978-05-13 1980-07-10 Volkswagenwerk Ag Pedestrian protection for front of car - has two sets of impact sensors linked to control circuit
DE3345576A1 (en) * 1983-12-16 1985-06-27 Ford-Werke AG, 5000 Köln SANDWICH COMPONENT, IN PARTICULAR HOOD, FLAP OR THE LIKE FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE BODY
DE19615744C1 (en) * 1996-04-20 1997-06-05 Daimler Benz Ag Vehicle with several body parts each with outer skin movable on impact
DE19710417A1 (en) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-17 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag bonnet fitting for vehicle
DE19712961A1 (en) * 1997-03-27 1998-10-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Safety mounting for front engine cover

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10014510B4 (en) * 2000-03-23 2004-09-30 Acts Gmbh & Co. Kg Body part of a motor vehicle
DE10014510A1 (en) * 2000-03-23 2001-10-04 Acts Gmbh & Co Kg Vehicle front hood construction to soften the impact on a pedestrian during an accident
DE10114958B4 (en) * 2000-04-07 2006-08-03 Siemens Restraint Systems Gmbh Composite part for motor vehicles
WO2001098118A3 (en) * 2000-06-19 2002-03-28 Delphi Tech Inc Automotive hood of inflatable character
US6386623B1 (en) 2000-06-19 2002-05-14 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Automotive hood of inflatable character
EP1318062A2 (en) * 2001-12-04 2003-06-11 Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG Structural element for a motor vehicle
EP1318062A3 (en) * 2001-12-04 2004-05-12 Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG Structural element for a motor vehicle
DE10222512A1 (en) * 2002-05-22 2003-12-11 Volkswagen Ag Energy-absorbing body part, in particular the front hood, for a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle
WO2004078528A1 (en) * 2003-03-06 2004-09-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for monitoring a bonnet on a vehicle
DE102005033949A1 (en) * 2004-07-20 2006-06-08 Magna Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik Ag & Co. Kg Engine hood for motor vehicle, has honeycomb plates with areas forming different thickness and hardness, and reference offset area provided crosswise over whole width of hood, where offset area is attained by attenuating hood structure
FR3009257A1 (en) * 2013-08-01 2015-02-06 Renault Sa HOOD AND VEHICLE COMPRISING SUCH HOOD
DE202013009616U1 (en) * 2013-10-30 2015-02-02 GM Global Technology Operations LLC (n. d. Ges. d. Staates Delaware) Damping device and motor vehicle
GB2547790A (en) * 2016-02-12 2017-08-30 Ford Global Tech Llc Vehicle hood assembly with deployable pedestrian protection
US10246044B2 (en) 2016-02-12 2019-04-02 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle hood assembly with deployable pedestrian protection
US20230192027A1 (en) * 2021-12-20 2023-06-22 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehilce-hood assembly including energy absorbers
US11685336B1 (en) * 2021-12-20 2023-06-27 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehilce-hood assembly including energy absorbers

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Effective date: 20130601