EP0138357A2

EP0138357A2 - Labeled DNA

Info

Publication number: EP0138357A2
Application number: EP84305989A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Greg M. Landes
Original assignee: Integrated Genetics Inc; Genzyme Corp
Current assignee: Genzyme Corp
Priority date: 1983-09-02
Filing date: 1984-08-31
Publication date: 1985-04-24
Anticipated expiration: 2004-08-31
Also published as: US4626501A; ATE115959T1; JPS60172994A; EP0138357B1; CA1234061A; DE3486362D1; EP0138357A3; DE3486362T2

Abstract

Polymeric, single-stranded DNA molcule which is labeled with a plurality of labels, the labels being bonded, via linking groups, to adenine and cytosine bases of the DNA molecule in substantially equal numbers, the labels being bonded to essentially none of the guanine or thymine bases of the DNA molecule, the DNA molecule being adapted for use as a probe in a nucleic acid hybridization assay.

Description

Background ot the Invention

This invention relates to nucleic acid hybridization assays.
Such assays are well-known, and are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of a wide variety of medical disorders. Typically, a labeled, single-stranded DNA probe which is at least partly homologous with the DNA or RNA of interest is reacted with the denatured nucleic acid of a sample suspected of containing the DNA or RNA of interest. Labeled hybrid complexes indicate the presence of such DNA or RNA.
Probes can be labeled in any of a variety of ways. Some labeling methods are direct, i.e., the label, which is bonded to the probe is itself detectable; examples are radioactive isotopes. Other labels are indirect, i.e., the label is not itself detectable until it dergoes one or more reactions following hybridization; an example is a compound such as biotin, a label which is not itself detectable, but becomes detectable after it reacts with avidin bound to a detectable chemical entity such as a fluorophore.
For convenience, the term "label", as used herein, refers to directly detectable entities such as radioactive isotopes, as well as to indirectly detectable entities such as biotin. The entity, e.g., avidin, to which an indirectly detectable entity bonds to become detectable, is referred to herein as an "indicator".

- Summary of the Invention

In general, the invention features a polymeric, single-stranded DNA molecule which is labeled with a plurality of labels, the labels being bonded, via linking groups, to adenine and cytosine bases of the DNA molecule in substantially equal numbers (within 5%), the labels being bonded to essentially none (less than 0.5%) of the guanine or thymine bases of the DNA molecule, the DNA molecule being adapted for use as a probe in a nucleic acid hybridization assay.. Preferab. at least .half of the adenine and cytosine bases are labeled.
The DNA molecules of the invention are preferably made by reacting a polymeric DNA molecule with a heterofunctional reagent of the formula
wherein n is between 0 and 10, inclusive; p is between and 10, inclusive, preferably between 1 and 4, inclusive; V is a halogen; W is nothing or SO₂-(CH₂)q, wherein q is between 1 and 10, inclusive, preferably between 1 and 4, inclusive; and ( is either a label X, or the reactive group OR, wherein is one of: 1) an alkyl group, preferably having five fewer carbon atoms, most preferably three or fewer carbon atoms (e.g. ethyl); 2) a heteroalkyl group, preferably having five or fewer carbon atoms and containing only the elements oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon (e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimidyl); 3) an aryl group preferably having twelve or fewer carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl); 4) an aralkyl group, preferably having fifte or fewer carbon atoms (e.g., ethylphenyl); 5) a heteroaryl group, preferably having fifteen or fewer carbon atoms and containing only the elements oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon (e.g., p-nitrophenol); 6) a hydrogen atom.
The above reaction produces a polymeric DNA molecule in which at least some of the adenine and cytosine bases are derivatized to their respective etheno analogs, of the formula
wherein n is between 0 and 10, inclusive, preferably between 0 and 3, inclusive; p is between 1 and 10, inclusive, preferably between 1 and 4, inclusive; N is N-1 of adenine or N-3 of cytosine; N_b is N-6 of adenine or N-4 of cytosine; B is the remainder of the- adenine or cytosine base; and W and G are as defined above for formula (1).
When G in formula (2), above, is OR, the DNA molecule can be further derivatized with a label, either directly or via a second linking group, to give a formula (2) compound in which G is X, X having replaced OR.
In formula (2), n is most preferably 0, p is most preferably 2, and W is most preferably SO₂-(CH₂)_q, q most preferably being 2.
Label X includes a detectable entity, designated "Z" herein, which can be, e.g., an enzyme, catalyst, hapten, one of a specific binding pair, e.g. an immunological pair (e.g., antigen/antibody or biotin/avidin), or a spectro photometrically, radioactively, or fluorescently detectable molecule or atom. In the case of specific binding pairs such as biotin/avidin, the second member of the pair, e.g. avidin, is bonded to a detectable chemical entity such as a fluorophore, or an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the case of HRP, detection is accomplished via a substrate for HRP; a preferred such substrate is the chromogen diaminobenzidine. Z can be any detectable entity, the chemical composition of Z no being critical.
As mentioned above, the label can be bonded directly to the acyl carbon atom; i.e., X can consist only of the detectable entity Z and no additional linking group.
Alternatively, X can include both the detectable entity Z and a second linking group. One such X has the formula:

NH-(CH₂)_r-Z (3), where 1≤r≤10, preferably 4≤r≤8, and most preferably r = 6.

Generally, if a second linking group is present, derivatization with that group will precede the attachment of Z; i.e. the second linking group, which includes a reaction site for Z, is reacted with the etheno analog of formula (2), to form:
wherein Y is a reactive site, e.g. NH₂, COOH, or SH, to be replaced by Z, and n, p, W, N_a, and N_b are as defined for formula (2).
The DNA molecule can, as described above, comprise a fragment in which bases which form part of the hybridizing fragment itself are labeled witn detectors. Alternatively, the DNA molecule can comprise two portions, a first portion which is substantially unlabeled and which is capable of specifically binding to the specific nucleic acid sequence of interest, and a homo- or heteropolymeric tail portion which is labeled as described above.
The DNA molecules of the invention offer a number of advantages. Easy to handle non-isotopic labels such as catalytic labels are readily attached to the molecules and, furthermore, can be attached in numbers approaching half of the total number of bases (since half the bases are adenine and cytosine) or, if a homopolymeric tail is used, close to all of the bases in the tail, providing amplification and concommitant sensitivity. In the tail embodiment, only the tail is labeled, so that label will not interfere with the hybridization process.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.

Description of the Preferred Embodiments

We first briefly describe the drawings, and then describe the general chemistry involved in preparing a non-isotopic DNA probe. We then present : specific examples, and finally describe the use of such probes in hybridization assays, and the respective methods of detecting the resulting hybrids.

Drawing

Figures 1-4 are diagrammatic representations of the operation of preferred embodiments of the invention.

Structure

The DNA probes have the structure described in the Summary of the Invention above.

Synthesis

Generally the starting DNA molecule is single-stranded DNA probe and capable of specifically hybridizing to a specific nucleotide (RNA or DNA) sequence; such probes are obtained or made using conventional, well-known techniques. One example of a useful group of probes are the Salmonella-specific DNA probes described in Taber et al. U.S. Pat. Appln. entitled "Test for Salmonella in Food", filed on the same day as this application, assigned to the same assignee as this application, hereby incorporated by reference.
The derivatization of at least some of the adenines and cytosines of the single-stranded DNA probe (either the hybridizing portion of the probe or the homopolymeric synthetic tail) is carried out, using the heterofunctional cross-linker
wherein V, n, p, q, and R are as defined above. The cross linker of formula (5) is made by the procedure of Fink et al. (1980) Anal. Biochem. 108, 394-401.
In formula (5), above, W is SO₂-(CH₂)_q. If, alternatively, W is nothing, i.e., (CH₂)p is bonded directly tc
, the cross linker is made by appropriately modifying the Fink et al. reaction, as follows. Equimolar amounts of the desired keto-acid or keto-ester are mixed with molecular halogen V₂ (usually bromine) in chloroform. After consumption of the halogen, the a-haloketo-acid or ester may be used without purification, or may be further purified, using standard techniques.
Generally, the reaction between the cross-linker and the DNA is carried out for about 1 hou at about 37°C, and excess cross-linker is removed, e.g. by organic extraction.
Adenine and cytosine react with the cross-linker to form, after dehydration, a stable derivative. The alkylation reaction is illustrated below, in which adenine is shown reacting with the linker 3-(4-bromo 3-oxobutane 1-sulfonyl)-propionate N-hydroxy succinimide ("BSPSE"); i.e., in formula (5), n is 0, p is 2, q is 2, _V is bromide, and OR is N-hydroxysuccinimidyl:
The resulting derivatized DNA molecule, containing a highly reactive ester group, is the precursor to a wide variety of labeled _DN_A molecules. Primary amines, present on antigens, enzymes, haptens, or substituted aliphatics, can react with the acyl carbon atom of the ester group to form an amide bond. Alternatively, additional linking functionalities can be bonded to the first linking group; e.g. diaminoalkanes, amino acids, or aminoalkylthiols can react with the ester group to generate an amide bearing, respectively, an amine, carboxylic acid, or thiol available for derivatization with a label.
Frequently the attachment of an additional linking functionality is carried out at pH 7 to 8 in buffer, e.g. NaHC0₃. The reactants are incubated together for an amount of time sufficient to allow the reaction to proceed to completion, e.g., 4-20 hours, at a suitable temperature, e.g., room temperature. The final product is purified, e.g. by gel filtration.
Detailed descriptions of the formation of non-isotopically labeled hybridization probes are given below.

Example 1: Horseradish

Peroxidase-Labeled DNA Probes

The enzymatic label horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is attached to a DNA probe via the linking groups BSPSE and 1,6-hexane diamine (HDA), as follows.
Eight parts of the desired single-stranded DN_A -at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml in distilled water are mixed with one part 1 M NaOAc, pH 6. The solution of DNA and NaOAc are pre-warmed to 37°C and then one part of 100 mM BSPSE in DMSO is added to the mixture. The final concentration of reagents is 1 mg/ml single-stranded DNA, 100 mM NaOAc, pH 6, 10 mM BS_PSE and 10% (v/v) DMSO. The solution is incubated for 1 hour at 37°C and then extracted 3 times with chloroform to remove unreacted BSPSE.
The resulting BSPSE-modified DNA next is incubated with hexane diamine-treated HRP. Treatment of HRP with 1,6-hexane diamine (HDA) allows efficient coupling of HRP to BSPSE-modified DNA. HDA treatment involves mixing together the following components:

4 parts of 4 mg/ml HRP (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO., Type VI) in distilled water;
1 part 100 mM NaIO₄ (same supplier as for HRP).

The mixture is incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The oxidation reaction is then quenched by adding either glucose or ethylene glycol to_'100 mM of the mixture. The low molecular weight redox products are then eliminated by dialysis against 1 mM NaOAc, pH 4, or by G-25 Sephadex column chromatography in 1 mM NaOAc, pH 4.
8 parts of the resulting periodate-oxidized HRP are mixed with 1 part fresh 1 M NaHCO₃, and 1 part of 10% (v/v) HDA, pH 9.5 with HC1. The mixture is incubated at room temperature for more than 4 hours. Unreacted HDA is removed by dialysis against 0.1 M NaHCO₃ at 4° degrees C. HDA-modified HRP is stored at 4 degrees C until use.
The derivatized DNA is then labeled with HRP by mixing the following:

2 parts BSPSE-modified DNA (200 ug),
4 parts distilled water,
1 part fresh 1 M NaHCO₃,
3 parts HDA-treated periodate-oxidized HRP (about 600-900 ug HRP)

The mixture is incubated overnight at room temperature.
Free and bound HDA-treated HRP are separated by Bio-Gel AO.SM or A5M column chromatography in 50 mM Na₂B₄O₇, pH 8, 100 mM NaCl. The excluded fractions are recovered and pooled. The absorbance of the pooled material is measured at both 403 and 260 nm. The extent of modification is determined based on a molar extinction coefficient of HRP of 10,200 at 403 nm and of dNMP of 6,500 at 260 nm.
The above steps are illustrated by the following reaction diagram:

Example 2: Dinitrophenyl-Labeled DNA Probes
The haptenic label dinitrophenyl (DNP) is attached to a DNA probe via the linking group BSPSE as follows.
First, BSPSE-derivatized DNA is prepared, as described above. To 5 parts of BSPSE-derivatized DNA are added 1 part fresh 1 M NaHCO₃ and 12 parts 11.3 mM N-ε-Dinitrophenyl-L-lysine-HCl in 200 mM NaHC0₃. The mixture is incubated overnight and then dialysed against 0.1 M NaHCO₃. The absorbance of the product is measured at both 360 mn and at 260 mn. The extent of derivatization is determined based on a molar extinction coefficient of DNP of 16,000 at 360 nm and of dNMP of 6500 at 260 nm.
The above steps are illustrated by the following reaction diagram:

Example 3: Microperoxidase-Labeled DNA Probes

The enzymatic label microperoxidase is attached to a DNA probe via the linking groups BSPSE and HDA, as follows:

First, BSPSE-derivatized DNA is prepared, as described above. Three parts of the BSPSE-DNA are mixed with one part 1 M NaHCO₃ and 5 parts of 20 mg/ml microperoxidase (Sigma Chemical Company at Louis, MO). The mixture is incubated overnight and then purified by column chromatography on Bio-Gel A0.5M. The excluded column fractions are pooled and the absorbance is measured at both 260 and 403 nm. The extent of modification is measured using the same extinction coefficients as used for HRP-DNA.

The above steps are illustrated by the following reaction diagram:

Example 4 : Biotinylated DNA Probes

The indirect label biotin is attached to a DNA probe via the linking groups BSPSE and HDA, as follows:

First, ESPSE-derivatized DNA is prepared, as described above. Eight parts of BSPSE-derivatized DNA are mixed with 1 part 10% (v/v) HDA, pH 7.8 and 1 part 1 M NaHCO₃. The mixture is incubated for at least 4 hours at room temperature and then unreacted HDA is removed by dialysis against 0.1 M NaHCO₃.

The resulting product is linked to biotin by mixing 8 parts of HDA-treated BSPSE-DNA with l.part 40 mM N-Hydroxysuccinimidobiotin (in dimethylformamide) and 1 part 1 M NaHCO₃. After incubating for more than 4 hours, unreacted biotin is eliminated by dialysis against 0.1 M NaHCO₃.
The above steps are illustated by the following reaction diagram:

Structural Permutations

If a homopolymeric tailed probe is used, the polyadenine or polycytosine tail can be first labeled, as above, and then attached to the hybridizing portion of the DNA probe, so that only the tail is labeled. -Alternatively, the tail can first be enzymatically attached to double stranded DNA, using conventional techniques, and then, because the double stranded DNA is non-reactive, the tailed double stranded DNA can be alkylated and labeled, as above, resulting in labeling only of the reactive tail.

Use

The DNA probes of the invention can be used in any test or assay in which the nucleic acid sequence to which they specifically hybridize is to be detected or quantified. Any conventional hybridization techniques can be used, e.g. those described in Grunstein et al. (1975) PNAS USA 72, 3961 and Falkow et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,358,535, hereby incorporated by references A specific example of a non-isotopic hybridization assay employing any of the DNA probes described above is as follows.
The double-stranded DNA or bacterial'cell culture to be assayed is applied and fixed to a solid support (e.g., nitrocellulose, mixed cellulose esters, or nylon) by spotting 1-5 ul of a sample onto the filter, allowing the filter to air dry, and then placing the filter on a square of Whatman 3MM paper saturated with 0.5 N NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl. After 5-15 minutes, the membrane filter is transferred to a square of Whatman 3MM saturated with 3 M NaCl, 1.5 M Tris, pH 7.5. After neutralization, the membrane containing the sample is immersed in absolute ethanol and then allowed to dry, to permanently fix the DNA to the solid support.
The membrane is pre-hybridized at 37°C in pre-hybridization buffer which consists of the following components: 45% formamide, 25 mM NaP0₄, pH 6.8, 5X Denhardt's Solution (lX is 0.02% (w/v) of each of bovine serum albumin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and Ficoll 500), 250 ug/ml sonicated, denatured salmon sperm or calf thymus DNA. After 30 minutes the pre-hybridization solution is replaced with hybridization buffer containing 0.1-10 ug/ml of non-isotopic hybridization probe. The hybridization cocktail is chemically equivalent to the pre-hybridization cocktail except that it also contains 10% (w/v) dextran sulfate and the non-isotopic hybridization probe. The hybridization reaction is allowed to proceed for 2 hours at 37°C.
Non-hybridized probe is removed by repetitive washes of the solid support with an established wash regimen, e.g., 3 washes of 10 minutes each with 10 mM NaCl at 37°C.
Generally, after hybridization is carried out and hybrid complexes are formed, the label is detected or measured, using a technique appropriate for the particular label employed. If the label is detectable without being complexed to an indicator, hybrid' complexes axe simply detected using an appropriate means., e.g. by detecting fluorescence, light emission, radioactivity, or electron density. If the label must be complexed with an additional chemical entity, i.e. an indicator, before detection is possible, then the step of contacting hybrid complexes with the indicator is carried out and the resultant label/indicator complexes detected or measured. For example, if the label is one of a specific binding pair, e.g. the antigen of an immunological pair, the hybrid complex is contacted with the antibody of the pair, and immune complexes are then detected. To facilitate detection, the second of the specific binding pair (i.e. the indicator) can have attached to it a detectable entity, e.g. an enzyme, fluorescent compound, etc.
Specific examples of the methods employed for the detection of the labeled probes described above are as follows.

Example 5: Detection of NRP-labeled DNA Probes

Referring to Fig. 1, to detect hybrid complexes labeled with HR_P, the Solid support is overlayed with any one of many chromogenic HRP substrates, e.g., 2,2' azino-di-(3-ethyl-benztiazoline sulfonate) (ABTS), 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), or 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenziaine. In the case of the substrate ABTS, the substrate solution, consisting of 2 mM ABTS, 2.5 mM H20₂ in 100 mM NaOAc, 50 mM NPO₄, pH 4.2, is added to the support and the reaction is allowed to proceed for approximately 10-30 minutes, after which time green colored dots will have formed for samples containing sequences complementary to the HRP-labeled DNA probe. The extent of hybridization can be . quantitiated by measuring the absorbance of the recovered substrate solution. As is illustrated in Fig. 1, only the cytosine and adenine bases of the DNA probe are labeled with HRP.
Since oxidized ABTS is soluble, a more permanent record of the hybridization reaction can be obtained if a peroxidase substrate is used which generates an insoluble product upon oxidation. The benzidine substrates listed above satisfy this requirement. For example, 0.05% DAB, 0.02% H₂0₂, 0.02% CoCl₂ in 10 mM Tris, pH 7.5 yields a convenient' substrate solution which produces a purplish precipitate at the site of hybridization.

Example 6: Detection of DNP-labled DNA Probes

Referring to Fig. 2, to detect hybrid complexes labeled with DNP, which is not itself detectable, the DNP is reacted with a detectable indicator to which it selectively (i.e., preferentially) binds. In the example illustrated in Fig. 2, the indicator consists of the following: goat anti-DNP antibody, which selectively binds to the DNP-labeled hybrid complexes; biotinylated anti-goat antibody; biotin; avidin; HRP; and a substrate for HRP. In the illustrated example, the reactions involving the antibodies and biotin are followed by the ABC HRP detection method of Hsu et al. (1981) J. Histochem. and Cytochem. 29, 577-580.
Alternatively, an HRP-labeled anti-DNP antibody could be used to detect DNP-labeled complexes. Another alternative would be to use a double antibody system employing an enzyme rather than biotin.

Example 7: Detection of Microperoxidase-Labeled DNA Probes

Referring to Fig. 3, to detect hybrid complexes labeled with microperoxidase, a chemiluminescent substrate, luminol, for microperoxidase is used. The solid support bearing the labeled hybrid complexes is placed in a borosilicate test tube to which is added luminol, NaOH, and hydrogen peroxide. The contents are mixed and then placed in a fluorometer with the incident light source off and the photomultiplier on. The amplitude of the signal is compared to that of known quantities of microperoxidase-labeled probe.
Alternatively, the hybridized material can first be removed from the solid support using NaOH and then the other reagents added to the reaction, and the chemiluminescent activity measured as described above.

Example 8: Detection of Biotin-Labeled _'DNA Probes

Referring to Fig. 4, to detect biotin-labeled hybrid complexes, avidin, HRP, and a substrate for HRP are used. The method is essentially that described in Hsu et al., id.

Other Embodiments

Other embodiments are within the following claims. For example, as has been mentioned, a wide variety of labeling systems can be used with the invention. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase, for example, can be used in place of HRP, and detected by the color change produced when contacted with the substrate 6mM p-nitrophenylphosphate in 1mM 2n Cl₂, 1mM MgCl₂, 100mM glycine (pH 10.4).
In the above examples, the DNA is derivatized with BSPSE prior to attachment of label. Alternatively, the BPSE can be reacted with the label prior to the derivatization of the DNA.

Claims

1. A polymeric, single-stranded DNA molecule which is labeled with a plurality of labels, said labels being bonded, via linking groups, to adenine and cytosine bases of said DNA molecule in substantially equal amounts, said labels being bonded to essentially none of the quanine or thymine bases of said DNA molecule, said DNA molecule being adapted for use as a probe in a nucleic acid hybridization assay.

2. The polymeric DNA molecule of claim 1 wherein at least some of the adenine and cytosine bases of said DNA molecule are derivatized to their respecitve etheno analogs, said analogs having the formula

wherein n is between 0 and 10, inclusive; each p is between 1 and 10, inclusive; N_a is N-1 of adenine or N-3 of cytosine; N_b is N-6 of adenine or N-4 of cytosine; B is the remainder of the adenine or cytosine base; W is nothing or SO₂-(CH₂)_q, q being between 1 and 10, inclusive; and G is either X, X being a label or the reactive group OR, wherein R is hydrogen or an alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heteroalkyl group.

3. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein n is 0, p is 2, and W is SO₂-(CH₂)q, wherein q is 2.

4. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein at least half of the adenine bases and at least half of the cytosine bases of said DNA molecule are derivatized.

5.. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, X comprising one of a specific binding pair.

6. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, X comprising a detectable enzyme.

7. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, X comprising a detectable hapten.

8. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, X comprising a radioactively detectable atom.

9. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, X comprising a spectro photometrically detectable molecule.

10. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, _X comprising a fluorescent molecule.

11. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is X, X being NH-(CH₂)_r-Z wherein 1≤r≤10, Z being a detectable entity.

12. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein Z is biotin or an avidin-specific binding derivative thereof.

13. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein said specific binding derivative of biotin is

14. The DNA molecule of claim 5 wherein said one of a specific binding pair is one of a specific binding immunological pair.

15. The DNA molecule of claim 14 wherein said one of a specific binding immunological pair is one of an antibody/antigen pair.

16. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein Z is a fluorescent molecule.

17. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein Z is a spectro photometrically detectable molecule.

18. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein Z is a radioactively detectable atom.

19. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein G is OR, OR being N-hydroxysuccinimidyl.

20. The DNA molecule of claim 19 wherein said etheno analogs of said DNA molecule have the formula:

21. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein said etheno analogs of said DNA molecule have the formula:

22. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein said etheno analogs of said DNA molecule have the formula:

23. The DNA Molecule of claim 11 wherein said etheno analogs of said DNA molecule have the formula:

wherein r is between 1 and 10, inclusive.

24. The DNA molecule of claim 11 wherein said etheho analogs of said DNA molecule have the formula:

wherein r is between 1 and 10, inclusive.

25. A polymeric DNA molecule wherein at least some of the adenine and cytosine basis of said DNA molecule are derivatized to their respective etheno analogs having the formula:

wherein N_a is N-1 of adenine or N-3 of cytosine; Nb is N-6 of adenine or N-4 of cytosine; and B is the remainder of said adenine or cytosine base.

26. A method of making a probe for use in a nucleic acid hybridization assay for a specific nucleic acid sequence, said method comprising

providing a single-stranded polymeric DNA molecule capable of specifically hybridizing with said nucleic acid sequence,

reacting said DNA molecule with a compound of the formula

wherein v is a nalogen; n is between 0 ana 10, inclusive; and each p and q, independently, is between 1 and 10, inclusive, whereby at least some of the adenine and cytosine bases of said DNA molecule are derivatized to their respective etheno analogs, said analogs having the formula

wherein n is between 0 and 10, inclusive; each p and q, independently, is between 1 and 10, inclusive; N_a is N-1 of adenine or N-3 of cytosine; N_b is N-6 of adenine or N-4 of cytosine; and B is the remainder of the adenine or cytosine base,

performing one or more steps to substitute, for

on said analogs, a substituent comprising a label which either is capable of being detected or is capable of selectively bonding to an indicator to form a detectable complex.

27. A polymeric, single-stranded DNA molecule adapted for use as a probe in a nucleic acid hybridization assay for a specific nucleic acid sequence, said molecule comprising

a'first portion capable of specifically hybridizing with said specific nucleic acid sequence, and

a second tail portion not capable of so hybridizing,

said tail portion being labeled with a plurality of labels and said first portion being substantially unlabeled.

28. The DNA molecule of claim 27 wherein said tail contains adenine or cytosine bases, and is substantially free of guanine and thymine bases.

29. The DNA molecule of claim 28 wherein at least some of said adenine or cytosine bases have bonded to them a substituent of the formula

wherein n is between 0 and 10, inclusive; each p and q, independently, is between 1 and 10, inclusive; N_a is N-1 of adenine or N-3 of cytosine; N_b is N-6 of adenine or N-4 of cytosine; B is the remainder of the adenine or cytosine base; and X is a label.

30. The DNA molecule of claim 29 wherein _X is NH-(CH₂)_r-Z, wherein 1≤r≤10 and Z is a detectable chemical entity.

31. The DNA molecule of claim 2 wherein X is OR wherein R is an alkyl group having five or fewer carbon atoms, a heteroalkyl group having five or fewer carbon atoms, an aryl group having twelve or fewer carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having fifteen or fewer carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having fifteen or fewer carbon atoms.

32. The DNA molecule of claim 31 wherein R is an alkyl group having three or fewer carbon atoms.

33. A method of making a probe for use in a nucleic acid hybridization assay for a specific nucleic acid sequence, said method comprising

reacting said DNA molecule with a compound of the formula

wherein V is a halogen; n is between 0 and 10, inclusive; and each p and q, independently, is between 1 and 10. inclusive, whereby at least some of the adenine and cytosine bases of said DNA molecule are derivatized to etheno analogs,

performing one or more steps to substitute, for

on said analogs, a substituent comprising a label which either is capable of being detected or is capable of selecLively bonding to an indicator to form a detectable complex.