EP0852765B1 - Memory management - Google Patents

Memory management Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0852765B1
EP0852765B1 EP96901894A EP96901894A EP0852765B1 EP 0852765 B1 EP0852765 B1 EP 0852765B1 EP 96901894 A EP96901894 A EP 96901894A EP 96901894 A EP96901894 A EP 96901894A EP 0852765 B1 EP0852765 B1 EP 0852765B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
address
data
data block
address field
field
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96901894A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0852765A1 (en
Inventor
Alan Welsh Sinclair
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Memory Corp PLC
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Memory Corp PLC
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/0223—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing
    • G06F12/023—Free address space management
    • G06F12/0238—Memory management in non-volatile memory, e.g. resistive RAM or ferroelectric memory
    • G06F12/0246—Memory management in non-volatile memory, e.g. resistive RAM or ferroelectric memory in block erasable memory, e.g. flash memory
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/0223—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing
    • G06F12/0292—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing using tables or multilevel address translation means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F2212/72—Details relating to flash memory management
    • G06F2212/7201—Logical to physical mapping or translation of blocks or pages
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
    • G06F3/0662—Virtualisation aspects
    • G06F3/0664—Virtualisation aspects at device level, e.g. emulation of a storage device or system

Definitions

  • This invention relates to data storage systems and, in particular, to a method of managing a memory in which data can only be written in unwritten memory locations, so that the information stored in the memory can be updated without erasing entire blocks each time the data stored is to be changed.
  • One application of the present invention is in solid state memories which use FLASH memory for the main storage of data and which use FLASH lookup tables to perform the logical to physical address translation.
  • This invention may be used with a number of different memory cells, such as FLASH EPROM cells, chalcogenide memory cells, and ferro-optic cells.
  • Solid state disks receive addresses from the host they are serving in the form of a logical sector address (or by a transformation of Cylinder-Head-Sector addressing from the host).
  • This logical sector addressing is continuous.
  • the logical sector address is mapped to a physical sector address.
  • the physical sector address defines the ordering of sectors in physical memory. Since logical sectors may be assigned to physical sectors in any order, the translation cannot be performed by an algorithm: some form of mapping is required. This mapping is usually performed by means of a lookup table. However, if the lookup table is also composed of FLASH memory cells then individual entries can only be updated by means of a block erasure. This is very inefficient.
  • WO 94 20906 relates to a FLASH file system. It uses a block allocation map to store information on the blocks in main FLASH memory which can be written to. When a block is to be updated the allocation map is scanned until a free block is located. A transfer unit is used to facilitate memory reclaiming of the system. The transfer unit is an unwritten erased block of memory. The active (currently valid) data from a block of memory that contains old data (the old block) is written to the same locations in the transfer unit (the new block) and the old block is erased. The old block then becomes the transfer unit.
  • the invention disclosed in WO 94 20906 requires a random access memory to reflect the changes in the block allocation map. The present invention does not require a random access memory, all of the functions necessary to manage the data updating can be performed on non-volatile block erasable memory such as FLASH EPROM.
  • EP 0 597 706 relates to a solid state peripheral storage device which uses a MAP ROM to map the logical sector address provided by the host to a physical address in the semiconductor memory.
  • the addresses of any bad sectors in semiconductor memory are recorded in the MAP ROM.
  • a microsequencer is used to control the mapping.
  • the MAP ROM is updated when a new physical address is required.
  • the invention relates to floating-gate memories; the method of updating the MAP ROM described in the patent application shows that the MAP ROM could not be a FLASH memory because the MAP ROM must be byte erasable to enable each entry to be updated independently.
  • WO 95 10083 discloses the use of a CAM (content addressable memory) to search for an address which includes a flag field. The address is searched so that only an address with its flag set to a particular value is found as a match. When an address stores data which becomes obsolete its flag is reset. Thus, only the address with valid data has its flag set, the same logical address (but different physical address) having old data has its flag reset.
  • a CAM content addressable memory
  • the present invention provides a data storage system as set out in claims 1 to 6.
  • Figures 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate the principle of translating between two addresses using an indirect address field and a direct address field.
  • Every solid state memory system must convert logical sector addresses received from the host to physical addresses which can be used to address the particular solid state memory devices which are used as the main memory store. Thus, some logical to physical address conversion is required.
  • This embodiment of the present invention uses two lookup tables to maintain a mapping between a logical sector address and its corresponding physical sector address. In other embodiments of this invention only one table may be used, the table performing the same function as the two lookup tables or the previous embodiment.
  • a lookup table entry 10 for each logical sector address value is located in the primary lookup table 12 at a location defined by an address equal to the logical sector address plus the primary lookup table offset.
  • Each entry in the primary lookup table 12 contains at least three fields: one field stores a main memory address 14, another field stores a linked address 16; and the third field is a pointer flag 18.
  • Each used entry in the primary lookup table 12 either points directly at the physical address of a sector in main memory 20 or provides an indirect pointer to a secondary lookup table 22.
  • the means of determining whether the primary lookup table entry points to the main memory 20 or whether it points to the secondary lookup table 22 is to read the pointer flag IS in the relevant table entry. If the pointer flag 18 is erased (shown by the letter E in Figures 1A and 1B) then the main memory address is valid. If the pointer is unerased (shown by the letter U in Figures 1A and 1B) then the secondary lookup table address is valid.
  • Figure 1B illustrates how the lookup tables are updated to ensure correct mapping between the logical sector address and the new physical address.
  • the entry 26 in the primary lookup table 12 now needs to be updated with the address of the main memory location 28 for the new data. This is done by writing the pointer flag in the entry corresponding to the logical sector address 26 to logic zero (unset) and the linked address to one of the unused entries in the secondary lookup table 22 (hereinafter referred to as the xxx secondary table entry 32).
  • the pointer flag can be written because it occupies an addressable unit and because it has not been written to since the erase cycle: the inactive state of the pointer is the erased state (logic one).
  • the address of the memory location to which the new data was written is stored in the main memory address field 14 of the xxx secondary lookup table entry 32.
  • this latest data is stored in another unused location (this will be referred to as the latest unused location) in main memory 34.
  • the primary lookup table 12 is not altered. but the xxx entry in the secondary lookup table 2 now has its pointer flag 30 written so that it is unset (logic zero) and the linked address field is written so that it points to an unused entry in the secondary lookup table (this will be referred to as the yyy secondary lookup table entry 36).
  • the address of the latest unused location is then stored in the main memory field 14 of the yyy secondary lookup table entry 36. This process may continue until the number of unused entries in the secondary lookup table 22 drops below a predetermined value.
  • the secondary lookup table 22 becomes full then a clean-up operation is required.
  • a new lookup table must be created before the old one is erased to safeguard the information.
  • One way of performing a clean-up operation is to reserve at least one erasable FLASH block in the erased state either above or below the primary lookup table 12.
  • One entry from the primary lookup table 12 is copied to the erased block and the old entry is then erased.
  • the main memory address field 14 for that entry is copied from the relevant valid secondary lookup table entry (the entry with its pointer flag in the erased condition). In effect the primary lookup table 12 moves up or down by one erase block. Once this process is complete the secondary lookup table 22 can be erased.
  • a main memory address In other embodiments of the present invention only two fields are used: a main memory address and a secondary lookup table address. If the secondary lookup table address contains valid data then that address is read instead of the main memory address. If the secondary lookup table address does not contain valid data then the main memory address is read instead.

Abstract

A method of maintaining a mapping between a logical sector address and a corresponding physical address using a data storage block for each logical sector address value, and a plurality of spare data storage blocks. Each data storage block comprises: a direct address field 14 and an indirect address field 16. The first time data is written to the logical sector address the direct address field is programmed with the corresponding physical address. Each subsequent time that data is written to the same logical sector address the indirect address field is programmed with the address of a spare data storage block 22 and the direct address field of the spare data storage block is programmed with the new physical address of the data. The physical address accesses a memory 20. The storage blocks are cleaned up when the number of unused blocks drops below a predetermined threshold. The invention allows data updating on non-volatile block-erasable memory such as Flash Eprom. A flag bit 18 may be used to indicate whether the direct or indirect address is valid for accessing memory 20. <IMAGE>

Description

  • This invention relates to data storage systems and, in particular, to a method of managing a memory in which data can only be written in unwritten memory locations, so that the information stored in the memory can be updated without erasing entire blocks each time the data stored is to be changed. One application of the present invention is in solid state memories which use FLASH memory for the main storage of data and which use FLASH lookup tables to perform the logical to physical address translation. This invention may be used with a number of different memory cells, such as FLASH EPROM cells, chalcogenide memory cells, and ferro-optic cells. Solid state disks receive addresses from the host they are serving in the form of a logical sector address (or by a transformation of Cylinder-Head-Sector addressing from the host). This logical sector addressing is continuous. The logical sector address is mapped to a physical sector address. The physical sector address defines the ordering of sectors in physical memory. Since logical sectors may be assigned to physical sectors in any order, the translation cannot be performed by an algorithm: some form of mapping is required. This mapping is usually performed by means of a lookup table. However, if the lookup table is also composed of FLASH memory cells then individual entries can only be updated by means of a block erasure. This is very inefficient.
  • In recent years there has been a flurry of activity in the realm of solid state disk devices. This activity has been intensified with the advent of laptop and palmtop portable computers. and the PCMCIA standard. A number of patent applications which have been filed relate to the control methods needed for using FLASH memory as the main data store.
  • WO 94 20906 relates to a FLASH file system. It uses a block allocation map to store information on the blocks in main FLASH memory which can be written to. When a block is to be updated the allocation map is scanned until a free block is located. A transfer unit is used to facilitate memory reclaiming of the system. The transfer unit is an unwritten erased block of memory. The active (currently valid) data from a block of memory that contains old data (the old block) is written to the same locations in the transfer unit (the new block) and the old block is erased. The old block then becomes the transfer unit. The invention disclosed in WO 94 20906 requires a random access memory to reflect the changes in the block allocation map. The present invention does not require a random access memory, all of the functions necessary to manage the data updating can be performed on non-volatile block erasable memory such as FLASH EPROM.
  • EP 0 597 706 relates to a solid state peripheral storage device which uses a MAP ROM to map the logical sector address provided by the host to a physical address in the semiconductor memory. The addresses of any bad sectors in semiconductor memory are recorded in the MAP ROM. A microsequencer is used to control the mapping. The MAP ROM is updated when a new physical address is required. The invention relates to floating-gate memories; the method of updating the MAP ROM described in the patent application shows that the MAP ROM could not be a FLASH memory because the MAP ROM must be byte erasable to enable each entry to be updated independently.
  • WO 95 10083 discloses the use of a CAM (content addressable memory) to search for an address which includes a flag field. The address is searched so that only an address with its flag set to a particular value is found as a match. When an address stores data which becomes obsolete its flag is reset. Thus, only the address with valid data has its flag set, the same logical address (but different physical address) having old data has its flag reset.
  • The present invention provides a data storage system as set out in claims 1 to 6.
  • The invention will now be particularly described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
       Figures 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate the principle of translating between two addresses using an indirect address field and a direct address field.
  • Every solid state memory system must convert logical sector addresses received from the host to physical addresses which can be used to address the particular solid state memory devices which are used as the main memory store. Thus, some logical to physical address conversion is required. This embodiment of the present invention uses two lookup tables to maintain a mapping between a logical sector address and its corresponding physical sector address. In other embodiments of this invention only one table may be used, the table performing the same function as the two lookup tables or the previous embodiment.
  • Referring to Figure 1A, a lookup table entry 10 for each logical sector address value is located in the primary lookup table 12 at a location defined by an address equal to the logical sector address plus the primary lookup table offset.
  • Each entry in the primary lookup table 12 contains at least three fields: one field stores a main memory address 14, another field stores a linked address 16; and the third field is a pointer flag 18. Each used entry in the primary lookup table 12 either points directly at the physical address of a sector in main memory 20 or provides an indirect pointer to a secondary lookup table 22. In the present embodiment the means of determining whether the primary lookup table entry points to the main memory 20 or whether it points to the secondary lookup table 22 is to read the pointer flag IS in the relevant table entry. If the pointer flag 18 is erased (shown by the letter E in Figures 1A and 1B) then the main memory address is valid. If the pointer is unerased (shown by the letter U in Figures 1A and 1B) then the secondary lookup table address is valid.
  • Consider the case when there is no data stored in the main memory 20. When data is first written then a logical sector address is supplied by the host together with the data to be stored. The data is stored in a physical location 24 in main memory 20 and the address of this physical location 24 in main memory 20 is stored in the primary lookup table 12 at an entry 26 corresponding to the logical sector address supplied by the host. If, at some later time the data is deleted by the host and new data is sent with the same logical sector address as the old data, then the new data is stored in an unused main memory location 28 (the previous main memory location 24 cannot be overwritten because FLASH memory needs an erase cycle after being written). The primary lookup table 12 must now be updated. This is illustrated in Figure IB.
  • Figure 1B illustrates how the lookup tables are updated to ensure correct mapping between the logical sector address and the new physical address. The entry 26 in the primary lookup table 12 now needs to be updated with the address of the main memory location 28 for the new data. This is done by writing the pointer flag in the entry corresponding to the logical sector address 26 to logic zero (unset) and the linked address to one of the unused entries in the secondary lookup table 22 (hereinafter referred to as the xxx secondary table entry 32). The pointer flag can be written because it occupies an addressable unit and because it has not been written to since the erase cycle: the inactive state of the pointer is the erased state (logic one). The address of the memory location to which the new data was written is stored in the main memory address field 14 of the xxx secondary lookup table entry 32.
  • If, at some later time, the new data is deleted by the host and more data is sent (this will be referred to as the latest data) then this latest data is stored in another unused location (this will be referred to as the latest unused location) in main memory 34. This is illustrated in Figure 1C. The primary lookup table 12 is not altered. but the xxx entry in the secondary lookup table 2 now has its pointer flag 30 written so that it is unset (logic zero) and the linked address field is written so that it points to an unused entry in the secondary lookup table (this will be referred to as the yyy secondary lookup table entry 36). The address of the latest unused location is then stored in the main memory field 14 of the yyy secondary lookup table entry 36. This process may continue until the number of unused entries in the secondary lookup table 22 drops below a predetermined value.
  • Once the secondary lookup table 22 becomes full then a clean-up operation is required. When the primary lookup table 12 is cleaned-up, a new lookup table must be created before the old one is erased to safeguard the information. One way of performing a clean-up operation is to reserve at least one erasable FLASH block in the erased state either above or below the primary lookup table 12. One entry from the primary lookup table 12 is copied to the erased block and the old entry is then erased. As each entry is copied, the main memory address field 14 for that entry is copied from the relevant valid secondary lookup table entry (the entry with its pointer flag in the erased condition). In effect the primary lookup table 12 moves up or down by one erase block. Once this process is complete the secondary lookup table 22 can be erased.
  • In other embodiments of the present invention only two fields are used: a main memory address and a secondary lookup table address. If the secondary lookup table address contains valid data then that address is read instead of the main memory address. If the secondary lookup table address does not contain valid data then the main memory address is read instead.

Claims (6)

  1. A data storage system for use with a host system and comprising: a plurality of erasable solid-state data storage means (20), wherein each of said storage means is locatable by a unique physical address and each of said storage means, once written, must be erased prior to being rewritten; and control means (12, 22) including non-volatile block erasable storage means for storing a look-up table mapping a plurality of logical addresses received from the host to a corresponding plurality of physical addresses of said data storage means, characterised in that said storage means of the control means comprises a plurality of data blocks, there being a respective said data block for each of said logical addresses, and the control means further includes a plurality of spare data blocks, and wherein each said data block and each said spare data block comprises a direct address field (14) and an indirect address field (16), and the control means further includes means for programming the direct address field of the respective said data block of the storage means, the first time a said logical address is supplied from the host with data for writing to the data storage means, with a physical address corresponding to said logical address, and means for programming the indirect address field of said respective data block with the address of an unused said spare data block, and the direct address field of the said spare data block with a new physical address corresponding to the same said logical address, the next time that new data is written to the same said logical address.
  2. A data storage system according to claim 1 characterised in that the control means further includes means for programming the indirect address field of said spare data block with the address of another unused spare data block, and the direct address field of the latter said unused spare data block with a latest physical address corresponding to the same said logical address, each subsequent time that new data is written to the same said logical address, until the number of unused spare data blocks drops below a predetermined minimum.
  3. A data storage system according to claim 1 characterised in that each said data block further includes a pointer flag field (18) and the control means includes means for storing a pointer flag in said pointer flag field, for indicating whether the direct address field or the indirect address field of the data block is to be read.
  4. A data storage system according to claim 3 characterised in that said pointer flag field of each said data block is writable independently of the rest of the data block.
  5. A data storage system according to claim 3 or 4 characterised in that said pointer flag field of each said data block has an erased state indicating that the indirect address field of the data block is not programmed, and an unerased state indicating that the indirect address field of the data block is programmed.
  6. A data storage system according to any one of the preceding claims characterised in that the system incorporates means to clean up the data blocks when the number of unused spare data blocks drops below a predetermined threshold.
EP96901894A 1995-09-27 1996-02-06 Memory management Expired - Lifetime EP0852765B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9519669 1995-09-27
GB9519669A GB2291990A (en) 1995-09-27 1995-09-27 Flash-memory management system
PCT/GB1996/000249 WO1997012324A1 (en) 1995-09-27 1996-02-06 Memory management

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0852765A1 EP0852765A1 (en) 1998-07-15
EP0852765B1 true EP0852765B1 (en) 2001-09-19

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EP (1) EP0852765B1 (en)
JP (3) JP2000505215A (en)
KR (1) KR19990063714A (en)
CN (1) CN1197520A (en)
AT (1) ATE205946T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69615385D1 (en)
GB (1) GB2291990A (en)
WO (1) WO1997012324A1 (en)

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