EP1115469B1 - Fibrous products containing active substances, a method for the production thereof, and use of the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to fibrous materials containing a fibrous proportion and, optionally, a particle proportion. The fibrous materials also contain a proportion of one or several active substances for liquid treatment. At least one active substance is provided in the form of a coating and/or impregnates at least one portion of the fibers and/or particles which form the fibrous material, and is distributed in the fibrous material in a defined inhomogeneous manner such that the active substance is provided in a predetermined quantity in a predetermined proportion of the fibers and/or particles which form the fibrous material. In addition, the active substance is not provided in another predetermined proportion of the fibers and/or particles which form the fibrous material or is provided in a quantity which differs from the first predetermined proportion of the fibers and/or particles which form the fibrous material. The invention also relates to fibrous materials which are at least bound to a depot for the active substance so that the active substance is first released when using the fibrous material according to determination, is attained on the fibrous material, and is thus available for the liquid treatment.

Description

The present invention relates to active substance-containing fiber structures, which are particularly suitable for Have water or food treatment applied Process for their production and their use.

The treatment of water with active substance-containing fiber structures is known. In DE-A-198 34 916 becomes active filter paper for water purification and leaf shape presented. This material has many advantages due to the fiber structure of the paper are caused. However, it has been shown that the performance characteristics of the Papers disclosed in this document should still be improved.

According to the teaching in this document on the use of humic as Drug loading should not bleed out under certain conditions, namely when the paper is treated with the pre-impregnating agent acid or alkaline earth salt is used as fixative alkali aluminate. Experiments have shown that the layers of humic material applied in this way are distributed very unevenly on the paper. The outer layer of paper is covered very densely by the precipitated humic material, the inside of the paper remains practically free of humic material. As a result, the hydraulic penetration of the paper with fluids is difficult and the mass transfer is hindered.

It has also been found that using calcium salt or Partially bleed acid-pre-impregnating solutions made from paper containing humic acid. Thus, the solution treated with it does not turn brown, but in about 20 cm high layer thickness shows 1 l of water mixed with 1 g of paper produced in this way Schnitzel shape has been treated for about half an hour, still a distinct yellowish one Discoloration.

Tends to have very similar adverse results with regard to the distribution of Active ingredients in the papers produced are also found in other papers that have been produced by the process described in DE-A-198 34 916, for example for papers that relate to the active substance coating with iron hydroxide. The The interior of the paper shows in all cases much lower active substance contents than that Surface.

In the same publication, the coating of the papers is included Aluminum hydroxide described by precipitation from aluminum salt solutions. The Examination of papers coated in this way has shown that, when used, considerable Amounts of aluminum are emitted into the treated water. The toxicity of the Aluminum could use such coated filters to treat water, intended for human use, at least make it difficult or additional Make measures necessary.

Another paper impregnation proposed in the aforementioned publication relates to the use of long chain carboxylates and carboxylic acids. However, it did shown that - although at least the free carboxylic acids have a low solubility in water have - but this is sufficient enough to give the water a strange taste to convey. Obviously, these substances are also not completely insoluble and therefore not very suitable for drinking water treatment in this form.

The papers described in the cited publication are active substance carriers or as filter material due to their limited loading with active ingredients for a number of tasks are only suitable to a limited extent. For example, exceeds their load with humic matter at a value of about 20% by weight, the papers are generally like this impermeable that the sorption of substances from the water is difficult, e.g. under Acceptance of uneconomically long sorption times can be carried out.

Target of a number of industrial tasks, especially at the Wastewater treatment is to load the filter materials as high as possible with pollutants, to minimize the amount of waste or to open up the recycling process. But that is with the papers described in the above-mentioned laid-open publication only conditionally possible.

For the purposes mentioned above, active ingredient loads of at least 30% by weight are preferably of more than 50% by weight, based on the weight of the active ingredient, desirable.

Another disadvantage of previously known paper loaded with active substances is that due to its shape given limited usability. Especially in the industrial milieu Water purification in fixed bed filters high specific throughput rates with the lowest possible Pressure loss required per filter unit. The in the aforementioned disclosure disclosed papers, however, result in a very high when used as a fixed bed filter Pressure loss and also tend to form very uneven flow of the fixed bed filter thus produced. This is an economical operation of such filters only possible to a limited extent for such purposes without additional measures.

Within a short time, the use of known papers in fixed bed filters begins Build up a germ. In most cases, this process leads to constipation and anaerobic decomposition of active substance and carrier material and of the release of the previously stored pollutant loads when iron or manganese oxides as active ingredient components are used or if reducible components, e.g. Arsenic, Selenium and Sulfur, which is part of the pollutant load. Although the problem can be solved by the recommended use of inorganic fibers as paper base is eliminated, but these are very expensive and have disadvantages compared to the flexible and suitable structured cellulose fibers with a large and chemically reactive surface. The load the papers with silver-containing active ingredients or other types of biocides help against the biodegradation, but at the same time leads to pollution of the pure water with them Substances.

The task in water purification is often several substances different nature from the water. In Germany there are Demand to reduce water hardness, nitrate content and heavy metals in drinking water. In Japan, the focus is on the removal of chlorine and heavy metals. In Asia there are problems with arsenic and humic acids. In regions of America Aluminum, selenium, arsenic and chlorine can be reduced in drinking water. The in the Papers mentioned arsenic, selenium and Removing heavy metals with a good effect, but they are often without additional ones Measures not sufficiently effective to e.g. chlorine or nitrate at the same time remove. According to the aforementioned disclosure, additional Process steps different active ingredients in separate areas on paper Apply side by side through soaking and fixing steps. Even there proposed additional use of pure drug particles, such as Activated carbon surcharges in paper, e.g. additionally removing chlorine does not work always to the desired result, because this with the proposed Impregnation process of the pulp or the finished paper itself with the others Active ingredient components can be covered at least partially and thereby their lose essential activity.

From JP-A-60-25540 are papers with the Active substance combinations, activated carbon / humic acid / iron humate / iron hydroxide known. These have the disadvantage that the active ingredients lie one above the other and thus practically only the outer coating is sufficiently effective.

For the use of fiber structures containing active ingredients for water treatment Require that for safe use for water purification by the technically untrained end users the active substance-containing fiber structures so easy as possible, i.e. with the greatest possible avoidance of equipment and Manipulation needs to be trained.

Here, the ones disclosed in the aforementioned German published application offer active ingredient-containing papers and processes for their application a simple approach, which, however, still needs to be improved. The one in this writing proposed use of active substance-containing papers as paper scraps for sprinkling in the water to be treated generally leads to one without further measures Sedimentation of the snippets on the bottom of the vessel. That is why it is necessary to remove the snippets to prevent sedimentation by movement. Under these conditions after a day of shaking e.g. over 90% pollutant removal can be achieved. Now the consumer generally has no shaking or stirring devices by means of which Snippets could be prevented from sedimentation. So there is a need for a paper that is easier to use and that can be used without further measures Results in treatment.

From US-A-5,482,773 fiber materials are known which are inhomogeneous have arranged activated carbon-containing fibrils. These fibrils contain the Activated carbon particles at least partially enclosed in a solidified Plastic phase. The sorption capacity of the partially in the fibrils trapped activated carbon particles is affected by the inclusion and therefore blocked activated carbon surface significantly reduced.

US-A-5,554,288 describes wet-strength paper filters with a layered structure fibers containing active ingredient. Synthetic organic polymers are used as wet strength agents used. Particular advantages of these layered papers are multifunctional sorption by building up the individual layers from active ingredients Fiber materials with different sorption properties as well as overcoming of disadvantages caused by mutually overlapping layers of active ingredient result if the fibers are coated with mutually overlapping active ingredients are, e.g. in fiber materials that are used in succession with different active ingredients were coated.

A major disadvantage of the layered papers, however, is their complicated manufacturing process in which the layered merging different pulps (paper pulps) must happen in the paper machine.

In addition, single-layer papers are easier to use.

DE-A-2,403,971 describes active substance-containing papers in which there are no binders are used and particulate solids, such as silica gel, bleaching earth, Diatomaceous earth, activated carbon, aluminum oxide and zeolites, only by mechanical forces in the Paper to be held.

US Pat. No. 5,526,607 describes fiber-containing materials loaded with active substances, who have little cohesion and are in contact with Moisture disintegrates. DE-A-196 23 900 describes unshaped active ingredients loaded fiber-containing materials described.

DE-A-196 52 697 contains powdered preparations Cellulose fibers, alkali caseinate, vinyl lactam polymer, vinyl heterocycles and crosslinkers known that can be used for liquid treatment.

EP-A-380,228 discloses the use of alkaline earth alginate in the form of Fibers, pearls and coated fibers for binding heavy metals and Aluminum in water treatment.

DE-A4,005,794 discloses the production of a (sausage) packaging film, which is reinforced with alginate as a binder, that as a binder in the manufacturing step the paper web is applied.

In DE-A-198 34 916 as active ingredients for the impregnation of Water cleaning papers include the long chain carboxylic acids and their salts and aluminum hydroxide are recommended. Aluminum hydroxide is a very effective sorbent for arsenate and fluoride ions. Because of its solubility However, it is not recommended for use in drinking water purification. Carboxylic acids are effective alkaline earth, aluminum and heavy metal scavengers. Because of their solubility, they can affect the taste of the water cause and are therefore only suitable for drinking water purification to a limited extent. The same applies to humic acids and the. poorly soluble huminates, effective Pollutant sorbents, which depending on their origin more or less to secrete coloring substance tend and therefore not the preferred Active ingredients for water purification belong. Cationic ion exchange resins, though effective nitrate absorbers, but also do not belong because of their toxic potential the preferred means for drinking water purification. Even activated carbon, many times Substance used in drinking water purification tends to contain polycyclic aromatics deliver the drinking water.

With the manufacturing processes according to the invention and the new ones resulting therefrom Fiber materials can solve these problems elegantly and thus open up with these effective active ingredients new ways to purify drinking water. After this According to the method of the invention, these active substances - regardless of whether they are are particles or fibers of active ingredient or coatings with active ingredient - effective embed in a drug environment without the hydraulic access to their Active substance surface is disturbed, covered or neutralized. The drug environment reacts with the washed-out undesired active ingredient components to form solid sorbates. This means that there is no longer any risk of the undesirable substances being released given.

New fiber structures, for example papers, have now been found which contain a number of have advantageous and novel properties that the previously known Do not have fiber structures for water or food treatment, and that too Disadvantages of known fiber structures do not have.

The fiber structures according to the invention are distinguished from known fiber structures characterized in that e.g. these do not sediment or float as well as being an optimized Distribution of the fiber structures in the medium to be treated by automatic distribution becomes possible without further energy input.

Through a special arrangement of the active ingredients in the fiber structures according to the invention is the hydraulic penetrability of the active substance-containing fiber structures even at high Active substance contents improved and the bleeding undesirable, colored and toxic Fabrics prevented. For example, thus defluoridization and dearsenation with Aluminum hydroxide possible without emission of pollutants. The active substance-containing fiber structures can even be conditioned resistant to germs, as a result of this Resistance to germs are released into the water. This will create a Any multi-range of effects also possible for single-use filters, e.g. the Softening, dechlorination and denitrification of the water with simultaneous metalloid and Heavy metal removal enabled. Even with a high variety of effects, none or only occurs an insignificant loss of the individual effect.

As a result of the distribution of the active substance in the fiber structures according to the invention, the danger increases loss of active ingredient due to mechanical or other abrasion of the active ingredient Surface as e.g. especially when mechanically creping the paper web occurs, minimized.

Due to the arbitrary shaping possibility of the fiber structures according to the invention Use is not limited to flat application forms, but can be applied to any, to the appropriate variety of shapes to be expanded for each task.

The fiber structures according to the invention can be used for the targeted delivery of active substances use the water or its transmission to the target objects contained therein.

With the active substance-containing fiber structures according to the invention, the taste and improve the digestibility of luxury foods such as coffee and tea.

The active substance-containing fiber structures according to the invention can be adapted with Application devices without additional measures with high efficiency anywhere.

The present invention further relates to a method for improving taste and digestibility of food and beverages, especially coffee and tea, by binding acids, oxidation products and irritants to poorly soluble oxides and mixed oxides, which contain as active ingredients in the fiber materials according to the invention are. These are preferably the active ingredient groups of the oxides or hydroxides of the zircon, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, tin, cerium, silicon, aluminum, iron, Manganese, molybdenum, tungsten and germanium.

The active substance-containing fiber structures according to the invention can be used directly for the treatment of Drinking water and beverages are used. They can be conditioned in such a way that they also have a positive effect on the taste or digestibility of drinks or that they emit flavors or aromas. Such fiber structures are not yet known.

In addition, the fiber structures according to the invention meet the requirement that they available to consumers in any location, not just at home are easy to use.

• einen Anteil von einem oder mehreren Wirkstoffen zur Flüssigkeitsbehandlung, und gegebenenfalls enthaltend
• einen Anteil von einem oder mehreren in der Flüssigkeit feldaktivierbaren Hälfsstoffen,

wobei mindestens ein Wirkstoff in Form einer Beschichtung und/oder Imprägnierung zumindest eines Teils der das Fasermaterial bildenden Fasern und/oder Partikeln vorliegt und wobei der Wirkstoffinhalt mindestens das Merkmal a) aufweist und wobei der oder die gegebenenfalls vorliegende(n) Hilfsstoff(e) mindestens eines der Merkmale c) und/oder d) aufweist

a) daß mindestens ein Wirkstoff in der Form einer Beschichtung und/oder Imprägnierung in definiert inhomogener Verteilung in dem Fasermaterial derart angeordnet ist, daß der Wirkstoff in einem vorbestimmten Anteil der das Fasermaterial bildenden Fasern und/oder Partikeln in einer vorbestimmten Menge vorliegt und daß der Wirkstoff in einem weiteren vorbestimmten Anteil der das Fasermaterial bildenden Fasern und/oder Partikeln nicht oder in einer vom ersten vorbestimmten Anteil der das Fasermaterial bildenden Fasern und/oder Partikeln abweichenden Menge vorhanden ist;

c) daß feldaktivierbare Hilfsstoffe mittels adhäsiv wirkender Hilfsstoffe in und/oder an dem Fasermaterial gebunden sind und zusätzlich das Fasermaterial mindestens einen Wirkstoff zur Flüssigkeitsbehandlung enthält; und

d) daß feldaktivierbare Hilfsstoffe durch mindestens eine der Feldwirkungen Graviationsfeld, Fliehkraftfeld, Magnetfeld und elektrisches Feld in der Flüssigkeit aktivierbar sind,

unter dem Vorbehalt, dass wenn das Fasermaterial ein Papier ist, nur einlagige Papiere gemeint sind.The invention relates to a shaped and dimensionally stable fiber material containing a fiber component and optionally a particle component and containing

• a portion of one or more active ingredients for liquid treatment, and optionally containing
• a proportion of one or more field substances which can be field activated in the liquid,

wherein at least one active ingredient is present in the form of a coating and / or impregnation of at least some of the fibers and / or particles forming the fiber material and wherein the active ingredient content has at least feature a) and where the auxiliary agent (s) optionally present at least one of the features c) and / or d)

a) that at least one active ingredient in the form of a coating and / or impregnation in a defined inhomogeneous distribution in the fiber material is arranged such that the active ingredient is present in a predetermined proportion of the fibers and / or particles forming the fiber material and that the Active ingredient is not present in a further predetermined proportion of the fibers and / or particles forming the fiber material or in an amount different from the first predetermined proportion of the fibers and / or particles forming the fiber material;

c) that field-activatable auxiliaries are bound in and / or on the fiber material by means of adhesive agents and additionally the fiber material contains at least one active ingredient for liquid treatment; and

d) that field-activatable auxiliaries can be activated in the liquid by at least one of the field effects of the gravitational field, centrifugal field, magnetic field and electrical field,

with the proviso that when the fiber material is paper, only single-ply papers are meant.

The invention also relates to a Claim 2 molded fiber material.

The fiber material according to the invention can be in any form. As Here, fiber materials are understood to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures Fibers and optionally particles are formed. The particles, if any containing fiber materials according to the invention, for example papers and fiber-containing Shaped bodies are preferably made from a predominantly fibrous aqueous slurry made by mixing at least two different fiber components was produced, at least one of which already has a coating and / or Contains impregnation with active ingredients or in the course of the further manufacturing process and / or also use of the paper or fiber-containing molded body. It is but also readily possible, the fiber material according to the invention by mixing to produce only one fiber component and one particle component.

Instead of a pulp as a source of the fiber material according to the invention continuous fibers or long or short fibers are also used for textile production, wherein for the production of the fiber material according to the invention on the basis of threads or of textiles such as different from felt, fleece, knitted or woven Fibers are used, at least one of which already has a coating and / or Contains impregnation with active ingredients or in the course of the further manufacturing process and / or also use of the paper or fiber-containing molded body.

However, it is also readily possible to make the non-textile sheet-like material according to the invention or shaped into particles or the textile or thread-like fiber material through the To produce a mixture of only one fiber component and one particle component.

Such components also come as components of the fiber material according to the invention in question, which are not in the form of fibers and which are referred to here as "particles" are summarized. This can e.g. ground and broken particles, shaped Particles, spherical particles, hollow bodies, foam-like particles, chopped fibers, flat Particles such as Gold leaf, mica, graphite, molybdenum sulfide and glass flakes.

Fibers based on natural substances, such as Cellulose or alginate, of plastics, of metals and metal alloys, of Ceramics, including hard materials from the groups of nitrides, oxides, borides and carbides and silicides, glass, carbon and boron.

In the case of the fiber materials according to the invention, such as papers or molded articles containing fibers, is at least a portion of the fibers and / or particles with at least one active ingredient coated and / or impregnated with at least one active ingredient.

In the fiber materials according to the invention, at least that can be used as a coating and / or impregnation of the fibers and / or particles present active ingredient content in the Follow at least one chemical and / or at least one physical reaction in the presence of a fluid surrounding these fibers and / or particles his.

The fiber materials according to the invention are characterized in that each of the entire fiber and / or particle component of these fiber materials at least a portion the as active ingredient-coated and / or active ingredient-impregnated fibers and / or active ingredient-coated and / or active ingredient-impregnated particles present its active ingredient coating and / or impregnation of active substance as a result of at least one chemical and / or physical reaction in the presence of a surrounding fluid of which the other portions present as fibers and / or particles do not or do not exist be affected in the same way.

This can be achieved by A) separating the active ingredient coating fibers and / or particles to be coated with active ingredient during the chemical and / or physical reaction of those not so active with coating fibers and / or particles to be coated with active ingredient and / or B) a different choice of substance for the substance from which the fibers and / or particles are composed and selection of suitable reactive substances for the composition the fibers to be coated with active ingredient and / or those to be coated with active ingredient Particles is brought about during the chemical and / or physical reaction.

Fibers and / or particles which are wholly or partly composed are preferably used Active substances consist, in particular those fibers and / or particles, of one or more of the components selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, metal and Metal alloy, synthetic resins, activated carbon with groups capable of ion exchange and / or for Complex formation capable groups, such as calcium alginate, as well as loaded with active substances and / or loadable porous polyolefins.

Fiber materials are preferred in which an active ingredient for liquid treatment in Form of a coating and / or impregnation of at least part of the Fibrous material-forming fibers and also in the form of particles that are on a Part of the fibers are applied. The active ingredient coatings and impregnations are with the fibers and possibly particles through physical and / or chemical bonding connected. This also includes those active ingredients that are exclusively under chemical substitution of originally existing chemical functions by Substituents with the desired active ingredient property arise.

Fiber materials in which the active ingredient for liquid treatment are particularly preferred is selected from the group consisting of those capable of ion absorption Solid resins, liquid resins capable of ion absorption (those capable of ion absorption Solid and liquid resins are also counted here the synthetic and natural cationic and anionic active ingredients such as cationic polymers from the groups of polyacrylamides and polyamines, polyacrylic acids, polysaccharides, chitosan, Polyacrylates, alginic acids, alginates), humic substances, capable of ion absorption inorganic substances, for the absorption of metals and metalloids and their Compounds capable of inorganic substances, capable of absorbing oil from water lipophilic substances, activated carbon, metals capable of amalgam formation, disulfide formation capable substances, for the formation of mercaptide substances, for the formation of complexes with organic substances capable of inorganic substances, poorly soluble hydroxides, active carbon particles, Active carbon fibers, enriched with nitrogen Activated carbons, activated carbons enriched with nitrogen and heavy metals, with activated carbons enriched with carboxylate groups, with carboxylic acid groups enriched activated carbons, activated carbons enriched with sulfonate groups, activated carbons enriched with sulfonic acid groups, fullerene carbons and their derivatives, zeolites, metal hydrides with hydrogen bound in alloys, metallic zinc, hydrides from the group of platinum metals, with carboxylate groups enriched oils, waxes or resins, enriched with carboxylic acid groups Oils, waxes or resins, predominantly aliphatic high-boiling oils, immobilized enzymes and soluble or solubilizable enzymes, layered silicates or their combinations, and capable of binding dispersed suspended matter Flocculants, as well as light and heavy fiber particles.

The active ingredients used in combination with the fiber materials according to the invention can leave the fiber material and released into the liquid to be treated become. Examples of such active ingredients are food, food additives, Flavors, stimulants, essential minerals, spices, organic acids, Vitamins, liposomes, medicines, glucose, enzymes, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, biotechnological products, monomeric or oligomeric carbohydrates and their derivatives, Proteins, water glass, water-soluble silicates, biocides, preferably algicides, Fungicides, bactericides, crustacides and nematodicides, fertilizers, soluble humic acids, Animal food, fish feed or combinations of these active ingredients.

The active ingredients used in combination with the fiber materials according to the invention can remain on the fiber material and substances from the liquid to be treated tie. Examples of such active substances are gel-like natural substances, gel-like artificial ones Substances, alginic acids and their salts, chitosans and their salts, polymeric carbohydrates and their derivatives, polyacrylic acids, polymeric amines and their salts, organic Flocculants, humic substances, especially humic substances, from which one or several methods of precipitation, flocculation, filtration the water-soluble humic fraction was separated, poorly soluble oxides and hydroxides of the metals and metalloids, including those of aluminum, silicon, iron, manganese, hafnium, niobs, cerium, Tungsten, molybdenum and germanium, enzymes, proteins, zeolites, agar, gelatin, anionic gelling and thickening agents, cationic gelling and thickening agents, Proteins, water glass, hydrogen carbonates, carbonates or combinations of these Agents.

Fiber materials in which the active ingredient is one or more of the Substances selected from the group consisting of plastic, metal, ceramic, Carbon, cellulose, glass, boron, silicon carbide, the sparingly soluble or insoluble Contains nitrides, oxides and / or mixed oxides or combinations thereof.

Fiber materials in which the active ingredient is a constituent are very particularly preferred contains at least one element which a) has a high tendency to form complexes and / or b) whose oxides and / or mixed oxides can be obtained simply by hydrolysis and / or Oxidation in the form of highly porous substance with an extensive internal and external solid-fluid phase interface let form.

Also particularly preferred are fiber materials in which the active ingredient is one or several of the substances selected from the group consisting of oxides and hydroxides of the zircon, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, tin, cerium, silicon, aluminum, iron, Contains manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, germanium, or their combinations.

The fiber materials according to the invention can contain at least one of the metals and / or Metalloids from one or more of the element groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the periodic table at least temporarily in metallic form contain, the purpose of which is, for example, essential trace element, photocatalyst, e.g. Titanium dioxide or iron oxides, catalyst, sorbent or hydrogen storage can be.

The particles according to the invention can be in particle or fiber form, as an alloy or pure metal Fiber materials preferably the metals iron, manganese, cerium, magnesium, calcium, titanium at least temporarily in metallic form for the purpose of forming a corrosion layer from active ingredients.

In addition to the active ingredients, the fiber materials according to the invention can also be adhesive contain effective auxiliary substances that improve the properties of these fiber materials, e.g. the wet strength (e.g. by 1% alginate content), the active ingredient fixation (e.g. by 1% Chitosan content) and / or the fixation of the field-activated auxiliary substances (e.g. light and Heavy materials).

The bound in the fiber material by means of adhesive auxiliaries Field-activatable auxiliaries are additionally in the fiber material with at least one Combined active ingredient for fluid treatment. In this embodiment of the invention it can be any active substances for liquid treatment. Examples of this are listed above or in DE-A-198 34 916. Preferred examples of such active substances are oxides and hydroxides of metals, oxides and hydroxides of Metalloids, especially oxides and hydroxides of iron or manganese, or hydroxides of aluminum or silicon, also humic substances, and oleic or fatty acids and their Salts.

Other auxiliary substances are also field-activatable substances in the liquid. These substances serve the alignment and possibly tension of the fiber materials according to the invention and thus the Improvement of their active properties.

The disintegration of the fiber materials according to the invention in the water to be treated is then advantageous if suitable filter devices are present for fibers and if necessary, remove particles from the treated water. That doesn't just apply to them active ingredient-loaded fiber materials, but also for those who are only on site Be coated with active ingredient. The latter can e.g. be the case when the fibers are used Groundwater treatment can be used. In groundwater they can become single fibers disintegrate, which then e.g. be distributed in the water by a swarm of air bubbles and themselves to be coated with an iron hydroxide coating as an active ingredient. The disintegration of shaped fiber material in individual fibers in the water to be treated has the advantage that the water treatment process is much faster than with the molded one Fiber material. Such fiber materials can be used particularly advantageously Use water treatment, the reactive agent loading even after the decay of the Fiber material remains on the fibers. The disintegration of the fiber material becomes advantageous by mechanical agitation, preferably using a dissolver in a suitable vessel accelerated. The fiber materials disintegrate again into a pulp. Also in this At a broad stage, the fibers can be impregnated and / or coated with an active ingredient be subjected before the slurry is mixed with the water to be treated.

The following list shows some possible uses of the Active substance-loaded fiber materials according to the invention in drinking water, beverages and Food sector and for the rapid transfer of medication to beverages to which the Invention should not be limited. The list includes la papers described with insoluble sorbents, while in list 1b papers are described release the active ingredients.

The papers described in list la contain a sorbent impregnation as the active ingredient. The papers are removed from the liquid to be treated after a limited exposure time.
The papers described in list 1b contain an active ingredient impregnation. The papers either dissolve in the liquid to be treated or are removed after a limited period of exposure.

List 1a

Possibility of using the papers - Heavy metal removal from drinking water - Arsenic removal from drinking water - Selenium removal from drinking water - Actinide removal from drinking water - Nitrate removal from drinking water - Removing water hardness from drinking water - Removal of bitter substances from drinking water - Removal of chlorine and its compounds with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon from drinking water

Enumeration 1b

Possibility of using the papers - Release of flavors in food and drink preparation - Release of spices in food and drink preparation - Release of carbonic acid from hydrogen carbonate using citric acid in the beverage preparation - Release of nutrients in food and drink preparation - Release of stimulants in the beverage preparation - Release of minerals in food and drink preparation - Release of vitamins in food and drink preparation - Release of active ingredient-containing liposomes in food and drink preparation - Release of medication in beverage preparation

The active substances can be used as impregnation in solid, liquid and gaseous states and / or coating the fibers and / or particles in or on the inventive Fibrous structures are present.

A fiber material is preferably used, to which a stress state has been impressed is.

A fiber material is preferably used which has a light and / or heavy material additive contains.

The fiber material according to the invention can preferably have at least one or more of the devices selected from the group consisting of float, anchor, buoy and Holding device can be connected.

In a further very special embodiment, the Fibrous materials around linear or flat fibrous structures by the addition of through Particles and / or fibers which can be activated in the field are equipped in such a way that treated liquid by at least one of the direct or indirect field effects Gravitation, magnetism, electricity and solid lattice create a mechanical tension is imprinted.

In this embodiment, in particular linear fiber structures such as e.g. untwisted fiber bundles, threads, cords, ropes and monofilaments, as well sheet-like fiber structures such as Fleeces, papers, fabrics, fabrics, felts, knits and Tapes for use. One of the preferred fiber structures is paper. That is why with special consideration of this fiber structure, production, effect and use of the fibrous structures of this preferred embodiment.

a) Eine Variante der erfindungsgemäßen Fasergebilde zur Flüssigkeitsbehandlung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fasergebilde als solche bei ihrer Zugabe zu der zu behandelnden Flüssigkeit nicht sedimentieren, aber auch nicht aufschwimmen. Das wird dadurch erreicht, daß die Fasergebilde in ihrer Substanz Partikel enthalten, deren wirksame Dichte kleiner ist als die Dichte der behandelten Flüssigkeit und Partikel enthalten, deren wirksame Dichte größer ist, als die Dichte der behandelten Flüssigkeit. Diese Partikel befinden sich in dem Fasergebilde oder dessen Oberfläche und geben dem Fasergebilde im untergetauchten Zustand eine scheinbare Dichte, die annähernd die Dichte der Flüssigkeit entspricht. Diese werden vorzugsweise bereits im Fasergebilde-Herstellungsverfahren in die Fasergebildesubstanz integriert oder danach aufgebracht. Für den Fall, daß als Fasergebilde Papier eingesetzt wird, werden sie vorzugsweise bereits dem Papierbrei zugegeben. Sie können aber auch nachträglich, z.B. an der fertigen Papierbahn mittels Bindemitteln angebracht werden. Anstelle von Partikeln können auch Fasern geeigneter Dichte oder Beschichtungen geeigneter Dichte auf Fasern, Papier oder auf sonstigen in oder auf das Papier aufgebrachten Komponenten eingesetzt werden.Diese Fasergebilde stehen hier unter einer schwachen mechanischen Zug-Spannung, die dadurch ausgelöst wird, daß die Gemengeteile in den Fasergebilden, die leichter als die Flüssigkeit sind, einen Auftrieb bewirken, wogegen die Gemengeteile in den Fasergebilden, die schwerer als die Flüssigkeit sind, einen Abtrieb bewirken. Diese in den Fasergebilden auf diese beiden unterschiedlichen Teilchengruppen wirkenden Kräfte verursachen eine schwache mechanische Zugspannung in den Fasergebilden, die sich praktisch nicht auf die äußere Form der Fasergebilde und ihre Ausrichtung in der Flüssigkeit auswirkt.

b) Die Verhinderung der Sedimentation der Fasergebilde wird auch dadurch vorteilhaft erreicht, indem Fasergebilde mit hohem Anteil leichter Komponenten, die die Fasergebilde für sich in der zu behandelnden Flüssigkeit aufschwimmen lassen (Leichtfasergebilde), im geeigneten Verhältnis verbunden werden mit einem Fasergebilde mit einem Anteil schwerer Komponenten, die die Fasergebilde für sich in der zu behandelnden Flüssigkeit absinken lassen (Schwerfasergebilde). Diese Variante der erfindungsgemäßen Fasergebilde haben den Vorteil gegenüber der Variante 1a), daß sie in der zu behandelnden Flüssigkeit eine dem Erd-Schwerefeld entsprechende Anordnung einnehmen, die um so stabiler wird, je größer die Differenz der scheinbaren Dichten der miteinander verbundenen Fasergebilde ist. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Gleichrichtung der Fasergebilde überraschend den Stoffaustausch zwischen den Fasergebilden und der Flüssigkeit erleichtert. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß diese Variante weitere Vorteile gegenüber der Variante 1 a) hat. Da sich die Dichte der Flüssigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur bzw. in Anwesenheit von zusätzlichen Stoffen wie organischen Substanzen und Ionen bzw. auch gering in Abhängigkeit vom Druck ändert, werden Fasergebilde hergestellt, an deren einem Ende sich Leicht-Fasergebilde und an deren anderem Ende Schwer-Fasergebilde angereichert sind. Durch Abschneiden oder anderweitiges Entfernen von Teilen der Leicht-Fasergebildeschicht bzw. der Schwer-Fasergebildeschicht kann die wirksame Dichte der Papiere jederzeit an die reale Dichte der Flüssigkeit angepaßt werden. Dadurch wird erreicht, daß die Papiere, auch bei veränderten Bedingungen, in der Schwebe bleiben. Die Verbindung der Leicht-Fasergebilde mit den Schwerfasergebilden geschieht vorzugsweise durch Falzen oder Prägen, kann aber auch nach beliebigen anderen Methoden, zB. Kleben, Heften, Nieten geschehen.

c) Die Behandlung der Flüssigkeit mit den Fasergebilden geschieht in Gefäßen bzw. Reaktoren oder auch natürlichen Gewässern mit bestimmten gegebenen Abmessungen. Die Dimensionierung der Fasergebilde wird vorteilhaft an diesen Maßen orientiert. Wird in dieser Weise vorgegangen, erübrigt sich die genaue Abstimmung des Verhältnisses zwischen Leichtfasergebilde und Schwerfasergebilde. Überwiegt der Schwerfasergebildeanteil, sinken die zusammengefügten Fasergebilde zwar zu Boden, bleiben aber noch in der Orientierung des Erdschwerefeldes; wird nun der Leichtfasergebildeanteil hinreichend lang gewählt, reicht dieser Teil noch bis an die Flüssigkeitsoberfläche, so daß auch in diesem Fall im gesamten Flüssigkeitsvolumen guter Kontakt mit den Fasergebilden besteht. Im umgekehrten Fall, nämlich daß der Leichtfasergebildeanteil dominiert, und der Schwerfaseranteil hinreichend dimensioniert ist, schwimmen zwar die Fasergebilde auf, reichen aber bei geeigneter Dimensionierung gemäß der Ausrichtung nach dem Erdschwerefeld bis zum Boden des Behandlungsgefäßes. Wasser enthält in der Regel gelöste Gase. Je nach Gasgehalt kann bereits bei geringfügiger Temperaturerhöhung aus der Flüssigkeit Gas freigesetzt werden. Weil die Gaslöslichkeit in Flüssigkeiten auch empfindlich vom Druck abhängt, kann auch bei Entspannung des Wassers Gasfreisetzung auftreten. Die Gasfreisetzung geschieht in der Regel am Phasengrenzraum zwischen Flüssigphase und fester Phase. Dadurch kann es von Fall zu Fall geschehen, daß die durch adhärierte Gasblasen, die sich durch Gas-Freisetzung aus polaren Flüssigphasen, insbesonders wäßrigen Phasen, gebildet haben, die aus Leicht- und Schwerfasergebilde kombinierten in den zu behandelnden Flüssigkeiten schwebenden Fasergebilde nach den Varianten 1a) und 1b) aufschwimmen lassen. Gegen solche Störungen sind die unter 1c) genannten Fasergebilde jedoch weitgehend immun.Die unter 1b) und 1c) genannten Fasergebilde stehen bereits unter einer stärkeren mechanischen Zug-Spannung als die unter 1a) genannten, die sich sowohl auf die äußere Form der Fasergebilde und auf ihre Ausrichtung in der Flüssigkeit auswirkt.

1. According to the invention by direct gravitational field effect under weak mechanical tension sorption active fiber structures with light and / or heavy particles as components of the inner and / or outer substance of the fiber structure.

a) A variant of the fiber structures according to the invention for liquid treatment is characterized in that the fiber structures as such do not sediment as they are added to the liquid to be treated, but also do not float. This is achieved in that the fibrous structures contain in their substance particles whose effective density is less than the density of the liquid being treated and contain particles whose effective density is greater than the density of the liquid being treated. These particles are located in the fiber structure or its surface and, when immersed, give the fiber structure an apparent density which approximately corresponds to the density of the liquid. These are preferably already integrated into the fiber structure substance in the fiber structure production process or applied thereafter. In the event that paper is used as the fiber structure, they are preferably already added to the pulp. However, they can also be attached subsequently, for example to the finished paper web using binders. Instead of particles, it is also possible to use fibers of suitable density or coatings of suitable density on fibers, paper or on other components applied in or on the paper. These fiber structures are here under a weak mechanical tensile stress, which is triggered by the fact that the batch parts in the fibrous structures that are lighter than the liquid cause a buoyancy, whereas the batch parts in the fibrous structures that are heavier than the liquid cause a buoyancy. These forces acting on these two different groups of particles in the fiber structures cause a weak mechanical tensile stress in the fiber structures, which has practically no effect on the outer shape of the fiber structures and their orientation in the liquid.

b) The prevention of sedimentation of the fiber structures is also advantageously achieved in that fiber structures with a high proportion of light components which allow the fiber structures to float in the liquid to be treated (light fiber structures) are connected in a suitable ratio to a fiber structure with a proportion heavier Components that allow the fiber structures to sink into the liquid to be treated (heavy fiber structures). This variant of the fiber structures according to the invention has the advantage over variant 1a) that they assume an arrangement corresponding to the earth's gravitational field in the liquid to be treated, which becomes more stable the greater the difference in the apparent densities of the interconnected fiber structures. It has been found that the rectification of the fiber structures surprisingly facilitates the exchange of materials between the fiber structures and the liquid. It has been shown that this variant has further advantages over variant 1 a). Since the density of the liquid changes depending on the temperature or in the presence of additional substances such as organic substances and ions or also slightly depending on the pressure, fiber structures are produced, at one end of which light-fiber structures and at the other end Heavy fiber structures are enriched. The effective density of the papers can be adapted at any time to the real density of the liquid by cutting off or otherwise removing parts of the light-fiber structure layer or the heavy-fiber structure layer. This ensures that the papers remain in suspension even under changed conditions. The connection of the light fiber structures with the heavy fiber structures is preferably done by folding or embossing, but can also be done by any other methods, for example. Glueing, stapling, riveting done.

c) The treatment of the liquid with the fiber structures takes place in vessels or reactors or natural waters with certain given dimensions. The dimensioning of the fiber structures is advantageously based on these dimensions. If you proceed in this way, there is no need to precisely coordinate the relationship between light fiber structures and heavy fiber structures. If the heavy fiber structure predominates, the assembled fiber structures sink to the ground, but remain in the orientation of the earth's gravity field; if the portion of light fiber structure is selected to be sufficiently long, this portion extends to the surface of the liquid, so that good contact with the fiber structures exists in the entire liquid volume in this case too. In the opposite case, namely that the light fiber structure component dominates and the heavy fiber component is adequately dimensioned, the fiber structures float, but with a suitable dimension according to the orientation according to the earth's gravity field, they reach the bottom of the treatment vessel. Water usually contains dissolved gases. Depending on the gas content, gas can be released from the liquid even with a slight increase in temperature. Because gas solubility in liquids is also sensitive to pressure, gas can also be released when the water is released. The gas release usually takes place at the phase boundary between the liquid phase and the solid phase. It can happen from case to case that the adherent gas bubbles which have formed from gas release from polar liquid phases, in particular aqueous phases, have the light and heavy fiber structures combined in the liquids to be treated fiber structures according to variants 1a ) and 1b) float. However, the fiber structures mentioned under 1c) are largely immune to such disturbances. The fiber structures mentioned under 1b) and 1c) are already under a greater mechanical tensile stress than those mentioned under 1a), which relate both to the outer shape of the fiber structures and to their alignment in the liquid affects.

All water-resistant particles of sufficiently small size that have a low effective density are suitable as buoyancy particles. Hollow bodies or solid foam particles are preferably used. These particles can consist of natural materials or plastic, such as cork powder and polyolefins; buoyancy particles on an inorganic basis are preferably used. Such buoyancy particles are, for example. Micro glass hollow spheres. These particles are sold, for example, by 3M under the trade name Scotchlite Glass Bubbles; they have apparent densities between 0.1 g / cm ³ and 0.7 g / cm ³ with diameters between 20 µm and 150 µm.

Heinrich Osthoff-Petrasch KG produces multicellular hollow spheres with apparent densities around 0.2 g / cm ³ to 0.3 g / cm ³ between 10 µm and 200 µm in diameter and monocellular hollow spheres with apparent densities around 0.7 under the trade name Extendospheres g / cm ³ between 10 µm and 300 µm in diameter made of aluminum oxide-silicon dioxide ceramic.

Hollow fibers or hollow filaments can also be used as buoyancy particles are preferably closed cells. But also unfilled or filled microcapsules and Nano hollow filaments or nanocapsules can be used as buoyancy particles. Examples of such nano-particles are e.g. Liposomes or the polyhedral, spheroidal and tubular fullerenes, microencapsulated liquids or solids. As Capsules can also be used in soluble or permeable capsules made of materials such as soluble glasses, plastics, gelatin, agar, glucose, starch.

Particles that are suitable for the production of heavy fiber structures are e.g. Cellulose fibers, heavy spar powder, graphite powder, micro glass balls or mica.

Sometimes fluids that are in motion are to be treated. That's what they're for under 1a) to 1c) less mentioned variants of the fiber structures according to the invention suitable. The ones mentioned under 2 and 3 under stronger are preferably suitable for this mechanical tension provided fiber structures.

a) Um auch stärker bewegte Flüssigkeiten mit wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilden zu behandeln, können die wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilde, die eine höhere Dichte als die der Flüssigkeit haben, oder wirkstoffhaltige Fasergebilde, deren Gewicht durch beschwerende Partikelzusätze erhöht wurde oder die auf andere Weise am Auftreiben gehindert werden, wie z.B. durch Fixieren an Haltevorrichtungen oder Anhängen von Gewichten an die in der Flüssigkeit auftreibende wirkstoffhaltige Leichtfasergebilde an Auftriebskörpern befestigt werden. Diese fixieren die wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilde ebenfalls in senkrechter Ausrichtung. Weniger bevorzugt ist die Möglichkeit, die Zugkraft über Umlenkrollen oder ähnliche Maßnahmen die durch die Auftriebskörper auf die daran befestigten wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilde einwirkt, umzulenken um diese Zugkraft auf die Fasergebilde abweichend vom Erdschwerefeld, also nicht in der Senkrechten wirken zu lassen. Die Auftriebskörper können frei schwimmend gewählt werden; sie können aber auch in einer geeigneten Position fixiert sein, um z.B. Abdriften zu vermeiden. Als Auftriebskörper für das wirkstoffhaltige Fasergebilde als Halter können Hohlkörper oder Körper mit geringerer Dichte als die der Flüssigkeit angewendet werden. Als Auftriebskörper können z.B. Holzklötze, Bretter, Kunststoff-Schwimmer, Kork, Glas-Hohlkugeln oder Edelstahl-Hohlteile dienen. Die Auftriebskörper als Papierhalter verhindern ebenfalls das Sedimentieren der Papiere. Dieses Verfahren hat gegenüber den im Wasser aufgrund ihrer Dichte ungehalten frei schwebenden sorptionsaktiven wirkstoffhaltigen Kombinationen aus Leicht-Fasergebilden und Schwer-Fasergebilden den Vorteil, daß zwischen Wasser und Papier höhere Relativgeschwindigkeiten auftreten können, die bei geeigneter Bewegungsführung des Wassers zu kürzeren Behandlungszeiten führen können. Je höher die Dichte der wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilde oder je höher das Gewicht der an ihnen befestigten Beschwerungskörpern gewählt wird, umso höhere Relativgeschwindigkeiten sind möglich.Anstelle einer Dichteerhöhung der an Schwimmkörpern befestigten wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilden selbst können nämlich vorteilhaft Beschwerungskörper angehängt werden. Als Beschwerungskörper eignen sich Teile mit höherer Dichte als die der damit behandelten Flüssigkeit, z.B. Hartholzklötze, Glaskugeln, Steine, Edelstahlteile. Selbst bei verstärkten Entgasungserscheinungen in der Flüssigkeit oder stärkerer Flüssigkeitsbewegung können die wirkstoffhaltigen Fasergebilde darin dann nicht flotieren.

b) In einer weiteren Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Fasermaterialien werden diese mit Beschwerungskörpern, an denen das wirkstoffhaltige Fasergebilde fixiert ist, am Aufschwimmen gehindert. Als solche eignen sich Leicht-Fasergebilde oder solche Fasergebilde, die mit Auftriebskörpern verbunden sind. Wenn als Auftriebskörper flexible gasgefüllte Behälter gewählt werden, kann durch gezielte Maßnahmen, die das Volumen des Gases in den Auftriebskörpern verändern, wie zB. Druck- oder Temperaturdifferenz, Belichtung, elektrolytische oder chemische Gasfreisetzung, physikalische, chemische oder elektrolytische Gasentfernung durch Sorption, Desorption, Kondensation und Reaktion, ein z.B. intervallförmiges Aufund Absteigen der wirkstoffbeladenen Fasergebilde in der Flüssigkeitssäule erzielt werden.

c) Anstelle der Befestigung an Beschwerungs- oder Schwimmkörpern kann es vorteilhaft sein, die wirkstoffbeladenen Fasergebilde an feststehenden geeigneten Vorrichtungen, die oberhalb oder unterhalb der Flüssigkeitsoberfläche liegen, zu verknüpfen, wenn sie als Leicht- oder Schwer- Fasergebilde oder mit zusätzlichen Schwimmkörpern oder Beschwerungskörpern dadurch in gespanntem Zustand in der Flüssigkeit vorliegen. Die unter 2a) bis 2c) genannten Fasergebilde können unterhalb ihrer Reißspannung unter beliebig starke mechanische Zug-Spannung gestellt werden, die sich sowohl auf die äußere Form der Fasergebilde als auch ihre Ausrichtung in der Flüssigkeit auswirkt und ihren Einsatz auch in relativ bewegter Flüssigkeit gestatten.

2. In accordance with the invention in the gravitational field, active substance-containing fiber structures placed under any mechanical tension, which are attached to floating bodies, weighting bodies or fixed points

a) In order to treat liquids with a higher activity with active substance-containing fiber structures, the active substance-containing fiber structures which have a higher density than that of the liquid, or active substance-containing fiber structures, the weight of which has been increased by weighting particle additives or which are prevented in another way from expanding, such as For example, by attaching to holding devices or attaching weights to the floating active substance-containing light fiber structures on buoyancy bodies. These also fix the active substance-containing fiber structures in a vertical orientation. Less preferred is the possibility of redirecting the tensile force via deflection rollers or similar measures which act on the fiber-containing fiber structures attached to them through the buoyancy elements in order to allow this tensile force on the fiber structures to deviate from the earth's gravitational field, i.e. not perpendicularly. The buoyancy bodies can be freely floating; but they can also be fixed in a suitable position, for example to avoid drifting. Hollow bodies or bodies with a density lower than that of the liquid can be used as a buoyant body for the fiber structure containing the active substance. Wooden blocks, boards, plastic floats, cork, hollow glass balls or hollow stainless steel parts can serve as buoyancy bodies. The floats as paper holders also prevent the papers from sedimenting. This method has the advantage over the freely suspended sorption-active combinations of light-fiber structures and heavy-fiber structures, which are suspended in water due to their density, that higher relative speeds can occur between water and paper, which can lead to shorter treatment times if the water is suitably moved. The higher the density of the active substance-containing fiber structures or the higher the weight of the weighting bodies attached to them, the higher relative speeds are possible. Instead of increasing the density of the active substance-containing fiber structures attached to floating bodies, weighting bodies can advantageously be attached. Parts with a higher density than those of the liquid treated with them, such as hardwood blocks, glass balls, stones, stainless steel parts, are suitable as weights. Even with increased degassing phenomena in the liquid or stronger liquid movement, the fiber structures containing the active substance cannot then float in it.

b) In a further embodiment of the fiber materials according to the invention, these are prevented from floating on with weighting bodies to which the active substance-containing fiber structure is fixed. Light-fiber structures or fiber structures which are connected to buoyancy bodies are suitable as such. If flexible gas-filled containers are chosen as the buoyancy body, specific measures can be taken to change the volume of the gas in the buoyancy bodies, for example. Pressure or temperature difference, exposure, electrolytic or chemical gas release, physical, chemical or electrolytic gas removal by sorption, desorption, condensation and reaction, for example an interval-like ascent and descent of the active substance-loaded fiber structures in the liquid column can be achieved.

c) Instead of attachment to weighting or floating bodies, it may be advantageous to link the fiber structures loaded with active substance to fixed suitable devices which lie above or below the surface of the liquid if they are as light or heavy fiber structures or with additional floating bodies or weighting bodies as a result present in the liquid in a tensioned state. The fiber structures mentioned under 2a) to 2c) can be placed below their tensile strength under any mechanical tensile stress, which affects both the external shape of the fiber structures and their orientation in the liquid and also allow their use in relatively moving liquid.

3. According to the invention put under mechanical tension due to spring force active substance-containing fiber structures

The found advantageous use of active substance-containing fiber structures with which the Sedimentation of the fiber structures can be prevented and their optimal Distribution in the liquid can be ensured also includes the effect of Spring force. The spring force here is not only the restoring force known from metal springs understood, but also all those restoring forces that can come from bimetallic temperature-related reversible deformations of metals and the Restoring forces inherent in deformed rubber-elastic objects.

4. According to the invention due to magnetic field and / or electromagnetic field mechanical tension provided active substance-containing fiber structures

By incorporating ferromagnetic particles, e.g. Magnetite powder or ferromagnetic fibers in the active substance-containing fiber structures, the fiber structures can be also put under mechanical tension by making it adequate long-range magnetic field. By changing the position and / or The strength of the magnetic field can also be independent of the fiber structure Move fluid movement while improving mass exchange. This There are also possibilities for linking the fiber structures containing the active ingredient ferromagnetic bodies that also manipulate magnetically in this way to let.

In a similar way, fiber-containing fiber structures containing metals can be passed through Align, clamp and move inductive excitation.

For the purpose of optimal distribution of the active substance-containing fiber structures, it is in the Usually sufficient if the field-induced mechanical tension on the fiber structure works in two opposite directions. It can be beneficial if on the sheet-like fiber structures act on tensile stresses from more than two directions, e.g. by simultaneously effecting the gravitational field, e.g. a tension of exercises above and below, and the indirect effect of an extended molecular lattice field, which causes the restoring force of a horizontally acting elastic band on the Act on fibrous webs and tighten them in these different directions.

In addition to the intended purpose of preventing sedimentation or flotation Fiber structures are a further advantageous effect of this combined tension-tension field is the improved fluid permeation through the stretched Fiber structures, another the possibility of the number of per liquid volume maximize insertable fibrous webs, and another beneficial effect is the result of the uniform throughflow of the Fiber structure arrangement.

These embodiments of the fiber material according to the invention serve not only the Task, the active ingredient loading of the fiber materials in an optimal way to a weak to allow moving or immobile liquid phase to act by thereby necessary exposure time of the active ingredient-bearing fiber materials on the treated Liquids can be reduced, but is particularly suitable for use in free suitable for flowing media, especially in surface waters such as rivers, streams, artificial sewage drains and other artificial watercourses.

Depending on the intended purpose, the drug loading can be applied as a coating on the Fibers, but it can e.g. also as particles, fibers and encapsulated in or be fixed on the fiber structure. The drug loading can be complete or be partially soluble in the liquid to be treated in order to be dissolved and / or dissolved therein dispense undissolved substances. But it can also be insoluble in the liquid Drug loading present.

The composition of the fiber structures together with their light and / or Heavy bodies and the drug loading can also be designed so that they are after a desired contact time or under suitable reaction conditions, e.g. Temperature, pH and other environmental conditions in the liquid, complete or even partially dissolve. This can be done so that e.g. the fiber structure under Preservation of the individual fibers dissolves. can he Active substance content as such, for example. remain unsolved or in whole or in part be resolved. It can e.g. drug-loaded liposomes released become.

Fiber structures according to the invention which meet these requirements can e.g. partly consist of soluble fibers and other components. Examples of this are e.g. Carbohydrate fibers such as Glucose fibers and starch fibers ("glass noodles"), protein fibers, but also water glass fibers.

In addition to the pure water treatment, the fiber structures can also be used for cleaning Solvents and oils, liquid products and for the physico-chemical cleaning of Recycling products are used. As part of the renovation of Old deposits, old sites, wastewater lagoons and other contaminated sites necessary In many cases, cleaning operations require the cleaning of aqueous phases such as Soil wash water, e.g. from soil and sediment washing, or leachate. Also here the fiber structures according to the invention are suitable for a number of process steps.

A particular application of the fiber structures according to the invention is here the hanging in standing or flowing surface water or in large collection tanks Removal of the pollutant load. With this method e.g. Mercury and radioactive contaminants or emergency oils from contaminated surface waters be eliminated.

The correspondingly stable fiber structures can e.g. also for in-situ groundwater purification as a retrievable reactive wall in the groundwater flow be hung up. They can also be used in the so-called "funnel-and-gate" buildings Fiber structures according to the invention as retrievable reactive walls in the groundwater flow be hung up. For example, such papers or nonwovens are particularly suitable for this, which contain non-rotting stable fiber components, or those for mechanical reinforcement are equipped with additional tear-resistant threads or thread networks.

For this the fiber structures, e.g. as webs and web widths that correspond to the dimensions of the the groundwater aquifer and the structure through which the groundwater flows are adapted in the same for optimal groundwater contact by one or more the method of hanging, sinking or clamping preferably arranged so that they do not lead to an accumulation of the groundwater flow. If the groundwater flow parallel to the webs, the fibrous webs are arranged there so that they at a sufficiently close distance, preferably at a distance of less than 4 mm, in Groundwater flow are arranged to be as quantitative as possible or To ensure dismantling of the components to be removed.

Reactive walls preferably extend from the groundwater table across the entire Groundwater aquifer to the aquifer sole. They are preferably used for their inclusion Concrete structures that are permeable to the groundwater flow. As distribution elements serve gravel layers of approx. 2 m layer thickness, which in and are arranged downstream to the concrete structure.

The reactive wall can e.g. be made from nonwoven webs of gas activated Activated carbon fibers (sorption of lipophiles), from gas activated and nitric acid oxidized Activated carbon fibers (sorption of phenols), or from gas activated and Sodium hydroxide melt-oxidized activated carbon fibers (sorption of heavy metals).

The fibrous webs are preferably additionally reinforced by supporting and Reinforcing fibers, since the aquifer aquifers often have vertical dimensions of more than 20 m, which must span the fiber structures in a self-supporting manner. Therefore yours Suspension in frames, on buoyancy or weighting bodies also offer advantages.

It may also be appropriate here to contain fiber-free and possibly particle-containing active ingredients Introduce fiber materials, the active ingredient only during use on fibers and possibly particles separate out. So there is often the requirement of contaminated Groundwater e.g. Tar oil, heavy metal, aluminum and the metalloids, arsenic or selenium deposit. Since the contaminated groundwater was mostly reduced Aquifer acts, they are preferably oxidized for their treatment with fiber material.

This can e.g. done by supplying oxygen through silicone tubing membranes that are tight are arranged on the fiber material, or are enclosed by this. In the Groundwater oxidation on the membrane tubes enclosed with fiber material iron present in the groundwater is deposited on the fibers as iron III hydroxide. This in turn acts as a sorbent for heavy metals, tar oils, metalloids and aluminum, It is less preferred to use the oxygen as a swarm of bubbles, e.g. directly through the Fiber fabric hose to pass through.

Instead of webs, hose, thread or strip-shaped fiber materials are used. They are advantageous as self-relaxing or other fiber structures tensioned therein by means of devices arranged. The web, ribbon or thread-like fiber structures can e.g. also by means of Roller systems continuously or discontinuously controlled by the reactive timer Wall to be moved. This is advantageous if the fiber material loads quickly, if the effect of the fiber material wears off due to catalyst poisoning or if Rotting-prone fiber material is used.

For the removal of metallic mercury and ionic mercury, Precious metals, actinides and lanthanides from groundwater are suitable humic acid-coated cellulose fiber and gold-plated activated carbon.

Fibers that are not smooth are particularly suitable as fiber materials. In etched or chemically conditioned fibers or particles can be used advantageously. Platinum metal fibers and particles or activated carbon fibers coated with these metals or particles, preferably palladium, can be treated directly with Use hydrogen or by switching as a cathode for reduction; e.g. around nitrate to remove the water. However, it is also possible to catalyze the hydrogen Nitrate reaction using a silicone membrane tube or as a swarm of bubbles with the Bringing platinum metal into contact.

Depending on the material or coating, loaded fiber materials can be replaced by Regenerate appropriate physical or chemical methods on a case-by-case basis: moisture thick-layer iron hydroxide coatings can e.g. between rubber rollers squeezed or air-dried, shaken or tapped. You can also can be reductively removed. Loaded fiber materials can also be dried or undried to be pressed into briquettes and as an energy and raw material carrier on and known thermal-metallurgical recycling processes are supplied.

The keeping clean and especially the restoration of flowing water within the framework of Renaturation programs are a particular concern of environmental protection. Decades of water pollution has sediments with all kinds of pollutants loaded, which still contaminate the water when the Have reduced dirt discharges.

With the method according to the invention, it is also possible to close such water systems clean without damaging dams, wastewater structures and the like To intervene on a large scale. For this, fiber-containing substances with the desired Active substances in the collector in a form adapted to the running water brought in, which replaced from time to time when their collection capacity is exhausted become. The performance forms described below show possibilities of Water restoration using multifunctional collectors according to the invention.

Lipophilic fiber materials, preferably papers and nonwovens based on Polyolefin microfibers or threads made therewith are particularly suitable for the oily bilge waters, which are often discharged into the oceans unpurified, to clean effectively. This is preferably done with materials containing microfibers, which are used in the form of threads, nonwovens and papers. Such threads, Papers or nonwovens can e.g. in the form of sheets or strips in the bilge water tanks or containers may be arranged. These remove the oily phases, so that the Bilge water can be released on the high seas with a lower oil content. The Oil-filled papers and nonwovens obtained can be e.g. between rubber rollers be regenerated and the oil obtained can be used for reuse or the Oil-filled papers and nonwovens can be disposed of in the port. Below is one Possibility of producing the lipophilic papers from microolefin fibers is described.

The rehabilitation of extremely polluted watercourses with multifunctional active substances with the Materials according to the invention can be carried out, for example, as follows:

It is a body of water that is highly contaminated with organic substances that are difficult to decompose the Emscher between Dortmund and Duisburg. The pollutants are mononuclear and polynuclear aromatics and their derivatives such as Phenols, benzoate, cyanides, Sulfide. There are also many other organic pollutants from a variety of sources including municipal wastewater. as well as heavy metals from industrial and Mine waste water. The river bed of the Emscher itself is artificial and therefore without essential natural obstacles. The river exudes a foul putrid smell.

The agent according to the invention for cleaning the river consists in the use of suitable ones Collector substances that are coupled with degradation substances. As collector substances iron and manganese oxides containing hydroxyl groups are advantageously used, because it has surprisingly been found that these substances when used in open Systems under sun irradiation additionally the degradation of the sorbed Bring oxidizable substances. Carbon black, Activated carbon, iron oxide and titanium dioxide can be used in fibrous carriers. However, when exposed to sunlight, the lifespan of any fiber-containing materials used is long limited organic carrier. But this is still acceptable.

As a carrier for the active substances. can e.g. Cotton LD-polyethylene blended fiber yarns (60% PE; 40% cotton) with a diameter of about 2.5 mm and a length of 500 m can be used. To improve the buoyancy of the threads, too Hollow fibers can be integrated into the threads. The PE used for the fiber is advantageously UV-resistant equipped.

For the production of the fiber materials used in the flowing water e.g. as follows proceed:

In a sealed fluid bed containing Scotch Lite Glass bubbles (manufacturer 3M) is supplied with nitrogen via a perforated heating plate creates a fluid bed in which a constant temperature of 180 ° C is maintained. The cotton-LD-polyethylene mixed-fiber thread is fed through two lock openings provided with glass bubble traps pulled through at a constant speed is just sufficient to some of those on the thread periphery in the immediate vicinity to melt the cellulose fibers lying PE fibers. This leads to attachment from glass bubbles to the PE fibers.

The threads obtained in this way can then be coated with the individual Active substances are subjected.

Iron and manganese oxides containing hydroxyl groups: The threads can be removed with a solution divalent iron and manganese salts are soaked just before Potassium permanganate solution was added. The air-dried threads are then subjected to a neutralizing wash and again air-dried. It can easily about 30% by weight and more active substance based on Cellulose weight can be applied.

Activated carbon plus titanium dioxide: 50 parts of an activated carbon ground to a grain fineness of less than 50 µm (inner surface 1500 m ² / g) and 100 parts of a titanium dioxide ground to a grain fineness of less than 50 µm (hombicate) can be processed in accordance with the method used for glass bubbles Fluid bed can be applied. More than 10% by weight of active substance, based on the weight of cellulose, can easily be applied.

Carbon black plus titanium dioxide: 50 parts of one ground to a particle size of less than 50 µm Activated carbon and 100 parts of one ground to a fineness of less than 50 µm Titanium dioxide (Hombikat) can be used according to the above for glass bubbles Process applied in the fluid bed. More than 10% by weight Active substance based on cellulose weight can be applied.

The three thread groups produced in this way can be distributed equally (1/3 iron and Manganese; 1/3 activated carbon and titanium and 1/3 carbon black and titanium) in bundles of 600 each Threads are attached to a 500 kg steel anchor at one end and into the Running water. To do this, the steel anchors can first be placed in the river are lowered and then the threads are unwound from a drum. The strings swim as a train mostly on the surface downstream until they have spread to the full length of 500 m.

For example, 10 such anchors can be arranged one behind the other in the river bed. This would cover 5 km of the river section. We expect the inventive ones Collectors and degraders have a good shelf life despite being biodegradable. Furthermore, we expect an extraordinary increase in natural mining performance and Heavy metal pollution.

Flood events that have occurred in the meantime should not cause any interruption or cause disturbances in the cleaning process.

Subsequently, the rehabilitation of eutrophied rivers with multifunctional Active substances described as examples:

Threads with the active ingredient combination of hydroxyl-containing iron and manganese oxides can be made as described above. Furthermore, threads can follow the fluid coating process with 10% by weight titanium dioxide loading - however without soot and activated carbon - can also be produced as described above. The threads can be more than 500 m long and bundle 500 threads each Steel anchors, each weighing 500 kg, must be moored. But it is also possible to use the threads to be fixed to anchor buoys on the water surface.

The target market for this combination of active ingredients are those heavily contaminated with nitrate and phosphate Waters in the catchment area of agricultural activity. In such a river 20 of the devices mentioned can be introduced over a length of 5 km.

We expect the phosphate content to decrease drastically after the flow path and in addition, the nitrate load decreases significantly.

Instead of basic anchors, collector and detector systems can also be anchored Fix buoys on the surface of the water. Baskets are also suitable as treatment systems, in which various fiber-containing detection materials are used in wastewater or Natural waters are exposed to determine its composition.

A paper that is excellent for the method of the collection by Lipophilic substances in aqueous phases are suitable, but preferably contain polyolefin fibers those with filament diameters of <10 µm. Such fibers, which are also microfibers can be produced in the blow-spinning process. An example of that Production of such a paper according to the invention is described below.

Production of a paper with polyolefin microfibers

29.5% LD polyethylene microfibers from the pale spinning process and 69.5% cellulose fibers become a paste with 1% sodium alginate and water containing calcium chloride stirred into the capillary nozzle system reaching into the slurry from above Air is injected, which ensures that the heavy cellulose fibers do not move away from the can settle dead PE fibers and are evenly distributed in the pulp. There will still be air blown in with the sieve until the moment of water separation. The further manufacturing process of the PE-containing paper is carried out in a conventional manner carried out. The resulting paper has good greasy / oily capacity Phases out of the water that exceed those of the activated carbon papers and even that of Exceed soot papers.

Some particularly preferred variants for making one on the water floating thread bundle train consists of single threads or bundles threads combined by a multitude of 2 styrofoam floats each are connected to each other by means of wire or thread, as thread or thread bundle carrier to use. Another suitable alternative is the use of a gas-filled one Hose as a thread core around which the active substance-containing threads are wound. Another It is possible to coat adhesive threads with styrofoam granulate or the covering of a thread or wire with PUR foam, e.g. in the Extrusion process. The threads or wires equipped in this way are suitable for swimming again as a soul for the threads carrying the active ingredient.

Similar forms of use of the fiber structures according to the invention are, however, suitable also for the recovery of valuable materials from natural and artificial waters such as the Gold mining from cyanide leaches, uranium mining from sea water or Selenium extraction from groundwater.

Fiber structures according to the invention loaded with sorbent or reactive substance, preferably in in the form of nonwovens, are also suitable for large-scale insertion in contaminated Soil. The fleeces retrieved after they are loaded with the pollutants can be used for Pollutant desorption or regeneration are then hung in regeneration baths and can then be used again.

Suitable for the preparation of beverages, foodstuffs, luxury foods and medicines Fiber structures have the particular advantage that the active substance from the fiber structures spreads very quickly in the liquid. Depending on the case, several can be used here, at least but a substance from the suitable substance groups advantageously with the fibrous structures according to the invention can be applied as preparation aids. As fiber, Particle and coating components are particularly suitable for such fibers that are of natural origin, which are non-toxic or which are easily eaten or drunk can be. Components that are complete can also be used dissolve.

Especially in fish farming, aquarium fish and pet farming, but also in the The practical application is suitable for gardening, houseplant and home garden care of medicines, animal feed, fertilizers, biocides, minerals and Protective substances with the fiber structures according to the invention, such as the examples below demonstrate:

In fish farming both inland and at sea, medicines are used in the Usually given with the feed or they are put directly into the water. Lining and Medicines do not fully reach their target, the farmed fish, and can thereby polluting the water. With the method according to the invention, the Medicines are continuously released into the water from the suspended fiber structures become. According to another method, the fish take the medication with that on the Fibrous structures fixate the lining.

There are similar problems in mussel and pearl farming, the cultivation of cancer, Shrimp and other crustaceans and other aquatic animals. these can can be treated equally advantageously with the fiber structures according to the invention. So exists in pearl farming the problem of the overgrowth of pearl mussels, which is attached to strings in the Sea water is hung with algae and crustaceans. Frequently repeated intervals the algae and crustaceans have to be laboriously hand-made from the shells of the mussels be removed. To do this, the mussels must be removed from the water. The Cleaning must be done quickly and gently so that the animals follow the procedure to survive. By attaching paper sheets according to the invention in the vicinity of the Mussels that contain algicides and / or rusticides as active ingredients can cause these problems be overcome. Occasional replacement of the leaves after delivery of the active ingredient may be required. It is also possible to biocide the cords on which the shells are attached to impregnate.

The aquarium fish farming can be done using the method, the feed and other suitable means for the treatment of fish and water with the fiber structures according to the invention to apply, be simplified significantly. In addition, with the fiber structures Active ingredients for water softening, water hardening, pH conditioning and Influencing other milieu parameters are abandoned, so that the aquarium enthusiast or the large aquarium operator can easily handle even complicated holding conditions Optimally low effort through selection of suitably conditioned fiber structures can adjust.

Medicines for keeping pets, e.g. keeping cats, are often difficult too apply. On the other hand, as soluble or partially soluble fiber structures, they can be quickly and easily mix quantitatively with the food and are ingested without difficulty.

Fertilizers, trace elements, biocides and other active ingredients for plant growing often applied with the irrigation water. For continuous application less The fiber structure according to the invention is particularly suitable for doses of these active substances. In the Watering can or the larger supply of irrigation water, can be self poorly soluble active ingredients such as Silicic acid or humic acids from the introduced Bring fiber structures to the plants in an optimal way.

In addition, the aforementioned sorbents can also be used advantageously with a number of these human enjoyable components are combined to create pollutants or to remove hardness from drinks and dishes.

The fiber structures can be produced in such a way that weighting particles, Weight coating, buoyancy particles and / or buoyancy coating be integrated into the fiber structure during its manufacture. So can Light or heavy material has already been added to the pulp during paper production together with the active ingredient components. But that can also happen after the Fiber structure production happen. But it can only happen on site. It can be advantageous that, for example, a plurality of parallel and at their lower End of weighted or fixed paper webs on a suitable buoyancy or Floating device for cleaning a surface water is arranged. she is thus provided with the means according to the invention only when they were installed. Weighting and / or buoyancy bodies can also be created using adhesive material, e.g. double-sided adhesive tape, such as for carpet or floor covering installation is common to be fixed to the sheets or threads. Especially with textile structures can also use Velcro and similar mechanically acting Adhesives can be beneficial.

For processing specifically lighter particles or fibers than water in the pulp or the pulp from the largely paper-like fiber materials or moldings can be shaped as follows: To avoid that the fibers or particles collect on the surface by floating, or therefore also not with any heavier particles or particles that are also present in the aqueous dispersion medium are present, is added to the slurry by a Injection nozzle system gas, preferably air. blown. This measure taken at the Paper production is not prevented until the slurry is placed on the sieve only the flotation of the light components, but also causes the homogeneous Mixing of different densities of fiber and particle components.

Such embodiments of the fiber materials according to the invention are special preferred, in which the mechanical tensile stress in the gravitational field at least is partially caused by buoyancy particles and / or weighting particles, and especially those where the buoyancy particles and / or weighting particles inner and / or outer components of the substance of the fiber structures or with which the Fiber structures are connected.

In a further preferred embodiment of the fiber structures, the mechanical tension at least partially by spring force and / or at least partially caused by magnetic and / or electromagnetic fields.

The above-mentioned buoyancy or weighting particles preferably have one or more of the forms of coating, particles, fibers, hollow bodies, bubbles and foam-shaped hollow body and hollow fiber.

In a further preferred embodiment, the fiber structures contain sorbents and / or soluble components.

A preferred application is fiber structures, the particles containing humic acids contain which by the precipitation of humic acids with a reduced content were made of water-soluble components on a carrier material.

In this embodiment, the particles or fibers are impregnated with sorption water-insoluble humic acids, which are characterized in that the water-soluble humic components are largely removed.

The taste impairment and digestibility impairment of food, tea and coffee in particular, is based in many cases on the high water hardness of the used water, which is usually caused by dissolved alkaline earth salts. With the embodiment described above can easily the alkaline earths be removed from the water.

In addition to humic substance and are suitable for the purposes of softening according to the invention Ion exchange particles also anionic artificial and natural polymers, e.g. Polyacrylic acid and its alkali derivatives, alginic acid and its alkali derivatives. cationic artificial and natural polymers, e.g. Chitosan and its derivatives are suitable for the Anionenentfemung. With such means preferably particles and / or fibers coated in the fiber materials.

With the fiber materials according to the invention, which contain particles containing humic substance, the are free of water-soluble humic substances, the disadvantages of turn off conventional household water treatment by using the water with fibrous structure containing humic material, in particular paper, is treated. The Fiber material according to the invention is characterized by the presence of non-bleeding and abrasion-resistant humic substance adhering to the carrier particles.

Already in DE-A-19834 916 a teaching is communicated with which humic acid coated Paper for removing heavy metals from water can be made. To The papers described there for heavy metal removal can be omitted from this teaching Use water. But it has now surprisingly been shown that these papers too Have used for the purpose of water softening. With the invention Fiber material, it is possible to obtain a perfect softened water that neither is still contaminated by particles suspended in it by dark substance dissolved in it. The particles preferred for the fiber material according to the invention contain humic acid therefore in a form that neither leads to bleeding nor tends to wear.

For this purpose, special humic acid-coated particles or fibers used.

A source of humic material, preferably e.g. Peat or Lignite dissolved in aqueous alkaline solution and separated from the insoluble. In principle, the humic substance can also be used as an alkaline solution in any other way be won. It can also be commercially available alkaline or dissolved humic solution commercial sodium humate can be used.

Starting preferably from an aqueous alkaline humic solution, this is on a sodium humate content between 0.0001% and 10%, preferably between 0.001% and 1%, and then by adding a precipitant, preferably an alkaline earth metal salt or an acid, with vigorous stirring to precipitate brought. The precipitation is preferably in the presence of alginate or Chitosan solution carried out. After the addition of the precipitant, which is preferred is slowly added in a slight excess, the mixture is filtered and the remaining one Filter residue up to the drain of largely undyed water with as little salt as possible Washed water. Then the washed solid filter residue, if it had been precipitated with alkaline earth salt, treated with acid to remove the alkaline earth. Then the humic substance is added by preferably adding alkali or ammonia brought back into solution. Of the now released humic substance, which now represents a fraction largely suitable according to the invention, a small sample in the described sample-filtered and filtered. The filtrate obtained is still there colored, the precipitation is repeated with the entire solution, filtered off, the Filter residue again washed clear and finally again in alkaline as before Solution transferred. Again the sample becomes soluble in the precipitate carried out.

Finally, when there is a perfect, no longer bleeding humic substance, this is Humic fraction for the production of the impregnated and / or impregnated according to the invention coated particles or fibers. It is preferred in the manner mentioned converted into the dissolved state with alkali or ammonia. This solution becomes Impregnation of the particles or fibers used. This is preferably done so that the Particles or fibers are soaked with the solution. The impregnation solution preferably contains no more than one percent alkali aluminate. Then with acid Precipitation brought, the precipitating heinmin on the particles or fibers reflected. After washing out the salt formed during the reaction, the Particles or fibers dried. So that the manufacturing process is the invention particles or fibers to be used.

The fiber material according to the invention preferably contains particles containing humic acids, which is caused by the precipitation of humic acids with a reduced content of water-soluble components were produced on a carrier material.

These are particles or fibers to which humic matter with a reduced content is bound to water-soluble humic acids in microparticulate form.

a) Huminstoff als Huminstoffpartikel in wäßriger Partikelsuspension aus einer verdünnten Alkalihuminlösung durch Anwendung von Säure oder Erdalkali fällt, und

b) die wäßrige Partikelsuspension zusammen mit cosuspendierten Partikeln und/oder Fasern filtriert.

These particles or fibers are made by:

a) humic substance as humic substance particles in an aqueous particle suspension from a dilute alkali aluminum solution by application of acid or alkaline earth, and

b) the aqueous particle suspension is filtered together with cosuspended particles and / or fibers.

The filtration in step b) is preferably carried out using at least one or several of the substances and / or aids from the groups filter fabric, sieve belt, Filter fleece, flocculants, drainage agents, polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives.

According to a less preferred variant, the particles are soaked with acid and in addition then added the alkali metal aluminate solution according to the invention before how described further process.

A particularly preferred procedure for the production of humic substance according to the invention impregnated and / or coated fiber material is the following. The paper pulp will mixed with the alkali metal aluminate solution prepared according to the invention and then until acidified for a clearly acidic reaction. Only the precipitated humic acid remains adhere to the fibers as an impregnation and / or coating. By washing / filtration soluble humic acids, excess acid and salt are removed from the paper pulp.

In order to achieve a cheaper and more easily dewatered humic substance precipitation, can it may be advantageous to add alginate, alginic acid to the humic substance before or after the precipitation, Add polyacrylic acid, cationic, anionic or neutral flocculant.

Instead of aqueous acids, it can also be precipitated in gaseous or liquid ones distributed acids are used in organic media,

The particles impregnated or coated with humic acids according to the invention, The papers, in particular, are characterized by the fact that they do not bleed out and are resistant to abrasion are.

It is yet another simple process variant for producing the Humic acid coated particles and / or fibers have been found. In doing so Huminate without the above-mentioned cleaning steps from alkali huminate solution on the Particles distributed and using saline or acid on the particles Huminate or Excreted humic acid. After that, the humic acids or humic acids are contained Particles exhaustively washed with water until the staining water-soluble components are sufficiently distant. Then it is dried. The dry particles are when they are Contain humic substance in the form of humic acids, directly for the invention Suitable for water softening. In the event that the humic substance on the particles Water-insoluble huminates must be treated with acid and subsequent repeated washing for salt removal to be converted to humic acids.

The low molecular weight water-soluble humic acids, which change the color of the Treated water can also be obtained by extracting the unpurified Particles coated with humic acids can be removed by polar dense gas phases. The Gases suitable for the extraction are preferably gas mixtures from a carrier gas, such as. Propane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, argon, krypton, xenon, and one or more polar components such as Methanol, sulfur dioxide, water, ammonia, amines, Pyridine, acetic acid.

The particle shape preferably used for the water softening according to the invention is Paper. The paper can be used in the form of round filters, filter bags, pleated filters through which the water to be softened runs. The paper can also be used as Snippets, confetti or strips are used by inserting them into the one to be softened Water can be sprinkled or inserted. This is the preferred method. Depending on Exposure time more than 90% of the water hardness can be removed with this method. Then the paper parts are removed from the water using a tea strainer or similar. On particularly advantageous paper for the purpose of the invention is one with light and if necessary, paper enriched with weights, which because of a similar density in the aqueous liquid can float.

In addition to the humic substance, the cationic and Anion removal, e.g. softening in addition to humic substance and ion exchange particles also alginic acid and its alkali derivatives, chitosan and its salts and the Polyacrylic acid and its alkali derivatives, with which particles and / or fibers in the Fiber materials can be coated. On the other hand, the components of the Fiber materials or the fiber structures themselves, preferably cellulose fibers, by chemical modification with cation and / or anion sorbing substituents, preferably containing carboxylic acid functions and / or amine functions Substituents, as "active ingredient coating" are equipped.

A simple application of the particles according to the inventive method for Ion removal can also be carried out using the method described below Diving clean.

In addition, those equipped with cationic and / or anionic functions Fibers or fibers and / or particles coated with polymers have the advantageous property cationically charged or anionically charged undesirable elements from the second to fourteenth element group of the periodic table including lanthanides and actinides to eliminate.

To remove cations on the one hand or anions on the other treating water, it is conducive to sales if the pH of the solution in the remains almost neutral. By treatment with e.g. Chitosan for removal the pH value of anions can shift to the alkaline range. By Treatment with e.g. Alginic acid for removing cations can change the pH in the move acidic area. To avoid this, acidic or alkaline reagent can be used be added. This is also preferably done using bevel materials contain such substances in their drug depot. As an alkaline Active substances come into question here e.g. Chitosan, carbonates and secondary phosphates from Alkaline earths and alkalis, alkaline earth metal hydroxides. As acidic agents come here in question e.g. Alginic acid, organic acids, primary phosphates of alkaline earths and Alkalis.

In addition to the components produced by precipitation technology, the components according to the invention Particles and / or fibers in combination with conventional sorbent particles and / or fibers can be combined, e.g. Gold foil, activated carbon particles, activated carbon fibers, aluminum hydroxide. Here, too, the paper form is ideally suited as a carrier for these substances.

i) Herstellung eines überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Breis aus mindestens einer Faserkomponente, die mit mindestens einem Wirkstoff beschichtet und/oder imprägniert ist oder nach der Herstellung des überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Breis mit mindestens einem Wirkstoff beschichtet und/oder imprägniert wird, oder die keinen Wirkstoff aufweist, aber im überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Brei zusammen mit mindestens einem Wirkstoff in Partikelform und/oder mit Wirkstoff beschichteten oder imprägnierten Partikeln vorliegt,

ii) Mischung des nach Schritt i) erhaltenen überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Breis mit mindestens einem weiteren überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Brei aus mindestens einer weiteren Faserkomponente, die entweder keinen Wirkstoff oder eine von dem ersten Faserbrei abweichende Menge des gleichen Wirkstoffes oder einen von dem ersten Faserbrei abweichenden Wirkstoff aufweisen, und

iii) Herstellung des Fasermaterials aus dieser Mischung überwiegend faserhaltiger wäßriger Breie in an sich bekannter Weise.

The invention also relates to a method for producing the fiber material defined above, comprising the feature a) according to claims 1 and 2, comprising the measures:

i) production of a predominantly fibrous aqueous slurry from at least one fiber component which is coated and / or impregnated with at least one active ingredient or is coated and / or impregnated with at least one active ingredient after the production of the predominantly fibrous aqueous slurry, or which has no active ingredient, but is present in the predominantly fibrous aqueous slurry together with at least one active ingredient in particle form and / or particles coated or impregnated with active ingredient,

ii) Mixing the predominantly fiber-containing aqueous slurry obtained after step i) with at least one further predominantly fiber-containing aqueous slurry composed of at least one further fiber component which either has no active ingredient or an amount of the same active ingredient which differs from the first fiber slurry or an active ingredient which differs from the first fiber slurry have, and

iii) Production of the fiber material from this mixture of predominantly fibrous aqueous slurries in a manner known per se.

viii) der Herstellung eines überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Breis aus mindestens einer Faserkomponente, die mit mindestens einem adhäsiv wirkenden Hilfsstoff imprägniert ist oder die keinen Hilfsstoff aufweist, aber im überwiegend faserhaltigen wäßrigen Brei zusammen mit mindestens einem adhäsiv wirkenden Hilfsstoff in Lösung und/oder mit adhäsiv wirkendem Hilfsstoff beschichteten oder imprägnierten Partikeln vorliegt, wobei mindesten eine Hilfsstoffkomponente Wirkstoffeigenschaften hat.

A preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing the fiber material containing at least one of the features c) and / or d) according to claim 1 comprises the measure:

viii) the production of a predominantly fibrous aqueous slurry from at least one fiber component which is impregnated with at least one adhesive auxiliary or which has no auxiliary, but in the predominantly fibrous aqueous slurry together with at least one adhesive auxiliary in solution and / or with adhesive Auxiliary coated or impregnated particles are present, at least one auxiliary component having active ingredient properties.

The invention also relates to Use of the fiber materials according to claim 33.

• Naturstoffe, ihre chemischen Modifikationen und salzartige Verbindungen davon
• Huminstoffe und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Polysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen; darunter
• Pektinsubstanzen und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Pektinsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Protopektine und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Hemicellulosen und Cellulosen und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Laminarane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Lichenane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Pustulane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Amylosen und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Amylopektine und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glykogene und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Dextrane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Pullulane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Nigerane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Isolichenane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Cyclodextrine und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Chitine und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Chitosane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Dextrane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Inuline und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Levane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen .
• Xanthane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Porphyrane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Phleine und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Agarosen und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Carrageenane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Arabinane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Xylane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Alginsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Polyuronide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Homopolysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Galactane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Heteropolysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glucane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glucuronane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Galactomannane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glykanoxylane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Arabinoxylane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glucomannane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Xyloglykane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Arabinogalaktane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glykanoglykuronane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Tragacanthsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Mannane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Fructane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Arabinoxylane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glykane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Isoglykane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Proteoglykane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Glykoproteine und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Lipopolysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Heteropolysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• saure Mucopolysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Hyaluronsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Peptideoglykane und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Teichonsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Lipopolysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Kapsel-Polysaccharide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen.

Preferred active substances for the fiber-containing materials according to the invention are natural and chemically modified polysaccharides and their salt-like compounds. The following substance examples are suitable for the purpose according to the invention:

• Natural products, their chemical modifications and salt-like compounds thereof
• Humic substances and their salt-like compounds
• Polysaccharides and their salt-like compounds; among them
• Pectin substances and their salt-like compounds
• Pectic acids and their salt-like compounds
• Protopectins and their salt-like compounds
• Hemicelluloses and celluloses and their salt-like compounds
• Laminarans and their salt-like compounds
• Lichenanes and their salt-like compounds
• Pustulans and their salt-like compounds
• Amyloses and their salt-like compounds
• Amylopectins and their salt-like compounds
• Glycogens and their salt-like compounds
• Dextrans and their salt-like compounds
• Pullulans and their salt-like compounds
• Nigerane and its salt-like compounds
• Isolichenane and their salt-like compounds
• Cyclodextrins and their salt-like compounds
• Chitins and their salt-like compounds
• Chitosans and their salt-like compounds
• Dextrans and their salt-like compounds
• Inuline and its salt-like compounds
• Levane and its salt-like compounds.
• Xanthans and their salt-like compounds
• Porphyrans and their salt-like compounds
• Phleine and its salt-like compounds
• Agaroses and their salt-like compounds
• Carrageenans and their salt-like compounds
• Arabinans and their salt-like compounds
• Xylans and their salt-like compounds
• Alginic acids and their salt-like compounds
• Polyuronides and their salt-like compounds
• Homopolysaccharides and their salt-like compounds
• Galactans and their salt-like compounds
• Heteropolysaccharides and their salt-like compounds
• Glucans and their salt-like compounds
• Glucuronans and their salt-like compounds
• Galactomannans and their salt-like compounds
• Glykanoxylans and their salt-like compounds
• Arabinoxylans and their salt-like compounds
• Glucomannans and their salt-like compounds
• Xyloglycans and their salt-like compounds
• Arabino galactans and their salt-like compounds
• Glykanoglykuronane and its salt-like compounds
• Tragacanth acids and their salt-like compounds
• Mannans and their salt-like compounds
• Fructans and their salt-like compounds
• Arabinoxylans and their salt-like compounds
• Glycans and their salt-like compounds
• Isoglycans and their salt-like compounds
• Proteoglycans and their salt-like compounds
• Glycoproteins and their salt-like compounds
• Lipopolysaccharides and their salt-like compounds
• Heteropolysaccharides and their salt-like compounds
• acidic mucopolysaccharides and their salt-like compounds
• Hyaluronic acids and their salt-like compounds
• Peptideoglycans and their salt-like compounds
• Teichonic acids and their salt-like compounds
• Lipopolysaccharides and their salt-like compounds
• Capsule polysaccharides and their salt-like compounds.

The desired modification can be achieved by chemical modification of these natural substances Optimize properties of the papers according to the invention.

So the ability of these substances to ionize cations and / or anions can be significantly increased by the chemical-synthetic installation of more suitable Functions. Suitable functions are, for example, the carboxylic acids, the carboxylates, the amines and the ammonium salts, the alkyl amines and the alkyl ammonium salts, the Sulfonic acids and the sulfonates, the phosphonic acids and the phosphonates, the phosphoric acid esters and the salts of the phosphoric acid esters, the thiols and the thiolates, the thiocarboxylic acids and the thiocarboxylates, the dithiocarboxylic acids and the dithiocarboxylates, the thiocarbamates and the dithiocarbamates, the dimercaptotriazines, the Iminodiacetate, the crown ethers, the aza and thiahomologists the crown ethers, the Bipyridines, the cryptand, spherand and podand functions, siderophore functions, Cyclodextrins, cryptophanes.

So the ability of these substances to bind organic molecules can be significantly increased by the chemical-synthetic installation of more suitable Clathratbildner.

Suitable functions are, for example, the cryptophanes, trimesic acid derivatives, Triphenylmethane derivatives, cyclotriveratrylene derivatives, trioxa, triaza and trithia cyclotriveratrylene derivatives, Perhydrotriphenylene derivatives, cyclophosphazene derivatives, Hexasubstituted benzenes, diacetylene derivatives.

The connection of switchable functions, the removal of the in the fiber materials bound ions or molecules, can be advantageous in many applications his. For example, the binding of ions and neutral molecules through the oxidative Cleavage of disulfide bridges in crown ethers or by the photolytic Double bond isomerization of azobenzene functions in azodextrins, in azophane, Azocrone and azocryptan derivatives can be controlled.

The natural products, especially the polysaccharides, offer many preparative options appropriate functionalization of the active ingredients. The functionalization can be very can be advantageously carried out by already using the precursor active substance coated or impregnated fibers and / or particles the derivatization reactions be subjected.

• O-Carboxymethyl-Cellulose
• Alkylaminoalkylether der Polysaccharide
• Aminoalkylether der Polysaccharide
• O-(2-(Diethylaminoethyl)-Cellulose
• Epichlorhydrin-Triethanolamin-Cellulose
• O-(2-(Diethylaminoethyl)-Derivate quervernetzter Dextrane
• Reaktionsprodukte vonPolysaccharid-Iminokohlensäurediestern mit Aminen
• an modifizierten Polysachariden immobilisierte Enzyme
• Ether und Thioether von Polysacchariden mit Merkaptoderivaten des Triazins
• Ether und Thioether von Polysacchariden mit Aminoderivaten des Triazins
• Ether und Thioether von Polysacchariden mit Carboxylsäurederivaten des Triazins
• Ether und Thioether von Polysacchariden mit Carboxylatderivaten des Triazins

Examples of chemically modified or derivatized polysaccharides and their salt-like compounds are, for example

• O-carboxymethyl cellulose
• Alkylaminoalkyl ethers of the polysaccharides
• Amino alkyl ethers of the polysaccharides
• O- (2- (diethylaminoethyl) -cellulose
• Epichlorohydrin triethanolamine cellulose
• O- (2- (diethylaminoethyl) derivatives of cross-linked dextrans
• Reaction products of polysaccharide iminocarbonic acid diesters with amines
• enzymes immobilized on modified polysaccharides
• Ethers and thioethers of polysaccharides with mercapto derivatives of triazine
• Ethers and thioethers of polysaccharides with amino derivatives of triazine
• Ethers and thioethers of polysaccharides with carboxylic acid derivatives of triazine
• Ethers and thioethers of polysaccharides with carboxylate derivatives of triazine

The functionalization of the active ingredients shown using the example of the polysaccharides can also be made with other natural substances for the purpose according to the invention. she is but also easily possible in this form on synthetic precursor active ingredients, in order to achieve the multicomponent active substances according to the invention.

• Polynucleotide und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Nucleinsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Lignine, ihre Abbauprodukte und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Ligninsulfonsäuren und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen
• Gerbstoffe und ihre salzartigen Verbindungen.

Other natural active ingredient examples are:

• Polynucleotides and their salt-like compounds
• Nucleic acids and their salt-like compounds
• Lignins, their breakdown products and their salt-like compounds
• Lignin sulfonic acids and their salt-like compounds
• Tannins and their salt-like compounds.

The fiber materials according to the invention are produced from fibers containing more fibers Suspension, which preferably has the consistency of a slurry, as it does for the Papermaking is suitable. This is thickened by partial drainage, that it becomes malleable and can be briquetted or extruded into briquettes or noodles are formed, which are ready for use after drying could be. Without pre-dewatering, the fibrous porridge can also be used with a grooved roller be pressed onto an absorbent pad, whereby also noodle-shaped moldings let form.

• durch Separation der derart mit Wirkstoff zu beschichtenden Fasern und/oder mit Wirkstoff zu beschichtenden Partikeln während der chemischen und/oder physikalischen Reaktion von den nicht derart mit Wirkstoff zu beschichtenden Fasern und/oder mit Wirkstoff zu beschichtenden Partikeln und/oder
• durch unterschiedliche Stoffwahl fiir die Substanz, aus der die Fasern und/oder Partikel zusammengesetzt sind und Auswahl geeigneter reaktiver Stoffe für die Zusammensetzung der mit Wirkstoff zu beschichtenden Fasern und/oder mit Wirkstoff zu beschichtenden Partikeln während der chemischen und/oder physikalischen Reaktion.

In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing the fiber structures, at least a portion of the total fiber and / or particle constituent of these parts has its active ingredient coating and / or the active ingredient-coated and / or drug-impregnated fibers and / or drug-coated and / or drug-impregnated particles. or impregnation of an active ingredient as a result of at least one chemical and / or physical reaction in the presence of a fluid surrounding it, from which the other fractions present as fibers and / or particles are not and / or not affected in the same way by this by at least one which measures are brought about, namely

• by separating the fibers to be coated with active ingredient and / or particles to be coated with active ingredient during the chemical and / or physical reaction from the fibers not to be coated with active ingredient and / or particles to be coated with active ingredient and / or
• by different choice of substances for the substance from which the fibers and / or particles are composed and selection of suitable reactive substances for the composition of the fibers to be coated with active ingredient and / or particles to be coated with active ingredient during the chemical and / or physical reaction.

In a further preferred variant of the production method the fibrous structures according to the invention consist of the papers loaded with active substances, Fiber materials and / or fiber-containing particles from at least one of the components from the groups of papers, fiber materials loaded with at least one active ingredient, fibrous particles, their production precursors, fiber suspensions, dewatered Fibers or their preliminary stages, their active ingredient loading in separate process stages was made and particles or fibers, the substance of which predominantly or consist entirely of active ingredient.

• durch Mischung von mindestens zwei wirkstoffbeladenen Faserkomponenten
• durch Mischung von mindestens einer wirkstoffbeladenen und mindestens einer nicht-wirkstoffbeladenen Faserkomponente
• durch Mischung mindestens einer wirkstoffbeladenen Faserkomponente und mindestens einer wirkstoffbeladenen Partikelkomponente
• durch Mischung mindestens einer wirkstoffbeladenen Faserkomponente und mindestens einer nicht-wirkstoffbeladenen Partikelkomponente
• durch Mischung mindestens einer nicht-wirkstoffbeladenen Faserkomponente und mindestens einer wirkstoffbeladenen Partikelkomponente

hergestellt werden und wobei die Faserkomponente und/oder Partikelkomponente auch vollständig aus Wirkstoff bestehen kann.Another variant of the method for producing the fiber materials according to the invention is characterized in that the papers, fiber materials and fiber-containing molded articles

• by mixing at least two active ingredient-loaded fiber components
• by mixing at least one active substance-loaded and at least one non-active substance-loaded fiber component
• by mixing at least one active ingredient-loaded fiber component and at least one active ingredient-loaded particle component
• by mixing at least one active ingredient-loaded fiber component and at least one non-active ingredient-loaded particle component
• by mixing at least one non-drug-loaded fiber component and at least one drug-loaded particle component

are produced and wherein the fiber component and / or particle component can also consist entirely of active ingredient.

Another preferred variant of the method for producing inventive Fibrous moldings is characterized in that for the production of fiber-containing molded articles loaded with active substance and / or fiber materials and / or Papers and / or fiber materials not loaded with active substance are ground and / or broken and subsequently formed into a new body.

A preferred variant of the process for the production of fibrous structures according to the invention containing fibrous material, characterized in that the fiber material with devices, for example with a holder for the Fiber material, is connected and / or is embedded in this. More examples of such Devices for use are in the DE patent application with the file number 198 55 646.2.

The fiber materials obtained by the process according to the invention, such as Papers or fiber-containing moldings can be a superficial observation make an extraordinarily homogeneous impression that hardly differs from that which who make fiber-coated fabrics using conventional methods. At least the difference can be seen on a magnifying view, namely that with the Untreated (= impregnated and / or coated) fiber material according to the invention and / or other treated fibers and / or particles in addition to the treated fibers and / or particles. It can also be seen that the components have the same Coating conditioning have the same distances from each other on a statistical average and thus in a defined inhomogeneous distribution in the inventive Fiber materials are available.

The following description shows some variants of the manufacturing and Possible uses of the fiber materials according to the invention.

For applications in wastewater technology, for gray water treatment, in the sector Bathing water and mine water technology are an essential fiber basis the cellulose fiber, which comes from waste paper, is excellent. Possible contaminants from the Waste paper fibers can be released, e.g. polycyclic aromatics, heavy metals and organic halogen components can be adjusted by suitable adjustment of the Active substance contents in the fiber materials manufactured using the waste paper fibers be kept practically completely. That is why papers can be based on that also without further ado for the purposes of animal husbandry, e.g. as a drug carrier, be applied.

It is known to use a number of metals and metal alloys as a corrosion product can form reactive, catalytically active and photocatalytically active oxide layers. It has it has been shown that such metallic components in the form of particles and / or Fibers can be integrated as a component in the fiber materials and under suitable ones Conditions then result in the fiber materials of the invention. Under the influence of Oxygen and sufficient moisture and especially when corrosive salts are present, e.g. completely integrated fine iron particles in the papers transfer to rust, which surprisingly adheres very well to the paper. This rust has very good sorption properties that at least those of the precipitated iron hydroxides are comparable. In these cases too, the rust areas are used as active ingredient coatings not evenly distributed over the entire paper substance in the same concentration, but around the location of the metal particles or metal fibers that were previously present enriched.

The same applies e.g. also for iron-manganese alloys, iron-cerium alloys or iron-titanium alloys, the. also highly active and also photolytically active Corrosion products as active ingredient coatings of the fiber materials according to the invention result.

Metal particles can also be used to advantage, evenly dosed small ones To release trace element amounts. For example, with the invention Combination of fiber material containing alginic acid and magnesium-potassium-silicon alloy particles, which are also present in the fiber material, the one treated with it Water has a constant low content of silica, potassium and magnesium in the To exchange for calcium from the water without getting the water into the water to transfer alkaline area.

The fiber materials according to the invention, in particular the tensioned fiber materials, can be used, for example, in the following applications: food preparation, Luxury food preparation, beverage production, water softening, drinking water purification, River water purification, inland water purification, sea water purification, groundwater purification, Mine water purification, waste water purification, bath water purification, process water purification, Landfill water purification, surface water purification, emergency oil disposal from surface waters, industrial cleaning processes, especially in the chemical industry, in the food and beverage industry and in the metal industry, Cleaning processes for the remediation and protection of contaminated sites and Old deposits, cleaning processes for the renovation and securing of old locations, Cleaning processes for soil and sediment cleaning, raw material extraction, fish farming, Mussel and pearl farming, crustaceans, shrimp and other crustaceans, Pet husbandry, aquarium fish husbandry, animal husbandry and fattening, houseplant husbandry, Gardening, agriculture and extraction of raw materials, metals, metalloids and Precious metals. The invention also relates to the use of the fiber materials for this Applications.

The substances listed below are preferably in the form of particles used in the manufacture of the fiber materials. If these are particles these are preferably treated on fibers pretreated with adhesive and / or particles applied. Adhesive agents can be e.g. swellable polymers such as e.g. Flocculants, alginates, chitosan, alginic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic acid, or also waxes, resins and oils. The latter can be from organic solutions to the fiber and / or particles are applied. After the desired particles have been attached to the swollen polymers can this by suitable measures, such as Dry, Acid treatment, alkaline earth salt treatment, iron salt treatment, ammonia treatment, Solvent treatment, treatment with supercritical gases, in a shrunk and / or phase with little swelling are converted. The particles can also be used for the subsequent coating of the fiber materials, i.e. after e.g. as paper or Shaped bodies have been used. This is e.g. in order to Solid resins capable of ion absorption, inorganic substances capable of ion absorption, of Absorption of metals and metalloids and their compounds capable of inorganic Substances, lipophilic substances capable of absorbing oil from water, activated carbon, for Organic substances capable of mercaptide formation, active carbon particles, active carbon fibers, Alkaline earth alginate fibers or particles, chitosan particles, alginic acid particles, Polyacrylic acid particles, nitrogen-enriched activated carbons, with Activated carbons enriched with carboxylate groups, with carboxylic acid groups activated carbons enriched with sulfonate groups, with Activated carbons enriched with sulfonic acid groups, zeolites, metallic zinc, Layered silicates, foods, spices, pet foods and fish feed.

The substances listed below are preferably used for impregnation and / or coating used in the manufacture of the fiber materials: for Liquid resins, humic substances capable of ion absorption, inorganic substances capable of ion absorption Substances capable of absorbing metals and metalloids and their compounds inorganic substances, metals capable of amalgam formation, formation of complexes with organic substances capable of inorganic substances, poorly soluble hydroxides, fullerene carbons and their derivatives, metal hydrides with hydrogen bound in alloys, Hydrides from the group of platinum metals, oils enriched with carboxylate groups, Waxes or resins, oils, waxes or resins enriched with carboxylic acid groups, predominantly aliphatic high-boiling oils, immobilized enzymes and soluble or solubilizable enzymes, biocides, food additives, flavors, stimulants, essential mineral substances, organic acids, vitamins, liposomes, medicines, glucose, Enzymes, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, biotechnological products, monomers, oligomers and polymeric carbohydrates and their derivatives, zeolites, agar, gelatin, proteins, Water glass, water-soluble silicates, biocides, fertilizers and soluble humic acids.

Of course, all other substances mentioned can also be added later Coatings of the fiber materials are made.

In the following Table 1 examples of suitable drug environments are shown with which the undesired. Release or bleeding of the substances in question can be safely prevented. Examples of active substance environment (a), with which the bleeding or release of pollutants or undesirable substances from active substances (b) can be prevented Active substance (b) Released pollutant From active ingredient (b) Active ingredient environment (a) which binds the released pollutants from (b) aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide Ferric hydroxide aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide Manganese III - / - IV hydroxides aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide humic acid aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide Erdalkalihuminat aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide long chain carboxylic acid aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide long chain carboxylate aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide alginic aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide alginates activated carbon Polycyclic aromatics Microporous polyolefin particles long chain carboxylic acid long chain carboxylic acid activated carbon long chain carboxylic acid long chain carboxylic acid Ferric hydroxide long chain carboxylic acid long chain carboxylic acid chitosan long chain carboxylate long chain carboxylate Humic acid / activated carbon long chain carboxylate long chain carboxylate Ferric hydroxide long chain carboxylate long chain carboxylate chitosan humic acid niedermol. humic acids Ferric hydroxide humic acid niedermol. humic acids activated carbon humic acid niedermol. humic acids chitosan humic acid niedermol. humic acids chitosan Erdalkalihuminat low molecular weight huminates Ferric hydroxide Erdalkalihuminat low molecular weight huminates chitosan Cat. Ion exchange resins toxic nitrogen organics humic acid Cat. Ion exchange resins toxic nitrogen organics alginic Alkali salts of trimercaptotriazine polymers for heavy metal sorption toxic mercaptides Iron III hydroxides Manganese III / IV hydroxides, humic substances

The following examples describe the invention without limiting it.

example 1

Waste paper from newsprint was transformed into a water with a disperser homogeneous porridge, which was mixed with humic acid dispersion, which by the Precipitation of humic acid by sulfuric acid from an alginate lignite-derived alkali metal aluminate solution was obtained. The fiber particle dispersion obtained, consisting of about 20% humic acid, 1% alginic acid and 70% Cellulose fibers were mixed for about 20 minutes. slowly stirred and then set aside,

In a second approach, a cellulose fiber dispersion was made in the same way Waste paper made. This dispersion became a 10% iron (III) chloride solution added, stirred for 10 minutes and then with the stoichiometric amount Sodium hydroxide precipitated to iron III hydroxide. The fiber particle dispersion obtained, consisting of about 30% iron III hydroxide and 70% cellulose fibers according to the Mix for about 20 minutes. stirred slowly.

The two dispersions were then mixed gently with slow stirring and by filtration, water washing, squeezing and drying to remove water and salts with the production of paper sheets with the sheet former and moldings the grooved roller processed.

The dried paper and shaped article produced from it contained about 15% Iron III hydroxide, 0.5% alginic acid and 15% humic acid. It showed up essentially more effective for water softening than paper with the same composition, which consists of a paper pulp that was first made with humic acid / alginic acid had been coated and then overlaid with iron III hydroxide.

Example 2 Production of fiber material impregnated with active substance for multifunctional applications

4 g of bleached long fiber pulp were mixed with 0.04 g of sodium alginate in 400 ml Water dispersed. Subsequently, 1 g of peat-based was added to the dispersion gas activated carbon with an average particle diameter of 10 microns added and evenly distributed in the fiber dispersion by means of a dispersing device. Then was precipitated with 25 percent hydrochloric acid while dispersing. The gelled dispersion was over Synthetic fiber filter filtered off and washed neutral. About this fiber dispersion 4 g of an iron (III) hydroxide fiber dispersion prepared according to Example 1 (p.57) given and mixed together with stirring. Then the mixture filtered off, washed and dried at 90 ° C. The paper obtained was wet strength and the incorporated activated carbon was attached to the paper in an abrasion-resistant manner. The paper is suitable for Degradation of chlorine and its oxidation products from chlorinated or with chlorine dioxide treated water, for the removal of lipophilic substances, aluminum, metalloids and Heavy metals.

Example 3 Production of fiber material impregnated with active substance for multifunctional applications

4 g of bleached long fiber pulp were mixed with 0.04 g of sodium alginate in 400 ml Water dispersed. Subsequently, 1 g of alginic acid powder and 1 g of peat were added to the dispersion gas activated activated carbon with an average particle diameter of 10 µm and 1 g of Scotch-Lite glass bubbles K 25 are added and dispersed in the Fiber dispersion evenly distributed. Then was with 25 percent hydrochloric acid precipitated under dispersing. The gelled dispersion was over synthetic fiber filters sucked off and washed neutral. To this fiber dispersion was 4 g according to Example 1 (p.57) prepared iron-III-fiber dispersion and given Stir mixed together. The mixture was then filtered off, washed and dried at 90 ° C. The light paper obtained was unsinkable in water and wet strength. The incorporated alginic acid was fixed to the paper in an abrasion-resistant manner. The paper is suitable the degradation of chlorine and its oxidation products from chlorinated or with Chlorine dioxide treated water, for removing lipophilic substances, for binding Alkaline earth, aluminum, metalloids and heavy metals.

Example 4 Production of active ingredient-impregnated fiber material for multifunctional applications

4 g bleached long fiber pulp were mixed with 1 g chitosan and 1 g heavy spar, Grain size smaller than 500 µm dispersed in 400 ml of water. Then became the Dispersion 25 percent hydrochloric acid added until acidic reaction and by means of Disperser evenly distributed in the fiber dispersion. Subsequently, with 10 percent Sodium hydroxide solution precipitated while dispersing. The gelled dispersion was over Synthetic fiber filter filtered off and washed neutral. About this fiber dispersion 4 g of an iron (III) hydroxide fiber dispersion prepared according to Example 1 (p.57) given and mixed together with stirring. Then the mixture filtered off, washed and dried at 90 ° C. The wet strength paper had been obtained parchment-like appearance and was much higher tear resistance than that normal cellulose fiber paper. The wet-strength heavy paper spontaneously sinks into water Soil and is suitable for binding anions, aluminum, metalloids and Heavy metals. The chitosan-containing papers are of high fatigue strength and are not subject to the acidification-related aging process of conventional papers.

As was found in a subsequent investigation, it is easily possible from chitosan and cellulose fibers, preferably long cellulose fibers, without further additives to produce excellent parchment-like papers.

Example 5 Production of paper impregnated with active substance for multifunctional applications, which automatically tensions in water

The fiber pulps produced according to Example 3 and Example 4 were used together Filtered synthetic fiber filter in such a way that the task of the pulps on the areas separated by a thin sheet of metal placed on the suction device Synthetic fabric filter happened. Immediately after giving up the pulps that was Removed the divider and the pulp at the former dividing line wavy reciprocation of a simple rod organ moves. Then was suction filtered, washed and dried at 90 ° C. The dividing line is arranged so that about 1/3 of the sheet is made of heavy paper and about 2/3 of the sheet is made of light paper consist. Sheets and sections made from this paper stretch in the water automatically on.

Example 6: Application example for fiber material impregnated with active substance for multifunctional applications

An active ingredient-impregnated fiber material with two active ingredient components, with the next Chlorine also organic pollutants, heavy metals and metalloids such as Arsenic from removed from the water was made as follows:

50 g of a cellulose pulp was, according to Example 1 with, 2.5 g of iron hydroxide impregnated. This pulp was mixed with 50 g of fibrous activated carbon. On a fibrous molded body in the form of a round paper became a sheet former manufactured.

For the investigation of the chlorine reduction, 0.3 g of this paper was added to 250 ml of swimming pool water with a total chlorine content of 2.8 mg / l, left undisturbed and the total chlorine content was determined every hour. The following results have been achieved. Time (h) Cl ₂ total (mg / l) Time (h) Cl ₂ total (mg / l) 0 2.8 3 0.5 1 1.4 4 0.3 2 0.9 5 0.15

The decrease in the chlorine content followed an exponential function. After 5 hours the Chlorine reduction 95%.

The hygienic test of this paper, carried out at 20 ° C and 37 ° C, showed after 2 h Exposure time a value of 2 CFU / ml or 0 CFU / ml and after 4 hours a value from 1 CFU / ml or 6 CFU / ml; for comparison: the limit values are for waterworks 100 CFU / ml and for individual suppliers (house well) at 1000 CFU / ml. The hygiene test was with normal tap water under the non-sterile standard in the household Conditions, non-sterile storage and handling of the papers. A germ within 4 hours, the planned exposure time of the filter for water purification, could not be determined.

Claims (33)

1. Shaped and wet-strength fibrous material containing a proportion of fibers and, as the case may be, a proportion of particles, and containing

   a proportion of one or more active substances for the treatment of liquids, and, as the case may be, containing

   a proportion of one or more auxiliary materials which are field-activatable in the liquid,

   with at least one active substance being present in form of a coating and/or impregnation layer of at least a part of the fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material, and with the content of active substances having at least the feature described in a), and with the auxiliary material(s), if such is (are) present, having at least one of the features described in c) and/or d),

   a) that at least one active substance in form of a coating and/or impregnation layer is distributed in a defined inhomogeneous manner in the fibrous material in such a way that the active substance in a predefined proportion of fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material is present in a predefined quantity, and that the active substance in another predefined proportion of fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material is not present or present in a quantity which differs from that in the first predefined proportion of fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material;

   c) that field-activatable auxiliary materials are bonded in and/or to the fibrous material by means of auxiliary agents having adhesive effect, and with, in addition, the fibrous material containing at least one active substance for the treatment of liquids; and

   d) that field-activatable auxiliary materials are activatable in the liquid by at least one of the field effects gravitation field, centrifugal force field, magnetic field and electric field,

   with the reservation that, where the fibrous material is a paper, that is in any case a single-layer paper.
2. Shaped fibrous material whose reactive load of active substances remains on the fiber after the decomposition of the fibrous material into individual fibers and water, containing a proportion of fibers and, as the case may be, a proportion of particles, and containing

   a proportion of one or more active substances for the treatment of liquids, and containing

   a proportion of one or more swellable polymers as auxiliary agents with adhesive effect, and, as the case may be, containing

   a proportion of one or more auxiliary materials which are field-activatable in the liquid,

   with at least one active substance being present in form of a coating and/or impregnation layer of at least a part of the fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material, and with the content of active substances having the feature described in a), and with the auxiliary material(s), if such is (are) present, having at least one of the features described in c) and/or d),

   a) that at least one active substance in form of a coating and/or impregnation layer is distributed in a defined inhomogeneous manner in the fibrous material in such a way that the active substance in a predefined proportion of fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material is present in a predefined quantity, and that the active substance in another predefined proportion of fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material is not present or present in a quantity which differs from that in the first predefined proportion of fibers and/or particles composing the fibrous material;

   c) that field-activatable auxiliary materials are bonded in and/or to the fibrous material by means of auxiliary agents having adhesive effect, and with, in addition, the fibrous material containing at least one active substance for the treatment of liquids; and

   d) that field-activatable auxiliary materials are activatable in the liquid by at least one of the field effects gravitation field, centrifugal force field, magnetic field and electric field.
3. Fibrous material as defined in claim 2, wherein the auxiliary agent having adhesive effect is selected from a group comprising flocculants, alginates, chitosan, alginic acid and carboxymethylcellulose.
4. Fibrous material as defined in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein at least one active substance for the treatment of liquids is present in form of a coating and/or impregnation of at least a part of the fibers composing the fibrous material and, in addition, is present in form of particles.
5. Fibrous material as defined in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the active substance(s) for the treatment of liquids is selected from a group comprising the solid organic substances capable of ion absorption, liquid or gel-like substances capable of ion absorption, humic substances, anorganic substances capable of ion absorption, anorganic substances capable of absorbing metals and metalloids and their compounds, lipophilic substances capable of removing oil spills resulting from averages, activated carbon, metals capable of forming amalgam, substances capable of forming disulfides, substances capable of forming mercaptides, organic substances capable of forming complexes with anorganic substances, hydroxides of low solubility, activated carbon particles, activated carbon fibers, activated carbons enriched with nitrogen, activated carbons enriched with nitrogen and heavy metals, activated carbons enriched with carboxylate groups, activated carbons enriched with carboxylic acid groups, activated carbons enriched with sulphonate groups, activated carbons enriched with sulphonic acid groups, fulleren carbons and their derivates, zeolites, metal hydrides which chemically bond hydrogen to inter-metallic alloys, metallic zinc, hydrides from platinum group metals, oils, waxes or resins enriched with carboxylate groups, oils, waxes or resins enriched with carboxylic acid groups, mostly aliphatic high-boiling oils, immobilized enzymes, layer silicates or their combinations, and flocculants capable of bonding dispersed suspended solids.
6. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 2 to 5, wherein the or each active substance serving for the treatment of liquids is selected in a way that it remains on the fibrous material and bonds substances contained in the liquid to be treated, and is especially selected from the group comprising alginic acids and their salts, chitosans and their salts, polymeric carbohydrates and their derivates, polyacrylic acids, polymeric amines and their salts, organic flocculants, humic substances, in particular humic substances whose water-soluble fraction has been separated by one or more of the procedures precipitation, flocculation and filtration, oxides and hydroxides of the heavy metals hafnium, niobium, cerium, tungsten, molybdenum and germanium, enzymes, proteins, zeolites, agar, gelatin, anionic gelatinizing and thickening agents, cationic gelatinizing and thickening agents, carbonates or combinations of these active substances.
7. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 6, wherein the active substance contains one ore more substances selected from the group comprising plastics, metals, ceramics, carbons, cellulose, glass, boron, silicon carbide, oxides and/or mixed oxides of low or no solubility or their combinations.
8. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 7, wherein the active substance contains at least one component with a) high tendency of complex formation and/or b) whose oxides and/or mixed oxides can be easily generated as a result of hydrolysis and/or oxidation in form of a highly porous substance with a large inner and outer solid-fluid-phase boundary.
9. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 8, wherein the active substance comprises one or more of the substances selected from the group comprising oxides and hydroxides of zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, tin, cerium, silicon, aluminium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, germanium, or their combinations.
10. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 9, wherein the fibrous material is a paper or a fiber-containing body of any shape.
11. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 10, wherein the fibrous material has been put under tension.
12. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 9, wherein the fibrous material is provided with a loading of additional light and/or heavy materials.
13. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 10, wherein the fibrous material is fixed to at least one or more devices selected from the group comprising float, anchor, buoy and holder and/or is fixed to at least one tensioning device which imposes tension on the fibrous material by mechanical traction, in particular through spring or rubber cord action.
14. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 11, wherein the fibrous material is a linear or plane fibrous product finished with particles and/or fibers activatable by field effects so that in the treated liquid, they are put under mechanical tension by at least one of the direct or indirect field effects gravitation, magnetism, electricity and solid elements lattice.
15. Fibrous products as defined in claim 14, wherein the mechanical tension in a gravitation field is at least partly created by buoyancy particles and/or settling particles.
16. Fibrous products as defined in claim 15, wherein the buoyancy particles and/or settling particles are internal and/or external components of the fibrous product substance or fixed to the fibrous products.
17. Fibrous products as defined in claim 14, wherein the mechanical tension is at least partly created by spring force and/or at least partly created by magnetic and/or electromagnetic fields.
18. Fibrous products as defined in anyone of claims 14 to 16, wherein the buoyancy particles or settling particles have one or more of the forms coating, particles, fibers, hollow bodies, bubble- and foam-like hollow bodies and hollow fibers.
19. Fibrous products as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 18, wherein the fibrous products contain sorbents.
20. Fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 19, wherein the fibrous material contains particles comprising humic acids, with the particles being produced by precipitation of humic acids having a reduced content of water-soluble components on a carrier material.
21. Process for the production of fibrous material as defined in claim 1 and claim 2, comprising the following procedures:

    i) production of a mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp comprising at least one fiber component which is coated and/or impregnated with at least one active substance, or will be coated and/or impregnated after the production of the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp having at least one active substance, or which does not include any active substance but is present in the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp together with at least one active substance by way of particles and/or of particles coated and/or impregnated with active substances,

    ii) mixing of the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp obtained according to step i) with at least one further mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp composed of at least one further fiber component having no active substance, or having the same active substance as the first fiber pulp but in another quantity, or having an active substance different from that of the first fiber pulp, and

    iii) production of fibrous material from that mixture of mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulps utilizing a method known per se.
22. Process as defined in claim 21, wherein the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp added to the mixture according to step ii) comprises an active substance in form of particles fixed onto the fibers, with the active substance being identical with or different from the active substance present on the fibers of the mainly aqueous pulp as per step i).
23. Process as defined in claim 21 or claim 22 for the production of fibrous material having at least one of the features c) and/or d) as defined in claim 1, comprising the following procedure:

    production of a mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp comprising at least one fiber component which is impregnated with at least one auxiliary agent having adhesive effect or which does not include any auxiliary agent but is present in the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp together with at least one dissolved auxiliary agent having adhesive effect and/or with particles coated or impregnated with an auxiliary agent having adhesive effect, with the option that at least one auxiliary agent component has active substance effects.
24. Process as defined in claim 23, wherein the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp added to the mixture in compliance with step ii) comprises an active substance in form of particles fixed onto the fibers, with the active substance being identical with or different from the active substance present on the fibers of the mainly aqueous pulp as per step i).
25. Process as defined in any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the mainly fiber-containing aqueous pulp added to the mixture in according to step ii) comprises particles being oxides and/or hydroxides of zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, tin, cerium, silicon, aluminium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten or germanium or their combinations, and wherein the active substance with which the fibers of the mainly aqueous pulp as per step i) are coated and/or impregnated is selected from the group comprising solid resins capable of ion absorption, liquid resins capable of ion absorption, humic substances, anorganic substances capable of ion absorption, anorganic substances capable of absorbing metals and metalloids and their compounds, lipophilic substances capable of removing oil spills resulting from averages, activated carbon, metals capable of forming amalgam, substances capable of forming disulphides, substances capable of forming mercaptides, organic substances capable of forming complexes with anorganic substances, hydroxides of low solubility, activated carbon particles, activated carbon fibers, activated carbons enriched with nitrogen, activated carbons enriched with carboxylate groups, activated carbons enriched with carboxylic acid groups, activated carbons enriched with sulphonate groups, activated carbons enriched with sulphonic acid groups, fulleren carbons and their derivates, zeolites, metal hydrides which chemically bond hydrogen to inter-metallic alloys, metallic zinc, hydrides from platinum group metals, oils, waxes or resins enriched with carboxylate groups, oils, waxes or resins enriched with carboxylic acid groups, mostly aliphatic high-boiling oils, immobilized enzymes, layer silicates, or their combinations.
26. Process as defined in any one of claims 21 to 24 for the production of fibrous products as defined in claim 12, wherein particles and/or fibers having a lower effective density than the treated liquid are added to these fibrous products, either during the production stage of the fiber pulps or after the production of the fibrous products, and wherein particles and/or fibers having a higher effective density than the treated liquid are added to these fibrous products, either during the production stage of the fiber pulps or after the production of the fibrous products, with the apparent densities of the particles and/or fibers being selected in such a way that the fibrous products, when immersed in the liquid, have an apparent density which is roughly equal to the density of the liquid to be treated.
27. Process as defined in any one of claims 21 to 24 for the production of fibrous products as defined in claim 12, wherein fibrous products containing a proportion of light components which are responsible for the floating of the fibrous products in the liquid to be treated (light fibrous products) are bonded in a manner known per se to a fibrous product containing a proportion of heavy components causing the sinking of the fibrous products in the liquid to be treated (heavy fibrous products).
28. Process as defined in any one of claims 21 to 24 for the production of fibrous products as defined in claim 1, wherein of the entire fiber and/or particle content of these fibrous products, at least one proportion present in form of fibers which are coated and/or impregnated with active substances and/or in form of particles which are coated and/or impregnated with active substances, has received its active substance coating and/or impregnation as a result of at least one chemical and/or physical reaction in the presence of an ambient fluid, said reaction not affecting or not in the same way affecting the other fiber and/or particle proportions, and wherein at least one of the following procedures is utilized, namely

    separation during the chemical and/or physical reaction of the fibers thus to be coated with active substances and/or of the particles to be coated with active substances from the fibers not thus to be coated with active substances and/or particles not to be coated with active substances and/or

    selection of different materials for the substance the fibers and/or particles are composed of, and selection of suitable reactive materials for the composition of the fibers to be coated with active substances and/or the particles to be coated with active substances during the chemical and/or physical reaction.
29. Process as defined in any one of claims 21 to 24 for the production of fibrous products as defined in claim 1, wherein the papers, fibrous materials and/or fiber-containing particles loaded with active substances comprise at least one of the components from the groups of papers, fibrous materials, fiber-containing particles, the pre-stages thereof, fiber suspensions, dehydrated fibers, the pre-stages thereof, loaded with at least one active substance as a result of separated process steps, and particles or fibers consisting mainly or fully of active substances.
30. Process for the production of fibrous materials as defined in any one of claims 21 to 29, wherein the papers, fibrous materials and fiber-containing shaped bodies, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 20 are produced

    by mixing at least two fiber components containing active substances,

    by mixing at least one fiber component containing active substances with at least one fiber component not containing active substances,

    by mixing at least one fiber component containing active substances and at least one particle component containing active substances

    by mixing at least one fiber component containing active substances and at least one particle component not containing active substances

    by mixing at least one fiber component not containing active substances and at least one particle component containing active substances,

    and wherein the fiber component and/or particle component may fully consist of active substances.
31. Process for the production of fiber-containing shaped bodies as defined in claim 10, wherein the production of the fiber-containing shaped bodies is done by refining and/or breaking papers and/or fibrous materials containing active substances and/or papers and/or fibrous materials not containing active substances, and by subsequently shaping them to form a new body.
32. Process for the production of fibrous products containing fibrous material as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 20, wherein the fibrous material is fixed to and/or embedded in commodity goods.
33. Use of fibrous materials as defined in any one of claims 1 to 20 in the food production, preparation of luxury foods, production of beverages, water softening, water purification, in particular purification of drinking water, ground water, pit water, waste water, bath water, service water, dumpsite water and surface water, removal of average oil from surface waters, industrial cleaning processes, in particular in the chemical industry, in the luxury foods and food industries, in the metalworking industry, for the remediation and securing of contaminated sites and hazardous waste sites, for the remediation and securing of abandoned landfills, for the decontamination of soils and sediments, in the exploitation of raw materials, for animal breeding, in particular fish farming, shell and pearl cultivation, crab cultivation, cultivation of shrimps and other crustaceans, for keeping domestic animals and indoor plants, in particular keeping aquarium fish, for animal breeding and animal fattening, horticulture, agriculture and exploitation of basic materials, metals, metalloids and precious metals, or for the purification or the better digestibility or taste of water, beverages or food.