EP0363233B1 - Method and apparatus for speech synthesis by wave form overlapping and adding - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for speech synthesis by wave form overlapping and adding Download PDFInfo
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- EP0363233B1 EP0363233B1 EP89402394A EP89402394A EP0363233B1 EP 0363233 B1 EP0363233 B1 EP 0363233B1 EP 89402394 A EP89402394 A EP 89402394A EP 89402394 A EP89402394 A EP 89402394A EP 0363233 B1 EP0363233 B1 EP 0363233B1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L13/00—Speech synthesis; Text to speech systems
- G10L13/06—Elementary speech units used in speech synthesisers; Concatenation rules
- G10L13/07—Concatenation rules
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods and devices for speech synthesis; it relates, more particularly, to the synthesis from a dictionary of sound elements by cutting up the text to be synthesized into microtrames each identified by a serial number of corresponding sound element and by prosodic parameters (information of sound height at the beginning and at the end of the sound element and duration of the sound element), then by adaptation and concatenation of the sound elements by an addition-recovery procedure.
- the sound elements stored in the dictionary will frequently be diphones, that is to say transitions between phonemes, which makes it possible, for the French language, to be satisfied with a dictionary of approximately 1300 sound elements; however, different sound elements can be used, for example syllables or even words.
- the prosodic parameters are determined according to criteria relating to the context: the pitch which corresponds to the intonation, depends on the location of the sound element in a word and in the sentence and the duration given to the element. sound is a function of the rhythm of the sentence.
- This source-voice deconvolution allows on the one hand the modification of the value of the fundamental frequency of the voiced sounds, that is to say sounds which have a harmonic structure and are caused by vibration of the vocal cords, and on the other hand, the compression of the data representing the speech signal.
- the speech synthesis according to the present invention belongs to the second group. It finds a particularly important application in the field of the transformation of a spelling chain (constituted for example by the text supplied by a printer) into a speech signal, for example restored directly or emitted on a normal telephone line.
- the present invention aims in particular to provide a relatively simple method and allowing acceptable speech reproduction. It starts from the hypothesis that voiced sounds can be considered as the sum of the impulse responses of a filter, stationary for several milliseconds, (corresponding to the vocal tract) excited by a Dirac sequence, that is to say by a "pulse comb", synchronously with the fundamental frequency of the source, that is to say vocal cords, which results in the spectral domain by a harmonic spectrum, the harmonics being spaced from the fundamental frequency and weighted by an envelope having maxima called formants, depending on the transfer function of the vocal tract.
- the present invention aims to provide a method and a device for synthesis with concatenation of waveforms which do not have the above limitation and which make it possible to provide good quality speech, while requiring only a small volume of arithmetic calculations. .
- the invention provides in particular a method according to claim 1.
- the width of the window can vary between values lower and greater than twice the original period.
- the width of the window is advantageously chosen to be approximately twice the original period in the event of an increase in the fundamental period or approximately twice the final period of synthesis in the event of an increase in the fundamental frequency, in order to partially compensate for the energy modifications due to the change in the fundamental frequency, not compensated by a possible normalization of the energy, taking into account the contribution of each window to the amplitude of the samples of the digital synthesis signal: in the case of a decrease in the fundamental period, the width of the window will therefore be less than twice the original fundamental period. It is undesirable to go below this value.
- the diphones are memorized with the natural fundamental frequency of the speaker.
- elementary waveforms With a window of duration equal to two consecutive fundamental periods in the voiced case, elementary waveforms are obtained whose spectrum represents substantially the envelope of the spectrum of the speech signal or short-term broadband spectrum - since this spectrum is obtained by convolution of the harmonic spectrum of the speech signal and the frequency response of the window, which in this case has a bandwidth greater than the distance between harmonics; the temporal redistribution of these elementary waveforms will give a signal having substantially the same envelope as the original signal but a distance between harmonics modified.
- deaf or unvoiced sounds can be represented by a signal whose shape is similar to that of white noise, but without synchronization of the windowed signals: this is intended to '' homogenize the processing on deaf sounds and voiced sounds, which allows on the one hand the smoothing between sound elements (diphones) and between deaf and voiced phonemes, and on the other hand a modification of the rhythm. There is a problem at the junction between diphones.
- the synthesis of a phoneme is carried out from two diphones stored in a dictionary, each phoneme being composed of two half-diphones.
- the sound "é” in “period” for example will be obtained from the second half-diphone of "pai” and the first half-diphone of "air".
- a first analysis operation which is not modified by the invention, consists in determining, by decoding the names of the phonemes and prosodic indications, the two diphones selected for the phoneme to be used and the voicing.
- All the available diphones (1300 for example) are stored in a dictionary 10 provided with a table constituting the descriptor 12 and containing the address of the start of each diphone (in number of blocks of 256 bytes) the length of the diphone and the middle of the diphone (these last two parameters being expressed in number of samples from the start) and voicing marks marking the beginning of the response of the vocal tract to the excitation of the vocal cords in the case of a sound voiced (35 for example). Dictionaries of diphones meeting these criteria are available, for example, from the National Center for Telecommunications Studies.
- the diphones are then used in a process of analysis and synthesis shown schematically in Figure 1.
- a process of analysis and synthesis shown schematically in Figure 1.
- the synthesis device (FIG. 2) then comprises a main random access memory 16 which contains a microcomputing program, the dictionary of diphones 10 (that is to say waveforms represented by samples) stored in the order of the addresses of the descriptor, the table 12 constituting the dictionary descriptor, and a Hanning window, sampled for example on 500 points.
- the random access memory 16 also constitutes micro-frame memory and working memory. It is connected by a data bus 18 and an address bus 20 to an access 22 to the host computer.
- the device also comprises, connected to the buses 18 and 20, a local computing unit 24 and a switching circuit 26.
- the latter makes it possible to connect a random access memory 28 serving as an output buffer either to the computer or to a controller 30 of digital / analog converter 32 of output.
- the latter attacks a low-pass filter 34, generally limited to 8 kHz, which supplies a speech amplifier 36.
- the operation of the device is as follows.
- the host computer (not shown) loads the micro-frames into the table reserved in memory 16, via access 22 and buses 18 and 20, then it commands the start of synthesis to the calculation unit 24
- This calculation unit searches for the number of the current phoneme P, the next phoneme P + 1 and the previous phoneme P-1 in the micro-frame table, using an index stored in the working memory, initialized to 1.
- the calculating unit searches only for the numbers of the current phoneme and the next phoneme.
- the last phoneme it searches for the number of the previous phoneme and that of the current phoneme.
- the computing unit loads, into working memory 16, the address of the diphone, its length, its middle as well as the thirty-five voicing marks. It then loads, into a descriptor table of the phoneme, the voicing marks corresponding to the second part of the diphone. Then she searches in the waveform dictionary for the second part of the diphone, which she places in a table representing the signal of the analysis phoneme. The marks kept in the phoneme descriptor table are decremented by the value of the middle of the diphone.
- This operation is repeated for the second part of the phoneme constituted by the first part of the second diphone.
- the voicing marks of the first part of the second diphone are added to the voicing marks of the phoneme and incremented by the value of the middle of the phoneme.
- the calculation unit stores in memory the number of marks of the natural phoneme, equal to the number of voicing marks, then determines the number of periods to be eliminated or added by making the difference between the number of synthesis periods and the number of periods of analysis, difference which is fixed by modifying the tone to be introduced from that corresponding to the dictionary.
- the calculation unit determines the number of points to add or delete to the analysis period by making the difference between the latter and the summary period.
- the calculation unit determines a progress step in reading the values of the window, tabulated for example on 500 points, the step then being equal to 500 divided by the size of the window previously calculated. It reads the samples from the previous period and the current period from the analysis phoneme 28 signal buffer memory, weights them by the value of the Hanning window 38 or 40 indexed by the number of the current sample multiplied by the step of advancement in the tabulated window and adds, progressively, the calculated values to the buffer memory of the output signal indexed by the sum of the counter of the current sample output and the search index of samples of the analysis phoneme. The current output counter is then incremented by the value of the synthesis period.
- the processing is analogous to the previous one, except that the value of the pseudo-periods (distance between two voicing marks) is never modified: the elimination of pseudo-periods in the center of the phoneme simply decreases the duration of this one.
- the duration of deaf phonemes is not increased, except by adding zeros in the middle of the "silent" phonemes.
- the calculation unit stores the last period of the analysis and synthesis phoneme in the buffer memory 28 which allows the transition between phonemes.
- the counter of the current output sample is decremented by the value of the last synthesis period.
- the signal thus generated is sent, in blocks of 2,048 samples, to one of two memory spaces reserved for communication between the calculation unit and the controller 30 of the digital / analog converter 32.
- the controller 30 is activated by the calculation unit and empties this first buffer zone.
- the calculation unit fills a second buffer zone of 2048 samples.
- the calculation unit then alternately tests these two buffer zones with a flag to load the digital synthesis signal at the end of each synthesis sequence of a phoneme.
- the controller 30, at the end of reading of each buffer zone sets the corresponding flag.
- the controller empties the last buffer zone and sets a flag for the end of synthesis which the host computer can read via the communication access 22.
- FIGS. 4A-4C show that the temporal transformations of the digital speech signal do not affect the envelope of the synthesis signal, while modifying the distance between harmonics, i.e. the fundamental frequency of the speech signal.
- the complexity of the calculation remains low: the number of operations per sample is on average two multiplications and two additions for the weighting and summation of the elementary functions provided by the analysis.
- the invention is susceptible of numerous variant embodiments and, in particular, as indicated above, a window of width greater than two periods, as shown in FIG. 6, possibly of fixed size, can give acceptable results. .
- the method of modifying the fundamental frequency on digital speech signals can also be used outside of its application to synthesis by diphones.
Description
L'invention concerne les procédés et dispositifs de synthèse de la parole ; elle concerne, plus particulièrement, la synthèse à partir d'un dictionnaire d'éléments sonores par découpage du texte à synthétiser en microtrames identifiées chacune par un numéro d'ordre d'élément sonore correspondant et par des paramètres prosodiques (information de hauteur de son au début et à la fin de l'élément sonore et durée de l'élément sonore), puis par adaptation et concaténation des éléments sonores par une procédure d'addition-recouvrement.The invention relates to methods and devices for speech synthesis; it relates, more particularly, to the synthesis from a dictionary of sound elements by cutting up the text to be synthesized into microtrames each identified by a serial number of corresponding sound element and by prosodic parameters (information of sound height at the beginning and at the end of the sound element and duration of the sound element), then by adaptation and concatenation of the sound elements by an addition-recovery procedure.
Les éléments sonores stockés dans le dictionnaire seront fréquemment des diphones, c'est-à-dire des transitions entre phonèmes, ce qui permet, pour la langue française, de se contenter d'un dictionnaire d'environ 1300 éléments sonores ; on peut cependant utiliser des éléments sonores différents, par exemple des syllabes ou même des mots. Les paramètres prosodiques sont déterminés en fonction de critères portant sur le contexte : la hauteur de son qui correspond à l'intonation, dépend de l'emplacement de l'élément sonore dans un mot et dans la phrase et la durée donnée à l'élément sonore est fonction du rythme de la phrase.The sound elements stored in the dictionary will frequently be diphones, that is to say transitions between phonemes, which makes it possible, for the French language, to be satisfied with a dictionary of approximately 1300 sound elements; however, different sound elements can be used, for example syllables or even words. The prosodic parameters are determined according to criteria relating to the context: the pitch which corresponds to the intonation, depends on the location of the sound element in a word and in the sentence and the duration given to the element. sound is a function of the rhythm of the sentence.
Il faut rappeler au passage que les méthodes de synthèse de la parole se subdivisent en deux groupes. Celles qui utilisent un modèle mathématique du conduit vocal (synthèse par prédiction linéaire, synthèse à formants et synthèse à transformée de Fourier rapide) font intervenir une déconvolution de la source et de la fonction de transfert du conduit vocal et exigent en général une cinquantaine d'opérations arithmétiques par échantillon numérique de la parole avant conversion numérique-analogique et restitution.It should be remembered in passing that the methods of speech synthesis are subdivided into two groups. Those which use a mathematical model of the vocal tract (synthesis by linear prediction, synthesis with formants and synthesis with fast Fourier transform) involve a deconvolution of the source and the transfer function of the vocal tract and generally require around fifty arithmetic operations by digital speech sample before digital-analog conversion and restitution.
Cette déconvolution source-conduit vocal permet d'une part la modification de la valeur de la fréquence fondamentale des sons voisés, c'est-à-dire des sons qui ont une structure harmonique et sont provoqués par vibration des cordes vocales, et d'autre part la compression des données représentant le signal de parole.This source-voice deconvolution allows on the one hand the modification of the value of the fundamental frequency of the voiced sounds, that is to say sounds which have a harmonic structure and are caused by vibration of the vocal cords, and on the other hand, the compression of the data representing the speech signal.
Celles qui appartiennent au second groupe de procédés utilisent la synthèse dans le domaine temporel par concaténation de formes d'onde. Cette solution a l'avantage de la flexibilité d'emploi et de la possibilité de réduire considérablement le nombre d'opérations arithmétiques par échantillons. En contrepartie, elle ne permet pas de réduire le débit nécessaire à la transmission autant que les méthodes basées sur un modèle mathématique. Mais cet inconvénient disparaît lorsqu'on recherche essentiellement une bonne qualité de restitution sans être gêné par la nécessité de transmettre des données sur un canal étroit.Those which belong to the second group of processes use synthesis in the time domain by concatenation of waveforms. This solution has the advantage of flexibility of use and the possibility of considerably reducing the number of arithmetic operations per sample. In return, it does not make it possible to reduce the bit rate necessary for transmission as much as the methods based on a mathematical model. However, this drawback disappears when essentially a good quality of reproduction is sought without being hampered by the need to transmit data over a narrow channel.
La synthèse de parole suivant la présente invention appartient au second groupe. Elle trouve une application particulièrement importante dans le domaine de la transformation d'une chaîne orthographique (constituée par exemple par le texte fourni par une imprimante) en un signal de parole, par exemple restitué directement ou émis sur une ligne téléphonique normale.The speech synthesis according to the present invention belongs to the second group. It finds a particularly important application in the field of the transformation of a spelling chain (constituted for example by the text supplied by a printer) into a speech signal, for example restored directly or emitted on a normal telephone line.
On connait déjà (Diphone synthesis using an overlap-add technique for speech waveforms concatenation, CHARPENTIER et al, ICASSP 1986, IEEE-IECEJ-ASJ International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, pages 2 015-2 018)un procédé de synthèse de parole à partir d'éléments sonores utilisant une technique d'addition-recouvrement de signaux à court-terme. Mais il s'agit de signaux à court-terme de synthèse, avec normalisation du recouvrement des fenêtres de synthèse, obtenus par un processus très complexe :
- analyse du signal original par fenêtrage synchrone du voisement ;
- transformée de Fourier du signal à court-terme ;
- détection d'enveloppe ;
- homothétie de l'axe fréquentiel sur le spectre de la source ;
- pondération du spectre modifié de la source par l'enveloppe du signal d'origine ;
- transformée de Fourier inverse.
- analysis of the original signal by synchronous windowing of the voicing;
- Fourier transform of the short-term signal;
- envelope detection;
- homothety of the frequency axis on the spectrum of the source;
- weighting of the modified spectrum of the source by the envelope of the original signal;
- inverse Fourier transform.
La présente invention vise notamment à fournir un procédé relativement simple et permettant une reproduction acceptable de la parole. Elle part de l'hypothèse qu'on peut considérer les sons voisés comme la somme des réponses impulsionnelles d'un filtre, stationnaire durant plusieurs millisecondes, (correspondant au conduit vocal) excité par une suite de Dirac, c'est-à-dire par un "peigne d'impulsions", de façon synchrone de la fréquence fondamentale de la source, c'est-à-dire des cordes vocales, ce qui se traduit dans le domaine spectral par un spectre harmonique, les harmoniques étant espacés de la fréquence fondamentale et pondérés par une enveloppe présentant des maxima appelés formants, dépendant de la fonction de transfert du conduit vocal.The present invention aims in particular to provide a relatively simple method and allowing acceptable speech reproduction. It starts from the hypothesis that voiced sounds can be considered as the sum of the impulse responses of a filter, stationary for several milliseconds, (corresponding to the vocal tract) excited by a Dirac sequence, that is to say by a "pulse comb", synchronously with the fundamental frequency of the source, that is to say vocal cords, which results in the spectral domain by a harmonic spectrum, the harmonics being spaced from the fundamental frequency and weighted by an envelope having maxima called formants, depending on the transfer function of the vocal tract.
On a déjà proposé (Micro-phonemic method of speech synthesis, Lucaszewic et al, ICASSP 1987, IEEE, pages 1426-1429) d'effectuer une synthèse de parole où la diminution de la fréquence fondamentale des sons voisés, lorsqu'elle est nécessaire pour respecter des données prosodiques, est effectuée par insertion de zéros, les microphonèmes stockés devant alors obligatoirement correspondre à la hauteur maximale possible du son à restituer, ou bien (brevet US 4 692 941) de diminuer de la même manière par insertion de zéros la fréquence fondamentale, et d'augmenter celle-ci en diminuant la taille de chaque période. Ces deux méthodes introduisent sur le signal de parole des distorsions non négligeables lors de la modification de la fréquence fondamentale.It has already been proposed (Micro-phonemic method of speech synthesis, Lucaszewic et al, ICASSP 1987, IEEE, pages 1426-1429) to perform speech synthesis where the reduction of the fundamental frequency of voiced sounds, when necessary to comply with prosodic data, is carried out by insertion of zeros, the stored microphonemes must then necessarily correspond to the maximum possible height of the sound to be restored, or else (US Pat. No. 4,692,941) to decrease in the same way by insertion of zeros fundamental frequency, and to increase this by decreasing the size of each period. These two methods introduce significant distortions on the speech signal when the fundamental frequency is modified.
La présente invention vise à fournir un procédé et un dispositif de synthèse à concaténation de formes d'onde ne présentant pas la limitation ci-dessus et permettant de fournir une parole de bonne qualité, tout en ne nécessitant qu'un faible volume de calculs arithmétiques.The present invention aims to provide a method and a device for synthesis with concatenation of waveforms which do not have the above limitation and which make it possible to provide good quality speech, while requiring only a small volume of arithmetic calculations. .
Dans ce but, l'invention propose notamment un procédé suivant la revendication 1.To this end, the invention provides in particular a method according to
Ces opérations constituent la procédure de recouvrement puis addition des formes d'onde élémentaires obtenues par fenêtrage du signal de parole.These operations constitute the recovery procedure then addition of the elementary waveforms obtained by windowing the speech signal.
En général, on utilisera des éléments sonores constitués par des diphones.In general, we will use sound elements consisting of diphones.
La largeur de la fenêtre peut varier entre des valeurs inférieures et supérieures à deux fois la période d'origine. Dans l'exemple de mise en oeuvre qui sera décrit plus loin, la largeur de la fenêtre est choisie avantageusement égale à environ deux fois la période d'origine en cas d'augmentation de la période fondamentale ou environ deux fois la période finale de synthèse en cas d'augmentation de la fréquence fondamentale, afin de compenser partiellement les modifications d'énergie dues au changement de la fréquence fondamentale, non compensées par une normalisation possible de l'énergie, tenant compte de la contribution de chaque fenêtre à l'amplitude des échantillons du signal numérique de synthèse : dans le cas d'une diminution de la période fondamentale, la largeur de la fenêtre sera donc inférieure à deux fois la période fondamentale d'origine. Il est peu souhaitable de descendre au dessous de cette valeur.The width of the window can vary between values lower and greater than twice the original period. In the example of implementation which will be described later, the width of the window is advantageously chosen to be approximately twice the original period in the event of an increase in the fundamental period or approximately twice the final period of synthesis in the event of an increase in the fundamental frequency, in order to partially compensate for the energy modifications due to the change in the fundamental frequency, not compensated by a possible normalization of the energy, taking into account the contribution of each window to the amplitude of the samples of the digital synthesis signal: in the case of a decrease in the fundamental period, the width of the window will therefore be less than twice the original fundamental period. It is undesirable to go below this value.
Du fait qu'il est possible de modifier la valeur de la fréquence fondamentale dans les deux sens, les diphones sont mémorisés avec la fréquence fondamentale naturelle du locuteur.Because it is possible to modify the value of the fundamental frequency in both directions, the diphones are memorized with the natural fundamental frequency of the speaker.
Avec une fenêtre de durée égale à deux périodes fondamentales consécutives dans le cas voisé, on obtient des formes d'onde élémentaires dont le spectre représente sensiblement l'enveloppe du spectre du signal de parole ou spectre à court terme large bande -du fait que ce spectre est obtenu par convolution du spectre harmonique du signal de parole et de la réponse fréquentielle de la fenêtre, qui dans ce cas possède une largeur de bande supérieure à la distance entre harmoniques- ; la redistribution temporelle de ces formes d'onde élémentaires donnera un signal possédant sensiblement la même enveloppe que le signal d'origine mais une distance entre harmoniques modifiée.With a window of duration equal to two consecutive fundamental periods in the voiced case, elementary waveforms are obtained whose spectrum represents substantially the envelope of the spectrum of the speech signal or short-term broadband spectrum - since this spectrum is obtained by convolution of the harmonic spectrum of the speech signal and the frequency response of the window, which in this case has a bandwidth greater than the distance between harmonics; the temporal redistribution of these elementary waveforms will give a signal having substantially the same envelope as the original signal but a distance between harmonics modified.
Avec une fenêtre de durée supérieure à deux périodes fondamentales, on obtient des formes d'onde élémentaires dont le spectre est encore harmonique, ou spectre à court terme bande étroite -du fait que cette fois-ci la réponse fréquentielle de la fenêtre est moins large que la distance entre harmoniques- ; la redistribution temporelle de ces formes d'onde élémentaires donnera un signal possédant, comme le signal de synthèse précédent, sensiblement la même enveloppe que le signal d'origine à ceci près qu'on aura introduit des termes de réverbération (signaux dont le spectre possède une amplitude moindre, une phase différente, mais la même forme que le spectre d'amplitude du signal d'origine), dont l'effet ne sera audible qu'au delà de largeurs de fenêtre d'environ trois périodes, cet effet de réverbération ne dégradant pas la qualité du signal de synthèse lorsque son amplitude est faible.With a window of duration greater than two fundamental periods, we obtain elementary waveforms the spectrum of which is still harmonic, or short-term spectrum narrow band - the fact that this time the frequency response of the window is less wide that the distance between harmonics-; the temporal redistribution of these elementary waveforms will give a signal having, like the synthesis signal previous, substantially the same envelope as the original signal except that we will have introduced reverberation terms (signals whose spectrum has a lower amplitude, a different phase, but the same shape as the amplitude spectrum of the signal original), the effect of which will only be audible beyond window widths of approximately three periods, this reverberation effect not degrading the quality of the synthesis signal when its amplitude is low.
On peut notamment utiliser une fenêtre de Hanning, bien que d'autres formes de fenêtre soient également acceptables.One can in particular use a Hanning window, although other forms of window are also acceptable.
Le traitement défini ci-dessus peut également être appliqué aux sons dits sourds ou non voisés, pouvant être représentés par un signal dont la forme s'apparente à celle d'un bruit blanc, mais sans synchronisation des signaux fenêtrés : ceci a pour but d'homogénéiser le traitement sur les sons sourds et les sons voisés, ce qui permet d'une part le lissage entre éléments sonores (diphones) et entre phonèmes sourds et voisés, et d'autre part une modification du rythme. Il se pose un problème à la jonction entre diphones. Une solution pour écarter cette difficulté consiste à omettre l'extraction de formes d'onde élémentaires à partir des deux périodes fondamentales adjacentes de transition entre diphones (dans le cas des sons sourds, les marques de voisement sont remplacées par des marques posées arbitrairement) : on pourra soit définir une troisième fonction d'onde élémentaire en calculant la moyenne des deux fonctions d'onde élémentaires extraites de part et d'autre du diphone, soit utiliser la procédure d'addition-recouvrement directement sur ces deux fonctions d'onde élémentaires.The processing defined above can also be applied to so-called deaf or unvoiced sounds, which can be represented by a signal whose shape is similar to that of white noise, but without synchronization of the windowed signals: this is intended to '' homogenize the processing on deaf sounds and voiced sounds, which allows on the one hand the smoothing between sound elements (diphones) and between deaf and voiced phonemes, and on the other hand a modification of the rhythm. There is a problem at the junction between diphones. One solution to avoid this difficulty consists in omitting the extraction of elementary waveforms from the two adjacent fundamental transition periods between diphones (in the case of deaf sounds, the voicing marks are replaced by arbitrarily placed marks): we can either define a third elementary wave function by calculating the average of the two elementary wave functions extracted on either side of the diphone, or use the addition-recovery procedure directly on these two elementary wave functions .
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui suit d'un mode particulier de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, donné à titre d'exemple non limitatif. La description se réfère aux dessins qui l'accompagnent, dans lesquels :
- la Figure 1 est un graphe destiné à illustrer la synthèse de la parole par concaténation de diphones et modification des paramètres prosodiques dans le domaine temporel, conformément à l'invention ;
- la Figure 2 est un schéma synoptique montrant une constitution possible du dispositif de synthèse, implanté sur un calculateur hôte ;
- la Figure 3 montre, à titre d'exemple, comment on modifie les paramètres prosodiques d'un signal naturel, dans le cas d'un phonème particulier ;
- les Figures 4A, 4B et 4C sont des graphiques destinés à montrer des modifications spectrales apportées à des signaux de synthèse voisés, la Figure 4A montrant le spectre d'origine, la Figure 4B le spectre avec diminution de la fréquence fondamentale et la Figure 4C le spectre avec augmentation de cette fréquence ;
- la Figure 5 est un graphique montrant un principe d'atténuation des discontinuités entre diphones ;
- la Figure 6 est un schéma montrant le fenêtrage sur plus de deux périodes.
- Figure 1 is a graph intended to illustrate the synthesis of speech by concatenation of diphones and modification of the prosodic parameters in the time domain, in accordance with the invention;
- Figure 2 is a block diagram showing a possible constitution of the synthesis device, installed on a host computer;
- Figure 3 shows, by way of example, how the prosodic parameters of a natural signal are modified, in the case of a particular phoneme;
- FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are graphs intended to show spectral modifications made to voiced synthesis signals, FIG. 4A showing the original spectrum, FIG. 4B the spectrum with reduction of the fundamental frequency and FIG. 4C the spectrum with increasing frequency;
- Figure 5 is a graph showing a principle for attenuating discontinuities between diphones;
- Figure 6 is a diagram showing windowing over more than two periods.
La synthèse d'un phonème est effectuée à partir de deux diphones stockés dans un dictionnaire, chaque phonème étant composé de deux demi-diphones. Le son "é" dans "période" par exemple sera obtenu à partir du second demi-diphone de "pai" et du premier demi-diphone de "air".The synthesis of a phoneme is carried out from two diphones stored in a dictionary, each phoneme being composed of two half-diphones. The sound "é" in "period" for example will be obtained from the second half-diphone of "pai" and the first half-diphone of "air".
Un module de traduction orthographique phonétique et de calcul de la prosodie (qui ne fait pas partie de l'invention) fournit à un instant donné, des indications identifiant :
- le phonème à restituer, d'ordre P
- le phonème précédent, d'ordre P-1
- le phonème suivant,
d'ordre P+ 1
et donnant la durée à affecter au phonème P ainsi que les périodes au début et à la fin (Figure 1).A phonetic orthographic translation and prosody calculation module (which is not part of the invention) provides, at a given instant, indications identifying:
- the phoneme to be restored, of order P
- the preceding phoneme, of order P-1
- the following phoneme, of order P + 1
and giving the duration to be assigned to the phoneme P as well as the periods at the beginning and at the end (Figure 1).
Une première opération d'analyse, qui n'est pas modifiée par l'invention, consiste à déterminer, par décodage du nom des phonèmes et des indications prosodiques, les deux diphones retenus pour le phonème à utiliser et le voisement.A first analysis operation, which is not modified by the invention, consists in determining, by decoding the names of the phonemes and prosodic indications, the two diphones selected for the phoneme to be used and the voicing.
Tous les diphones disponibles (au nombre de 1300 par exemple) sont mémorisés dans un dictionnaire 10 muni d'une table constituant le descripteur 12 et contenant l'adresse du début de chaque diphone (en nombre de blocs de 256 octets) la longueur du diphone et le milieu du diphone (ces deux derniers paramètres étant exprimés en nombre d'échantillons à partir du début) et des marques de voisement repérant le début de la réponse du conduit vocal à l'excitation des cordes vocales dans le cas d'un son voisé (au nombre de 35 par exemple). Des dictionnaires de diphones répondant à ces critères sont disponibles par exemple auprès du Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications.All the available diphones (1300 for example) are stored in a
Les diphones sont alors utilisés dans un processus d'analyse et de synthèse schématisé sur la Figure 1. On décrira ce processus en supposant qu'il est mis en oeuvre dans un dispositif de synthèse ayant la constitution montrée en figure 2, destiné à être relié à un calculateur hôte, tel que le processeur central d'un ordinateur personnel. On supposera également que la fréquence d'échantillonnage donnant la représentation des diphones est de 16 kHz.The diphones are then used in a process of analysis and synthesis shown schematically in Figure 1. We will describe this process assuming that it is implemented in a synthesis device having the constitution shown in Figure 2, intended to be connected to a host computer, such as the central processor of a personal computer. It is also assumed that the sampling frequency giving the representation of the diphones is 16 kHz.
Le dispositif de synthèse (Figure 2) comporte alors une mémoire vive principale 16 qui contient un micro-programme de calcul, le dictionnaire de diphones 10 (c'est-à-dire des formes d'onde représentées par des échantillons) rangés dans l'ordre des adresses du descripteur, la table 12 constituant le descripteur de dictionnaire, et une fenêtre de Hanning, échantillonnée par exemple sur 500 points. La mémoire vive 16 constitue également mémoire de micro-trame et mémoire de travail. Elle est reliée par un bus de données 18 et un bus d'adresses 20 à un accès 22 au calculateur hôte.The synthesis device (FIG. 2) then comprises a main
Chaque micro-trame émise pour restituer un phonème (Figure 2) est constituée, pour chacun des deux phonèmes P et P+1 qui interviennent
- du numéro d'ordre du phonème,
- de la valeur de la période au début du phonème, de la valeur de période à la fin du phonème, et
- de la durée totale du phonème pouvant être remplacée par la durée du diphone pour le second phonème.
- the phoneme order number,
- the value of the period at the beginning of the phoneme, the value of period at the end of the phoneme, and
- of the total duration of the phoneme which can be replaced by the duration of the diphone for the second phoneme.
Le dispositif comprend encore, reliés aux bus 18 et 20, une unité de calcul locale 24 et un circuit d'aiguillage 26. Ce dernier permet de relier une mémoire vive 28 servant de tampon de sortie soit vers le calculateur, soit vers un contrôleur 30 de convertisseur numérique/analogique 32 de sortie. Ce dernier attaque un filtre passe-bas 34, généralement limité à 8 kHz, qui alimente un amplificateur de parole 36.The device also comprises, connected to the
Le fonctionnement du dispositif est le suivant.The operation of the device is as follows.
Le calculateur hôte (non représenté) charge les micro-trames dans le tableau réservé en mémoire 16, par l'intermédiaire de l'accès 22 et des bus 18 et 20, puis il commande le début de synthèse à l'unité de calcul 24. Cette unité de calcul recherche le numéro du phonème courant P, du phonème suivant P+1 et du phonème précédent P-1 dans le tableau de micro-trames, à l'aide d'un index mémorisé dans la mémoire de travail, initialisée à 1. Dans le cas du premier phonème, l'unité de calcul vient chercher uniquement les numéros du phonème courant et du phonème suivant. Dans le cas du dernier phonème, elle vient chercher le numéro du phonème précédent et celui du phonème courant.The host computer (not shown) loads the micro-frames into the table reserved in
Dans le cas général, un phonème est constitué de deux demi-diphones ; l'adresse de chaque diphone est recherchée par adressage matriciel dans le descripteur du dictionnaire par la formule suivante :
L'unité de calcul charge, en mémoire de travail 16, l'adresse du diphone, sa longueur, son milieu ainsi que les trente-cinq marques de voisement. Elle charge ensuite, dans un tableau descripteur du phonème, les marques de voisement correspondant à la deuxième partie du diphone. Puis elle recherche, dans le dictionnaire de formes d'onde, la deuxième partie du diphone, qu'elle place dans un tableau représentant le signal du phonème d'analyse. Les marques conservées dans le tableau descripteur du phonème sont décrémentées de la valeur du milieu du diphone.The computing unit loads, into working
Cette opération est répétée pour la deuxième partie du phonème constituée par la première partie du deuxième diphone. Les marques de voisement de la première partie du deuxième diphone sont ajoutées aux marques de voisement du phonème et incrémentées de la valeur du milieu du phonème.This operation is repeated for the second part of the phoneme constituted by the first part of the second diphone. The voicing marks of the first part of the second diphone are added to the voicing marks of the phoneme and incremented by the value of the middle of the phoneme.
Dans le cas des sons voisés, l'unité de calcul, à partir des paramètres prosodiques (durée, période début et période fin du phonème) détermine alors le nombre de périodes nécessaire à la durée du phonème, suivant la formule :
L'unité de calcul range en mémoire le nombre de marques du phonème naturel, égal au nombre de marques de voisement, puis détermine le nombre de périodes à éliminer ou à ajouter en effectuant la différence entre le nombre de périodes de synthèse et le nombre de périodes d'analyse, différence qui est fixée par la modification de tonalité à introduire à partir de celle qui correspond au dictionnaire.The calculation unit stores in memory the number of marks of the natural phoneme, equal to the number of voicing marks, then determines the number of periods to be eliminated or added by making the difference between the number of synthesis periods and the number of periods of analysis, difference which is fixed by modifying the tone to be introduced from that corresponding to the dictionary.
Pour chaque période de synthèse retenue, l'unité de calcul détermine ensuite la période d'analyse retenue parmi les périodes du phonème à partir des considérations suivantes :
- la modification de la durée peut être considérée comme la mise en correspondance, par déformation de l'axe des temps du signal de synthèse, des n marques de voisement du signal d'analyse et des p marques du signal de synthèse, n et p étant des entiers prédéterminés ;
- à chacune des p marques du signal de synthèse doit être associée la marque la plus proche du signal d'analyse.
- the modification of the duration can be considered as the mapping, by deformation of the time axis of the synthesis signal, of the n voicing marks of the analysis signal and of the p marks of the synthesis signal, n and p being predetermined integers;
- each of the p marks of the synthesis signal must be associated with the mark closest to the analysis signal.
La duplication ou, au contraire, l'élimination de périodes également réparties sur tout le phonème modifie la durée de celui-ci.The duplication or, on the contrary, the elimination of periods equally distributed on all the phoneme modifies the duration of this one.
Il faut noter qu'on n'aura pas à extraire une forme d'onde élémentaire à partir des deux périodes adjacentes de transition entre diphones : l'opération d'addition-recouvrement des fonctions élémentaires extraites des deux dernières périodes du premier diphone et des deux premières périodes du deuxième diphone permet le lissage entre ces diphones comme le montre la figure 5.Note that we will not have to extract an elementary waveform from the two adjacent transition periods between diphones: the operation of addition-recovery of elementary functions extracted from the last two periods of the first diphone and first two periods of the second diphone allows smoothing between these diphones as shown in Figure 5.
Pour chaque période de synthèse, l'unité de calcul détermine le nombre de points à ajouter ou à supprimer à la période d'analyse en effectuant la différence entre cette dernière et la période de synthèse.For each summary period, the calculation unit determines the number of points to add or delete to the analysis period by making the difference between the latter and the summary period.
Comme on l'a indiqué plus haut, il est avantageux de choisir la largeur de la fenêtre d'analyse de la façon suivante, illustrée en Figure 3 :
- si la période de synthèse est inférieure à la période d'analyse (lignes A et B de la Figure 3), la taille de la fenêtre 38 est le double de la période de synthèse ;
- dans le cas contraire, la taille de la fenêtre 40 est obtenue en multipliant par deux la plus faible des valeurs de la période d'analyse courante et de la période d'analyse précédente (lignes C et D).
- if the synthesis period is less than the analysis period (lines A and B of FIG. 3), the size of the
window 38 is twice the synthesis period; - otherwise, the size of the
window 40 is obtained by multiplying by two the lowest of the values of the current analysis period and of the previous analysis period (lines C and D).
L'unité de calcul détermine un pas d'avancement dans la lecture des valeurs de la fenêtre, tabulée par exemple sur 500 points, le pas étant alors égal à 500 divisé par la taille de la fenêtre précédemment calculée. Elle lit dans la mémoire tampon de signal du phonème d'analyse 28 les échantillons de la période précédente et de la période courante, les pondère par la valeur de la fenêtre de Hanning 38 ou 40 indexée par le numéro de l'échantillon courant multiplié par le pas d'avancement dans la fenêtre tabulée et ajoute, au fur et à mesure, les valeurs calculées à la mémoire tampon du signal de sortie indexé par la somme du compteur de l'échantillon courant de sortie et de l'index de recherche des échantillons du phonème d'analyse. Le compteur de sortie courant est ensuite incrémenté de la valeur de la période de synthèse.The calculation unit determines a progress step in reading the values of the window, tabulated for example on 500 points, the step then being equal to 500 divided by the size of the window previously calculated. It reads the samples from the previous period and the current period from the
Pour les phonèmes sourds, le traitement est analogue au précédent, excepté que la valeur des pseudo-périodes (distance entre deux marques de voisement) n'est jamais modifiée : l'élimination de pseudo-périodes au centre du phonème diminue simplement la durée de celui-ci.For deaf phonemes, the processing is analogous to the previous one, except that the value of the pseudo-periods (distance between two voicing marks) is never modified: the elimination of pseudo-periods in the center of the phoneme simply decreases the duration of this one.
On n'augmente pas la durée de phonèmes sourds, excepté par addition de zéros au milieu des phonèmes "silence".The duration of deaf phonemes is not increased, except by adding zeros in the middle of the "silent" phonemes.
Le fenêtrage s'effectue par période pour normaliser la somme des valeurs des fenêtres appliquées au signal :
- du début de la période précédente à la fin de la période précédente, le pas d'avancement dans la lecture de la fenêtre tabulée est (dans le cas d'une tabulation sur 500 points) égal à 500 divisé par deux fois la durée de la période précédente ;
- du début de la période courante à la fin de la période courante, le pas d'avancement dans la fenêtre tabulée est égal à 500 divisé par deux fois la durée de la période courante plus un décalage constant de 250 points.
- from the start of the previous period to the end of the previous period, the step forward in reading the tabbed window is (in the case of a tabulation on 500 points) equal to 500 divided by twice the duration of the previous period;
- from the start of the current period to the end of the current period, the advancement step in the tabulated window is equal to 500 divided by twice the duration of the current period plus a constant offset of 250 points.
A la fin du calcul du signal d'un phonème de synthèse, l'unité de calcul range la dernière période du phonème d'analyse et de synthèse dans la mémoire tampon 28 qui permet la transition entre phonèmes. Le compteur de l'échantillon courant de sortie est décrémenté de la valeur de la dernière période de synthèse.At the end of the calculation of the signal of a synthesis phoneme, the calculation unit stores the last period of the analysis and synthesis phoneme in the
Le signal ainsi généré est envoyé, par blocs de 2048 échantillons, dans un de deux espaces mémoire reservés à la communication entre l'unité de calcul et le contrôleur 30 du convertisseur numérique/analogique 32. Dès que le premier bloc est chargé dans la première zone tampon, le contrôleur 30 est activé par l'unité de calcul et vide cette première zone tampon. Pendant ce temps, l'unité de calcul remplit une deuxième zone tampon de 2048 échantillons. L'unité de calcul vient ensuite alternativement tester ces deux zones tampons grâce à un drapeau pour y charger le signal numérique de synthèse à la fin de chaque séquence de synthèse d'un phonème. Le contrôleur 30, en fin de lecture de chaque zone tampon, positionne le drapeau correspondant. En fin de synthèse, le contrôleur vide la dernière zone tampon et positionne un drapeau de fin de synthèse que le calculateur hôte peut lire via l'accès de communication 22.The signal thus generated is sent, in blocks of 2,048 samples, to one of two memory spaces reserved for communication between the calculation unit and the
L'exemple de spectre de signal de parole voisé d'analyse et de synthèse illustré en Figures 4A-4C montre que les transformations temporelles du signal numérique de parole n'affectent pas l'enveloppe du signal de synthèse, tout en modifiant la distance entre harmoniques, c'est-à-dire la fréquence fondamentale du signal de parole.The example of analysis and synthesis voiced speech signal spectrum illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C shows that the temporal transformations of the digital speech signal do not affect the envelope of the synthesis signal, while modifying the distance between harmonics, i.e. the fundamental frequency of the speech signal.
La complexité du calcul reste faible : le nombre d'opérations par échantillon est en moyenne de deux multiplications et deux additions pour la pondération et la sommation des fonctions élémentaires fournies par l'analyse.The complexity of the calculation remains low: the number of operations per sample is on average two multiplications and two additions for the weighting and summation of the elementary functions provided by the analysis.
L'invention est susceptible de nombreuses variantes de réalisation et, en particulier, comme on l'a indiqué plus haut, une fenêtre de largeur supérieure à deux périodes, comme le montre la Figure 6, éventuellement de taille fixe, peut donner des résultats acceptables.The invention is susceptible of numerous variant embodiments and, in particular, as indicated above, a window of width greater than two periods, as shown in FIG. 6, possibly of fixed size, can give acceptable results. .
On peut aussi utiliser le procédé de modification de la fréquence fondamentale sur des signaux numériques de parole en dehors de son application à la synthèse par diphones.The method of modifying the fundamental frequency on digital speech signals can also be used outside of its application to synthesis by diphones.
Claims (5)
- Method of speech synthesis from sound elements (words, syllabes, diphones,...), wherein:(a) analysis is carried out, at least on the voiced sounds of the sound elements, by windowing by means of a filtering window approximately centered on the beginning of each pulse response of the vocal tract to an excitation of the vocal cords, the window having an amplitude decreasing to zero at the edges of the window, whose width is at least equal to twice the original fundemental period or twice the fundamental synthesis period,(b) the signals resulting from windowing corresponding to each sound element are replaced with a time shift thereof equal to a fundamental synthesis period, which is lesser than or greater than the original fundamental period, responsive to prosodic information relating to the fundamental sysnthesis frequency,(c) synthesis is carried out by summing the thus shifted signals,characterized in that the method does not include a spectral transformation of the analysed signals, for modifying the fundamental frequency of said analysed signals, between steps (a) and (b).
- Method of speech synthesis according to claim 1,
characterized in that a dictionary of sound elements, for example diphones, is formed; the text to be synthesized is split into microframes each identified by the serial number of the corresponding sound element (diphone) and at least one prosodic information, formed at least by the value of the fundamental frequency at the beginning and at the end of an element and by the duration of the element. - Method of speech synthesis according to any one of claims 1 and 2,
characterized in that the width of the window is equal to twice the original period in the case of reduction of the fundamental frequency or twice the final synthesis period in the case of increase of the fundamental frequency. - Method of speech synthesis according to any one of claims 1-3,
characterized in that the window is a Hanning window. - Device for speech synthesis carrying out the method of claim 1,
characterized in that it comprises, connected to buses (18, 20): a main random access memory (16) which contains a computing micro-program, a dictionary of diphones (10) formed of waveforms represented by samples stored in the order of the addresses of a dictionary descriptor (12) and a sampled Hanning window, said random access memory (16) also forming a microframe memory and a working memory; a local computing unit (24) and a routing circuit (26) making it possible to connect a random access memory (28) serving as output buffer either to the computing unit or to a controller (30) of an output digital/analog converter (32) driving a low pass filter (34) which feeds a speech amplifier (36).
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FR8811517A FR2636163B1 (en) | 1988-09-02 | 1988-09-02 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SYNTHESIZING SPEECH BY ADDING-COVERING WAVEFORMS |
FR8811517 | 1988-09-02 |
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WO1990003027A1 (en) | 1990-03-22 |
DK175374B1 (en) | 2004-09-20 |
JP3294604B2 (en) | 2002-06-24 |
DK107390A (en) | 1990-05-30 |
FR2636163B1 (en) | 1991-07-05 |
US5327498A (en) | 1994-07-05 |
CA1324670C (en) | 1993-11-23 |
JPH03501896A (en) | 1991-04-25 |
ES2065406T3 (en) | 1995-02-16 |
DK107390D0 (en) | 1990-05-01 |
DE68919637D1 (en) | 1995-01-12 |
EP0363233A1 (en) | 1990-04-11 |
DE68919637T2 (en) | 1995-07-20 |
US5524172A (en) | 1996-06-04 |
FR2636163A1 (en) | 1990-03-09 |
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