EP0187062A2 - Housing of an electric apparatus - Google Patents

Housing of an electric apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0187062A2
EP0187062A2 EP85402257A EP85402257A EP0187062A2 EP 0187062 A2 EP0187062 A2 EP 0187062A2 EP 85402257 A EP85402257 A EP 85402257A EP 85402257 A EP85402257 A EP 85402257A EP 0187062 A2 EP0187062 A2 EP 0187062A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cavity
electrical
electrical connection
connection
electric wire
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85402257A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0187062A3 (en
EP0187062B1 (en
Inventor
Philippe Lefevre
Gilbert Echasseriau
Patrice Oliveau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Continental Automotive France SAS
Bendix Electronics SA
Original Assignee
Siemens Automotive SA
Bendix Electronics SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Automotive SA, Bendix Electronics SA filed Critical Siemens Automotive SA
Publication of EP0187062A2 publication Critical patent/EP0187062A2/en
Publication of EP0187062A3 publication Critical patent/EP0187062A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0187062B1 publication Critical patent/EP0187062B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R11/00—Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations for conductive members which are, or may be, thereby interconnected, e.g. end pieces for wires or cables supported by the wire or cable and having means for facilitating electrical connection to some other wire, terminal, or conductive member, blocks of binding posts
    • H01R11/03—Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations for conductive members which are, or may be, thereby interconnected, e.g. end pieces for wires or cables supported by the wire or cable and having means for facilitating electrical connection to some other wire, terminal, or conductive member, blocks of binding posts characterised by the relationship between the connecting locations
    • H01R11/05—Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations for conductive members which are, or may be, thereby interconnected, e.g. end pieces for wires or cables supported by the wire or cable and having means for facilitating electrical connection to some other wire, terminal, or conductive member, blocks of binding posts characterised by the relationship between the connecting locations the connecting locations having different types of direct connections

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrical or electronic device housing and aims more particularly to solve various problems posed by the electrical connection of the device.
  • the functional tests to control the device can only be carried out after the connection, or connection, of the electrical wires, which leads to handling problems.
  • the present invention provides an electrical or electronic device box comprising a first cavity in which the functional part of the device is arranged, the so-called bo Aber being characterized in that it comprises a second electrical connection cavity, separated from the first cavity by a sealed wall traversed by at least one metal thimble for electrical connection, a first end of which, located inside the first cavity, provides the electrical connection with the functional part of the system and the second of which end, located inside the second connection cavity, is provided with means for ensuring the electrical connection with an electric wire.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electrical or electronic device constituted in the embodiment represented by an electrical potentiometer, the functional part 12 of which is disposed in a housing 14.
  • the housing 14 comprises a first cavity 16 in which the functional part 12 of the potentiometer is arranged and a second cavity 18 for electrical connection.
  • the two cavities are separated by a wall 20 which makes the cavities 16 and 18 independent and sealed.
  • the portion of the housing 14 constituting the partition 20 is crossed by a metal terminal for electrical connection 22.
  • a first end 24 of the metal lug 22 is located inside the first cavity 16 in which it provides the electrical connection with the functional part 12 of the electrical appliance in a manner which will be described later
  • the second end 26 of the metal lug 22 located inside the second electrical connection cavity 18 is provided with means 28 making it possible to ensure the electrical connection of the metal lug 22 with an electric wire 30.
  • These means 28 are produced by a central slot illustrated in FIG. 2. This slot 28 is flared at its open end to allow the wire to be released from its insulator when the latter is introduced laterally into the slot.
  • the metal lug 22 is inserted from the right, considering FIG. 1, into the passage 32 formed in the partition 20 in which it is held in the mounted position by teeth 34.
  • the electrical connection of the first end 24 of the metal lug 22 is obtained by means of a loop whose wavy end 36 is inserted by elastic deformation between two fixed wings 38 of the housing 14.
  • the electrical connection is ensured by contacting the end corrugated 36 of the terminal with a metal track 40 connected to the functional part 12 of the rotary potentiometer 10.
  • the first cavity 16 is closed, after insertion of the metal lug 22, by a first cover 42.
  • the sealing and the electrical insulation of the cavity 16 are completed by application of a protective resin in the cavity 16.
  • the electrical connection between the second end 26 of the metal lug 22 and the wire 30 is produced by the means 28 which make it possible to ensure the connection by displacement of the insulation of the wire.
  • This operation is carried out by introducing the wire and its insulator 30 into the housing 44 provided for this purpose in the housing 14 and in the slot 28 of the terminal 22, the insulator then being held in the flared part of the slot while the wire is pressed against the bottom of the slot 28 in metal-metal contact with the terminal.
  • the closure of the second cavity 18 is obtained as for the cavity 16 by means of a second cover 46 and the sealing is completed by an addition of resin 48 which surrounds the sheath of the wire 30 at the level of the housing 44 .
  • the wall 20 cavity 18 and the second cover 46 are provided with lugs 50 and 52 respectively, arranged opposite and which pinch the sheath of the wire 30 when the second cover 46 is in place .
  • the invention is not limited to the use of a single terminal, but also applies to multi-wire electrical connections for which the number of terminals passing through the partition is greater than the unit, as well as the number of contact tracks.
  • the housing design which has just been described makes it possible in particular to carry out the electrical control tests in the second cavity by connecting to the terminal 22, while the final control of the electrical continuity between the terminal 22 and the wire is carried out later

Landscapes

  • Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
  • Connections By Means Of Piercing Elements, Nuts, Or Screws (AREA)
  • Switch Cases, Indication, And Locking (AREA)
  • Cable Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

Boîtier (14) d'appareil électrique (10) comportant une première cavité (16) dans laquelle est disposée la partie fonctionnelle (12) du système et une seconde cavité (18) de connexion électrique séparée de la première cavité par une paroi étanche (20) traversée par une cosse métallique de connexion électrique (22) dont une première extrémité (36) située à l'intérieur de la première cavité (16) assure la liaison électrique avec la partie fonctionnelle du système et dont la seconde extrémité (26) située à l'intérieur de la seconde cavité de connexion (18) est munie de moyens (28) permettant d'assurer la connexion électrique (10) avec un fil électrique (30).Box (14) of an electrical appliance (10) comprising a first cavity (16) in which the functional part (12) of the system is arranged and a second cavity (18) for electrical connection separated from the first cavity by a sealed wall ( 20) crossed by a metallic electrical connection lug (22) of which a first end (36) situated inside the first cavity (16) provides the electrical connection with the functional part of the system and of which the second end (26) located inside the second connection cavity (18) is provided with means (28) for ensuring the electrical connection (10) with an electric wire (30).

Description

La présente invention a pour objet un boîtier d'appareil électrique ou électronique et vise plus particulièrement à résoudre différents problèmes posés par le raccordement électrique de l'appareil.The present invention relates to an electrical or electronic device housing and aims more particularly to solve various problems posed by the electrical connection of the device.

Les boitiers d'appareils électriques ou électroniques connus posent différents problèmes dus au raccordement électrique de l'appareil et notamment en matière de tests de contrôle et d'assemblage.Known electrical or electronic device boxes pose different problems due to the electrical connection of the device and in particular in terms of control and assembly tests.

D'une manière générale, les tests fonctionnels de contrôle de l'appareil ne peuvent être effectués qu'après la connexion, ou raccordement, des fils électriques ce qui entraîne des problèmes de manutention.In general, the functional tests to control the device can only be carried out after the connection, or connection, of the electrical wires, which leads to handling problems.

Dans la technologie existante on constate que la fixation des fils électriques s'effectue sur le capot ou sur le boîtier proprement dit Dans les deux cas, la connexion s'effectue dans la même cavité que celle qui contient la partie fonctionnelle de l'appareil ce qui nécessite la fermeture préalable de cette cavité pour pouvoir effectuer les tests électriques ; la fermeture est le plus souvent obtenue par soudage thermique ou par collage.In existing technology, it can be seen that the fixing of the electrical wires is carried out on the cover or on the actual case. In both cases, the connection is made in the same cavity as that which contains the functional part of the device. which requires the prior closure of this cavity to be able to perform the electrical tests; the closure is most often obtained by thermal welding or by bonding.

La connexion des fils électriques lors de l'assemblage de l'appareil électrique pose deux problèmes importants :

  • -a) pour les étapes de montage consécutives à celle du raccordement des fils, la manipulation des appareils est peu aisée et pose de très grandes difficultés notamment sur des chaines de montage automatisé ;
  • -b) pour la gestion des stocks des appareils électriques et de leurs composants. En effet la non standardisation implique de grandes diversités de longueurs de fils et la gestion des stocks des différents sous-ensemble munis de leurs fils est dès lors très complexe.
The connection of electrical wires when assembling the electrical appliance poses two important problems:
  • -a) for the mounting steps consecutive to that of the connection of the wires, the handling of the devices is not very easy and poses very great difficulties, in particular on automated assembly lines;
  • -b) for inventory management of electrical devices and their components. Indeed, non-standardization implies great diversity in lengths of wires and the management of stocks of the various sub-assemblies provided with their wires is therefore very complex.

L'invention a pour but de remédier aux inconvénients précités et de réduire les coûts de fabrication des appareils électriques ou électroniques principalement au niveau de l'assemblage, du contrôle et de la gestion de pièces. A cette fin la présente invention propose un boîtier d'appareil électrique ou électronique comportant une première cavité dans laquelle est disposée la partie fonctionnelle de l'appareil, le dit bo Aber étant caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une seconde cavité de connexion électrique, séparée de la première cavité par une paroi étanche traversée par au moins une cosse métallique de connexion électrique dont une première extrémité, située à l'intérieur de la première cavité, assure la liaison électrique avec la partie fonc- tonnelle du système et dont la seconde extrémité, située à l'intérieur de la seconde cavité de connexion, est munie de moyens permettant d'assurer la connexion électrique avec un fil électrique.The object of the invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks and to reduce the costs of manufacturing electrical or electronic devices mainly at the level of assembly, control and management of parts. To this end, the present invention provides an electrical or electronic device box comprising a first cavity in which the functional part of the device is arranged, the so-called bo Aber being characterized in that it comprises a second electrical connection cavity, separated from the first cavity by a sealed wall traversed by at least one metal thimble for electrical connection, a first end of which, located inside the first cavity, provides the electrical connection with the functional part of the system and the second of which end, located inside the second connection cavity, is provided with means for ensuring the electrical connection with an electric wire.

On décrira maintenant l'invention en se référant au dessin annexé dans lequel

  • - La figure 1 est une section montrant de manière - schématique un mode de réalisation de l'invention appliqué à un potentiomètre électrique;
  • - La figure 2 est une vue de dessus de la cosse métallique de la figure 1.
  • - La figure 3 est une vue partielle de côté suivant la flèche F de la figure 1, le capot ayant été enlevé; et
  • - La figure 4 est une section partielle selon la ligne 4 - 4 de la figure 1.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing in which
  • - Figure 1 is a section schematically showing - an embodiment of the invention applied to an electric potentiometer;
  • - Figure 2 is a top view of the metal terminal of Figure 1.
  • - Figure 3 is a partial side view along arrow F of Figure 1, the cover having been removed; and
  • - Figure 4 is a partial section along line 4 - 4 in Figure 1.

On a représenté à la figure 1 un appareil électrique ou électronique constitué dans le mode de réalisation représenté par un potentiomètre électrique dont la partie fonctionnelle 12 est disposée dans un boîtier 14.FIG. 1 shows an electrical or electronic device constituted in the embodiment represented by an electrical potentiometer, the functional part 12 of which is disposed in a housing 14.

Le boîtier 14 comprend une première cavité 16 dans laquelle est disposée la partie fonctionnelle 12 du potentiomètre et une seconde cavité 18 de connexion électrique.The housing 14 comprises a first cavity 16 in which the functional part 12 of the potentiometer is arranged and a second cavity 18 for electrical connection.

Les deux cavités sont séparées par une paroi 20 qui rend les cavités 16 et 18 indépendants et étanches.The two cavities are separated by a wall 20 which makes the cavities 16 and 18 independent and sealed.

La portion du boîtier 14 constituant la cloison 20 est traversée par une cosse métallique de connexion électrique 22.The portion of the housing 14 constituting the partition 20 is crossed by a metal terminal for electrical connection 22.

Une première extrémité 24 de la cosse métallique 22 est située à l'intérieur de la première cavité 16 dans laquelle elle assure la liaison électrique avec la partie fonctionnelle 12 de l'appareil électrique d'une manière qui sera décrite plus avantA first end 24 of the metal lug 22 is located inside the first cavity 16 in which it provides the electrical connection with the functional part 12 of the electrical appliance in a manner which will be described later

La seconde extrémité 26 de la cosse métallique 22 située à l'intérieur de la seconde cavité 18 de connexion électrique est munie de moyens 28 permettant d'assurer la connexion électrique de la cosse métallique 22 avec un fil électrique 30. Ces moyens 28 sont réalisés par une fente médiane illustrée à la figure 2. Cette fente 28 est évasée à son extrémité ouverte pour permettre de dégager le fil de son isolant lorsque celui-ci est introduit latéralement dans la fente.The second end 26 of the metal lug 22 located inside the second electrical connection cavity 18 is provided with means 28 making it possible to ensure the electrical connection of the metal lug 22 with an electric wire 30. These means 28 are produced by a central slot illustrated in FIG. 2. This slot 28 is flared at its open end to allow the wire to be released from its insulator when the latter is introduced laterally into the slot.

La cosse métallique 22 est insérée depuis la droits, en considérant la Figure 1, dans le passage 32 formé dans la cloison 20 dans lequel elle est maintenue en position montée par des dents 34.The metal lug 22 is inserted from the right, considering FIG. 1, into the passage 32 formed in the partition 20 in which it is held in the mounted position by teeth 34.

La liaison électrique de la première extrémité 24 de la cosse métallique 22 est obtenue grâce à une boucle dont l'extrémité ondulée 36 est insérée par déformation élastique entre deux ailes fixes 38 du boîtier 14. La liaison électrique est assurée par contact de l'extrémité ondulée 36 de la cosse avec une piste métallique 40 reliée à la partie fonctionnelle 12 du potentiomètre rotatif 10.The electrical connection of the first end 24 of the metal lug 22 is obtained by means of a loop whose wavy end 36 is inserted by elastic deformation between two fixed wings 38 of the housing 14. The electrical connection is ensured by contacting the end corrugated 36 of the terminal with a metal track 40 connected to the functional part 12 of the rotary potentiometer 10.

La première cavité 16 est fermée, après insertion de la cosse métallique 22, par un premier capot 42. L'étanchéité et l'isolement électrique de la cavité 16 sont complétés par application d'une résine de protection dans la cavité 16.The first cavity 16 is closed, after insertion of the metal lug 22, by a first cover 42. The sealing and the electrical insulation of the cavity 16 are completed by application of a protective resin in the cavity 16.

La connexion électrique entre la seconde extrémité 26 de la cosse métallique 22 et le fil 30 est réalisé par les moyens 28 qui permettent d'assurer la connexion par déplacement de l'isolant du fil. Cette opération est réalisée en introduisant le fil et son isolant 30 dans le logement 44 prévu à cet effet dans le boîtier 14 et dans la fente 28 de la cosse 22, l'isolant étant alors maintenu dans la partie évasée de la fente tandis que le fil est plaqué contre le fond de la fente 28 en contact métal-métal avec la cosse. La fermeture de la seconde cavité 18 est obtenue comme pour la cavité 16 au moyen d'un second capot 46 et l'étanchéité est complétée par un apport de résine 48 qui entoure la gaine du fil 30 au niveau du logement 44.The electrical connection between the second end 26 of the metal lug 22 and the wire 30 is produced by the means 28 which make it possible to ensure the connection by displacement of the insulation of the wire. This operation is carried out by introducing the wire and its insulator 30 into the housing 44 provided for this purpose in the housing 14 and in the slot 28 of the terminal 22, the insulator then being held in the flared part of the slot while the wire is pressed against the bottom of the slot 28 in metal-metal contact with the terminal. The closure of the second cavity 18 is obtained as for the cavity 16 by means of a second cover 46 and the sealing is completed by an addition of resin 48 which surrounds the sheath of the wire 30 at the level of the housing 44 .

Afin d'assurer la retenue mécanique du fil 30, la paroi 20 cavité 18 et le second capot 46 sont munis d'ergots 50 et 52 respectivement, disposés en vis à vis et qui pincent la gaine du fil 30 lorsque le second capot 46 est en place . il est entendu que l'invention n'est pas limitée à l'utilisation d'une cosse unique, mais s'applique également à des connections électriques multifils pour lesquelles le nombre de cosses traversant la cloison est supérieur à l'unité, de même que le nombre de pistes de contact.In order to ensure the mechanical retention of the wire 30, the wall 20 cavity 18 and the second cover 46 are provided with lugs 50 and 52 respectively, arranged opposite and which pinch the sheath of the wire 30 when the second cover 46 is in place . it is understood that the invention is not limited to the use of a single terminal, but also applies to multi-wire electrical connections for which the number of terminals passing through the partition is greater than the unit, as well as the number of contact tracks.

La conception de boîtier qui vient d'être décrite permet notamment d'effectuer les tests de contrôle électrique dans la seconde cavité en se connectant sur la cosse 22, tandis que le contrôle final de la continuité électrique entre la cosse 22 et le fil est effectué ultérieurementThe housing design which has just been described makes it possible in particular to carry out the electrical control tests in the second cavity by connecting to the terminal 22, while the final control of the electrical continuity between the terminal 22 and the wire is carried out later

Claims (5)

1. Boîtier (14) d'appareil électrique ou électronique (10) comportant une première cavité (16) dans laquelle est disposée la partie fonctionnelle (12) de l'appareil, le dit boîtier étant caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une seconde cavité (18) de connexion électrique, séparée de la première cavité par une paroi étanche (20) traversée par au moins une cosse métallique de connexion électrique (22) dont une première extrémité (36) située à l'intérieur de la première cavité (16) assure la liaison électrique avec la partie fonctionnelle de l'appareil et dont la seconde extrémité (26) située à l'intérieur de la seconde cavité de connexion (18) est munie de moyens (28), permettant d'assurer la connexion électrique avec un fil électrique (30).1. Box (14) of an electrical or electronic device (10) comprising a first cavity (16) in which is arranged the functional part (12) of the device, said box being characterized in that it comprises a second cavity (18) for electrical connection, separated from the first cavity by a sealed wall (20) crossed by at least one metal thimble for electrical connection (22) including a first end (36) located inside the first cavity ( 16) provides the electrical connection with the functional part of the device and the second end (26) of which is located inside the second connection cavity (18) is provided with means (28), making it possible to ensure the connection electric with an electric wire (30). 2. Boîtier selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que ladite première extrémité (24) de la cosse métallique (22) présente une partie élastique (36) dont l'extrémité est en appui sur une piste de contact électrique (40) relié à ladite partie fonctionnelle (12).2. Housing according to claim 1 characterized in that said first end (24) of the metal lug (22) has an elastic part (36) whose end is supported on an electrical contact track (40) connected to said functional part (12). 3. Boîtier selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que la connexion avec le fil électrique (30) est obtenue par déplacement de l'isolant du fil électrique (30).3. Housing according to claim 1 characterized in that the connection with the electric wire (30) is obtained by displacement of the insulator of the electric wire (30). 4. Boîtier selon la revendication 3 caractérisé en ce que les dits moyens(28) assurant la connexion électrique avec un fil électrique comportent une fente médiane (28) réalisée dans ladite seconde extrémité de la cosse, ladite fente médiane présentant une partie évasée à son extrémité libre pour recevoir la gaine isolante du fil électrique.4. Housing according to claim 3 characterized in that said means (28) ensuring the electrical connection with an electric wire comprise a central slot (28) formed in said second end of the terminal, said central slot having a flared portion at its free end to receive the insulating sheath of the electric wire. 5. Boîtier selon la revendication 4 caractérisé en ce que ladite seconde cavité est fermée par un capot (46) muni d'ergots (52) destinés à immobiliser la gaine isolante du fil après mise en place du fil (30) et dudit capot (46).5. Housing according to claim 4 characterized in that said second cavity is closed by a cover (46) provided with lugs (52) intended to immobilize the insulating sheath of the wire after placing the wire (30) and said cover ( 46).
EP85402257A 1984-11-27 1985-11-20 Housing of an electric apparatus Expired EP0187062B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8418022 1984-11-27
FR8418022A FR2573932B1 (en) 1984-11-27 1984-11-27 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM HOUSING

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0187062A2 true EP0187062A2 (en) 1986-07-09
EP0187062A3 EP0187062A3 (en) 1986-07-30
EP0187062B1 EP0187062B1 (en) 1989-11-08

Family

ID=9309971

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85402257A Expired EP0187062B1 (en) 1984-11-27 1985-11-20 Housing of an electric apparatus

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4759724A (en)
EP (1) EP0187062B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS61131381A (en)
BR (1) BR8506084A (en)
DE (1) DE3574204D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2573932B1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2244607A (en) * 1990-04-28 1991-12-04 Bach & Co Flying lead on switching device

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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FR2871287B1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2007-02-09 Schneider Electric Ind Sas SIMPLIFIED TERMINAL TRANSFORMER
US20090034254A1 (en) * 2007-07-30 2009-02-05 Tang-Yueh Hung Led lamp

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FR2269800A1 (en) * 1974-04-30 1975-11-28 Amp Inc
US4352538A (en) * 1980-05-19 1982-10-05 General Motors Corporation Low profile connector for printed circuit board
GB2097201A (en) * 1981-04-16 1982-10-27 Carpano & Pons A connecting element for use on telecommunication lines
GB2110886A (en) * 1981-12-01 1983-06-22 Bunker Ramo Electrical connector member

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US3663924A (en) * 1971-01-29 1972-05-16 Matthew E Gerlat Safety outlet
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2269800A1 (en) * 1974-04-30 1975-11-28 Amp Inc
US4352538A (en) * 1980-05-19 1982-10-05 General Motors Corporation Low profile connector for printed circuit board
GB2097201A (en) * 1981-04-16 1982-10-27 Carpano & Pons A connecting element for use on telecommunication lines
GB2110886A (en) * 1981-12-01 1983-06-22 Bunker Ramo Electrical connector member

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2244607A (en) * 1990-04-28 1991-12-04 Bach & Co Flying lead on switching device
GB2244607B (en) * 1990-04-28 1994-12-21 Bach & Co Switching device,in particular relay

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3574204D1 (en) 1989-12-14
FR2573932A1 (en) 1986-05-30
JPS61131381A (en) 1986-06-19
BR8506084A (en) 1986-08-19
EP0187062A3 (en) 1986-07-30
FR2573932B1 (en) 1987-04-17
EP0187062B1 (en) 1989-11-08
US4759724A (en) 1988-07-26

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