DE60111517T2 - Vibrationsempfindliche ablationsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Vibrationsempfindliche ablationsvorrichtung Download PDF

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DE60111517T2
DE60111517T2 DE60111517T DE60111517T DE60111517T2 DE 60111517 T2 DE60111517 T2 DE 60111517T2 DE 60111517 T DE60111517 T DE 60111517T DE 60111517 T DE60111517 T DE 60111517T DE 60111517 T2 DE60111517 T2 DE 60111517T2
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sensor
conductive element
ablation
vibration
power source
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DE60111517D1 (de
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E. David FRANCISCHELLI
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Medtronic Inc
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Medtronic Inc
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Description

  • GEBIET DER ERFINDUNG
  • Diese Erfindung bezieht sich auf Ablationsvorrichtungen, die verwendet werden, um Schnitte in Gewebe zu erzeugen. Insbesondere bezieht sich diese Erfindung auf Ablationsvorrichtungen, die das Niveau der Energie, die verwendet wird, um das Gewebe zu ablatieren, überwachen und verhindern können, dass die Energie gewebeschädigende Ereignisse wie etwa einen "Dampfknall" hervorruft.
  • HINTERGRUND DER ERFINDUNG
  • Die Ablation von organischem Gewebe, wie etwa Herz-, Lungen- oder Lebergewebe, ist eine Technik, die bei mehreren chirurgischen Verfahren sowohl für die Diagnose als auch für die Therapie angewandt wird. Beispielsweise ermöglichen Elektroden an den Spitzen einer Elektrophysiologie-Ablationsvorrichtung dem Arzt das Messen elektrischer Signale entlang der Oberfläche des Herzens (Mapping). Als weiteres Beispiel kann der Arzt auch bestimmte Gewebe mittels Energie (wie etwa Hochfrequenzenergie), die zu einer oder mehreren Ablationselektroden geleitet wird, ablatieren. Höhere Energieniveaus werden verwendet, um Gewebe zu durchschneiden und zu entfernen (Elektrochirurgie). Niedrigere Energieniveaus werden verwendet, um eine Zellschädigung zu verursachen, jedoch die Struktur intakt zu belassen, so dass elektrische Pfade in dem Gewebe blockiert werden.
  • Zum Ablatieren von Gewebe können viele verschiedene Vorrichtungen verwendet werden. Im allgemeinen weisen solche Vorrichtungen eine leitende Spitze auf, die als eine Elektrode in einem elektrischen Schaltkreis dient. Der elektrische Schaltkreis wird über eine Erdungselektrode, die sich ebenfalls an der Vorrichtung befinden kann oder an den Patienten angeschlossen sein kann, geschlossen. Durch Steuern des Niveaus der zu der Ablationselektrode übertragenen Energie kann der Benutzer die zu den oben beschriebenen Zwecken erzeugte Wärmemenge steuern. Die Ablationsstelle kann auch bespült werden, um die Elektrode zu kühlen und eine größere Schnitttiefe zu erzeugen.
  • Um das Niveau übertragener Energie zu steuern, muss der Benutzer das Niveau der von der Elektrode übertragenen Energie überwachen. Typische Systeme zum Überwachen der Ablationsenergie stützen sich auf die Temperatur. Ein Thermoelement befindet sich in der Ablationsvorrichtung im allgemeinen in der Nähe der Elektrode. Dieses Temperaturmesselement misst in Wirklichkeit die Temperatur der Elektrode eher als die des Gewebes, das ablatiert wird. Vor allem dann, wenn die Stelle mit einem leitenden Fluid bespült wird, kann sich die Temperatur des Gewebes um einige Grad von der Temperatur der Ablationsvorrichtung unterscheiden.
  • Außerdem ist (aus dem Gewebe und der Umgebung des Gewebes stammendes) Wasser an der Ablationsstelle vorhanden. Die zum Anheben der Temperatur von flüssigem Wasser um 1 °C erforderliche Wärme beträgt 1,0 kcal/g. Jedoch ist, durch die einzigartige chemische Struktur der Wassermoleküle bedingt, zusätzliche Wärme erforderlich, damit Wasser von der flüssigen Phase zur gasförmigen Phase übergeht. Falls die Temperatur an der Ablationsstelle 100 °C übersteigt, wechselt das Wasser seine Phase, kocht und kann zu einem hörbaren "Dampfknall" innerhalb des Gewebes führen. Dieser Knall kann das Gewebe schädigen und sogar zerreißen. Die Kühlung der Stelle durch Bespülen verschiebt den Ort des "Dampf knalls" noch tiefer in das Gewebe, was zu einer noch stärkeren Schädigung als ein oberflächlicher Knall führt.
  • Es ist beobachtet worden, dass vor einem "Dampfknall" eine mechanische Schwingung in dem Gewebe entsteht (die vermutlich durch den Phasenübergang von Wasser, der Mikroblasen in dem Gewebe erzeugt, hervorgerufen wird). Diese Schwingung überträgt sich auf die Ablationsvorrichtung. Ein ausreichend empfindliches Instrument und ein ausreichend aufmerksamer Benutzer können diese Schwingung rechtzeitig wahrnehmen und die Ablation stoppen, indem beispielsweise die an die Ablationsvorrichtung gelieferte Energie abgeschaltet wird. Jedoch ist der Benutzer aus Gründen wie etwa langsamer menschlicher Reaktion, Dämpfung der Schwingung durch die Vorrichtung oder Dämpfung der Schwingung durch das Gewebe häufig nicht in der Lage, die Ablation rechtzeitig zu stoppen, um eine Schädigung zu verhindern.
  • US-A-5,443,463 beschreibt ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Auswählen von koagulierenden Blutgefäßen, die das Platzieren von Blutgefäßen zwischen die Zangengabeln beinhalten, wobei die Backen der Zange mehrere Elektroden enthalten, die durch Hochfrequenzenergie gespeist werden.
  • Folglich wäre ein Mittel zum rechtzeitigen Erfassen dieser Schwingung, um die Ablation zu stoppen, wünschenswert. Zusätzlich wäre auch ein Mittel zum automatischen Stoppen der Ablation oder Verändern der Menge an übertragener Ablationsenergie, wenn diese Schwingung auftritt, wünschenswert. Darüber hinaus wäre auch ein Mittel zum Warnen eines Benutzers, damit dieser die Ablation stoppt oder modifiziert, wünschenswert.
  • ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER ERFINDUNG
  • Die Erfindung stellt eine Ablationsvorrichtung bereit. Die Vorrichtung umfasst einen Manövrier- bzw. Betätigungsmechanismus, ein leitendes Element, das an dem Mechanismus oder angrenzend an diesen befestigt ist, einen Sensor, der an dem Mechanismus oder angrenzend an diesen befestigt ist, und eine Ausgabevorrichtung, die an dem Sensor befestigt ist. Der Sensor kann Schwingung während einer Ablationsprozedur einschließlich der Erregung von Wassermolekülen im Gewebe, das ablatiert wird, und der Schwingung des leitenden Elements erfassen. Beim Erfassen dieser Schwingung kann der Sensor ein Signal an die Ausgabevorrichtung senden, damit diese auf das Signal durch Verringern oder Unterbrechen der Leistung zu dem leitenden Element reagiert. Die Vorrichtung kann außerdem ein sichtbares oder hörbares Signal an einen Benutzer ausgeben, damit dieser die Leistung steuert. Der Sensor kann außerdem in ähnlicher Weise eine Fluidversorgung steuern. Der Sensor kann in das leitende Element integriert sein. Der Sensor kann beispielsweise ein Mikrophon oder ein piezoelektrischer Kristall sein. Der Manövrier- bzw. Betätigungsmechanismus kann beispielsweise ein gefäßklemmenartiger Griff oder ein Katheter sein.
  • Der Sensor kann auch Schwingung erfassen, die durch eine Ablationsprozedur hervorgerufen wird, und ein Signal an die Ausgabevorrichtung senden, damit diese die Leistung zu dem leitenden Element verringert oder abschaltet. Die Ausgabevorrichtung kann außerdem dem Benutzer signalisieren, die Leistung zu dem leitenden Element zu steuern. Der Sensor kann ein piezoelektrischer Kristall, ein piezoelektrisches Polymer oder ein mechanischer Sensor sein. Der Sensor kann in das leitende Element integriert sein. Der Manövrierbzw. Betätigungsmechanismus kann beispielsweise ein gefäßklemmenartiger Griff oder Katheter sein.
  • Die obigen und weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung gehen des weiteren aus der folgenden genauen Beschreibung der gegenwärtig bevorzugten Ausführungsformen hervor, wenn diese in Verbindung mit den begleitenden Zeichnungen gelesen wird. Die genaue Beschreibung und die Zeichnungen veranschaulichen die Erfindung lediglich und begrenzen diese nicht.
  • KURZBESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNG
  • 1 ist eine schematische Ansicht eines Systems zum Ablatieren von Gewebe gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung;
  • 2 ist eine schematische Ansicht einer Ausführungsform einer Ablationsvorrichtung gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung; und
  • 3 ist eine Seitenansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform einer Ablationsvorrichtung gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung.
  • GENAUE BESCHREIBUNG DER GEGENWÄRTIG BEVORZUGTEN AUSFÜHRUNGSFORMEN
  • 1 zeigt ein System 10 zum Ablatieren von Gewebe gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung. Im allgemeinen kann- das zu ablatierende Gewebe in dem Körperhohlraum angeordnet sein, wie etwa das endokardiale oder epikardiale Gewebe des Herzens. Anderes Körperorgangewebe, wie etwa der Leber oder der Lunge, kann ebenfalls mittels der vorliegenden Erfindung ablatiert werden. Das System 10 kann eine Ablationsvorrichtung 20 enthalten, die eine leitende Elektrode 22, einen Sensor 24, der mit einer Ausgabevorrichtung 25 verbunden ist, und eine Verbindung 28 zu einer Ablationsener giequelle umfasst. Das System 10 kann ferner eine Leistungsquelle 30 umfassen, die Ablationsenergie liefert. Das System 10 kann außerdem eine neutrale (nicht ablatierende) Elektrode 23 umfassen, die als Rückführplatte für durch die Elektrode 22 übertragene Energie dienen kann. Die Elektrode 23 kann an einer von der Ablationsstelle verschiedenen Stelle am Körper eines Patienten angeordnet sein, Beispielsweise kann die Elektrode 23 am Rücken oder Schenkel des Patienten angeordnet sein. Das System 10 kann ferner eine Spülmittelquelle 40 umfassen, die ein Spülfluid für die Ablationsstelle liefert. Die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 oder die Elektrode 22 der Ablationsvorrichtung 20 kann außerdem Fluidöffnungen 46 aufweisen, durch die Spülfluid zu der Stelle fließen kann.
  • Ein Benutzer kann die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 bei Gebrauch so handhaben, dass die Elektrode 22 die Oberfläche des zu ablatierenden Gewebes berührt. Die Leistungsquelle 30 liefert über die Verbindung 28 Energie an die Vorrichtung 20. Diese Verbindung kann irgendeine geeignete Verbindung zum Leiten von Energie von der Leistungsquelle 30 zu der Vorrichtung 20 sein. Die Leistungsquelle 30 kann irgendeine geeignete Leistungsquelle wie beispielsweise die im Operationssaal verfügbare standardmäßige elektrische Leistung sein. Sobald die Leistungsquelle 30 angeschaltet ist, kann der Benutzer die Vorrichtung 20 zum Ablatieren des Gewebes mit der Energie aus der Quelle 30 verwenden.
  • Wenn die Ablation erfolgt, ist es manchmal wünschenswert, die Ablationsstelle mit Spülfluid, das beispielsweise irgendein geeignetes Fluid wie etwa Salzlösung oder ein anderes leitendes Fluid sein kann, zu spülen. Das Spülfluid kann die Elektrode 22 der Ablationsvorrichtung 20 kühlen und eine größere Schnitttiefe ermöglichen. Ferner kann ein ständiger Fluidfluss die Oberflächentemperatur der Ablationsvorrichtung unter dem Schwellenwert für die Blutgerinnung halten, die die Vorrichtung verstopfen kann. Die Verwendung von Spülfluid kann daher die Notwendigkeit, eine verstopfte Ablationsvorrichtung zum Reinigen oder Ersetzen entfernen zu müssen, verringern. Das Vorhandensein einer ionischen Fluidschicht zwischen der Elektrode 22 und dem zu ablatierenden Gewebe kann auch sicherstellen, dass eine ionische Fluidschicht, die sich den Gewebekonturen anpasst, erzeugt wird. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird Salzlösung verwendet. Alternativ können andere energieleitende Flüssigkeiten, wie etwa Ringer-Lösung, ionisches Kontrastmittel oder sogar Blut, verwendet werden. Diagnostische oder therapeutische Mittel, wie etwa Lidocain, CA++-Blocker, ionisches Kontrastmittel oder Gentherapiemittel, können ebenfalls vor, während oder nach der Abgabe des Spülfluids verabreicht werden. Die Spülmittelquelle 40 kann irgendeine geeignete Quelle von Spülfluid, wie beispielsweise eine Standard-Spülmittelpumpe (nicht gezeigt), sein. Diese Pumpe kann ebenfalls mit der Leistungsquelle 30 verbunden sein oder ihre eigene Leistungsquelle besitzen. Vorzugsweise kann die Vorrichtung 20 auch Mittel zur Abgabe von Spülmittel aus der Spülmittelquelle 40 an die Ablationsstelle enthalten. Solche Mittel können beispielsweise die Fluidöffnungen 46 sein.
  • 2 zeigt eine perspektivische Ansicht einer Ablationsvorrichtung 20. Die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 kann irgendein geeignetes Ablationswerkzeug, wie beispielsweise ein Katheter, eine Elektrokauterisationsvorrichtung, eine elektrochirurgische Vorrichtung, ein durch Saugung unterstütztes Ablationswerkzeug, eine Ablationskapsel, eine Ablationskratze, eine Ablationsgefäßklemme oder ein Ablationsdraht, sein. Die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 oder ihre Komponenten sind vorzugsweise aus einem biokompatiblen Werkstoff, wie etwa Edelstahl, biokompatiblem Epoxydharz oder biokompatiblem Kunststoff, gefertigt. Vorzugsweise führt ein biokompatibler Werkstoff zu einer geringen allergischen Reaktion des Körpers des Patienten und widersteht einer Korrosion infolge der Anordnung in dem Körper des Patienten. Ferner ruft ein biokompatibler Werkstoff keinen zusätzlichen Stress für den Körper des Patienten hervor; beispielsweise schabt er nicht in schädlicher Weise an irgendwelchen Elementen in dem chirurgischen Hohlraum.
  • Vorzugsweise kann eine Ablationsvorrichtung 20 dauerhaft oder lösbar an einer Manövrier- bzw. Betätigungsvorrichtung zum Handhaben der Vorrichtung 20 auf einer Gewebeoberfläche befestigt sein oder eine solche enthalten. Eine solche Vorrichtung kann beispielsweise Gefäßklemmengriffen 12, wie sie in den 1 und 2 gezeigt sind, entsprechen. Die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 kann in einer oder mehreren der Gefäßklemmenbacken 32 angeordnet sein. Alternativ kann die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 an einer stiftähnlichen Manövrierbzw. Betätigungsvorrichtung angebracht sein. Die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 kann auch einen geeigneten Kathetergriff, wie beispielsweise den Griff eines transvenösen Katheters, enthalten. Alternativ kann irgendein geeigneter elastischer oder starrer Griff als Manövrier- bzw. Betätigungsvorrichtung verwendet werden.
  • Die Vorrichtung 20 umfasst außerdem vorzugsweise eine Verbindung 28, die zum Leiten von Energie aus einer Leistungsquelle zu der Vorrichtung 20, insbesondere zu dem leitenden Element 22, geeignet ist.
  • Das leitende Element 22 der Ablationsvorrichtung 20 ist vorzugsweise eine Elektrode 22. Diese Elektrode 22 kann an irgendeiner geeigneten Stelle an der Vorrichtung 20 positi oniert sein. Vorzugsweise ist die Elektrode 22 in der Nähe eines Endes der Vorrichtung 20, vom Benutzer entfernt, angeordnet, um einfacher gegen das zu ablatierende Gewebe 60 betätigt zu werden. Wie in der Ausführungsform nach 2 gezeigt ist, kann die Vorrichtung 20 eine Anodenelektrode 22 und eine Katodenelektrode 23 in einer bipolaren Schaltung enthalten. Die zwei Elektroden 22, 23 können an den Backen eines gefäßklemmenartigen Werkzeugs angeordnet sein. Die Elektroden 22, 23 können jeweils beispielsweise nässende Elektroden, doppelt gewickelte Spulenelektroden, Elektrodennadeln oder irgendwelche andere geeignete Elektroden sein.
  • Wie 2 zeigt, kann ein Sensor 24 dauerhaft oder herausnehmbar in der Vorrichtung 20 aufgenommen sein. Dieser Sensor 24 kann die Schwingung im Gewebe, die vor einem "Dampfknall" auftritt, erfassen, wie oben beschrieben worden ist. Der Sensor 24 kann diese Schwingung rechtzeitig erfassen, um den Benutzer zu warnen, damit dieser die Ablation stoppt. Vorzugsweise kann der Sensor 24 die Schwingung des Gewebes erfassen. Alternativ kann die Schwingung des Gewebes auf die Vorrichtung 20 übertragen werden, wobei der Sensor 24 die Schwingung der Vorrichtung erfassen kann. In der Ausführungsform nach 2 kann dieser Sensor 24, vorzugsweise in der Nähe einer der Elektroden 22, 23 in die Vorrichtung 20 integriert sein. Das Schwingungssignal von dem Gewebe 60 wird umso mehr gedämpft, je weiter der Sensor 24 von der Ablationsstelle entfernt ist. Folglich wird der Sensor 24 vorzugsweise so nahe wie möglich an der Ablationsstelle angeordnet. Wie in 2 gezeigt ist, kann der Sensor 24 beispielsweise in der Nähe der Spitze einer oder mehreren Backen eines gefäßklemmenartigen Werkzeugs angeordnet sein. Alternativ, wie in 3 gezeigt ist, kann der Sensor 24 in der Nähe der Spitze eines katheterartigen Werkzeugs, wie etwa eines intravenösen Katheters, angeordnet sein.
  • Die Vorrichtung 20 kann einen eigenen Sensor für jede der Elektroden 22, 23 umfassen, wie in 2 gezeigt ist. Die Vorrichtung 20 kann auch einen Sensor enthalten, der seine Funktion sowohl für die Elektrode 22 als auch für die Elektrode 23 bereitstellt, wie in 1 zu sehen ist. Die Vorrichtung 20 kann, vor allem dann, wenn die Vorrichtung länger ist, wie etwa ein Katheter, auch eine Reihe von Sensoren entlang der gesamten Länge der Vorrichtung aufweisen. Die Anordnung einer Reihe von Sensoren an der Vorrichtung 20 kann sicherstellen, dass unabhängig davon, wie lang die Vorrichtung ist, sich wenigstens ein Sensor in der Nähe der Ablationsstelle befindet.
  • Der Sensor 24 ist vorzugsweise ein für Schwingungen hochempfindlicher piezoelektrischer Kristall. Der Sensor 24 kann auch ein piezoelektrisches Polymer sein. Das von einem solchen piezoelektrischen Kristall oder Polymer ausgegebene Signal ist zum Ausmaß der Schwingung, die er bzw. es erfasst, proportional. Folglich entspricht die Stärke bzw. Intensität des von dem Sensor 24 übertragenen Signals der Stärke bzw. Intensität der Schwingung. Ein piezoelektrisches Element wird im allgemeinen an einer schwingenden Struktur (wie beispielsweise einem schwingenden Gewebe) oder in deren Nähe befestigt bzw. angeordnet. Wenn sich die schwingende Struktur relativ zu ihrem umgebenden Raum bewegt, übt ihre Masse eine Massenkraft auf das piezoelektrische Element aus. Die ausgeübte Kraft erzeugt eine proportionale elektrische Ladung an dem piezoelektrischen Element.
  • Alternativ kann der Sensor 24 beispielsweise ein Mikrophon sein. Der Sensor 24 kann auch irgendein geeigneter mechanischer Sensor mit für die Aufnahme in eine Ablationsvorrichtung 20 geeigneten Abmessungen sein.
  • Das Signal vom Sensor 24 kann vorzugsweise durch einen geeigneten Verstärker (nicht gezeigt) verstärkt werden, bevor es die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 erreicht. Der Verstärker kann in die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 integriert sein. Alternativ kann der Verstärker in die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 integriert sein. Alternativ kann der Verstärker eine eigene Vorrichtung sein.
  • Die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 kann das Signal vom Sensor 24 empfangen und vorzugsweise interpretieren. Beispielsweise kann die Ausgabevorrichtung die Fähigkeit besitzen, Signale herauszufiltern, die sich von dem Signal, das von einer "Dampfknall"-Schwingung herrührt, unterscheiden. Beispielsweise kann das Signal von der Schwingung von jemandem, der auf den Operationstisch klopft, von dem Signal, das von einer "Dampfknall"-Schwingung herrührt, unterschieden werden. Eine solche Filterung von Schwingungssignalen kann unter Anwendung geeigneter Algorithmen als Software programmiert sein. Alternativ kann die Filterung von Schwingungssignalen als Hardwareelektronik entworfen sein.
  • Die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 kann eine von der Leistungsquelle 30 und der Spülmittelquelle 40 getrennte Vorrichtung sein. Die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 kann auch in die Leistungsquelle 30, die Spülmittelquelle 40 oder die Ablationsvorrichtung 20 integriert sein.
  • In einer Ausführungsform ist der Sensor 24 ein piezoelektrisches bzw. Piezoelement und kann als sein Signal eine Spannung erzeugen. Der Sensor 24 kann diese Spannung ohne jegliche zusätzliche Leistung erzeugen. Falls es beispielsweise bei einem anderen Sensortyp erforderlich ist, kann die oben beschriebene Verbindung 28 Leistung aus der Leistungsquelle 30 an den Sensor 24 liefern. Der Sensor 24 kann, falls erforderlich, auch seine eigene Verbindung und/oder seine eigene Leistungsquelle für zusätzliche Leistung besitzen.
  • Bei Gebrauch kann, während der Benutzer das Gewebe 60 ablatiert, das Wasser an der Ablationsstelle zu kochen und demgemäß zu schwingen beginnen. Das Kochen und Schwingen kann unabhängig davon, ob die Stelle gespült wird oder nicht, eintreten. Wasser an der Stelle kann Wasser aus dem Gewebe oder aus der Umgebung des Gewebes sein. Falls sich dieses Kochen unvermindert fortsetzt, kann ein wie oben beschriebener "Dampfknall" auftreten. Eine solche Schwingung durch Kochen kann vom Sensor 24 erfasst werden, der ein Signal für die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 erzeugt. Beispielsweise kann die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 vorzugsweise ein Schalter sein, der bei einem Signal vom Sensor 24 die Leistung von der Quelle 30 abschaltet. Ein solches automatisches Rückkopplungssystem für das Unterbrechen von Ablationsenergie kann den "Dampfknall" verhindern. Falls die Ablationsstelle von der Spülmittelquelle 40 bespült wird, kann der Schalter auch den Fluidfluss aus der Spülmitttelquelle 40 unterbrechen.
  • Alternativ kann die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 das Niveau der Leistung von der Leistungsquelle 30 steuern. Ein Signal mit einer ersten Stärke vom Sensor 24 könnte angeben, dass das Niveau der Leistung von der Leistungsquelle 30 abgesenkt werden sollte; ein Signal mit einer anderen Stärke könnte angeben, dass die Leistungsquelle 30 abgeschaltet werden sollte. Vorzugsweise kann die Vorrichtung 25 so konfigu riert sein, dass sie die Leistung aus der Quelle 30 automatisch und in geeigneter Weise anheben oder absenken kann. Alternativ kann die Steuerung der Leistungsquelle 30 anhand einer Ausgabe von der Ausgabevorrichtung 25 manuell sein.
  • Die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 kann auch eine Sichtanzeige sein, die dem Benutzer angibt, dass die Ablationsenergie unterbrochen werden soll. Eine solche Anzeige kann beispielsweise ein Indikator auf einem Monitor sein. In einem Beispiel kann der Monitor die Spannung anzeigen, die dem vom Sensor 24 ausgegebenen Signal entspricht. Dieses Signal entspricht wiederum der Stärke der Schwingung an der Gewebestelle. Daher würde ein Spannungspegel von 2 angeben, dass das Gewebe stärker schwingt als wenn der Spannungspegel 1 wäre. In diesem Beispiel würde ein Benutzer den Spannungspegel überwachen und, falls dieser einen bestimmten Wert überschreitet, die Leistungsquelle 30 abschalten.
  • Alternativ kann die Anzeige der Vorrichtung 25 an der Vorrichtung 20 selbst angeordnet sein, wie in 2 gezeigt ist. In dieser Ausführungsform ist ein Indikator 36, wie etwa eine LED-Leuchte, ständig oder entfernbar in die Vorrichtung 20 aufgenommen. Der Indikator 36 kann ein Signal vom Sensor 24 empfangen, das angibt, dass die Gewebeschwingung ein Niveau erreicht hat, das auf einen bevorstehenden "Dampfknall" hinweist. Als Reaktion kann der Indikator 36 einschalten, die Farbe wechseln, breiter werden oder sich in einer geeigneten Weise verändern, um anzugeben, dass der Fluss von Leistung aus der Quelle 30 verändert oder gestoppt werden sollte. Der Indikator kann auch an der Leistungsquelle 30 oder an einem anderen für den Benutzer sichtbaren Ort angeordnet sein.
  • Alternativ kann die Ausgabevorrichtung 25 eine Audiovor richtung sein, die dem Benutzer angibt, dass die Ablationsenergie unterbrochen werden sollte. Eine solche Audiovorrichtung kann beispielsweise ein Lautsprecher sein, der einen Ton (beispielsweise einen Piepton) sendet, der an Stärke zunimmt, wenn die Stärke der durch den Sensor 24 erfassten Schwingung zunimmt. Der Benutzer kann die Leistungsquelle 30 herunterschalten oder abschalten, wenn der gesendete Ton eine gegebene Lautstärke erreicht. In einer anderen Ausführungsform kann die Audiovorrichtung auch ein akustisches Signal (wie etwa die Nachricht "schalte Leistungsquelle ab") ausgeben, wenn die Stärke der durch den Sensor 24 erfassten Schwingung ein bestimmtes Niveau erreicht. Eine solche Audiovorrichtung kann an der Ablationsvorrichtung 20 selbst, an der Leistungsquelle 30 oder an der Spülmittelquelle 40 angeordnet sein. Die Audiovorrichtung kann auch eine eigene Vorrichtung sein.
  • 3 zeigt eine weitere Ausführungsform einer Ablationsvorrichtung 320, bei der eine Katodenelektrode 323 an einer anderen Stelle als an der Vorrichtung 320 angeordnet sein kann. In einer solchen monopolaren Anordnung wird beispielsweise eine Anodenelektrode 322 an dem zu ablatierenden Gewebe 360 positioniert. Unterdessen kann die Katodenelektrode 323 am Rücken oder am Schenkel des Patienten oder irgendwo anders am Patienten platziert werden. Die Vorrichtung 320 weist ebenfalls einen Griff 326 und eine Verbindung 328 zur Leistungsquelle 330 auf.
  • In der Ausführungsform von 3 kann die Vorrichtung 320 Fluidöffnungen 346 in der Elektrode 322 umfassen. Diese Fluidauslässe können mit einer Leitung 344 verbunden sein, die Spülfluid aus einer Spülmittelquelle 340 leitet.
  • 3 zeigt, dass bei der Vorrichtung 320 ein Sensor 324 in die Elektrode 322 integriert sein kann. Beispielsweise kann die Elektrode 322 in der Nähe einer distalen Spitze eines intravenösen Katheters angeordnet sein, und der Sensor 324 kann an der Spitze der Elektrode 322 in diese integriert sein. Dieser Sensor 324 kann in der oben beschriebenen Weise dazu dienen, die Schwingung eines bevorstehenden "Dampfknalls" zu erfassen. Der Sensor 324 kann dann ein Signal für eine Ausgabevorrichtung 325 erzeugen. Die Ausgabevorrichtung 325 ist vorzugsweise ein Schalter, der bei dem Signal vom Sensor 324 die Leistungsquelle 330 abschaltet. Ein solches automatisches Rückkopplungssystem zum Unterbrechen der Ablationsenergie kann den "Dampfknall" verhindern. Es ist ins Auge gefasst, dass der Schalter auch die Fähigkeit besitzen kann, die Spülmittelquelle 340 abzuschalten. In 3 ist die Ausgabevorrichtung 325 als getrennte, mit der Leistungsquelle 330 verbundene Vorrichtung gezeigt. Die Ausgabevorrichtung 325 kann auch an der Leistungsquelle 330 oder an der Ablationsvorrichtung 320 angeordnet sein.
  • Alternativ kann die Ausgabevorrichtung 325 ein sichtbares oder hörbares Signal wie etwa jene erzeugen, die oben beschrieben worden sind, um anzuzeigen, dass die Ablation gestoppt werden sollte.
  • Es ist ins Auge gefasst, dass die Ablationsvorrichtung der vorliegenden Erfindung zusätzliche Vorrichtungen wie beispielsweise Thermoelemente, um die Temperatur der Vorrichtung zu messen, oder Saugvorrichtungen, um die Vorrichtung besser am Gewebe verankern zu können, enthalten kann.
  • Es ist ferner ins Auge gefasst, dass die schwingungssensitive Ablationsvorrichtung der vorliegenden Erfindung in verschiedenartigen Ablationssystemen, wie etwa jenen, die von Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota erhältlich sind, verwendet werden können.
  • Selbstverständlich sind die oben beschriebenen Ausführungsformen in jeder Hinsicht als rein veranschaulichend und nicht als einschränkend anzusehen. Der Umfang der Erfindung ist durch die folgenden Ansprüche definiert.

Claims (19)

  1. Ablationsvorrichtung (20), mit: einem Betätigungsmechanismus; einem leitenden Element (22), das an dem Betätigungsmechanismus oder angrenzend an diesen befestigt ist; einem Sensor (24), der an dem Betätigungsmechanismus oder an dem leitenden Element oder an diese angrenzend befestigt ist; und einer Ausgabevorrichtung (25), die mit dem Sensor (24) kommuniziert und funktional so beschaffen ist, dass sie auf ein Signal von dem Sensor (24) antwortet; dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sensor funktional so beschaffen ist, dass er Schwingungen während einer Ablationsprozedur erfasst, wobei das Signal einer erfassten Schwingung entspricht.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die erfasste Schwingung die Anregung von Wassermolekülen umfasst.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die erfasste Schwingung die Schwingung des leitenden Elements (22) umfasst.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, bei der die Schwingung des leitenden Elements (22) einer Schwingung in dem Gewebe entspricht.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) einen Schalter aufweist, der funktional so beschaffen ist, dass er die Leistung zum leitenden Element (22) abschaltet, wenn die Schwingung einen gegebenen Wert erreicht hat.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die Ausgabevorrichtung so beschaffen ist, dass sie die Leistung zu dem leitenden Element (22) verringert, wenn die Schwingung einen vorgegebenen Wert übersteigt.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, ferner mit: einer Leistungsquelle (30), die mit dem leitenden Element (22) in Verbindung steht, wobei die Ausgabevorrichtung ein sichtbares Signal an einen Anwender ausgibt, um die Leistungsquelle (30) zu steuern.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, ferner mit: einer Leistungsquelle (30), die mit dem leitenden Element (22) in Verbindung steht, wobei die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) ein hörbares Signal an einen Anwender ausgibt, um die Leistungsquelle zu steuern.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Sensor (24) in das leitende Element integriert ist.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Sensor (24) ein Mikrophon umfasst.
  11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Sensor (24) einen piezoelektrischen Kristall umfasst.
  12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, ferner mit: einer Fluidversorgung, die mit der Vorrichtung in Verbindung steht, wobei die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) einen Schalter aufweist, der funktional so beschaffen ist, dass er die Versorgung abschaltet, wenn die Schwingung einen ge gebenen Wert erreicht hat.
  13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, ferner mit: einer Fluidversorgung, die mit der Vorrichtung (20) in Verbindung steht, wobei die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) an den Anwender einen Hinweis ausgibt, um die Fluidversorgung zu steuern.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Betätigungsmechanismus ein gefäßklemmenartiges Werkzeug ist.
  15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Betätigungsmechanismus ein Katheter ist.
  16. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Vorrichtung dazu dient, organisches Gewebe zu ablatieren, wobei ferner: die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) mit dem leitenden Element (22) in Verbindung steht und wobei der Sensor (24) funktional so beschaffen ist, dass er Schwingungen erfasst, die durch eine Ablationsprozedur hervorgerufen werden, und ein Signal an die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) sendet, um die Leistung zum leitenden Element (22) zu verringern.
  17. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16, bei der der Sensor (24) ein piezoelektrisches Polymer ist.
  18. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16, bei der der Sensor (24) ein mechanischer Sensor ist.
  19. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16, bei der die Ausgabevorrichtung (25) an einen Anwender ein Signal ausgibt, um die Leistungsquelle zu steuern, die mit dem leitenden Element funktional verbunden ist.
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DE60111517D1 (de) 2005-07-21
EP1278471A1 (de) 2003-01-29
AU2001257330A1 (en) 2001-11-07
WO2001082812A1 (en) 2001-11-08
US20040186465A1 (en) 2004-09-23
AU2001253654A1 (en) 2001-11-12
EP1278471B1 (de) 2005-06-15
US20010039419A1 (en) 2001-11-08
US20070118107A1 (en) 2007-05-24
WO2001080757A2 (en) 2001-11-01
WO2001080757A3 (en) 2002-03-21
US8162933B2 (en) 2012-04-24

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