EP0211426A2 - Multi-layer fabric for paper making machines having an improved stability and permeability - Google Patents

Multi-layer fabric for paper making machines having an improved stability and permeability Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0211426A2
EP0211426A2 EP86110746A EP86110746A EP0211426A2 EP 0211426 A2 EP0211426 A2 EP 0211426A2 EP 86110746 A EP86110746 A EP 86110746A EP 86110746 A EP86110746 A EP 86110746A EP 0211426 A2 EP0211426 A2 EP 0211426A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
threads
longitudinal threads
paper machine
transverse
longitudinal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP86110746A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0211426A3 (en
Inventor
Hermann Gaisser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0211426A2 publication Critical patent/EP0211426A2/en
Publication of EP0211426A3 publication Critical patent/EP0211426A3/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/006—Making patterned paper
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
    • Y10S162/90—Papermaking press felts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
    • Y10S162/902—Woven fabric for papermaking drier section
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
    • Y10S162/903—Paper forming member, e.g. fourdrinier, sheet forming member
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
    • Y10T428/24521—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness with component conforming to contour of nonplanar surface
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2481—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including layer of mechanically interengaged strands, strand-portions or strand-like strips
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10—Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102—Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/164—Including a preformed film, foil, or sheet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/2139—Coating or impregnation specified as porous or permeable to a specific substance [e.g., water vapor, air, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3065—Including strand which is of specific structural definition
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3065—Including strand which is of specific structural definition
    • Y10T442/3089—Cross-sectional configuration of strand material is specified
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3065—Including strand which is of specific structural definition
    • Y10T442/3089—Cross-sectional configuration of strand material is specified
    • Y10T442/3114—Cross-sectional configuration of the strand material is other than circular
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3179—Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
    • Y10T442/3195—Three-dimensional weave [e.g., x-y-z planes, multi-planar warps and/or wefts, etc.]
    • Y10T442/3203—Multi-planar warp layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3179—Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
    • Y10T442/322—Warp differs from weft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3854—Woven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-layer paper machine clothing that carries paper stock during the production of paper on a paper machine.
  • the paper machine clothing consists of interwoven longitudinal threads and transverse threads.
  • Such paper machine clothing is generally known in the form of single-layer, double-layer or multi-layer fabrics. Difficulties arise with paper machine clothing if an open area of over 30% is to be achieved. Given the large distance between the longitudinal threads required for this, the stability in the longitudinal direction suffers. Even with multi-layer fabrics, such a large, projected open area cannot be achieved without sacrificing longitudinal stability.
  • the invention specified in claim 1 solves the problem of creating a paper machine clothing that has a high longitudinal stability with a large, projected open area of over 30%.
  • the paper machine clothing according to the invention can either be used in such a way that it carries the paper web directly, i.e. the paper web lies directly on it, or that it serves as a support for a synthetic resin layer which then only comes into contact with the paper web.
  • the paper machine clothing according to the invention can be connected to the synthetic resin layer in such a way that the paper machine clothing is completely or partially embedded in the synthetic resin layer.
  • the synthetic resin layer has a pattern of perforations which emboss a pattern on the paper web.
  • the transverse threads are preferably woven in a four-shaft pattern, running within a weave repeat over the first pair of longitudinal threads, between the two longitudinal threads of the second pair, under the third pair of longitudinal threads and again between the longitudinal threads of the fourth pair.
  • Successive transverse threads are preferably offset in the transverse direction by one longitudinal thread, so that the transverse thread offsets visible on one side form a diagonal.
  • the bends of the cross threads can also form a cross-body pattern.
  • the longitudinal threads and the transverse threads are preferably plastic monofilaments, in particular polyester monofilaments, and are woven together in an open (flat) weave.
  • the longitudinal threads are the warp and the transverse threads are the weft.
  • multifilaments can also be used for the longitudinal threads and / or transverse threads, and endless weave can be used, in which case the longitudinal threads are the weft and the transverse threads are the warp.
  • Fig. 1 shows a dryer section of a paper machine, with a paper web W from left to right right runs.
  • Several dryer sections can be connected in series to dry the paper web W step by step.
  • the dryer section has an upper row of drying cylinders 10, 12 and 14 and a lower row of drying cylinders 16 and 18.
  • the paper web W is brought out of the press section and runs around the individual drying cylinders. Water and other liquids in the paper web W evaporate.
  • the paper web W is pressed against the upper drying cylinders 10, 12, 14 and the lower drying cylinders 16, 18 by an upper permeable drying wire 22 and a lower permeable drying wire 24, which run over guide rollers 26.
  • the dryer fabrics 22, 24 are of identical construction and are application examples of the multi-ply paper machine clothing according to the invention, which is referred to below as "fabric A".
  • the screen A presses and holds the paper web W against the drying cylinders, so that heat transfer takes place and water and other liquids evaporate from the paper web W.
  • the drying takes place from the heated drying cylinders through the paper web W and further through the screen A to the outside.
  • the sieve A must therefore have sufficient permeability.
  • the multi-layer paper machine clothing according to the invention is also particularly suitable for use in through-flow drying systems for tissue and hygiene paper types.
  • the screen A is used as a carrier screen for an embossed layer in which it is embedded and which shapes the paper web W.
  • the use of a support screen and an embossed layer in one Paper machine with a through-flow dryer is described in detail in EP-A-0,135,231.
  • the carrier screen itself has a permeability in the range of 1000 to 1200 cfm with increased stability in the longitudinal direction and an open area of 30% or more. The permeability is reduced by the embossed resin layer. However, it is still sufficient for use in blow-through dryers.
  • the screen A has a paper side 29 and a rear side 49.
  • FIG. 4 shows a top view of the paper side 29, the running direction being indicated by the arrow 28 and the transverse direction by the arrow 30.
  • the screen A has a first layer B of longitudinal threads 32, 34, 36 and 38 which extend in the running direction 28 and form the paper side 29.
  • the screen A also has a second layer C of second longitudinal threads 42, 44, 46 and 48, which form the rear side 49, which comes into contact with the guide rollers 26.
  • the longitudinal threads of the first layer B and the longitudinal threads of the second layer C are vertically aligned one above the other.
  • the superimposed longitudinal threads 32 and 42; 34 and 44; 36 and 46 and 38 and 48 each form a pair 52, 54, 56 and 58.
  • Stabilizing transverse threads 40 are interwoven with the longitudinal threads of these pairs 52, 54, 56 and 58 in such a way that the arrangement of the longitudinal threads one above the other and in vertical alignment is maintained and the longitudinal threads do not shift laterally.
  • the stabilizing effect of the cross threads 40 is achieved by the special type of integration.
  • the weave pattern is four shafts, and as shown in FIG. 5, a transverse thread 40a runs over the first pair 52 of longitudinal threads, between the second pair 54, under the third pair 56 and between the pair 58 of longitudinal threads. 6, 7 and 8, the course of the transverse threads 40b, 40c and 40d is shifted to the right by a pair of longitudinal threads, so that the binding points 59 form a diagonal on the paper side 29, as can be seen in FIG. 4.
  • the transverse threads 40c and 40d can, however, also be interchanged, a cross-twill pattern then being obtained on the paper side.
  • the stabilizing effect of the transverse threads is then somewhat smaller, since each pair of longitudinal threads then runs together within a weave repeat once under one transverse thread and over the subsequent transverse thread.
  • the sieve A has mesh openings 60.
  • the size of the mesh openings 60 can be selected without losing the stabilizing effect of the transverse threads 40 so that the sieve has a projected open area of 30% or more of the entire sieve surface. Since the load-bearing longitudinal threads 32, 34, 36, 38 and 42, 44, 46, 48 are arranged vertically in pairs, the effective density of the load-bearing longitudinal threads is doubled, without this resulting in a reduction in the open area of the sieve.
  • the sieve A is used as a carrier sieve for a synthetic resin layer 62 with openings or openings 66.
  • the synthetic resin layer 62 has an outer surface 64 which carries the paper web W and embosses it in a pattern.
  • the large open area in conjunction with high longitudinal stability is particularly advantageous when used as a carrier screen for a synthetic resin layer 62.
  • the transverse threads 40 expediently have a larger diameter than the longitudinal threads of the upper and lower layers B and C, respectively, so that the longitudinal threads are bent more. This is particularly advantageous if the screen A is woven open and then made endless by connecting the fabric ends by means of a woven seam. The strength of such a woven seam is higher if the warp wires, which form the longitudinal threads when the weaving is open, are cranked as much as possible.
  • the longitudinal threads of the upper layer B and the lower layer C can also consist of different material or have different diameters or different shapes, in which case either the longitudinal threads of the upper layer B or those of the lower layer C can be of the same nature as the transverse threads 40 .
  • Polyester monofilaments are usually used for paper machine clothing.
  • the use of polyamide monofilaments or multifilaments and threads made of highly heat-resistant materials such as Kevlar (registered trademark) or Nomex (registered trademark) is also possible.
  • the cross-section of the longitudinal threads can be round, oval or rectangular.
  • the round cross-sectional shape is particularly suitable for the transverse threads, although monofilaments with an oval or rectangular cross-section can also be used here.
  • the diameter of the longitudinal threads and transverse threads is generally 0.10 to 0.20 mm. Depending on the application, however, smaller or larger diameters can also be used.

Abstract

The multi-layer fabric for paper-making machines consists of interwoven longitudinal filaments (36, 46) and cross filaments (40a, b, c, d). The longitudinal filaments are arranged as pairs of two vertically aligned longitudinal filaments (36, 46, etc.). <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine mehrlagige Papiermaschinenbe­spannung, die Papierstoff während der Herstellung von Papier auf einer Papiermaschine trägt. Die Papiermaschi­nenbespannung besteht aus miteinander verwobenen Längsfäden und Querfäden.The invention relates to a multi-layer paper machine clothing that carries paper stock during the production of paper on a paper machine. The paper machine clothing consists of interwoven longitudinal threads and transverse threads.

Derartige Papiermaschinenbespannungen sind allgemein in Form von einlagigen, doppellagigen oder mehrlagigen Geweben bekannt. Bei Papiermaschinenbespannungen ergeben sich Schwierigkeiten, wenn eine offene Fläche von über 30 % erzielt werden soll. Bei dem hierfür erforderlichen großen Abstand der Längsfäden leidet die Stabilität in Längsrichtung. Auch mit mehrlagigen Geweben läßt sich eine derart große, projizierte offene Fläche ohne Einbuße an Längsstabilität nicht erreichen.Such paper machine clothing is generally known in the form of single-layer, double-layer or multi-layer fabrics. Difficulties arise with paper machine clothing if an open area of over 30% is to be achieved. Given the large distance between the longitudinal threads required for this, the stability in the longitudinal direction suffers. Even with multi-layer fabrics, such a large, projected open area cannot be achieved without sacrificing longitudinal stability.

Aus EP-A-123,431 ist eine Papiermaschinenbespannung mit drei Lagen von Längsfäden bekannt, die mit zwei Lagen von Querfäden verwoben sind. Es wird hierbei ein großes inneres Volumen angestrebt, da die Papiermaschinenbe­spannung in der Pressenpartie eingesetzt werden soll. Die Bespannung ist außerdem auf beiden Seiten mit einem Filz benadelt.From EP-A-123,431 a paper machine clothing with three layers of longitudinal threads is known, which are interwoven with two layers of transverse threads. A large internal volume is sought here, since the paper machine clothing is to be used in the press section. The covering is also needled on both sides with a felt.

Aus EP-A-135,231 ist eine Papiermaschinenbespannung für die Herstellung von Tissue-Papier unter Einsatz von Durchströmtrocknern bekannt.From EP-A-135,231 a paper machine clothing for the production of tissue paper using blow-through dryers is known.

Die im Anspruch 1 angegebene Erfindung löst die Aufgabe, eine Papiermaschinenbespannung zu schaffen, die bei einer großen, projizierten offenen Fläche von über 30 % eine hohe Längsstabilität aufweist.The invention specified in claim 1 solves the problem of creating a paper machine clothing that has a high longitudinal stability with a large, projected open area of over 30%.

Die erfindungsgemäße Papiermaschinenbespannung kann entweder so eingesetzt werden, daß sie unmittelbar die Papierbahn trägt, d.h., die Papierbahn unmittelbar auf ihr aufliegt, oder, daß sie als Träger für eine Kunstharz­schicht dient, welche dann erst in Berührung mit der Papierbahn steht. In diesem Fall kann die erfindungsgemäße Papiermaschinenbespannung in der Weise mit der Kunstharzschicht verbunden sein, daß die Papiermaschinen­bespannung ganz oder teilweise in die Kunstharzschicht eingebettet ist. Die Kunstharzschicht weist dabei ein Muster von Perforationen auf, die der Papierbahn eine Muster aufprägen.The paper machine clothing according to the invention can either be used in such a way that it carries the paper web directly, i.e. the paper web lies directly on it, or that it serves as a support for a synthetic resin layer which then only comes into contact with the paper web. In this case, the paper machine clothing according to the invention can be connected to the synthetic resin layer in such a way that the paper machine clothing is completely or partially embedded in the synthetic resin layer. The synthetic resin layer has a pattern of perforations which emboss a pattern on the paper web.

Damit im Betrieb die große offene Fläche der Papiermaschinenbespannung aufrechterhalten bleibt, muß dafür Sorge getragen werden, daß die beiden Längsfäden jedes Paares ihre vertikale Fluchtung beibehalten. Dies kann z.B. durch Verkleben der Längsfäden und Querfäden miteinander durch Ultraschall oder Beschichten erfolgen. Vorzugsweise werden die Querfäden in einem vierschäftigen Muster eingewoben, wobei sie innerhalb eines Bindungs­rapportes über dem ersten Paar von Längsfäden, zwischen den beiden Längsfäden des zweiten Paares, unter dem dritten Paar von Längsfäden und wieder zwischen den Längsfäden des vierten Paares verlaufen. Aufeinanderfolgende Querfäden sind vorzugsweise jeweils um einen Längsfäden in Querrichtung versetzt sind, so daß die auf einer Seite sichtbaren Querfadenabkröpfungen eine Diagonale bilden. Die Abkröpfungen der Querfäden können jedoch auch ein Kreuzköpermuster bilden.In order to maintain the large open area of the paper machine clothing during operation, care must be taken to ensure that the two longitudinal threads of each pair maintain their vertical alignment. This can be done, for example, by gluing the longitudinal threads and transverse threads to one another by means of ultrasound or coating. The transverse threads are preferably woven in a four-shaft pattern, running within a weave repeat over the first pair of longitudinal threads, between the two longitudinal threads of the second pair, under the third pair of longitudinal threads and again between the longitudinal threads of the fourth pair. Successive transverse threads are preferably offset in the transverse direction by one longitudinal thread, so that the transverse thread offsets visible on one side form a diagonal. However, the bends of the cross threads can also form a cross-body pattern.

Die Längsfäden und die Querfäden sind vorzugsweise Kunststoffmonofile, insbesondere Polyester-Monofile und werden in offener Webweise (flach) miteinander verwoben. Die Längsfäden sind dabei die Kette und die Querfäden der Schuß. Es können jedoch auch Multifilamente für die Längsfäden und/oder Querfäden eingesetzt werden, und es kann endlose Webart angewendet werden, wobei dann die Längsfäden der Schuß und die Querfäden die Kette sind.The longitudinal threads and the transverse threads are preferably plastic monofilaments, in particular polyester monofilaments, and are woven together in an open (flat) weave. The longitudinal threads are the warp and the transverse threads are the weft. However, multifilaments can also be used for the longitudinal threads and / or transverse threads, and endless weave can be used, in which case the longitudinal threads are the weft and the transverse threads are the warp.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 in perspektivischer Darstellung einen Teil einer Trockenpartie einer konventionellen Papiermaschine;
  • Fig. 2 die erfindungsgemäße Papiermaschinenbespannung im Schnitt in Längsrichtung;
  • Fig. 3 einen Schnitt ähnlich dem von Fig. 2, wobei die Papiermaschinenbespannung jedoch mit einer perforierten Kunstharzschicht versehen ist;
  • Fig. 3A eine Draufsicht auf die Papiermaschinenbespannung von Fig. 3 im Schnitt nach 3A-3A;
  • Fig. 4 eine Draufsicht auf die erfindungsgemäße Papiermaschinenbespannung und
  • Fig. 5 bis 8 Schnittdarstellung nach den Linien 6-6; 7-7 bzw. 8-8 von Fig. 4.
Embodiments of the invention are explained below with reference to the drawing. Show it:
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of part of a dryer section of a conventional paper machine.
  • Figure 2 shows the paper machine clothing according to the invention in section in the longitudinal direction.
  • Fig. 3 is a section similar to that of Figure 2, but the paper machine clothing is provided with a perforated synthetic resin layer.
  • Fig. 3A is a plan view of the paper machine clothing of Fig. 3 in section according to 3A-3A;
  • Fig. 4 is a plan view of the paper machine clothing according to the invention and
  • Fig. 5 to 8 sectional view along lines 6-6; 7-7 and 8-8 of Fig. 4.

Die erfindungsgemäße Papiermaschinenbespannung ist insbesondere für die Trockenpartie einer Papiermaschine geeignet. Fig. 1 zeigt eine Trockenpartie einer Papiermaschine, wobei eine Papierbahn W von links nach rechts läuft. Es können dabei mehrere Trockenpartien hintereinander geschaltet werden, um die Papierbahn W stufenweise zu trocknen. Es bestehen verschiedene Bauweisen einer Trockenpartie und die in Fig. 1 gezeigte Bauweise dient nur Erläuterungszwecken. Die Trockenpartie weist eine obere Reihe von Trockenzylindern 10, 12 und 14 und eine untere Reihe von Trockenzylindern 16 und 18 auf. Die Papierbahn W wird aus der Pressenpartie herangeführt und läuft um die einzelnen Trockenzylinder herum. Wasser und andere Flüssigkeiten in der Papierbahn W verdampfen dabei. Die Papierbahn W wird von einem oberen durchlässigen Trockensieb 22 und einem unteren durchlässigen Trockensieb 24, die über Führungswalzen 26 laufen, gegen die oberen Trockenzylinder 10, 12, 14 bzw. die unteren Trockenzylinder 16, 18 gedrückt. Die Trockensiebe 22, 24 sind von identischer Konstruktion und sind Anwendungsbeispiele der erfindungsgemäßen mehrlagigen Papiermaschinenbespannung, die nachfolgend als "Sieb A" bezeichnet wird.The paper machine clothing according to the invention is particularly suitable for the dryer section of a paper machine. Fig. 1 shows a dryer section of a paper machine, with a paper web W from left to right right runs. Several dryer sections can be connected in series to dry the paper web W step by step. There are different types of dryer section and the type of construction shown in Fig. 1 is for explanatory purposes only. The dryer section has an upper row of drying cylinders 10, 12 and 14 and a lower row of drying cylinders 16 and 18. The paper web W is brought out of the press section and runs around the individual drying cylinders. Water and other liquids in the paper web W evaporate. The paper web W is pressed against the upper drying cylinders 10, 12, 14 and the lower drying cylinders 16, 18 by an upper permeable drying wire 22 and a lower permeable drying wire 24, which run over guide rollers 26. The dryer fabrics 22, 24 are of identical construction and are application examples of the multi-ply paper machine clothing according to the invention, which is referred to below as "fabric A".

Durch den Kontakt mit der Papierbahn W preßt und hält das Sieb A die Papierbahn W gegen die Trockenzylinder, so daß eine Wärmeübertragung stattfindet und Wasser und andere Flüssigkeiten aus der Papierbahn W verdampfen. Die Trocknung erfolgt dabei von den beheizten Trockenzylindern durch die Papierbahn W und weitere durch das Sieb A nach außen. Das Sieb A muß daher eine ausreichende Durchlässigkeit haben.Through contact with the paper web W, the screen A presses and holds the paper web W against the drying cylinders, so that heat transfer takes place and water and other liquids evaporate from the paper web W. The drying takes place from the heated drying cylinders through the paper web W and further through the screen A to the outside. The sieve A must therefore have sufficient permeability.

Die erfindungsgemäße mehrlagige Papiermaschinenbespannung eignet sich darüberhinaus insbesondere auch zur Verwendung in Durchströmtrockensystem für Tissue- und Hygienepapiersorten. Bei dieser Anwendung wird das Sieb A als Trägersieb für eine geprägte Schicht eingesetzt, in die es eingebettet ist und die die Papierbahn W prägt. Die Verwendung eines Trägersiebes und einer geprägten Schicht in einer Papiermaschine mit einem Durchströmtrockner ist in EP-A-­0,135,231 im einzelnen beschrieben. Das Trägersieb selbst hat dabei eine Durchlässigkeit im Bereich von 1000 bis 1200 cfm bei erhöhter Stabilität in Längsrichtung und einer offenen Fläche von 30 % oder mehr. Durch die geprägte Harzschicht wird die Durchlässigkeit zwar verringert. Sie ist jedoch immer noch ausreichend für die Verwendung in Durchströmtrocknern.The multi-layer paper machine clothing according to the invention is also particularly suitable for use in through-flow drying systems for tissue and hygiene paper types. In this application, the screen A is used as a carrier screen for an embossed layer in which it is embedded and which shapes the paper web W. The use of a support screen and an embossed layer in one Paper machine with a through-flow dryer is described in detail in EP-A-0,135,231. The carrier screen itself has a permeability in the range of 1000 to 1200 cfm with increased stability in the longitudinal direction and an open area of 30% or more. The permeability is reduced by the embossed resin layer. However, it is still sufficient for use in blow-through dryers.

Das Sieb A weist eine Papierseite 29 und eine Rückseite 49 auf. Fig. 4 zeigt eine Draufsicht auf die Papierseite 29, wobei die Laufrichtung durch den Pfeil 28 und die Querrichtung durch den Pfeil 30 angegeben ist. Das Sieb A weist eine erste Lage B von Längsfäden 32, 34, 36 und 38 auf, die sich in Laufrichtung 28 erstrecken und die Papierseite 29 bilden. Das Sieb A weist ferner eine zweite Lage C von zweiten Längsfäden 42, 44, 46 und 48 auf, die die Rückseite 49 bilden, die mit den Führungswalzen 26 in Berührung kommt. Wie aus den Figuren 2 und 5 bis 8 ersichtlich, sind die Längsfäden der ersten Lage B und die Längsfäden der zweiten Lage C vertikal fluchtend übereinander angeordnet. Die äbereinanderliegenden Längsfäden 32 und 42; 34 und 44; 36 und 46 sowie 38 und 48 bilden dabei jeweils ein Paar 52, 54, 56 bzw. 58.The screen A has a paper side 29 and a rear side 49. FIG. 4 shows a top view of the paper side 29, the running direction being indicated by the arrow 28 and the transverse direction by the arrow 30. The screen A has a first layer B of longitudinal threads 32, 34, 36 and 38 which extend in the running direction 28 and form the paper side 29. The screen A also has a second layer C of second longitudinal threads 42, 44, 46 and 48, which form the rear side 49, which comes into contact with the guide rollers 26. As can be seen from FIGS. 2 and 5 to 8, the longitudinal threads of the first layer B and the longitudinal threads of the second layer C are vertically aligned one above the other. The superimposed longitudinal threads 32 and 42; 34 and 44; 36 and 46 and 38 and 48 each form a pair 52, 54, 56 and 58.

Stabilisierende Querfäden 40 sind so mit den Längsfäden dieser Paare 52, 54, 56 und 58 verwoben, daß die Anordnung der Längsfäden übereinander und vertikal fluchtend aufrechterhalten bleibt und sich die Längsfäden nicht seitlich verschieben.Stabilizing transverse threads 40 are interwoven with the longitudinal threads of these pairs 52, 54, 56 and 58 in such a way that the arrangement of the longitudinal threads one above the other and in vertical alignment is maintained and the longitudinal threads do not shift laterally.

Die stabilisierende Wirkung der Querfäden 40 wird durch die besondere Art der Einbindung erreicht. Das Bindungsmuster ist vierschäftig, und gemäß Fig. 5 verläuft ein Querfaden 40a über dem ersten Paar 52 von Längsfäden, zwischen dem zweiten Paar 54, unter dem dritten Paar 56 und zwischen dem Paar 58 von Längsfäden. In den Figuren 6, 7 und 8 ist der Verlauf der Querfäden 40b, 40c und 40d jeweils um ein Paar von Längsfäden nach rechts verschoben, so daß auf der Papierseite 29 die Bindungspunkte 59 eine Diagonale bilden, wie in Fig. 4 erkennbar. Die Querfäden 40c und 40d, deren Verlauf in den Figuren 7 und 8 gezeigt ist, kann jedoch auch vertauscht werden, wobei sich dann auf der Papierseite ein Kreuzköper-Muster ergibt. Allerdings ist dann die stabilisierende Wirkung der Querfäden etwas kleiner, da jedes Längsfadenpaar dann innerhalb eines Bindungsrapportes einmal zusammen unter einem Querfaden und über dem darauffolgenden Querfaden verläuft.The stabilizing effect of the cross threads 40 is achieved by the special type of integration. The weave pattern is four shafts, and as shown in FIG. 5, a transverse thread 40a runs over the first pair 52 of longitudinal threads, between the second pair 54, under the third pair 56 and between the pair 58 of longitudinal threads. 6, 7 and 8, the course of the transverse threads 40b, 40c and 40d is shifted to the right by a pair of longitudinal threads, so that the binding points 59 form a diagonal on the paper side 29, as can be seen in FIG. 4. The transverse threads 40c and 40d, the course of which is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, can, however, also be interchanged, a cross-twill pattern then being obtained on the paper side. However, the stabilizing effect of the transverse threads is then somewhat smaller, since each pair of longitudinal threads then runs together within a weave repeat once under one transverse thread and over the subsequent transverse thread.

Das Sieb A weist Maschenöffnungen 60 auf. Die Größe der Maschenöffnungen 60 kann ohne Verlust der stabilisierenden Wirkung der Querfäden 40 so gewählt werden, daß das Sieb eine projizierte offene, Fläche von 30 % oder mehr der gesamten Siebfläche aufweist. Da die lastaufnehmenden Längsfäden 32, 34, 36, 38 und 42, 44, 46, 48 paarweise vertikal fluchtend angeordnet sind, ist die effektive Dichte der lastaufnehmenden Längsfäden verdoppelt, ohne daß sich dadurch eine Verringerung der offenen Fläche des Siebes ergibt.The sieve A has mesh openings 60. The size of the mesh openings 60 can be selected without losing the stabilizing effect of the transverse threads 40 so that the sieve has a projected open area of 30% or more of the entire sieve surface. Since the load-bearing longitudinal threads 32, 34, 36, 38 and 42, 44, 46, 48 are arranged vertically in pairs, the effective density of the load-bearing longitudinal threads is doubled, without this resulting in a reduction in the open area of the sieve.

Dies ist insbesondere vorteilhaft, wenn das Sieb A als Trägersieb für eine Kunstharzschicht 62 mit Durchbrechungen oder Öffnungen 66 verwendet wird. Die Kunstharzschicht 62 weist eine äußere Oberfläche 64 auf, die die Papierbahn W trägt und musterartig prägt. Die große offene Fläche in Verbindung mit hoher Längsstabilität macht sich bei der Verwendung als Trägersieb für eine Kunstharzschicht 62 besonders vorteilhaft bemerkbar.This is particularly advantageous if the sieve A is used as a carrier sieve for a synthetic resin layer 62 with openings or openings 66. The synthetic resin layer 62 has an outer surface 64 which carries the paper web W and embosses it in a pattern. The large open area in conjunction with high longitudinal stability is particularly advantageous when used as a carrier screen for a synthetic resin layer 62.

Verschiedene Materialkombinationen, Drahtdurchmesser und Drahtformen können für die Längsfäden und Querfäden des hier beschriebenen Siebes A verwendet werden. Zweckmäßig haben die Querfäden 40 einen größeren Durchmesser als die Längsfäden der oberen und unteren Lage B bzw.. C, damit die Längsfäden stärker abgekröpft werden. Dies ist insbesondere dann von Vorteil, wenn das Sieb A offen gewebt wird und dann durch Verbinden der Gewebeenden mittels einer Webnaht endlosgemacht wird. Die Festigkeit einer solchen Webnaht ist höher, wenn die Kettdrähte, die bei offener Webweise die Längsfäden bilden, möglichst stark gekröpft sind.Different material combinations, wire diameters and Wire forms can be used for the longitudinal threads and transverse threads of the sieve A described here. The transverse threads 40 expediently have a larger diameter than the longitudinal threads of the upper and lower layers B and C, respectively, so that the longitudinal threads are bent more. This is particularly advantageous if the screen A is woven open and then made endless by connecting the fabric ends by means of a woven seam. The strength of such a woven seam is higher if the warp wires, which form the longitudinal threads when the weaving is open, are cranked as much as possible.

Die Längsfäden der oberen Lage B und der unteren Lage C können jedoch auch aus unterschiedlichem Material bestehen oder unterschiedlichen Durchmesser oder abweichende Form besitzen, wobei dann entweder die Längsfäden der oberen Lage B oder die der unteren Lage C von gleicher Beschaffenheit wie die Querfäden 40 sein können.However, the longitudinal threads of the upper layer B and the lower layer C can also consist of different material or have different diameters or different shapes, in which case either the longitudinal threads of the upper layer B or those of the lower layer C can be of the same nature as the transverse threads 40 .

Für Papiermaschinenbespannungen werden üblicherweise Polyester-Monofile verwendet. Die Verwendung von Polyamid-­Monofilen oder -Multifilen und Fäden aus hochwärmebeständigen Materialien, wie Kevlar (eingetragenes Warenzeichen) oder Nomex (eingetragenes Warenzeichen) ist ebenfalls möglich. Der Querschnitt der Längsfäden kann rund, oval oder rechteckig sein. Für die Querfäden kommt insbesondere die runde Querschnittsform in Frage, obwohl auch hier Monofile mit ovalem oder rechteckigem Querschnitt einsetzbar sind.Polyester monofilaments are usually used for paper machine clothing. The use of polyamide monofilaments or multifilaments and threads made of highly heat-resistant materials such as Kevlar (registered trademark) or Nomex (registered trademark) is also possible. The cross-section of the longitudinal threads can be round, oval or rectangular. The round cross-sectional shape is particularly suitable for the transverse threads, although monofilaments with an oval or rectangular cross-section can also be used here.

Der Durchmesser der Längsfäden und Querfäden beträgt im allgemeinen 0,10 bis 0,20 mm. Je nach dem Anwendungsfall können jedoch auch kleinere oder größere Durchmesser verwendet werden.The diameter of the longitudinal threads and transverse threads is generally 0.10 to 0.20 mm. Depending on the application, however, smaller or larger diameters can also be used.

Claims (5)

1. Mehrlagige Papiermaschinenbespannung, die miteinander verwebte Längsfäden (32, 34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46, 48) und Querfäden (40a, b, c, d) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Längsfäden als Paare (52, 54, 56, 58) von zwei vertikal fluchtenden Längsfäden (32, 42; 34, 44; usw.) angeordnet sind.1. Multi-layer paper machine clothing, the interwoven longitudinal threads (32, 34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46, 48) and transverse threads (40a, b, c, d), characterized in that the longitudinal threads as pairs (52, 54, 56, 58) of two vertically aligned longitudinal threads (32, 42; 34, 44; etc.) are arranged. 2. Papiermaschinenbespannung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Abstand zwischen den einzelnen Paaren (52, 54, 56, 58) von Längsfäden (32, 42; 34, 44; usw.) und der zwischen den einzelnen Querfäden (4) so groß ist, daß die projizierte offene Fläche mindestens 30 % der Fläche der Papiermaschinenbespannung beträgt.2. Paper machine clothing according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance between the individual pairs (52, 54, 56, 58) of longitudinal threads (32, 42; 34, 44; etc.) and that between the individual transverse threads (4) so is large that the projected open area is at least 30% of the area of the paper machine clothing. 3. Papiermaschinenbespannung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Querfäden (40a, b, c, d) und die Längsfäden (32, 34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46, 48) in einem vierschäftigen Muster miteinander verwoben sind, wobei der Querfaden (40a) über einem Paar (52) von Längsfäden (32, 42), zwischen den beiden Längsfäden (34, 44) des darauffolgenden Paares (54), unter dem wiederum folgenden Paar (56) von Längsfäden (36, 46) und schließlich zwischen den Längsfäden (38, 48) des folgenden Paares (58) und sich dann in diesem Muster wiederholend verläuft.3. Paper machine clothing according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the transverse threads (40a, b, c, d) and the longitudinal threads (32, 34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46, 48) are woven together in a four-strand pattern the transverse thread (40a) over a pair (52) of longitudinal threads (32, 42), between the two longitudinal threads (34, 44) of the subsequent pair (54), under the again following pair (56) of longitudinal threads (36 , 46) and finally between the longitudinal threads (38, 48) of the following pair (58) and then repeated in this pattern. 4. Papiermaschinenbespannung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verlauf aufeinanderfolgender Querfäden jeweils um ein Paar von Längsfäden in Querrichtung versetzt ist.4. Paper machine clothing according to claim 3, characterized in that the course of successive transverse threads is offset by a pair of longitudinal threads in the transverse direction. 5. Papiermaschinenbespannung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, gekennzeichnet durch eine perforierte Schicht (62) aus synthetischem Harz, in die die Längsfäden (32, 34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46, 48) und die Querfäden (40a, b, c, d) zumindest teilweise eingebettet sind.5. Paper machine clothing according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by a perforated layer (62) made of synthetic resin into which the longitudinal threads (32, 34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46, 48) and the transverse threads (40a, b, c, d) are at least partially embedded.
EP86110746A 1985-08-05 1986-08-04 Multi-layer fabric for paper making machines having an improved stability and permeability Withdrawn EP0211426A3 (en)

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US06763039 US5114777B2 (en) 1985-08-05 1985-08-05 Woven multilayer papermaking fabric having increased stability and permeability and method
US763039 1991-09-20

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WO1992000414A1 (en) * 1990-06-29 1992-01-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Papermaking belt and method of making the same using a textured casting surface
WO1992000416A1 (en) * 1990-06-29 1992-01-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Papermaking belt and method of making the same using a deformable casting surface
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US5566724A (en) * 1994-06-02 1996-10-22 The Procter & Gamble Company Multiple layer, multiple opacity backside textured belt
US5500277A (en) * 1994-06-02 1996-03-19 The Procter & Gamble Company Multiple layer, multiple opacity backside textured belt
US5496624A (en) * 1994-06-02 1996-03-05 The Procter & Gamble Company Multiple layer papermaking belt providing improved fiber support for cellulosic fibrous structures, and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby
US5840411A (en) * 1994-06-02 1998-11-24 The Procter & Gamble Company Multiple layer papermaking belt providing improved fiber support for cellulosic fibrous structures, and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby
WO1999051814A1 (en) * 1998-04-07 1999-10-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Papermaking belt providing improved drying efficiency for cellulosic fibrous structures
US6103067A (en) * 1998-04-07 2000-08-15 The Procter & Gamble Company Papermaking belt providing improved drying efficiency for cellulosic fibrous structures
US6368465B1 (en) 1998-04-07 2002-04-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Papermaking belt providing improved drying efficiency for cellulosic fibrous structures
CN104278393A (en) * 2014-11-05 2015-01-14 浙江大港印染有限公司 Gridding cloth

Also Published As

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US5114777B1 (en) 1995-07-18
US5857497A (en) 1999-01-12
US5254398A (en) 1993-10-19
CA1269025A (en) 1990-05-15
US5114777B2 (en) 1997-11-18
EP0211426A3 (en) 1987-05-27
US5254398B1 (en) 1997-10-14
US5114777A (en) 1992-05-19

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