EP0080222A1

EP0080222A1 - Process for preparing granular detergent compositions containing an intimately admixed anionic surfactant and an anionic polymer

Info

Publication number: EP0080222A1
Application number: EP82201390A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Brian Dale Barford
Original assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Current assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Priority date: 1981-11-16
Filing date: 1982-11-05
Publication date: 1983-06-01
Also published as: ES517377A0; EP0080222B1; IE53847B1; EP0080222B2; DE3271441D1; CA1202852A; IE822720L; MX159156A; GR76749B; ES8402014A1

Abstract

Granular detergent compositions and processes for making such compositions are disclosed. The granular detergent compositions comprise a non-soap anionic surfactant and a water-soluble anionic polymer in intimate admixture and a water-soluble neutral or alkaline salt. The compositions exhibit an improved speed of solubility.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to granular detergent compositions containing an anionic surfactant and an anionic water-soluble polymer in intimate admixture. The compositions herein disperse and dissolve more rapidly in the laundering solution than similar compositions with surfactant alone.
The dispcrsibility and solubility of granular detergent compositions presents a challenge and dilemma to those who formulate and process such compositions. The spray-dried form of such compositions has provided generally satisfactory dispersibility and solubility if the individual components arc soluble or dispersible in water. The spray-dried form, however, requires acceptance of a relatively low density no higher than 0.4-0.5 grams per milliliter to obtain substantial porosity. The porosity, of course, provide a speed of solubility benefit. Higher density granular detergent compositions can be made by various mechanical mixing and agglomeration processes but solubility rate generally becomes less satisfactory. It is an object of this invention to improve the dispersibility and solubility of granular detergent compositions that are made by processes that provide higher densities than are available from conventional spray-drying processes. The invention is, however, applicable to any detergent compositions within the broad scope of the invention as described.

BACKGROUND ART

U.S. Patent 4,072,621, Rose, issued Feb. 7, 1978, discuses the addition of a water-soluble copolymer of a vinyl compound and maleic anhydride to granular detergents containing aluminositicate builders.
British Patent 2,048,841, Burzio, published Dec. 17, 1980, discloses the use of polymeric acrylamides to stabilize aqueous suspensions of zeolites. The suspensions are said to be suitable for spray-drying to obtain detergent compositions.
U.S. Patent 3,933,673, Davies, issued Jan. 20, 1976, describes the use of partial alkali metal salts of homo- or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acids as builders which provide improved storage properties.
U.S. Patent 3,794,605, Diehl, issued Feb. 26, 1974, relates to the use of from 0.1% to 20% of a mixture of salts of cellulose sulfate esters and copolymers of a vinyl compound with maleic anhydride to provide whiteness maintenance benefits to detergent compositions.
U.S. Patent 3,380,922, Shields, issued Apr. 30, 1968, discloses film-forming resinous polymers useful as binders to improve mechanical properties of detergents.
U.S. Patent 3,803,285, Jensen, issued Apr. 9, 1974, describes granular detergents containing various starch derivatives. The granules are said to be free-flowing and cake resistant, and to dissolve rapidly in water.
U.S. Patent 3,922,230, Lamberti et al, issued November 25, 1975, discloses detergent compositions containing oligomeric polyacrylates.
U.S. Patent 4,031,022, Vogt et al, issued June 21, 1977, discloses detergent compositions containing copolymers of alpha- hydroxyacrylic acid and acrylic acid.
U.S. Patent 4,076,643, Brahm et al, issued February 28, 1978, discloses the preparation of free-flowing particulate prcmixes intended for use in detergent compositions. The premix contains one or more liquid or paste-like surfactants and a water-soluble hydroxycarboxylic polymer or copolymer.
British Patent 1,333,915, published Oct. 17, 1973, discloses that polyacrylic acids of molecular weight greater than 1000 and having from 5-55% of its carboxyl groups neutralized as the sodium salt are free-flowing powders useful as detergent builders.
British Patent 1,380,402, Pritchard et al, published Jan. 15, 1975, relates to the addition of low levels of reactive and nonreactive polymers to provide free-flowing granular detergents containing nonionic surfactants.
U.S. Patent 3,920,570, Mulders, issued Nov. 18, 1975, relates to the use of poly-a-hydroxyacrylates as sequestering agents for detergent compositions. Commonly assigned European Patent Application No. 82200458.6, discloses the addition of soluble film-forming polymers to aluminosilicate-built, low phosphate and silicate granular detergents to provide free-flowing and solubility characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention there is provided a granular detergent comprising:

(a) from 3% to 40% of a non-soap anionic surfactant;
(b) from 5% to 85% by weight of a water-soluble neutral or alkaline salt and mixtures thereof; and
(c) from 1% to 50% by weight of the non-soap anionic surfactant of a water-soluble anionic polymer having an average molecular weight of from 300 to 15,000 and at least 1 ionizable site per 200 unites of molecular weight, said detergent composition being prepared by forming an intimate mixture of said surfactant and said polymer before said surfactant and polymer contact a major portion of the other components of said granular detergent composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The granular detergent compositions of the present invention contain the following essential components:

1) non-soap anionic surfactant,
2) water-soluble salts; and
3) water-soluble anionic polymer.

The compositions herein are prepared by any suitable process that will result in the intimate admixture of surfactant and polymer. The intimate admixture can be accomplished by drying a solution or slurry containing the polymer and surfactant or their precursors. Subsequent processing including incorporation of water-soluble salts and optional ingredients should avoid steps that result in appreciable solution of the polymcr/surfactant mixture in the presence of other water-soluble components. An admixture of surfactant and polymer can be mixed with other components prior to spray-drying if the total water content in the resultant paste or slurry contains no more than 50% water by weight. Under such conditions the intimate admixture of surfactant and polymer is maintained. Agglomeration and dry mixing techniques are particularly suitable in the practice of the present invention for producing complete granular detergent compositions while maintaining an intimate admixture of surfactant and polymer.
While not bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the polymers which are useful in the compositions of this invention provide their benefit by eliminating or retarding the formation of a highly viscous "gum" phase of anionic surfactant and water which acts to retard granule dissolution.

Surfactant

The detergent compositions herein contain from 3% to 40% by weight of non-soap anionic surfactant, preferably from 4% to 35%, and more preferably from 5% to 30%. In relatively high sudsing detergent compositions the non-soap anionic surfactant generally represents from 10% to 35%, and preferably from 12% to . 30%, by weight of the detergent composition. Surfactants useful herein arc listed in U.S. Patent 3,664,961, Norris, issued May 23, 1972, and in U.S. Patent 3,919,678, Laughlin et al, issued Dec. 30, 1975.
Useful non-soap anionic surfactants also include the water-soluble salts, preferably the alkali metal, ammonium and alkyl- olammonium salts, of organic sulfuric reaction products having in their molecular structure an alkyl group containing from 10 to 20 carbon atoms and a sulfonic acid or sulfuric acid ester group. (Included in the term "alkyl" is the alkyl portion of aryl groups.) Examples of this group of synthetic surfactants are the sodium and potassium alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the higher alcohols (C₈-C₁₈ carbon atoms) such as those produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut oil; and the sodium and potassium alkylbenzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 9 to 15 carbon atoms, in straight chain or branched chain configuration, e.g., those of the type described in United States Patents 2,220,099 and 2,477,383. Especially valuable are linear straight: chain alkylbenzene sulfonates in which the average number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is from 11 to 13, abbreviated as C_11-13LAS.
Other anionic surfactants herein are the sodium alkyl gty- ceryl ether sulfonates, especially those ethers of higher alcohols derived from tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil fatty acid monoglyceride sulfonates and sulfates; sodium or potassium salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from I to .. 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and wherein the alkyl groups contain from 8 to - t2 carbon atoms; and sodium or potassium salts of alkyl ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing I to 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and wherein the alkyl group contains from 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
Other useful anionic surfactants herein include the water-soluble salts of esters of a-sulfonated fatty acids containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group and from - I to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group; water-soluble salts of 2-acyloxy-alkane-l-sulfonic acids containing from 2 to 9 carbon atoms in the acyl group and from 9 to 23 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety; alkyl ether sulfates containing from 10 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from I to 30 moles of ethylene oxide; water-soluble salts of olefin sulfonates containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms; and β-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety. Anionic sulfonate surfactants are particularly preferred in the compositions of the invention in that a very substantial solubility benefit is provided.
Particularly preferred anionic surfactants herein include linear alkylbenzene sulfonates containing an average of from 11 to 14 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; tallowalkyl sulfates; coconutalkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates; alkyl ether sulfates wherein the alkyl moiety contains from 12 to 18 carbon atoms and wherein the average degree of ethoxylation is from to 4 and olefin or paraffin sulfonates containing from 12 to 16 carbon atoms.
Specific preferred surfactants for use herein include sodium linear C_11-13 alkylbenzene sulfonate and the sodium salt of a sulfated condensation product of a C_12-18 alcohol with 1 to 4 moles of ethylene oxide. The advantages obtained with the compositions and the process of the invention are particularly apparent when said compositions comprise a non-soap anionic surfactant selected from the group comprising alkyl benzene sulfonates, olefin sulfonates and paraffin sulfonates.

Water-Soluble Neutral or Alkaline Salt

The granular detergents of the present invention contain from 5% to 85%, preferably from 10% to 70%, and more preferably from 30% to 65%, by weight of water-soluble neutral or alkaline salts. The neutral or alkaline salt has a pH in solution of seven or greater, and can be either organic or inorganic in nature. The salt assists in providing the desired density and bulk to the detergent granules herein. while some of the salts are inert, many of them also function as a detergency builder.
The neutral or alkaline water-soluble salts useful in the practice of the invention are materials consistent with use in granular detergent compositions from such standpoints as biological safety, effect on environment, and physical and chemical properties. Sodium and potassium salts are particularly useful for reasons of cost and physical properties. Suitable salts may be inorganic or organic, monomeric or polymeric.
Examples of neutral water-soluble salts include the alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium chlorides and sulfates. The alkali metat, and especially sodium, salts of the above arc preferred. Sodium sulfate is typically used in detergent granules and is a particularly preferred salt herein.
Other useful water-soluble salts include the compounds commonly known as detergent builder materials. Builders arc generally selected from the various water-soluble, alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium phosphates, polyphosphates, phosphonates, potyphosphonates, carbonates, silicates, borates, polyhydroxy sulfonates, polyacetates, carboxylates, and polycarboxylates. Preferred are the alkali metal, especially sodium, salts of the above.
Specific examples of inorganic phosphate builders are sodium and potassium tripolyphosphate, pyrophosphate, polymeric metaphosphate having a degree of polymerization of from 6 to 21, and orthophosphate. Examples of polyphosphonate builders are the sodium and potassium salts of ethylene diphosphonic acid, the sodium and potassium salts of ethane 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid and the sodium and potassium salts of ethane, 1,1,2-triphosphonic acid. Other phosphorus builder compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,159,581; 3,213,030; 3,422,021; 3,422,137; 3,400,176 and 3,400,148.
Examples of nonphosphorus, inorganic builders are sodium and potassium carbonate, bicarbonate, sesquicarbonate, tetraborate decahydrate, and silicates having a weight ratio of SiO₂ to alkali metal oxide of from 0.5 to 4.0, preferably from I.0 to 2.4.
Water-soluble, nonphosphorus organic builders useful herein include the various alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates and polyhydroxy sulfonates. Examples of polyacetate and polycarboxylate builders are the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, mellitic acid, benzene polycarboxylic acids, and citric acid. Salts of nitrilotriacetic acid, such as sodium nitrilotriacetate, are particularly preferred.
Polymeric polycarboxylate builders are set forth in U.S. Patent 3,308,067, Diehl, issued March 7, 1967.
Such materials include the water-soluble salts of homo- and copolymers of aliphatic carboxylic acids such as maleic acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, fumaric acid, aconitic acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalonic acid. Some of these materials are useful as the water-soluble anionic polymer as hereinafter described, but only if in intimate admixture with the non-soap anionic surfactant.
Other useful builders herein are sodium and potassium carboxymethyloxymalonate, carboxymethyloxysuccinate, cis-cyclo- hexanehexacarboxylate, cis-cyclopentanetetracarboxylate, phloro- glucinol trisulfonate, and the copolymers of maleic anhydride with vinyl methyl ether or ethylene.
Other suitable polycarboxylates for use herein are the polyacetal carboxylates described in U.S. Patent 4,144,226, issued March 13, 1979 to Crutchfield et al, and U.S. Patent 4,246,495, issued March 27, 1979 to Crutchfield et al.
^- These polyacetal carboxylates can be prepared by bringing together under polymerization conditions an ester of glyoxylic acid and a polymerization initiator. The resulting polyacetal carboxylate ester is then attached to chemically stable end groups to stabilize the polyacetal carboxylate against rapid depolymerization in alkaline solution, converted to the corresponding salt, and added to a detergent composition.
Water-soluble silicate solids represented by the formula SiO₂·M₂O, M being an alkali metal, and having a SiO₂:M₂O weight ratio of from 0.5 to - 4.0, are useful salts in the compositions of the inventions at levels of from 2% to 15% on an anhydrous weight basis, preferably from 3% to 8%. Anhydrous or hydrated particulate silicate can be utilized. In one embodiment of the invention, a silicate water solution containing from 35% to 55% silicate solids can be used as an agglomerating agent.

Water-Soluble Anionic Polymer

The compositions of the present invention also contain in intimate admixture with the non-soap anionic detergent surfactant from 1% to 50%, preferably from 3% to 30%, and more preferably from 5% to 20%, by weight of the non-soap anionic detergent surfactant of a water-soluble anionic polymer with at least I ionizable site per 200 units of molecular weight, preferably at least about I ionizable site per 100 units of molecular weight. While some dispersion advantage is obtained with average polymer molecular weights as high as 50,000 average molecular weight preferably is from 300 to 15,000, and most preferably is from 1000 to 5,000. Also, the water soluble anionic polymers are preferably substantially or completely neutralized water soluble salts. As used herein, average molecular weight is on a polymer weight basis.
Suitable polymers herein include homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acids. Preferred carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, hydroxyacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, crotonic acid, and citraconic acid. The polycarboxylic acids (e.g. maleic acid) can be polymerized in the form of their anhydrides and subsequently hydrolyzed. The copolymers can be formed of mixtures of the unsaturated carboxylic acids with or without other copolymerizable monomers, or they can be formed from single unsaturated carboxylic acids with other copolymerizable monomers. In either case, the percentage by weight of the polymer units derived from noncarboxylic acids is preferably less than about 50%. Suitable copolymerizable monomers include, for example, vinyl chloride, vinyl alcohol, furan, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl propyl ether, acrylamide, ethylene, propylene and 3-butenoic acid.
Homo- and copolymers of sulfonates, sulfates and phosphates of suitable monomers such as styrene, vinyl alcohol, vinyl chloride, etc., are particularly useful in the practice of the invention. Polystyrene sulfonate with a molecular weight in the range of from 2000 to . 6000 is particularly useful in the practice of the invention.
Other preferred polymers are the homopolymers and copolymers of acrylic acid, hydroxyacrylic acid, or methacrylic acid, and salts thereof, which in the case of the copolymers contain at least 50%, and preferably at least 80%, by weight of units derived from the acid. Particularly preferred polymers are sodium polyacrylate and sodium polyhydroxyacrylate. The most preferred is sodium polyacrylate. Other specific preferred polymers are the homopolymers and copolymers of maleic anhydride, especially the copolymers with ethylene, styrene and vinyl methyl ether. These polymers are commercially available under trade names such as, for example, Gantrcz AN.
The polymerization of acrylic acid homo- and copolymers can be accomplished using free-radical initiators, such as alkali metal persulfates, acyl and aryl peroxides, acyl and aryl peresters and aliphatic azocompounds. The reaction can be carried out in situ or in aqueous or nonaqueous solutions or suspensions. Chain- terminating agents can be added to control the molecular weight. The copolymers of maleic anhydride can be synthesized using any of the types of free-radical. initiators mentioned above in suitable solvents such as benzene or acetone, or in the absence of a solvent, under an inert atmosphere. These polymerization techniques are well known in the art. It will be appreciated that instead of using a single polymeric aliphatic carboxylic acid, mixtures of two or more polymeric aliphatic carboxylic acids can be used to prepare the above polymers.
In general, natural polymers such as pectin, alginic acid, gum arabic and carragheenan and cellulose derivatives such as cellulose sulfate, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxybutyl cellulose are not particularly effective in the practice of the invention. Vinyl polymers without sufficient ionizable sites are likewise not particularly effective. In general, these deficiencies appear to be a result of a low ratio of ionizable sites to molecular weight or too high a molecular weight.

Optional Ingredients

Nonionic surfactants may be present in the compositions of the invention. Such nonionic materials include compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which may be aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the polyoxyalkylene group which is condensed with any particular hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a compound having the desired degree of balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
Suitable nonionic surfactants include the polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, e.g., the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from 6 to 15 carbon atoms, in either a straight chain or branched chain configuration, with from 3 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
Preferred nonionics are the water-soluble condensation products of aliphatic alcohols containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, in either straight chain or branched configuration, with from 3 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from 9 to 15 carbon atoms with from 4 to 8 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
Suitable semi-polar nonionic surfactants include: (1) water-soluble amine oxides containing one alkyl moiety of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from alkyl groups and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from I to 3 carbon atoms, (2) water-soluble phosphine oxides containing one alkyl moiety of 10 to 18 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from alkyl groups and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from I to 3 carbon atoms and (3) water-soluble sulfoxides containing one alkyl moiety of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms and a moiety selected from alkyl and hydroxyalkyl moieties of from I to 3 carbon atoms.
Water-soluble salts of the higher fatty acids, i.e., "soaps", can be used in the compositions herein. This includes alkali metal soaps such as the sodium, potassium, ammonium, and alkyl- olammonium salts of higher fatty acids containing from . 8 to 24 carbon atoms, and preferably from 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Soaps can be made by direct saponification of fats and oils or by the neutralization of free fatty acids. Particularly useful are the sodium and potassium salts of the mixtures of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., sodium or potassium tallow and coconut soap.
Cationic surfactants can be utilized in compositions of the present invention. A preferred cationic surfactant is a quaternary ammonium compound with one long chain alkyl and three short chain alkyl groups such as dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride.
Optional surfactants are preferably separated from the intimate admixture of non-soap anionic surfactant and polymer but may be present in the admixture in non-interfering amounts such that the overall anionic character of the admixture is maintained.
The detergent compositions of the invention can optionally contain water-insoluble aluminosilicate ion exchange material of the formula
wherein z and y are at least 6, the molar ratio of z to y is from 1.0 to 0.5 and x is from 10 to 246. Amorphous hydrated aluminosilicate materials useful herein have the empirical formula ;
wherein M is sodium, potassium, ammonium or substituted ammon- lum, z is from 0.5 to 2 and y is 1, said material having a magnesium ion exchange capacity of at least 50 milligram equivalents of CaCO₃ hardness per gram of anhydrous aluminosilicate.
The aluminosilicate ion exchange builder materials herein are in hydrated form and contain from 10% to 28% of water by weight if crystalline, and potentially even higher amounts of water If amorphous. Highly preferred crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials contain from 18% to 22% water in their crystal matrix. The crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are further characterized by a particle size diameter of from 0.1 micron to 10 microns. Amorphous materials are often smaller, e.g., down to less than 0.01 micron. Preferred ion exchange materials have a particle size diameter of from 0.2 micron to 4 microns. The term "particle size diameter" herein represents the average particle size diameter of a given ion exchange material as determined by conventional analytical techniques such as, for example, microscopic determination utilizing a scanning electron microscope. The crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials herein are usually further characterized by their calcium ion exchange capacity, which is at least 200 mg. equivalent of CaCO₃ water hardness/g. of aluminosilicate, calculated on an anhydrous basis, and which generally is in the range of from 300 mg. eq./g. to 352 mg. eq./g. The aluminosilicate ion exchange materials herein are still further characterized by their calcium ion exchange rate which is at least 2 grains Ca⁺⁺/gallon/ minute/gram/gallon of aluminosilicate (anhydrous basis), and generally lies within the range of from 2 grains/gallonl minute/gram/gallon to 6 grains/gallon/minute/gram/gallon, based on calcium ion hardness. Optimum aluminosilicate for builder purposes exhibit a calcium ion exchange rate of at least 4 grains/gallon/minute/gram/gallon.
The amorphous aluminosilicate ion exchange materials usually have a M_g ⁺⁺ exchange capacity of at least 50 mg. eq. CaC0₃/g. (12 mg. Mg⁺⁺/g.) and a Mg⁺⁺ exchange rate of at least I grain/gallon/minute/gram/gallon. Amorphous materials do not exhibit an observable diffraction pattern when examined by Cu radiation (1.54 Angstrom Units).
Aluminosilicate ion exchange materials useful in the practice of this invention are commercially available. The aluminosilicates useful in this invention can be crystalline or amorphous in structure and can be naturally-occurring aluminosilicates or synthetically derived. A method for producing aluminosilicate ion exchange materials is discussed in U.S. Patent 3,985,669, Krummel, et al., issued October 12, 1976, Preferred synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials useful herein are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite B, and Zeolite X. In an especially preferred embodiment, the crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange material has thc: formula
wherein x is from 20 to . 30, especially 27.
Other ingredients commonly used in detergent compositions can be included in the compositions of the present invention. These include color speckles, bleaching agents such as perborates and percarbonates and bleach activators, suds boosters or suds suppressors, anti-tarnish and anti-corrosion agents, soil suspending agents, soil release agents, dyes, fillers, optical brighteners, germicides, pH adjusting agents, non-builder alkalinity sources, hydrotropes such as toluene sulfonates and xylene sulfonates, enzymes, enzyme-stabilizing agents, perfumes and water.
The detergent compositions of the present invention can comprise a portion of compositions containing a wide variety of materials suitable for detergent or other uses.
The following non-limiting examples illustrate the detergent compositions of the present invention.
All percentages, parts, and ratios used herein are by weight unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE !

A slurry was prepared containing 30% of the sodium salt of linear C13, alkyl benzene sulfonate (sodium C₁₃ LAS), 3% of a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate having a molecular weight of approximately 15,000 and an acrylamide content of 12%, 15% sodium sulfate and 52% water. The slurry was spray dried to produce a granule containing an intimate admixture of the sodium C_{13 LAS} and the copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate. Water content was reduced to less than 10% by weight.
A granular detergent composition was prepared containing the following components:
The NTA, sodium carbonate and sodium silicate in dry particulate form were placed in a Marion Mixer Model 2030. After I minute of mixing, the C_12-13 alcohol-6.5 ethoxylate was added as a spray and acted as an agglomerating agent. An appropriate quantity of the granular mixture of sodium C₁₃LAS, polymer and sodium sulfate was then added followed by the hydrous silica. The resultant granular detergent product is screened to remove large lumps, if any. The final product had a density of 0.67 grams per milliliter.

Entrapment Test

This method is used to determine the entrapment potential of a granular detergent product relative to another comparison product, the comparison product being a pre-established standard which preferably has a consumer validated entrapment profile. The test is designed with conditions of high stress (low agitation. low temperature, high product-to-fabric ratio) in order to maximize visual differences between products.
The entrapment test measures the ability or inability of a granular detergent to dissolve and disperse out of an enclosed fabric pocket during the course of a gentle wash cycle in a full scale washer.

Equipment

Full scale washer - Kenmore or G.E.

Black fabric - 10 cm x 15 cm rectangles

Stapler

Procedure

The entrapment test is carried out in a full-scale washer (66 _litresfill) in 15°Ccity water over a 10 minute gentle wash cycle (Kenmore = 48 48 RPM, GE = 60 RPM).

1. Four fabric pockets are to be constructed - Two 10 cm ; 15cm rectangles of the black fabric are stapled together along three sides to form an open pocket.
2. One-fourth of the recommended usage of the product to be tested is placed in each of the four fabric pockets.
3. Each of the fabric pockets is stapled shut along the fourth side to form a closed pocket.
4. The washer is filled with 15°C city water and the four pockets are added to the washer as agitation begins.
5. Two pockets are removed from the washer at the end of the wash-spin cycle; the other two pockets are removed at the end of the rinse-spin cycle.
6. Pockets are squeezed lightly to remove excess water and are blotted between paper towels to remove additional water.
7. The pockets are opened along 3 sides and spread open to air dry. Comparisons between products are made after the pockets have dried completely.

Using the entrapment test, visual comparisons can be made between products to determine relative dissolution and solubility.
The composition of Example 1 was compared to a composition made by the same procedure but without the inclusion of the acrylamide/acrylate copolymer. The composition of Example 1 had a substantial advantage as measured by the entrapment test.

EXAMPLE II

The composition of Example I was produced on an Aeromatic Spray Granulator Fluid Bed.
The slurry of Example 1 containing the Sodium C_l3 LAS and acrylamide/acrylate copolymer was sprayed on a fluidized bed of the NTA and sodium carbonate suspended with heated air. The bed was allowed to cool and the remaining ingredients were added.
The resultant granular detergent composition has physical properties, including rate of dissolution and density equivalent to the composition of Example and a substantial advantage solubility over a product made without inclusion of the polymer.

EXAMPLE III

Surfactant Dispersibility Test

Samples of spray-dried C₁₃LAS with its accompanying sodium sulfate, both with (10%) and without the acrylamide/acrylate copolymer of Example I were tested by adding gram of granules into 400 ml of room temperature water which was stirred slowly with a magnetic stirrer. The time required to dissolve the sample without the polymer was twice as long (25 minutes) as the sample with the polymer (12 minutes). Additional evaulations using the same procedure showed the following results:

EXAMPLE IV

At a concentration of 40.7% of polymer in the paste, the following molecular weight dependence of the dispersibility of sodium C₁₃LAS with polyacrylic acid was observed.

EXAMPLE V

The following composition was prepared by spray-drying an aqueous crutcher mixture of the components listed. Water content of the crutcher mix was approximately 38% and reduced to approximately 8% by spray drying. The sodium polyacrylate with a molecular weight of 2000 was mixed with the anionic surfactant paste prior to adding the balance of the components to the crutcher.
¹Added to improve physical properties and retard deposition of calcium pyrophosphate as described in pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. , Morrow et al, filed September 7, 1982 entitled Granular Detergents Containing Pyrophosphate and Polyacrylate Polymers (Attorney's Docket No. 3045).
The resulting spray dried granules were dry mixed with the following components:
The water dispersibility of the resulting composition was substantially superior to a. composition containing the same ingredients except no sodium polyacrylate (avg. m.w. 2000) and to a composition containing the same ingredients in which the sodium polyacrylate (avg. m.w. 2000) was not admixed with the anionic surfactant paste prior to mixture with other ingredients.

EXAMPLE VI

The following composition was prepared:
The sodium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, maleic anhydride copolymer, CMC, magnesium sulphate and fluorescer, were first formed into a crutcher mix of moisture content 42% and spray dried to give a granular powder of density 650-670 g/litre and moisture content of 7%.
This granular base powder was fed into a 3" diameter Patterson-Kelley zig-zag blender and the nonionic surfactant sprayed on at a temperature of 40°C over a period of two minutes. Mixing was allowed to continue for a further 8 minutes after which the powder density was 800-830 g/litre.
The sodium perborate, suds suppressor ingredients and enzyme were then dry mixed into the nonionic containing powder by means of a Vertomix in-line mixer (made by Babcock Gardner Ltd., Middleway, St. Blazey, Cornwall, England) resulting in a powder of density 790-800 g/litre. The product was passed through a 20 mesh sieve and the oversize recycled for further size reduction. The LAS/SPA flake was made from an aqueous slurry of solids content 50% by weight, in which the solids comprise 90% LAS paste, 10% sodium polyacrylate (Goodrite K-759, a sodium polyacrylate of molecular wt. 2100 made by Coodrich Chemical Group, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
This slurry was dried on rollers heated by 35 psi steam and removed as a flake of thickness 0.25mm comprising 80% LAS, 10% sodium polyacrylate, 7% sodium sulfate, 3% moisture. The flacke was broken up by 10 minutes agitation in a cube mixer and the portion passing through a 20 mesh sieve was used as a dry additive in the product. Addition of the LAS/SPA flake to the remainder of the product was carried out in a Vertomix, using the same procedure as for the dry mixing of the other ingredients, to give a finished product density of 750 grams/liter.
The finished product had a particle size distribution as follows:
Dispersion and solubility of the finished product in water was excellent.
The product of Example VI is prepared with a LAS/SPA flake thickness of 0.10 mm and a LAS/SPA flake thickness of 0.50 mm. Comparable dispersion and solubility is obtained.

EXAMPLE VII

The present invention is also helpful in reducing product loss in the sump or drain plug connection of front loading washing machines. In such machines, the sump comprises the drain plug which is located at the lowest point of the machine and a short length of piping which connects the plug either to the external casing or to part of the wash water recirculation system. Product is added to the washing machine via a dispenser, the contents of which are flushed by a stream of cold water into the external casing of the machine at the start of the cycle. Any component of the product having a low rate of solubility in cold water tends to collect in the sump and this tendency is enhanced by the formation of viscous surfactant phases which cause aggregation of other components. This tendency is pariicularly noticeable when anionic surfactant is dry mixed with the remainder of the formulation and compositions in accordance with the present invention can be shown to overcome this problem. The following compositions were prepared:

(a) A flaked composition comprising 88.9% NaLAS 7.8% Na₂SO₄ + miscellaneous 3.3% H₂ ⁰
(b) A flaked composition comprising 80% NaLAS . 10% Sodium polyacrylate Mw = 2000 7% Na₂SO₄ + miscellaneous 3% H20

Both flake compositions were prepared as in Example VI above. In a model test using a funnel fitted with a length of tubing to simulate a washing machine sump and adapted to trap undissolved material, the percentage of the initial formulation remaining as a residue in the sump was:

Sample (a) 17.1%
Sample (b) 4.5%

Claims

1. A granular detergent comprising:

(a) from 3% to 40% of a non-soap anionic surfactant;

(b) from 5% to 85% by weight of a water-soluble neutral or alkaline salt and mixtures thereof; and

(c) from 1% to 50% by weight of the non-soap anionic surfactant of a water-soluble anionic polymer having an average molecular weight of from 300 to 15,000 and at least 1 ionizable site per 200 units of molecular weight, said detergent composition being prepared by forming an intimate mixture of said surfactant and said polymer before said surfactant and polymer contact a major portion of the other components of said granular detergent composition.

2. A composition according to Claim 1 wherein the non-soap anionic surfactant comprises an alkali metal salt of a ^C _11-13 alkylbenzene sulfonate.

3. A composition according to either one of Claims 1 and 2 wherein the water-soluble anionic polymer is selected from polyacrylic acid and water-soluble salts thereof, copolymers of an acrylamide and an acrylate, polystyrene sulfonate polymers and mixtures thereof.

4. A composition according to any one of Claims 1-3 wherein the water-soluble anionic polymer is at a level of from 5% to 20% by weight of the non-soap anionic surfactant.

5. A composition according to any one of Claims 1-4 wherein the water-soluble anionic polymer has a molecular weight of from 1000 to 5000.

6. A composition according to any one of Claims 1-5 wherein the non-soap anionic surfactant is at a level of from 12% to 30% by weight of the granular detergent composition.

7. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the water-soluble neutral or alkaline salt comprises a material selected from alkali metal polyphosphates, alkali metal nitrilotriacetates, alkali metal sulfates and mixtures thereof.

8. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said intimate mixture of said non-soap anionic surfactant and said water-soluble polymer is agglomerated with said water-soluble neutral or alkaline salt or mixtures thereof.

9. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said intimate mixture of said non-soap anionic surfactant and said water-soluble polymer is spray-dried from an aqueous slurry also containing said water-soluble neutral or alkaline salt or mixtures thereof, providing that said slurry contains no more than 50% water by weight.

10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said polymer is a substantially or completely neutralized salt of polyacrylic acid.