EP0049439A1 - Shipping and/or storage container for radioactive material - Google Patents
Shipping and/or storage container for radioactive material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0049439A1 EP0049439A1 EP81107656A EP81107656A EP0049439A1 EP 0049439 A1 EP0049439 A1 EP 0049439A1 EP 81107656 A EP81107656 A EP 81107656A EP 81107656 A EP81107656 A EP 81107656A EP 0049439 A1 EP0049439 A1 EP 0049439A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- protective cover
- storage container
- transport
- shielding
- cover
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F5/00—Transportable or portable shielded containers
- G21F5/06—Details of, or accessories to, the containers
- G21F5/12—Closures for containers; Sealing arrangements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a transport and / or storage container for radioactive materials, in particular for irradiated fuel elements from nuclear reactors, consisting essentially of a container body with a shielding function, a shielding and a protective cover, a gap-shaped test space being located between the shielding cover and the protective cover.
- Containers for the transport and storage of radioactive substances are known in large numbers. They generally consist of a container body with a shielding function for ⁇ and ⁇ radiation, which is provided with cooling fins and is closed with a lid system.
- the cover system consists of a shielding cover with a shielding function against radiation and a protective cover. There is usually a gap-shaped test room between the two.
- Irradiated or burned fuel elements as well as radioactive waste must be stored temporarily until they are reprocessed or disposed of. They are generally stored in water basins Water as a cooling medium. Intermediate storage with air cooling, especially by means of natural draft, has been proposed for some time. (DE-OS 29 06 629, DE-OS 29 13 540, DE-OS 27 11 405). To do this, the spent fuel elements must be enclosed in so-called storage containers. The disadvantage of such bearings, however, is that the cooling air flow with radioactive contaminants resulting from leakages in the stored goods container . , ie coming out of the containers, can be loaded.
- the present invention was therefore based on the object of providing a transport and / or storage container for radioactive substances, in particular for irradiated fuel elements from nuclear reactors, essentially consisting of a container body with a shielding function, a shielding and a protective cover, with the shielding cover and a protective cover there is a slit-shaped test room in which the escape of radioactive gases can be registered at an early stage.
- the object was achieved in that one or more ⁇ -measuring probes are installed in the protective cover. It has proven to be particularly advantageous to use a proportional counter as the ⁇ measuring probe.
- the proportional counter is preferably installed in a cavity in the protective cover, which is closed off with a ⁇ -radiation-permeable layer to form the gap-shaped test space between the shielding cover and the protective cover.
- a transport and / or storage container (1) provided with cooling fins (5) and containing radioactive material is closed with a shielding cover (2) and a protective cover (3).
- the shielding cover (2) is sealed against the container body (6) by sealing elements (4).
- a gap-shaped test chamber (7) is located between the shielding cover (2) and the protective cover (3).
- a measuring probe (8) for measuring radioactive ⁇ -radiation is installed in the protective cover (3), the supply lines (9) of which are led tightly out of the protective cover (3).
- the ⁇ -emitters e.g. B. Krypton-85 and iodine-129, detected by the measuring probe (8).
- All suitable detectors for ⁇ -radiation can be used as measuring probes, for example special semiconductor detectors and special scintillation detectors.
- a proportional counter is installed as the f-probe, since it is insensitive to radiation and its probe surface can be made as large as desired. This ensures that on the one hand even the smallest radioactive leaks in the test room (7) are detected reliably and immediately and on the other hand that a certain residual ⁇ radiation above the shielding cover (2) does not interfere.
- the proportional counter (11) is installed in a cavity (12) in the protective cover (3), which is closed off from the gap-shaped test space (7) with a layer (13) that is permeable to ⁇ rays.
- the ⁇ -radiation-permeable layer (13) can be applied tightly as a film, for example as a thin metal film or as a metallized plastic film, or else can have remained when the cavity (12) was made from the material of the protective cover (3).
- counting wires (14) are fastened to insulating bodies (15), which are insulated by means of lines (16) through the protective cover (3) with a voltage supply device or
- Preamplifiers and evaluation devices are connected.
- the protective cover (3) contains inlets and outlets (21) for supplying the sample gas, the sample gas being used occasionally in the flow or under pressure.
- the ⁇ -radiation-permeable layer (13) can also be used simultaneously as a pressure membrane for additional pressure measurements.
- a membrane (17) with associated devices (18) and measuring lines (19) for pressure measurements is additionally installed in the protective cover (3).
- the functional check of the proportional counter (11) and registration or monitoring is carried out by a central monitoring point.
- a radioactive .alpha.-radiator (20) as a calibration standard in the cavity (12).
- Pu-238 or radium preparations are suitable as calibration standards.
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Transport- und/oder Lagerbehälter für radioaktive Stoffe, insbesondere für bestrahlte Brennelemente aus Kernreaktoren, im wesentlichen bestehend aus einem Behälterkörper mit Abschirmfunktion, einem Abschirm- und einem Schutzdeckel, wobei sich zwischen Abschirmdeckel und Schutzdeckel ein spaltförmiger Prüfraum befindet.The invention relates to a transport and / or storage container for radioactive materials, in particular for irradiated fuel elements from nuclear reactors, consisting essentially of a container body with a shielding function, a shielding and a protective cover, a gap-shaped test space being located between the shielding cover and the protective cover.
Behälter zum Transport und zur Lagerung von radioaktiven Stoffen sind in großer Zahl bekannt. Sie bestehen im allgemeinen aus einem Behälterkörper mit Abschirmfunktion für γ - und η-Strahlung, der mit Kühlrippen versehen und mit einem Deckelsystem verschlossen ist. Das Deckelsystem setzt sich aus einem Abschirmdeckel mit Abschirmfunktion gegen Strahlung und einem Schutzdeckel zusammen. Zwischen beiden befindet sich normalerweise ein spaltförmiger Prüfraum.Containers for the transport and storage of radioactive substances are known in large numbers. They generally consist of a container body with a shielding function for γ and η radiation, which is provided with cooling fins and is closed with a lid system. The cover system consists of a shielding cover with a shielding function against radiation and a protective cover. There is usually a gap-shaped test room between the two.
Bestrahlte bzw. abgebrannte Brennelemente sowie radioaktiver Abfall müssen bis zur Wiederaufarbeitung oder bis zur Endbeseitigung zwischengelagert werden. Die Lagerung erfolgt im allgemeinen in Wasserbecken mit Wasser als Kühlmedium. Seit einiger Zeit wird jedoch die Zwischenlagerung mit Luftkühlung, vor allem mittels Naturzug, vorgeschlagen. (DE-OS 29 06 629, DE-OS 29 13 540, DE-OS 27 11 405).Dazu müssen die abgebrannten Brennelemente in sogenannten Lagerbehältern eingeschlossen sein. Der Nachteil derartiger Lager ist jedoch, daß der Kühlluftstrom mit radioaktiven Verunreinigungen, die aus Leckagen des Lagergutcontainments., also aus den Behältern herrühren, beladen sein kann. Diese Aktivität, herrührend vor allen von den gasförmigen radioaktiven Isotopen Krypton-85 und Jod-129, die aus dem Behälterinnern durch das Deckelsystem gegebenenfalls entweichen können, wird mit der den Behälter umströmenden Kühlluft verdünnt und gelangt in die Umgebung. Emissionsüberwachung und -bilanzierung sind sehr erschwert. Teilweise wird die mit Radioaktivität beladene Kühlluft über Filteranlagen geführt, die wegen der großen Kühlluftdurchsätze aufwendig gestaltet sein müssen und in ihrer Wirkungsweise in diesen Ausmaßen nicht problemlos sind. Es sind auch Behälter bekannt (BE-PS 881 604) bei denen Leckagen über das Dichtungssystem zwischen Behälterkörper und Deckel durch die Messung von Druckveränderungen festgestellt werden können.Irradiated or burned fuel elements as well as radioactive waste must be stored temporarily until they are reprocessed or disposed of. They are generally stored in water basins Water as a cooling medium. Intermediate storage with air cooling, especially by means of natural draft, has been proposed for some time. (DE-OS 29 06 629, DE-OS 29 13 540, DE-OS 27 11 405). To do this, the spent fuel elements must be enclosed in so-called storage containers. The disadvantage of such bearings, however, is that the cooling air flow with radioactive contaminants resulting from leakages in the stored goods container . , ie coming out of the containers, can be loaded. This activity, which originates above all from the gaseous radioactive isotopes Krypton-85 and Iodine-129, which can possibly escape from the inside of the container through the lid system, is diluted with the cooling air flowing around the container and gets into the environment. Emission monitoring and accounting are very difficult. In some cases, the cooling air loaded with radioactivity is passed through filter systems which, because of the large cooling air throughputs, have to be designed in a complex manner and are not problem-free in their extent in this way. Containers are also known (BE-PS 8 8 1 604) in which leakages can be determined via the sealing system between the container body and the lid by measuring pressure changes.
Eine Aktivitätsanzeige ist jedoch dabei nicht möglich. Auch läßt das Messen der zu erwartenden Druckveränderungen kaum das Feinregistrieren eines beginnenden meist sehr kleinen Lecks im Dichtungssystem zu.However, an activity display is not possible. Also, the measurement of the pressure changes to be expected hardly leaves the fine registration of a beginning one very often small leaks in the sealing system.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung lag daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Transport- und/oder Lagerbehälter für radioaktive Stoffe, insbesondere für bestrahlte Brennelemente aus Kernreaktoren, zu schaffen, im wesentlichen bestehend aus einem Behälterkörper mit Abschirmfunktion, einem Abschirm- und einem Schutzdeckel, wobei sich zwischen Abschirmdeckel und Schutzdeckel ein spaltförmiger Prüfraum befindet, bei dem ein Entweichen radioaktiver Gase schon im Anfangsstadium registrierbar ist.The present invention was therefore based on the object of providing a transport and / or storage container for radioactive substances, in particular for irradiated fuel elements from nuclear reactors, essentially consisting of a container body with a shielding function, a shielding and a protective cover, with the shielding cover and a protective cover there is a slit-shaped test room in which the escape of radioactive gases can be registered at an early stage.
Die Aufgabe wurde erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß im Schutzdeckel ein oder mehrere β-Meßsonden eingebaut sind. Als besonders vorteilhaft hat es sich erwiesen, daß als β-Meßsonde einen Proportionalzähler zu verwenden.The object was achieved in that one or more β-measuring probes are installed in the protective cover. It has proven to be particularly advantageous to use a proportional counter as the β measuring probe.
Vorzugsweise wird der Proportionalzähler in einen Hohlraum im Schutzdeckel eingebaut, der zum spaltförmigen Prüfraum zwischen Abschirmdeckel und Schutzdeckel mit einer β - strahlendurchlässigen Schicht abgeschlossen ist.The proportional counter is preferably installed in a cavity in the protective cover, which is closed off with a β-radiation-permeable layer to form the gap-shaped test space between the shielding cover and the protective cover.
Es hat sich überraschenderweise herausgestellt, daß der trotz Abschirmdeckel am Schutzdeckel noch vorhandene Strahlenpegel an h - und γ-Strahlen eine Registrierung der in den Prüfraum entweichenden radioaktiven Gase erlaubt, wenn man in den Schutzdeckel eine r -Meßsonde einbaut, deren Abdeckung gegenüber dem Prüfraum so gewählt wird, daß sie noch β-strahlendurchlässig ist. Dadurch ist es möglich, auch kleinste Mengen an Krypton-85 und Jod-129 zu registrieren und jede Leckage schon bei Ihrem Entstehen festzustellen.It has surprisingly been found that the radiation level of h - and γ-rays still present despite the shielding cover on the protective cover registers the radioactive gases escaping into the test room permitted if an r measuring probe is installed in the protective cover, the cover of which is selected relative to the test room so that it is still beta-transparent. This makes it possible to register even the smallest amounts of Krypton-85 and Iodine-129 and to detect any leakage as it arises.
Anhand der schematischen Abbildungen I und II ist die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung beispielhaft näher erläutert.The device according to the invention is explained in more detail by way of example with reference to the schematic illustrations I and II.
Ein mit Kühlrippen (5) versehener Transport- und/oder Lagerbehälter (1), in dem sich radioaktives Material befindet, ist mit einem Abschirmdeckel (2) und einem Schutzdeckel (3) verschlossen. Der Abschirmdeckel (2) ist gegen den Behälterkörper (6) durch Dichtungselemente (4) abgedichtet. Zwischen dem Abschirmdeckel (2) und dem Schutzdeckel (3) befindet sich ein spaltförmiger Prüfraum (7). Im Schutzdeckel (3) ist eine-Meßsonde (8) zur Messung von radioaktiver β-Strahlung eingebaut, deren Versorgungsleitungen (9) dicht aus dem Schutzdeckel (3) herausgeführt sind. Im Fall einer Leckage von radioaktiven gasförmigen Isotopen aus dem Behälterinneren (10) durch die Dichtungselemente (4) werden die in den Prüfraum (7) gelangenden β-Strahler, z. B. Krypton-85 und auch Jod-129, durch die Meßsonde (8) detektiert. Als Meßsonden können alle geeigneten Detektoren für β-Strahlung verwendet werden, beispielsweise spezielle Halbleiterdetektoren und spezielle Szintillationsdetektoren.A transport and / or storage container (1) provided with cooling fins (5) and containing radioactive material is closed with a shielding cover (2) and a protective cover (3). The shielding cover (2) is sealed against the container body (6) by sealing elements (4). A gap-shaped test chamber (7) is located between the shielding cover (2) and the protective cover (3). A measuring probe (8) for measuring radioactive β-radiation is installed in the protective cover (3), the supply lines (9) of which are led tightly out of the protective cover (3). In the event of leakage of radioactive gaseous isotopes from the interior of the container (10) through the sealing elements (4), the β-emitters, e.g. B. Krypton-85 and iodine-129, detected by the measuring probe (8). All suitable detectors for β-radiation can be used as measuring probes, for example special semiconductor detectors and special scintillation detectors.
Besonders günstig ist es jedoch, daß als f -Meßsonde ein Proportionalzähler eingebaut ist, da er für Strahlung unempfindlich ist und seine Meßsondenfläche beliebig groß gestaltet werden kann. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, daß einerseits auch kleinste radioaktive Leckagen im Prüfraum (7) zuverlässig und umgehend detektiert werden und andererseits auch eine gewisse γ-Reststrahlung über dem Abschirmdeckel (2) nicht stört.It is particularly favorable, however, that a proportional counter is installed as the f-probe, since it is insensitive to radiation and its probe surface can be made as large as desired. This ensures that on the one hand even the smallest radioactive leaks in the test room (7) are detected reliably and immediately and on the other hand that a certain residual γ radiation above the shielding cover (2) does not interfere.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn der Proportionalzähler (11) in einem Hohlraum (12) im Schutzdeckel (3) eingebaut ist, der zum spaltförmigen Prüfraum (7) mit einer β-strahlendurchlässigen Schicht (13) abgeschlossen ist. Die β-strahlendurchlässige Schicht (13) kann als Folie, beispielsweise als dünne Metallfolie oder als metallisierte Kunststoff-Folie, dicht aufgebracht sein, oder aber beim Ausarbeiten des Hohlraumes (12) aus dem Material des Schutzdeckels (3) stehengeblieben sein. Im Hohlraum (12) sind an Isolierkörpern (15) Zähldrähte (14) befestigt, die mittels Leitungen (16) durch den Schutzdeckel (3) isoliert mit einer Spannungsversorgungseinrichtung bzw.It is particularly advantageous if the proportional counter (11) is installed in a cavity (12) in the protective cover (3), which is closed off from the gap-shaped test space (7) with a layer (13) that is permeable to β rays. The β-radiation-permeable layer (13) can be applied tightly as a film, for example as a thin metal film or as a metallized plastic film, or else can have remained when the cavity (12) was made from the material of the protective cover (3). In the cavity (12), counting wires (14) are fastened to insulating bodies (15), which are insulated by means of lines (16) through the protective cover (3) with a voltage supply device or
Vorverstärker und Auswertungseinrichtungen verbunden sind.Preamplifiers and evaluation devices are connected.
Der Schutzdeckel (3) enthält Zu- und Abführungen (21) zur Meßgasversorgung, wobei fallweise das Meßgas im Durchfluß oder unter Druck stehend verwendet wird.The protective cover (3) contains inlets and outlets (21) for supplying the sample gas, the sample gas being used occasionally in the flow or under pressure.
Gegebenenfalls kann die β -strahlendurchlässige Schicht (13) auch gleichzeitig als Druckmembran für zusätzliche Druckmessungen mit verwendet werden. Besonders vorteilhaft ist es jedoch, wenn im Schutzdeckel (3) zusätzlich eine Membran (17) mit zugehörigen Einrichtungen (18) und Meßleitungen (19) für Druckmessungen eingebaut ist.If necessary, the β-radiation-permeable layer (13) can also be used simultaneously as a pressure membrane for additional pressure measurements. However, it is particularly advantageous if a membrane (17) with associated devices (18) and measuring lines (19) for pressure measurements is additionally installed in the protective cover (3).
Die Funktionskontrolle des Proportionalzählers (11) und Registrierung bzw. Überwachung erfolgt von einer zentralen Überwachungsstelle. Besonders günstig ist es jedoch, wenn sich im Hohlraum (12) ein radioaktiver α -Strahler (20) als Eichstandard befindet. Beispielsweise eignen sich als Eichstandards Pu-238 oder auch Radium-Präparate.The functional check of the proportional counter (11) and registration or monitoring is carried out by a central monitoring point. However, it is particularly favorable if there is a radioactive .alpha.-radiator (20) as a calibration standard in the cavity (12). For example, Pu-238 or radium preparations are suitable as calibration standards.
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3037290 | 1980-10-02 | ||
| DE3037290A DE3037290C2 (en) | 1980-10-02 | 1980-10-02 | Transport and / or storage containers for radioactive substances |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0049439A1 true EP0049439A1 (en) | 1982-04-14 |
| EP0049439B1 EP0049439B1 (en) | 1984-06-13 |
Family
ID=6113468
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81107656A Expired EP0049439B1 (en) | 1980-10-02 | 1981-09-26 | Shipping and/or storage container for radioactive material |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0049439B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS57136198A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8106289A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3037290C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES505932A0 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2166680A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1986-05-14 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Closure system for a spent fuel storage cask |
| EP0205060A2 (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1986-12-17 | Gattys Technique S.A. | Radiation-protective container for the transport and disposal of radioactive materials, and method for its production |
| EP0405241A1 (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1991-01-02 | Nukem GmbH | Container for radioactive substances and method for its monitoring |
| US4983352A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1991-01-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Closure system for a spent fuel storage cask |
| US5089214A (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1992-02-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus for monitoring the pressure within a cask containing radioactive material |
| US6989543B2 (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2006-01-24 | C.R. Bard, Inc. | Radiation shielding container for radioactive sources |
| US7199375B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2007-04-03 | Bard Brachytherapy, Inc. | Radiation shielding container that encloses a vial of one or more radioactive seeds |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT1152714B (en) * | 1982-10-11 | 1987-01-07 | Aginucleare Spa | IMPACT ABSORBER FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CONTAINERS AND / OR DANGEROUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1423093A (en) * | 1963-11-25 | 1966-01-03 | S P R L Scholts & Fils | Device for the transport of containers containing radioactive or fissile material |
| FR2258692A1 (en) * | 1974-01-23 | 1975-08-18 | Transnucleaire | Package for nuclear fuel elements - particularly for transport prior to reprocessing |
| US3982134A (en) * | 1974-03-01 | 1976-09-21 | Housholder William R | Shipping container for nuclear fuels |
| DE2726335A1 (en) * | 1977-06-10 | 1978-12-21 | Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe | FINAL STORAGE CONTAINER FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2905094C2 (en) * | 1979-02-10 | 1982-03-18 | GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service mbH, 4300 Essen | Shielding transport and / or shielding storage containers |
-
1980
- 1980-10-02 DE DE3037290A patent/DE3037290C2/en not_active Expired
-
1981
- 1981-09-26 EP EP81107656A patent/EP0049439B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-26 DE DE8181107656T patent/DE3164199D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-30 BR BR8106289A patent/BR8106289A/en unknown
- 1981-10-01 ES ES505932A patent/ES505932A0/en active Granted
- 1981-10-02 JP JP56156306A patent/JPS57136198A/en active Granted
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1423093A (en) * | 1963-11-25 | 1966-01-03 | S P R L Scholts & Fils | Device for the transport of containers containing radioactive or fissile material |
| FR2258692A1 (en) * | 1974-01-23 | 1975-08-18 | Transnucleaire | Package for nuclear fuel elements - particularly for transport prior to reprocessing |
| US3982134A (en) * | 1974-03-01 | 1976-09-21 | Housholder William R | Shipping container for nuclear fuels |
| DE2726335A1 (en) * | 1977-06-10 | 1978-12-21 | Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe | FINAL STORAGE CONTAINER FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2166680A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1986-05-14 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Closure system for a spent fuel storage cask |
| US4983352A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1991-01-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Closure system for a spent fuel storage cask |
| EP0205060A2 (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1986-12-17 | Gattys Technique S.A. | Radiation-protective container for the transport and disposal of radioactive materials, and method for its production |
| EP0205060A3 (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1987-09-02 | Gattys Technique S.A. | Radiation-protective container for the transport and disposal of radioactive materials, and method for its production |
| EP0405241A1 (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1991-01-02 | Nukem GmbH | Container for radioactive substances and method for its monitoring |
| US5089214A (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1992-02-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus for monitoring the pressure within a cask containing radioactive material |
| US6989543B2 (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2006-01-24 | C.R. Bard, Inc. | Radiation shielding container for radioactive sources |
| US7199375B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2007-04-03 | Bard Brachytherapy, Inc. | Radiation shielding container that encloses a vial of one or more radioactive seeds |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0049439B1 (en) | 1984-06-13 |
| BR8106289A (en) | 1982-06-22 |
| ES8402103A1 (en) | 1984-01-01 |
| DE3164199D1 (en) | 1984-07-19 |
| JPH0239760B2 (en) | 1990-09-06 |
| JPS57136198A (en) | 1982-08-23 |
| ES505932A0 (en) | 1984-01-01 |
| DE3037290A1 (en) | 1982-04-29 |
| DE3037290C2 (en) | 1983-01-20 |
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