EP0501842A1 - Textile interlining composite - Google Patents

Textile interlining composite Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0501842A1
EP0501842A1 EP92400194A EP92400194A EP0501842A1 EP 0501842 A1 EP0501842 A1 EP 0501842A1 EP 92400194 A EP92400194 A EP 92400194A EP 92400194 A EP92400194 A EP 92400194A EP 0501842 A1 EP0501842 A1 EP 0501842A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
fibers
interlining
nonwoven
nonwoven layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92400194A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0501842B1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Groshens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lainiere de Picardie SA
Lainiere de Picardie BC SAS
Original Assignee
Lainiere de Picardie SA
Lainiere de Picardie BC SAS
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Publication of EP0501842A1 publication Critical patent/EP0501842A1/en
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Publication of EP0501842B1 publication Critical patent/EP0501842B1/en
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
    • D04H1/43838—Ultrafine fibres, e.g. microfibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H13/00—Other non-woven fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H5/00—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H5/02—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length strengthened or consolidated by mechanical methods, e.g. needling
    • D04H5/03—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length strengthened or consolidated by mechanical methods, e.g. needling by fluid jet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24826—Spot bonds connect components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
    • Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
    • Y10T442/621—Including other strand or fiber material in a different layer not specified as having microdimensions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/66—Additional nonwoven fabric is a spun-bonded fabric
    • Y10T442/663—Hydroentangled

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a composite interlining textile and its manufacturing process.
  • the interlining textiles are intended to be associated with other textiles or draperies to which they give a touch, flexibility and nervousness that they do not have by themselves and which allows them to be used effectively in the making of clothing.
  • patent application FR-A-2,645,180 relates to a stabilizer fabric, composite, formed of a knitted or woven textile support and at least one nonwoven web.
  • the support and the sheet are combined by needling by fluid jets.
  • patent application FR-A-2 637 163 is also known, which relates to a heat-adhesive interlining, the textile base of which is a nonwoven formed of synthetic filaments intermingled by jets of fluids.
  • the first of these techniques is particularly interesting because the manufacture of a composite interlining makes it possible to choose with precision and to control the properties of the interlining.
  • Document EP-A-0 333 212 relates to an elastomeric composite nonwoven obtained by entanglement by fluid jets of a laminate consisting of at least one layer of "melt-blown” fibers and at least one additional layer of fibers discontinuous, "melt-blown", of continuous filaments.
  • a composite nonwoven is also proposed formed by fluid jets of a laminate composed of at least one layer of "melt-blown" fibers and at least a layer of a nonwoven material.
  • the latter can be based on continuous filaments and preferably obtained by the melt process ("spunbond").
  • spunbond the melt process
  • Such a process also simultaneously generates a dense layer having a feel similar to a plastic film, incompatible with the textile feel sought for a covering.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to produce a composite interlining whose properties can be widely varied and which makes it possible to complete the range of already existing products.
  • thermo-adhesive interlining presenting little risk of crossing and returning.
  • the invention relates to a fabric covering comprising a first nonwoven layer, composed of micro-fibers, produced by meltblowing.
  • the interlining textile comprises at least a second nonwoven layer, composed of fibers or filaments and a layer of adhesive distributed in points.
  • the first layer and the second layer are linked, on the one hand, partially by the entanglement of part of their fibers obtained by the application of fluid jets and, on the other hand, completely by the base of the points of the layer of adhesive which keeps the fibers entwined thus ensuring the cohesion of the whole.
  • the interlining textile of the invention also comprises a third non-woven layer which can either be made up of filaments, for example synthetic filaments obtained by the melt process, or of micro-fibers produced by fusion -blowing.
  • this third layer is linked to one of the other two layers also by entanglement of some of their fibers. obtained by the application of fluid jets.
  • the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a composite interlining textile comprising a first non-woven layer of microfibers and a second non-woven layer.
  • the first nonwoven layer of micro-fibers is produced by meltblowing and the second nonwoven layer is formed, then placed under the first layer.
  • the first and second layers are intermingled and joined together by fluid jets, the two joined layers are then dried.
  • the second nonwoven layer is carded, it is advantageously folded and lapped before being associated with the first layer.
  • the second layer is advantageously pre-needled. It can consist of a fleece of nonwoven formed from continuous filaments intermingled without orientation and made from synthetic material.
  • the interlining fabric of the invention comprises a first nonwoven layer 1 composed of micro-fibers produced by meltblown.
  • This manufacturing process known under the name of "melt-blown” allows the production of a synthetic nonwoven fabric made up of micro-fibers. It has good regularity and has a flat surface resulting, at the same time, from the fineness of the fibers which constitute it and from its manufacturing process. The large number of micro-fibers gives it excellent coverage.
  • the layers of nonwoven "melt-blown" fabric have a certain number of drawbacks for their use in the field of interlining.
  • the interlining must resist cleaning and washing.
  • high air pressure produces a dense layer having a film-like feel. plastic, which is ill-suited for use in interfacing.
  • the first nonwoven layer 1, composed of micro-fibers, used in the invention is produced by blowing with a relatively low air pressure during spinning.
  • the distance between the nozzles of the extruder 34 and the receiving belt 33 acts on the cooling of the fibers before their deposition and, thereby, on the feel of the sheet, at the same time as the air pressure.
  • a distance of the order of or less than 350mm gives a plastic feel while a distance greater than 500mm is chosen, preferably for the implementation of the invention and provides a textile feel.
  • this layer is flexible and has a textile feel.
  • It is for example formed of fibers having a titration of between 0.1 and 0.7 Dtex.
  • the interlining textile has a second non-woven layer composed of fibers.
  • This layer provides the interlining with its resilience (nervousness) which makes it wrinkle-resistant, its volume, its resilience, ...
  • the first layer 1 and the second layer 2 are linked by the entanglement of part of their fibers obtained by the application of fluid jets.
  • fine needles of water produced by high pressure injectors, are directed perpendicular to the two layers previously placed one on the other. These fluid jets cause the micro-fibers of the first layer 1 to become entangled in the surface fibers of the second 2.
  • the interlining fabric of the invention is thermo-adhesive. It comprises an adhesive layer 3 distributed in points on the first nonwoven layer 1, on the face opposite to that in contact with the second nonwoven layer 2. These thermo-adhesive points participate in the feasibility of the product.
  • the cohesion of the first nonwoven layer 1 composed of micro-fibers produced by melt-blowing on another textile support is relatively weak but is improved by the thermo-adhesive dots which promote the strength of the fibers and allow binding.
  • first layer 1 and the second layer 2 are linked, on the one hand, partially by the entanglement of part of their fibers by the application of fluid jets and, on the other hand, completely by the base points of the adhesive layer 3 which maintains the intertwined fibers ensuring the cohesion of the assembly.
  • the second nonwoven layer 2 can be composed of carded, scrambled, random orientation staple fibers. Carding web 2 can also be made with parallel fibers.
  • It can also be composed of carded fibers linked by thermal bonding. This bonding contributes to giving cohesion to the sheet before it is assembled to the first layer 1.
  • the second layer 2 nonwoven, composed of carded fibers Prior to its association with the first layer 1, the second layer 2, nonwoven, composed of carded fibers can be needled so as to increase its cohesion and its stiffness.
  • This second layer 2 advantageously consists of a fleece of nonwoven formed of continuous synthetic filaments intermingled without orientation obtained by the melt process ("spunbond").
  • the titration of the filaments forming the second nonwoven layer is in this case advantageously between 1 and 5 Dtex and, preferably, equal to 1.5 Dtex.
  • a third nonwoven textile layer can be associated with the first and second layers 1, 2.
  • this third layer can be a ply of carded fibers or made up of synthetic filaments obtained by the melt and it is then a layer similar to the second.
  • the third layer may on the contrary be of the same type as the first, that is to say composed of micro-fibers manufactured by meltblown. It can be superimposed on the first layer or, on the contrary, placed on the other face of the second layer which is then sandwiched between the two layers of micro-fibers, "melt-blown".
  • the second layer 2 is brought, covered by the first layer 1, onto a conveyor belt 10 which drives them facing a first series of injectors 11.
  • a first series of injectors 11 After turning the composite composed by the first two layers using the rollers 12 of the conveyor belt 13 and rollers 14, 15 and 16, the composite is brought in front of a second set of injectors 17 which produces fluid jets first passing through the second layer 2.
  • the composite After deflection by the rollers 18, 19 and 20, the composite is expressed by the rollers 21 and then dried in the oven 22. After drying, the interlining thus produced is stored on the roller 23.
  • the second layer 2 is formed on a card 30 and then brought by the roller 31 and the belt 32 onto the belt 33 by a melting-blowing extruder generally represented by the reference 34.
  • layer 1 is formed by the "melt-blown" process from polyamide or polyester. Its weight is between 5 and 80g / m2.
  • the second layer of fibers 2 is a sheet of carded fibers of random orientation, the weight and composition of which vary according to the desired effect.
  • the second layer of fibers can be a sheet of parallel carded fibers.
  • FIG. 3 represents a process for manufacturing the interlining in which the second ply of fibers 2 is a ply of fibers in a cross orientation as a function of the desired properties.
  • the sheet of carded fibers 2, at the outlet of the carding line 30, is presented to a lapping folder 36, 37 which gives it its crossover.
  • the second layer 2 is then transmitted to the mat 33 by the conveyor 32.
  • the pre-needling can be carried out either by means of a mechanical needling machine or, also, by a system of fluid jets on a sheet of carded fibers at the outlet of the carding or carding-topping line, so as to give cohesion to the veil of fibers.
  • This pre-needling operation allows the process of the invention to be implemented batchwise, separating the carding phase from the extrusion, melt-blowing and jet-fluid bonding operations.
  • a non-woven veil of synthetic filaments (“spunbond”) has sufficient cohesion to be stored in a roll.
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the process in which the first non-woven layer of micro-fibers produced by the "melt-blown" process is itself previously produced and then wound on the roller 39.
  • the manufacturing the first "melt-blown” layer is dissociated from the implementation of the invention, which allows all intermediate storage deemed useful.
  • FIG. 6 shows a manufacturing process according to the invention in which the second nonwoven layer 2 is formed directly on the belt 33 by the extruder 40 according to the melt process ("spunbond") and then associated with a layer produced by melt-blown produced by the extruder 34 directly on the second nonwoven layer 2.
  • the third layer 41 is deposited on the first nonwoven layer of micro-fibers 1 and the three layers 1, 2, 41 are all three associated together by the fluid jets produced by the injectors 11 and 17.
  • the structure of the composite interlining of the invention makes it possible to freely choose the nature and the properties of each of these layers and, thereby, to cover a very wide range of needs encountered in the field of interlining.

Abstract

The invention relates to the sector of textile reinforcements or interlinings. <??>It relates more specifically to a textile interlining comprising a first nonwoven layer (1) composed of microfibres produced by melt-blowing. <??>According to the invention, it comprises a second nonwoven layer (2) composed of fibres or filaments. The first layer (1) and the second layer (2) are connected by the entanglement of some of their fibres which is obtained by the application of fluid jets. <IMAGE>

Description

L'invention concerne un textile d'entoilage composite et son procédé de fabrication.The invention relates to a composite interlining textile and its manufacturing process.

Les textiles d'entoilage sont destinés à être associés à d'autres textiles ou draperies auxquels ils donnent un toucher, une souplesse et une nervosité qu'ils n'ont pas par eux-mêmes et qui permet de les utiliser efficacement dans la confection des vêtements.The interlining textiles are intended to be associated with other textiles or draperies to which they give a touch, flexibility and nervousness that they do not have by themselves and which allows them to be used effectively in the making of clothing.

Différentes techniques ont été développées de manière à permettre la réalisation d'entoilages ayant eux-même un toucher, une souplesse et une nervosité, fonctions de l'application à laquelle ils sont destinés.Different techniques have been developed so as to allow the production of linings which themselves have a feel, flexibility and nervousness, functions of the application for which they are intended.

Plus particulièrement, par exemple, la demande de brevet FR-A-2 645 180 concerne un textile d'entoilage, composite, formé d'un support textile tricoté ou tissé et d'au moins une nappe non tissée. L'association du support et de la nappe est réalisée par aiguilletage par jets fluides.More particularly, for example, patent application FR-A-2,645,180 relates to a stabilizer fabric, composite, formed of a knitted or woven textile support and at least one nonwoven web. The support and the sheet are combined by needling by fluid jets.

Par ailleurs, on connaît également la demande de brevet FR-A-2 637 163 qui concerne un entoilage thermo-collant dont la base textile est un non-tissé formé de filaments synthétiques entremêlés par jets de fluides.Furthermore, patent application FR-A-2 637 163 is also known, which relates to a heat-adhesive interlining, the textile base of which is a nonwoven formed of synthetic filaments intermingled by jets of fluids.

La première de ces techniques est particulièrement intéressante car la fabrication d'un entoilage composite permet de choisir avec précision et de maîtriser les propriétés de l'entoilage.The first of these techniques is particularly interesting because the manufacture of a composite interlining makes it possible to choose with precision and to control the properties of the interlining.

Par contre, la présence dans cet entoilage composite d'un support textile tricoté ou tissé qui apporte des avantages significatifs (tenue dimensionnelle, infroissabilité, etc.) présente l'inconvénient, pour d'autres applications, d'avoir un coût relativement élevé. Toutefois, la présence de ce support textile tricoté ou tissé était, jusqu'à présent, considérée comme nécessaire dans ce type de composites.On the other hand, the presence in this composite interlining of a knitted or woven textile support which brings significant advantages (dimensional resistance, wrinkle resistance, etc.) has the disadvantage, for other applications, of having a relatively high cost. However, the presence of this knitted or woven textile support was, until now, considered necessary in this type of composites.

Le document EP-A-0 333 212 concerne un non-tissé composite élastomérique obtenu par enchevêtrement par jets fluides d'un stratifié constitué d'au moins une couche de fibres "melt-blown" et d'au moins une couche supplémentaire de fibres discontinues, "melt-blown", de filaments continus.Document EP-A-0 333 212 relates to an elastomeric composite nonwoven obtained by entanglement by fluid jets of a laminate consisting of at least one layer of "melt-blown" fibers and at least one additional layer of fibers discontinuous, "melt-blown", of continuous filaments.

Enfin, selon le brevet européen EP-A-0 333 211, il est proposé un non-tissé composite formé également par jets fluides d'un stratifié composé d'au moins une couche de fibres "melt-blown" et d'au moins une couche d'un matériau non-tissé. Cette dernière peut être à base de filaments continus et de préférence obtenus par le procédé par voie fondue ("spunbond"). Ce document concerne également le procédé de fabrication d'un tel non-tissé composite.Finally, according to European patent EP-A-0 333 211, a composite nonwoven is also proposed formed by fluid jets of a laminate composed of at least one layer of "melt-blown" fibers and at least a layer of a nonwoven material. The latter can be based on continuous filaments and preferably obtained by the melt process ("spunbond"). This document also relates to the process for manufacturing such a composite nonwoven.

Outre les inconvénients mentionnés précédemment, ces deux documents présentent le désavantage d'utiliser un procédé classique de fusion-soufflage engendrant un degré de cohésion élevé à la nappe.In addition to the drawbacks mentioned above, these two documents have the disadvantage of using a conventional melt-blowing method generating a high degree of cohesion in the web.

Un tel procédé engendre également simultanément une couche dense ayant un toucher semblable à un film plastique, incompatible au toucher textile recherché pour un entoilage.Such a process also simultaneously generates a dense layer having a feel similar to a plastic film, incompatible with the textile feel sought for a covering.

Le but de l'invention est donc la réalisation d'un entoilage composite dont les propriétés peuvent être largement variées et qui permette de compléter la gamme des produits déjà existants.The object of the invention is therefore to produce a composite interlining whose properties can be widely varied and which makes it possible to complete the range of already existing products.

C'est également un objectif de la présente Invention de réaliser un entoilage thermo-collant présentant peu de risques de traversée et de retour.It is also an objective of the present invention to produce a thermo-adhesive interlining presenting little risk of crossing and returning.

C'est encore un objectif de la présente invention de proposer un entoilage composite présentant un bon rapport qualité-prix.It is also an objective of the present invention to propose a composite interlining having a good quality-price ratio.

A cet effet, l'invention concerne un textile d'entoilage comportant une première couche non tissée, composée de micro-fibres, fabriquées par fusion-soufflage. Selon l'invention, le textile d'entoilage comporte au moins une deuxième couche non tissée, composée de fibres ou filaments et une couche d'adhésif répartie en points. La première couche et la deuxième couche sont liées, d'une part, partiellement par l'enchevêtrement d'une partie de leurs fibres obtenu par l'application de jets fluides et, d'autre part, complètement par la base des points de la couche d'adhésif qui maintient les fibres entrelacées assurant ainsi la cohésion de l'ensemble.To this end, the invention relates to a fabric covering comprising a first nonwoven layer, composed of micro-fibers, produced by meltblowing. According to the invention, the interlining textile comprises at least a second nonwoven layer, composed of fibers or filaments and a layer of adhesive distributed in points. The first layer and the second layer are linked, on the one hand, partially by the entanglement of part of their fibers obtained by the application of fluid jets and, on the other hand, completely by the base of the points of the layer of adhesive which keeps the fibers entwined thus ensuring the cohesion of the whole.

Selon une réalisation particulièrement avantageuse, le textile d'entoilage de l'invention comporte également une troisième couche, non tissée, qui peut être soit constituée de filaments, par exemple de filaments synthétiques obtenus par voie fondue, soit de micro-fibres fabriquées par fusion-soufflage. Dans ce cas, cette troisième couche est liée à l'une des deux autres couches également par enchevêtrement de certaines de leurs fibres obtenu par l'application de jets fluides.According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the interlining textile of the invention also comprises a third non-woven layer which can either be made up of filaments, for example synthetic filaments obtained by the melt process, or of micro-fibers produced by fusion -blowing. In this case, this third layer is linked to one of the other two layers also by entanglement of some of their fibers. obtained by the application of fluid jets.

L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication d'un textile d'entoilage composite comportant une première couche non tissée, de micro-fibres, et une deuxième couche non tissée.The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a composite interlining textile comprising a first non-woven layer of microfibers and a second non-woven layer.

Selon l'invention, la première couche non tissée, de micro-fibres, est fabriquée par fusion-soufflage et la deuxième couche non tissée est formée, puis placée sous la première couche. La première et la deuxième couche sont entremêlées et solidarisées par jets fluides, les deux couches solidarisées sont alors séchées.According to the invention, the first nonwoven layer of micro-fibers is produced by meltblowing and the second nonwoven layer is formed, then placed under the first layer. The first and second layers are intermingled and joined together by fluid jets, the two joined layers are then dried.

Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, la deuxième couche non tissée est cardée, elle est avantageusement pliée et nappée avant d'être associée à la première couche.In a preferred embodiment, the second nonwoven layer is carded, it is advantageously folded and lapped before being associated with the first layer.

La deuxième couche est avantageusement pré-aiguilletée. Elle peut être constituée d'un voile de non-tissé formé de filaments continus entremêlés sans orientation et fabriqués à partir de matière synthétique.The second layer is advantageously pre-needled. It can consist of a fleece of nonwoven formed from continuous filaments intermingled without orientation and made from synthetic material.

par le procédé de voie fondue également connu sous la dénomination "spunlaid-spunbond".by the melt method also known under the name "spunlaid-spunbond".

L'invention sera décrite plus en détails dans la description qui va suivre et en référence aux figures dans lesquelles :

  • La figure 1 est une représentation schématique de l'entoilage de l'invention.
  • La figure 2 est une représentation schématique d'un premier mode de fabrication, selon l'invention.
  • La figure 3 est une représentation schématique d'un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
  • La figure 4 est une représentation schématique d'un troisième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
  • La figure 5 est une représentation schématique d'un quatrième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
  • La figure 6 est une représentation schématique d'un cinquième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
The invention will be described in more detail in the description which follows and with reference to the figures in which:
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the interlining of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a first manufacturing method according to the invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a third embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic representation of a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic representation of a fifth embodiment of the invention.

Le textile d'entoilage de l'invention comporte une première couche non tissée 1 composée de micro-fibres fabriqués par fusion-soufflage. Ce procédé de fabrication connu sous le nom de "melt-blown" permet la réalisation d'un textile non-tissé synthétique constitué de micro-fibres. Il a une bonne régularité et présente une surface plane résultant, à la fois, de la finesse des fibres qui le constituent et de son procédé de fabrication. Le nombre important de micro-fibres lui donne une excellente couverture.The interlining fabric of the invention comprises a first nonwoven layer 1 composed of micro-fibers produced by meltblown. This manufacturing process known under the name of "melt-blown" allows the production of a synthetic nonwoven fabric made up of micro-fibers. It has good regularity and has a flat surface resulting, at the same time, from the fineness of the fibers which constitute it and from its manufacturing process. The large number of micro-fibers gives it excellent coverage.

Par contre, à côté de ces qualités, les couches de textile non tissé "melt-blown" présentent un certain nombre d'inconvénients pour leur utilisation dans le domaine de l'entoilage. En effet, l'entoilage doit résister au nettoyage et au lavage. Pour obtenir cette résistance, il est nécessaire de fabriquer les couches non tissées "melt-blown" avec une pression d'air importante qui projette vivement les filaments sur le tapis de réception, ce qui donne un degré de cohésion élevé à la nappe. Toutefois, simultanément, une pression d'air élevée produit une couche dense ayant un toucher analogue à celui d'un film plastique, ce qui est mal adapté à son utilisation dans l'entoilage.On the other hand, in addition to these qualities, the layers of nonwoven "melt-blown" fabric have a certain number of drawbacks for their use in the field of interlining. In fact, the interlining must resist cleaning and washing. To obtain this resistance, it is necessary to manufacture the non-woven "melt-blown" layers with a high air pressure which strongly projects the filaments onto the receiving mat, which gives a high degree of cohesion to the sheet. However, simultaneously, high air pressure produces a dense layer having a film-like feel. plastic, which is ill-suited for use in interfacing.

Pour cette raison, la première couche non tissée 1, composée de micro-fibres, mise en oeuvre dans l'invention, est fabriquée par soufflage avec une pression d'air relativement peu élevée au cours du filage. La distance entre les buses de l'extrudeuse 34 et le tapis de réception 33 agit sur le refroidissement des fibres avant leur dépôt et, par là, sur le toucher de la nappe, en même temps que la pression d'air. Une distance de l'ordre ou inférieure à 350mm donne un toucher plastique alors qu'une distance supérieure à 500mm est retenue, de préférence pour la mise en oeuvre de l'invention et procure un toucher textile. Ainsi, cette couche est souple et présente un toucher textile.For this reason, the first nonwoven layer 1, composed of micro-fibers, used in the invention, is produced by blowing with a relatively low air pressure during spinning. The distance between the nozzles of the extruder 34 and the receiving belt 33 acts on the cooling of the fibers before their deposition and, thereby, on the feel of the sheet, at the same time as the air pressure. A distance of the order of or less than 350mm gives a plastic feel while a distance greater than 500mm is chosen, preferably for the implementation of the invention and provides a textile feel. Thus, this layer is flexible and has a textile feel.

Elle est par exemple formée de fibres ayant un titrage compris entre 0,1 et 0,7 Dtex.It is for example formed of fibers having a titration of between 0.1 and 0.7 Dtex.

Le textile d'entoilage comporte une deuxième couche, non tissée, composée de fibres. Cette couche apporte à l'entoilage sa résilience (nervosité) qui le rend infroissable, son volume, sa résilience, ...The interlining textile has a second non-woven layer composed of fibers. This layer provides the interlining with its resilience (nervousness) which makes it wrinkle-resistant, its volume, its resilience, ...

La première couche 1 et la deuxième couche 2 sont liées par l'enchevêtrement d'une partie de leurs fibres obtenu par l'application de jets fluides. Selon cette technique, de fines aiguilles d'eau, produites par des injecteurs sous haute pression, sont dirigées perpendiculairement aux deux couches préalablement placées l'une sur l'autre. Ces jets fluides provoquent l'enchevêtrement des micro-fibres de la première couche 1 dans les fibres de surface de la deuxième 2.The first layer 1 and the second layer 2 are linked by the entanglement of part of their fibers obtained by the application of fluid jets. According to this technique, fine needles of water, produced by high pressure injectors, are directed perpendicular to the two layers previously placed one on the other. These fluid jets cause the micro-fibers of the first layer 1 to become entangled in the surface fibers of the second 2.

Le textile d'entoilage de l'invention est thermo-adhésif. Il comporte une couche d'adhésif 3 répartie en points sur la première couche non tissée 1, sur la face opposée à celle au contact de la deuxième couche non tissée 2. Ces points thermo-adhésif participent à la faisabilité du produit. La cohésion de la première couche non-tissée 1 composée de micro-fibres fabriquées par fusion-soufflage sur un autre support textile est relativement faible mais est améliorée par les points thermo-adhésifs qui favorisent la tenue des fibres et permet le liage.The interlining fabric of the invention is thermo-adhesive. It comprises an adhesive layer 3 distributed in points on the first nonwoven layer 1, on the face opposite to that in contact with the second nonwoven layer 2. These thermo-adhesive points participate in the feasibility of the product. The cohesion of the first nonwoven layer 1 composed of micro-fibers produced by melt-blowing on another textile support is relatively weak but is improved by the thermo-adhesive dots which promote the strength of the fibers and allow binding.

En effet, la première couche 1 et la deuxième couche 2 sont liées, d'une part, partiellement par l'enchevêtrement d'une partie de leurs fibres par l'application de jets fluides et, d'autre part, complètement par la base des points de la couche d'adhésif 3 qui maintient les fibres entrelacées assurant la cohésion de l'ensemble.Indeed, the first layer 1 and the second layer 2 are linked, on the one hand, partially by the entanglement of part of their fibers by the application of fluid jets and, on the other hand, completely by the base points of the adhesive layer 3 which maintains the intertwined fibers ensuring the cohesion of the assembly.

La deuxième couche non tissée 2 peut être composée de fibres discontinues cardées, brouillées, à orientation aléatoire. Le voile de carde 2 peut aussi être à fibres parallèles.The second nonwoven layer 2 can be composed of carded, scrambled, random orientation staple fibers. Carding web 2 can also be made with parallel fibers.

Elle peut également être composée de fibres cardées liées par liage thermique. Ce liage contribue à donner une cohésion à la nappe avant son assemblage à la première couche 1.It can also be composed of carded fibers linked by thermal bonding. This bonding contributes to giving cohesion to the sheet before it is assembled to the first layer 1.

Préalablement à son association avec la première couche 1, la deuxième couche 2, non tissée, composée de fibres cardées peut être aiguilletée de manière à augmenter sa cohésion et sa raideur.Prior to its association with the first layer 1, the second layer 2, nonwoven, composed of carded fibers can be needled so as to increase its cohesion and its stiffness.

Cette deuxième couche 2 est avantageusement constituée d'un voile de non-tissé formé de filaments continus synthétiques entremêlés sans orientation obtenus par le procédé par voie fondue ("spunbond").This second layer 2 advantageously consists of a fleece of nonwoven formed of continuous synthetic filaments intermingled without orientation obtained by the melt process ("spunbond").

Le titrage des filaments formant la deuxième couche non tissée est dans ce cas avantageusement compris entre 1 et 5 Dtex et, de préférence, égal à 1,5 Dtex.The titration of the filaments forming the second nonwoven layer is in this case advantageously between 1 and 5 Dtex and, preferably, equal to 1.5 Dtex.

Une troisième couche textile non tissée peut être associée aux première et deuxième couche 1, 2. Selon l'application envisagée, la nervosité, la résistance au transpercement que l'on veut donner à l'entoilage, cette troisième couche peut être une nappe de fibres cardées ou constituée de filaments synthétiques obtenus par voie fondue et c'est alors une couche analogue à la deuxième. La troisième couche peut au contraire être du même type que la première c'est-à-dire composée de micro-fibres fabriquées par fusion-soufflage. Elle peut être superposée à la première couche ou, au contraire, placée sur l'autre face de la deuxième couche qui se trouve alors en sandwich entre les deux couches de micro-fibres, "melt-blown".A third nonwoven textile layer can be associated with the first and second layers 1, 2. Depending on the application envisaged, the nervousness, the resistance to piercing which it is desired to give to the interlining, this third layer can be a ply of carded fibers or made up of synthetic filaments obtained by the melt and it is then a layer similar to the second. The third layer may on the contrary be of the same type as the first, that is to say composed of micro-fibers manufactured by meltblown. It can be superimposed on the first layer or, on the contrary, placed on the other face of the second layer which is then sandwiched between the two layers of micro-fibers, "melt-blown".

Le procédé de fabrication sera maintenant décrit en référence aux figures 2 à 6.The manufacturing process will now be described with reference to Figures 2 to 6.

La deuxième couche 2 est amenée, recouverte par la première couche 1, sur un tapis transporteur 10 qui les entraînent face à une première série d'injecteurs 11. Après retournement du composite composé par les deux premières couches à l'aide des rouleaux 12 du tapis transporteur 13 et des rouleaux 14, 15 et 16, le composite est amené face à un deuxième ensemble d'injecteurs 17 qui produit des jets fluides traversant d'abord la deuxième couche 2. Après déviation par les rouleaux 18, 19 et 20, le composite est exprimé par les rouleaux 21 puis séché dans le four 22. Après séchage, l'entoilage ainsi réalisé est stocké sur le rouleau 23.The second layer 2 is brought, covered by the first layer 1, onto a conveyor belt 10 which drives them facing a first series of injectors 11. After turning the composite composed by the first two layers using the rollers 12 of the conveyor belt 13 and rollers 14, 15 and 16, the composite is brought in front of a second set of injectors 17 which produces fluid jets first passing through the second layer 2. After deflection by the rollers 18, 19 and 20, the composite is expressed by the rollers 21 and then dried in the oven 22. After drying, the interlining thus produced is stored on the roller 23.

Dans le mode de la réalisation représentée sur la figure 2, la deuxième couche 2 est formée sur une carde 30 puis amenée par le rouleau 31 et le tapis 32 sur le tapis 33 par une extrudeuse par fusion-soufflage globalement représentée par la référence 34. Les micro-fibres 35 formées par extrusion, fusion-soufflage, par l'extrudeuse 34, forment la couche 1 directement sur la deuxième couche 2.In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the second layer 2 is formed on a card 30 and then brought by the roller 31 and the belt 32 onto the belt 33 by a melting-blowing extruder generally represented by the reference 34. The micro-fibers 35 formed by extrusion, melt-blowing, by the extruder 34, form the layer 1 directly on the second layer 2.

De préférence, la couche 1 est formée par le procédé "melt-blown" à partir de polyamide ou de polyester. Son poids est compris entre 5 et 80g/m². La deuxième couche de fibres 2 est une nappe de fibres cardées à orientation aléatoire dont le poids et la composition varient en fonction de l'effet recherché.Preferably, layer 1 is formed by the "melt-blown" process from polyamide or polyester. Its weight is between 5 and 80g / m². The second layer of fibers 2 is a sheet of carded fibers of random orientation, the weight and composition of which vary according to the desired effect.

La deuxième couche de fibres peut être une nappe de fibres cardées parallèle.The second layer of fibers can be a sheet of parallel carded fibers.

La figure 3 représente un procédé de fabrication de l'entoilage dans lequel la deuxième nappe de fibres 2 est une nappe de fibres à orientation croisée en fonction des propriétés recherchées. La nappe de fibres cardées 2, à la sortie de la ligne de cardage 30, est présentée à un plieur nappeur 36, 37 qui lui donne sa croisure. La deuxième couche 2 est ensuite transmise au tapis 33 par le transporteur 32.FIG. 3 represents a process for manufacturing the interlining in which the second ply of fibers 2 is a ply of fibers in a cross orientation as a function of the desired properties. The sheet of carded fibers 2, at the outlet of the carding line 30, is presented to a lapping folder 36, 37 which gives it its crossover. The second layer 2 is then transmitted to the mat 33 by the conveyor 32.

Sur la figure 4, un procédé de fabrication est représenté dans lequel la deuxième couche 2 a été pré-aiguilletée puis momentanément stockée sur le rouleau 38 qui alimente le transporteur 33.In Figure 4, a manufacturing process is shown in which the second layer 2 has been pre-needled and then temporarily stored on the roller 38 which supplies the conveyor 33.

Dans ce cas, le pré-aiguilletage peut être réalisé soit au moyen d'une aiguilleteuse mécanique soit, également, par un système de jets fluides sur une nappe de fibres cardées à la sortie de la ligne de cardage ou de cardage-nappage, de manière à donner une cohésion au voile de fibres. Cette opération de pré-aiguilletage permet la mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention en discontinu, séparant la phase de cardage des opérations d'extrusion, fusion-soufflage et du liage jets-fluides.In this case, the pre-needling can be carried out either by means of a mechanical needling machine or, also, by a system of fluid jets on a sheet of carded fibers at the outlet of the carding or carding-topping line, so as to give cohesion to the veil of fibers. This pre-needling operation allows the process of the invention to be implemented batchwise, separating the carding phase from the extrusion, melt-blowing and jet-fluid bonding operations.

De même, un voile non-tissé de filaments synthétiques ("spunbond") a une cohésion suffisante pour être stockée en rouleau.Likewise, a non-woven veil of synthetic filaments ("spunbond") has sufficient cohesion to be stored in a roll.

Sur la figure 5 est représenté un mode de réalisation du procédé dans lequel la première couche, non tissée, de micro-fibres réalisée par le procédé "melt-blown" est elle-même préalablement fabriquée puis enroulée sur le rouleau 39. Ainsi, la fabrication de la première couche "melt-blown" est dissociée de la mise en oeuvre de l'invention, ce qui autorise tous les stockages intermédiaires jugés utiles.FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the process in which the first non-woven layer of micro-fibers produced by the "melt-blown" process is itself previously produced and then wound on the roller 39. Thus, the manufacturing the first "melt-blown" layer is dissociated from the implementation of the invention, which allows all intermediate storage deemed useful.

Sur la figure 6 est représenté un procédé de fabrication selon l'invention dans lequel la deuxième couche non tissée 2 est formée directement sur le tapis 33 par l'extrudeuse 40 selon le procédé par voie fondue ("spunbond") puis associée à une couche réalisée par fusion-soufflage ("melt-blown") produite par l'extrudeuse 34 directement sur la deuxième couche non tissée 2.FIG. 6 shows a manufacturing process according to the invention in which the second nonwoven layer 2 is formed directly on the belt 33 by the extruder 40 according to the melt process ("spunbond") and then associated with a layer produced by melt-blown produced by the extruder 34 directly on the second nonwoven layer 2.

La troisième couche 41 est déposée sur la première couche non tissée de micro-fibres 1 et les trois couches 1, 2, 41 sont associées toutes trois ensemble par les jets fluides produits par les injecteurs 11 et 17.The third layer 41 is deposited on the first nonwoven layer of micro-fibers 1 and the three layers 1, 2, 41 are all three associated together by the fluid jets produced by the injectors 11 and 17.

La structure de l'entoilage composite de l'invention permet de choisir librement la nature et les propriétés de chacune de ces couches et, par là, de couvrir une gamme très étendue des besoins rencontrés dans le domaine de l'entoilage.The structure of the composite interlining of the invention makes it possible to freely choose the nature and the properties of each of these layers and, thereby, to cover a very wide range of needs encountered in the field of interlining.

Claims (8)

Textile d'entoilage comportant une première couche non tissée (1), composée de micro-fibres fabriquées par fusion-soufflage, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins une deuxième couche non tissée (2) composée de fibres ou filaments et une couche d'adhésif (3) répartie en points, la première couche (1) et la deuxième couche (2) étant liées, d'une part, partiellement par l'enchevêtrement d'une partie de leurs fibres par l'application de jets fluides et, d'autre part, complètement par la base des points de la couche d'adhésif (3) qui maintient les fibres entrelacées assurant ainsi la cohésion de l'ensemble.Interlining textile comprising a first nonwoven layer (1), composed of micro-fibers produced by meltblown, characterized in that it comprises at least a second nonwoven layer (2) composed of fibers or filaments and a layer adhesive (3) distributed in points, the first layer (1) and the second layer (2) being linked, on the one hand, partially by the entanglement of part of their fibers by the application of fluid jets and, on the other hand, completely by the base of the points of the adhesive layer (3) which maintains the interlaced fibers thus ensuring the cohesion of the whole. Textile d'entoilage selon la revendications 1, caractérisé en ce que la deuxième couche non tissée (2) est composée de fibres discontinues cardées.Interlining textile according to claim 1, characterized in that the second nonwoven layer (2) is composed of carded staple fibers. Textile d'entoilage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que la deuxième couche non tissée (2) est composée de fibres cardées liées par liage thermique.Interlining textile according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the second nonwoven layer (2) is composed of carded fibers bonded by thermal bonding. Textile d'entoilage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que la deuxième couche non tissée (2) est composée de fibres cardées aiguilletées.Interlining fabric according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the second nonwoven layer (2) is composed of needled carded fibers. Textile d'entoilage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la deuxième couche (2) est constituée d'un voile non-tissé formé de filaments continus synthétiques entremêlés sans orientation obtenus par le procédé par voie fondue.Interlining fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the second layer (2) consists of a non-woven web formed of continuous synthetic filaments intermingled without orientation obtained by the melt process. Textile d'entoilage selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le titrage des filaments formant la deuxième couche non tissée (2) est supérieur à 1,5 Dtex.Interlining textile according to claim 5, characterized in that the titration of the filaments forming the second nonwoven layer (2) is greater than 1.5 Dtex. Textile d'entoilage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une troisième couche non tissée, constituée de filaments continus synthétiques obtenus par voie fondue, liée à l'une des deux autres couches par l'enchevêtrement de certaines de leurs fibres obtenu par l'application de jets fluides.Interlining textile according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises a third non-woven layer, consisting of continuous synthetic filaments obtained by the melt, linked to one of the other two layers by the entanglement of some of their fibers obtained by the application of fluid jets. Textile d'entoilage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une troisième couche non tissée, liée à l'une des deux autres couches par l'enchevêtrement de certaines de leurs fibres obtenu par l'application de jets fluides.Interlining textile according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises a third nonwoven layer, linked to one of the other two layers by the entanglement of some of their fibers obtained by application of fluid jets.
EP92400194A 1991-02-25 1992-01-24 Textile interlining composite Expired - Lifetime EP0501842B1 (en)

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FR9102214A FR2673204B1 (en) 1991-02-25 1991-02-25 COMPOSITE LINING TEXTILE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF.

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EP0049732A1 (en) * 1980-10-13 1982-04-21 Firma Carl Freudenberg Iron-adhesive interlining fabric
FR2516202A1 (en) * 1981-11-12 1983-05-13 Riedel Paul Multilayer thermal insulation - esp. two sheets of metallised wallpaper sepd. from each other by film of expanded polymer foam
US4761322A (en) * 1985-10-07 1988-08-02 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Laminated fibrous web comprising differentially bonded layers, and method and apparatus for making the same
EP0333211A2 (en) * 1988-03-18 1989-09-20 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Composite nonwoven non-elastic web material and method of formation thereof
EP0363254A1 (en) * 1988-10-04 1990-04-11 Lainiere De Picardie Fusible interlining comprising microfilaments

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0648878A1 (en) * 1993-10-11 1995-04-19 Lainiere De Picardie Thermobonded interlining material comprising a fiber layer mixed with texturised weft yarns and process for making the same
US5593533A (en) * 1993-10-11 1997-01-14 Lainiere De Picardie S.A. Thermobonding interlining comprising a layer of fibers intermingled with textured weft yarns and its production method
EP1275764A1 (en) * 2001-07-10 2003-01-15 Rieter Perfojet (S.A.) Nonwoven comprising a layer of endless filaments, process of manufacturing and its use as cleaning cloth
WO2012052535A1 (en) * 2010-10-21 2012-04-26 Hi Tech Textile Holding Gmbh Method and apparatus for producing a composite nonwoven
CN103180501A (en) * 2010-10-21 2013-06-26 恒天(奥地利)控股有限公司 Method and apparatus for producing composite nonwoven

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0564856A (en) 1993-03-19
ES2086089T3 (en) 1996-06-16
NO920736D0 (en) 1992-02-24
JPH0698728B2 (en) 1994-12-07
CA2061805A1 (en) 1992-08-26
AU649930B2 (en) 1994-06-02
IE920537A1 (en) 1992-08-26
IE74151B1 (en) 1997-07-02
EP0501842B1 (en) 1996-04-10
FI920726A (en) 1992-08-26
NO920736L (en) 1992-08-26
FI920726A0 (en) 1992-02-20
FR2673204A1 (en) 1992-08-28
ATE136598T1 (en) 1996-04-15
DE69209703D1 (en) 1996-05-15
AU1123092A (en) 1992-08-27
GR3019646T3 (en) 1996-07-31
DK0501842T3 (en) 1996-06-03
CA2061805C (en) 1997-12-16
DE69209703T2 (en) 1996-09-12
FR2673204B1 (en) 1995-03-24
US5236771A (en) 1993-08-17

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