EP1802233A1

EP1802233A1 - System for measuring physical performance and for providing interactive feedback

Info

Publication number: EP1802233A1
Application number: EP05797101A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Reed I. Hanoun
Original assignee: Mytrak Health System Inc
Current assignee: Mytrak Health System Inc
Priority date: 2004-10-22
Filing date: 2005-10-24
Publication date: 2007-07-04
Also published as: CA2587491C; CA2587472C; CA2587472A1; AU2005297378A1; EP1802234A1; EP1802233A4; WO2006042415A1; WO2006042420A1; AU2005297373A1; CA2587491A1; EP1802234A4

Abstract

A computerized exercise system provides total management of fitness data. The system can calculate a user's exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and provide the exercise intesity indication to the user. The system can be updated to include health and nutrition information, so that a performance target can be dynamically modified based on food that is consumed, or based on user performance. A feedback module can display an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity. A method of providing interactive feedback to an exerciser is also provided.

Description

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/620,679 filed October 22, 2004 entitled "Automated Human Performance System", as well as United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/680,474 filed May 13, 2005 entitled "Mytrack System", both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to human performance measurement. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system for health management.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As the baby boom market continues to age and obesity in all age groups continues to take center stage, health delivery services, in particular the exercise and wellness sectors are being called upon to adapt to the unique and sophisticated needs of the market Clearly, the trend in today's market is to maximize the benefits and efficiency of physical activity without spending countless hours at a gym. People are realizing that ultimate health should combine nutrition and lifestyle with a balanced exercise program for real, lasting results and improved physical well being, whether at work, home or play. Companies too are feeling the squeeze from employee obesity, workplace injuries, absenteeism and the overall state of ill health in the workplace.

Of the 100 million individuals In the United States that participate in exercise programs, over 80% fail to maintain a balanced long-term health program. They quickly become overwhelmed with the complexities of balancing dietary intake, nutrition, exercise activity and lifestyle, and thus fail to devote the necessary time and discipline needed to impact true and lasting health. Time is a very precious commodity today; as a result, people can be unwilling to devote the necessary time to the manual day-to-day management of a comprehensive health program. In most cases, individuals are left to their own motivation and planning in the development and execution of their health and exercise programs. Some facilities provide limited guidance once members join, but quickly dissolve that oπe-oπ-one personal management service.

Equipment sold today lacks the technology, objectivity, science and tracking to successfully associate the physical functions of exercise, the physiological outcomes of the body with the effectiveness of a well-balanced nutritional intake program. This leaves the user to experiment without any real objective, benchmark or tracked outcome, making it extremely difficult for users to reach and maintain optimum health.

When a person exercises, either at home or in a fitness club, they usually have some goal in mind, such as getting fitter, staying fit, increasing strength, loosing weight etc. To get the most benefit from exercise it is important that the user knows exactly what goal they have been set and how they are performing, both on an immediate real-time basis and over time. This leaves the exerciser with a number of key questions: How well have I done? How much energy did I exert and how many Calories did I burn? Did I perform well against my target or exercise program? What was my target? Did I do better this time, compared to last time or my historical data? Am I improving and progressing my fitness level? Exactly how fit am I?

To set goals and track fitness can require measuring how much energy a person has exerted during exercise, i.e. Calories, power and workload the muscles are performing while continuously monitoring heart rate against a training zone. The current method of establishing a person's absolute maximum performance on any given piece of exercise equipment is to get that person to exercise to exhaustion while measuring the parameters of interest: heart rate, oxygen consumption, weight lifted etc. This data provides an individual's maximum performance at that point in time i.e. the individual's 100% output or ability. However this may be only 60% of the standard for that individual's age or sex. Such standards (high, average, poor, etc) are available for aerobic fitness (VO2max) as established on a treadmill, bike, or step test and some physical performance tests.

This method, for most people, is impractical, since as you are improving in fitness, you would be required to re-take the tests to track any change in fitness level. While a person may feel that they have exercised well, and are improving, without some absolute measure of performance it is difficult to know for sure. Therefore a simpler, more practical way is required that measures performance against goals as the person is exercising, tracks fitness and progression and can be tailored to each individual. There are known approaches in which a counter is used to measure revolutions of a weight stack. A display portion of the system allows the user to log in using a PIN, providing exercise execution information such as seat and weight settings, target sets and reps, and rep counts. A computer can be provided in a fitness club, at which a user can observe the statistics based on the user's workout. Exercise machines are networked into a central database, and the system can be accessed on a workout floor, a staff computer workstation, or via the Internet. Staff can create workout templates and performance monitoring tools, and send members customized messages via the system. The performance monitoring allows staff to identify in real-time which members need assistance and provides targeted feedback to the staff. Progress reports and graphs are available to users. Non-machine activities such as jogging, swimming and fitness classes can be logged in to the system. Reports to management can also be generated that detail both member and staff demographic data.

While such known approaches provide computer-based solutions for fitness training, those solutions are essentially electronic versions of a performance card on which measured repetition and set data is stored and possibly compared to a target value. The feedback provided is minimal, and only provides information relating to targets for sets and repetitions, not in terms of overall health targets.

It is, therefore, desirable to provide a health management system, or human performance system, that overcomes some of the drawbacks of existing solutions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of previous health delivery services and health management systems.

Embodiments of the present invention utilize proprietary technologies and advanced scientific analysis to deliver a complete automated health management solution deployable to a plurality of health verticals.

Embodiments of the present invention will preferably provide users with automated, personalized health management while tracking, assisting, motivating and encouraging them to achieve the maximum results in less time. This automated technology and process can encompass many different areas, such as diet, nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle.

Using proprietary wireless technology, embodiments of the present invention can directly communicate tracked and measured outcome data to a Human Performance

Database, a database of human function and physical performance profile characteristics.

As described herein, embodiments of the present invention provide a human performance measurement/management system, and a method of operation and manufacture of that system, as well as a method of human performance evaluation, and a system for carrying out that method. These human performance systems and methods can be implemented as health management systems and methods.

In an aspect, the present invention provides a computerized exercise system including a storage means to store a plurality of user profiles and storage means. The system also includes a plurality of exercise machine modules each in communication with the storage means to receive a stored user profile from the central database. Each of the plurality of exercise machine modules includes: a sensor system for coupling to an exercise machine to measure user performance data; and an electronic controller, coupled to the sensor system, to calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and to provide the exercise intensity indication as feedback to the user.

In an embodiment, the exercise intensity indication comprises a display to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity. The system can further include an identification device for each user. The system can further include a computer in communication with, and to manage communication between, the storage means and the plurality of exercise machine modules. The computer can dynamically update the user profile according to a stored progression index in response to: the actual exercise intensity; a calculated fatigue rate; or a calculated exercise consistency coefficient. The system can include a caloric intake module to modify the user profile in response to caloric intake data. The sensor system can include a heart rate sensor to be worn by the user to collect heart rate data as part of the measured user performance data. The electronic controller can include means to determine a heart rate parameter in response to a comparison of measured heart rate data and the user profile, and to provide feedback to the user regarding heart rate based on the heart rate parameter. The electronic controller can include means to provide an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease heart rate.

The sensor system can include: an exercise machine sensor for mounting to a resistive element of the exercise machine; a pressure foil mechanism for mounting to a spinning exercise station between a plastic portion and a felt portion of a brake pad; an optical position sensor for mounting to a spinning exercise station to measure flywheel rotation and position; a position sensor for mounting to a weight stack to count wheel rotation; a force load cell for mounting to a cable system used to lift a weight stack; or a position sensor for mounting on top of a hydraulic piston to measure a stroke of the piston.

The computer can include a report module to provide a user-specific muscle group-based report based on the user profile. The computer can further include a health administration module to provide a trainer with global access to message flags and to provide a user with user-only access to user-specific message flags. In another aspect, the present invention provides an electronic controller for a computerized exercise system. The electronic controller includes a user identification unit to receive a user profile from a storage means. The electronic controller also includes a processor, in communication with the user identification unit and with a sensor system associated with an exercise machine, to calculate, exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, and to determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile. The electronic controller further includes a feedback module, in communication with the processor, to provide the exercise intensity indication to the user.

The feedback module of the electronic controller can display an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity. The identification unit can include an acquisition module to acquire a user identification and a transmitter to transmit the user identification to the storage means in order to obtain the user profile. The user profile can include a user-specific and machine-specific exercise profile, which can be dynamically generated in response to user-defined targets.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing interactive feedback to an exerciser including the following steps: calculating exercise intensity in response to measured user performance data; determining an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and a target exercise intensity stored in a user profile; and providing an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity based on the exercise intensity indication.

In a yet further aspect, the present invention provides a computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method described above.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a computerized feedback system for a hydraulic device including: a storage means to store a plurality of user profiles and machine profiles; and a plurality of hydraulic machine modules each in communication with the storage means to receive a stored user profile from the storage means. Each of the plurality of hydraulic machine modules includes: a sensor system for coupling to a hydraulic machine, such as a hydraulic exercise machine, to measure user performance data; and an electronic controller, coupled to the sensor system, to calculate physical exertion, or physical workload, intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine a physical exertion intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated physical exertion intensity and the user profile, and to provide the physical exertion intensity indication as feedback to the user. The sensor system can include a sensor, such as a position sensor, for mounting on a hydraulic piston of the hydraulic machine to measure a stroke of the piston. The measurement can be based on a measured piston displacement and on piston parameters, such as a chemical property of an oil used in the piston, and other physical parameters relating to orifice size, force required to move oil through the piston orifice, etc.

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:

Fig. 1 is a block and flow diagram of a system of embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 illustrates a display module of an electronic controller according to an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a single device model of an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 illustrates a user-specific body balance report, or overall body summary, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 5 illustrates a user-specific exercise messaging report according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 6 illustrates a user-specific workout report according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 7 illustrates a user-specific cardiovascular performance report according to an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 8 illustrates a user-specific strength report according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a multiple device model of an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 10 illustrates an inbox screen of the health admin module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 11 illustrates an admin results screen of the health admin module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 12 is a detailed block diagram of a multiple device model of another embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 13 is a block diagram of a multiple clubs model of an embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 14 illustrates a system according to an embodiment of the present invention including a hydraulic cylinder having a hydraulic cylinder sensor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Generally, the present invention provides a computerized exercise system for total management of fitness data. The system can calculate a user's exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and provide the exercise intensity indication to the user. The system can be updated to include health and nutrition information, so that a performance target can be dynamically modified based on food that is consumed, or based on user performance. A feedback module can display an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity. A method of providing interactive feedback to an exerciser also provided.

While some known systems can count repetitions and sets, and possibly compare the data with a baseline level, such systems do not provide any indication of a level of exertion or human performance for a particular user when performing the repetitions and sets observed. There is no analysis, data management, or feedback in known systems. The present invention provides additional analysis tools, and provides information on energy exerted, calories burned, and many other useful parameters not provided by the known systems. It can be described as relating to automated monitoring of exercise equipment and the calculation or estimation of an individual energy output during the use of this equipment. In other words, known systems provide tracking of fitness data while the present invention provides total management of fitness data. Though embodiments will be described in relation to fitness and exercise machines, the present invention can be used to measure physical performance on any machine or device requiring physical exertion, and compare a measured value with a performance target.

An embodiment of the present invention measures a person's physical exertion via a machine on which the exertion is being made, in such a way that it can be compared with a performance target. The system can be updated to include health and nutrition information, so that the performance target can be modified based on food that is consumed. Software can be used to automatically update the performance targets based on nutrition information.

In discussing embodiments of the present invention, the following terms will advantageously be used. A user profile, or user-specific physical performance profile, includes stored information relating to a user's physical performance targets or goals (or exercise/fitness goals, including a target performance index value), user-specific fitness/health data (body's energy burn rate, caloric intake data, etc.) as well as user performance data. A storage means can store a plurality of user profiles, as well as machine profiles. A machine-specific and user-specific training exercise, and/or settings for a machine-specific user-specific training exercise, can be dynamically generated based on a user profile and a machine profile in the storage means.

Fig. 1 is a block and flow diagram of a computerized exercise system 100 of an embodiment of the present invention. The system 100 can preferably include an identification device 102 for each user, and includes a storage means 104 to store a plurality of user profiles and performance data. The identification device 102, such as an RFID tag, can be a microchip device worn by the user on wrist or chest. It preferably integrates and communicates with an optional Heart Rate detection system. The identification device, or user identifier, 102 actuates, or activates, each exercise station's processor, in particular a data acquisition intelligence system. Alternatively, each user can have a unique personal identification number (PIN) to enter at each exercise station. The storage means 104 can be implemented as a central database or databank, in which case it acts as the main system of data collection and data management. In a preferred embodiment, data stored in the storage means 104 is centrally accessible, even in the case where the storage means comprises a plurality of physical storage devices. This provides an option of distributed storage. The terms "central database" and "databank" in this description are used interchangeably with "storage means", and represent a means for storage of data, from which the data is centrally accessible. Information can be collected and stored in the databank and managed by, or on behalf of, each user as needed. The databank can collect information from as many local PCs as deployed. The databank can contain, for example, the following information: historical workout results; exercise programs, human performance physical profiles, training activity, achieved results, dietary information and various predictive analysis and algorithms. Other information can additionally be included, such as exercise machine profiles. This databank can also contain proprietary, scientific and mathematical formulas for calculating the various performance intensity factors for each member. The system 100 tracks individual performance of each user. Each user is preferably automatically identified as they commence use of an exercise device. The computer system can also recall a program that has been previously established for that user and appropriately adjust the visual or other output display of the system to allow the user to monitor his own progress and perform at a desired personal level. In this way, each piece of exercise equipment is effectively customized for the individual user and the system tracks the individual's performance. To describe it in another way, there are two main parts to the system: a storage means, such as a central communications server, or database or computer; and individual components attached to each machine, or exercise machine modules. In an embodiment, data can be transmitted between any number of machine devices and the storage means by way of RFID tags which are assigned to each member. The member can activate each machine by waving the tag in front of the machine component. The user's profile is then acquired.

Referring back to Fig. 1, a plurality of exercise machine modules 108 are each in communication with the central database 104 via a communications network 106 to receive a stored user profile from the central database. In this example, the communications network can be implemented as an Ethernet link. While only one exercise machine module 108 is shown in Fig. 1 for simplicity of illustration, in practice the system 100 includes a plurality of exercise machine modules 108, as will be described and illustrated later. Each of the exercise machine modules 108 includes: a sensor system, or physical performance detection system, 110; and an electronic controller 112.

The sensor system 110 preferably includes an exercise machine sensor, for coupling to an exercise machine, preferably to a resistance element thereof, to measure performance data. For example, the sensor system 110 can include a sensor, such as a load cell mounted onto an exercise station weight stack, to continuously measure the force used for each repetition for each exercise. The sensor system can also include an encoder or potentiometer to be mounted on the exercise station and used to measure distance moved for each repetition. By adding various sensors to exercise devices such as bikes, treadmills, weight lifting machines, the system of the present invention is able to measure, calculate and provide feedback to users based on their degree of effort and desired goals.

The electronic controller 112 is coupled to the sensor system 110, to determine or calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to compare the calculated exercise intensity with the user profile; and to provide feedback to the user regarding exercise intensity based on a comparison of measured performance data and the stored user profile. The exercise controller 112 can alternatively be described as being coupled to the sensor system 110 to calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine an exercise intensity indicator or parameter based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and to provide the exercise intensity indication as feedback to the user. The electronic controller 112 can include a user identification unit 114 to receive a user profile from a central database 104. The user identification unit 114, or data acquisition intelligence system, can read or otherwise receive a user identifier, such as from an identification device 102, e.g. an RFID tag. As such, the system of the invention can be described as including an identification module to receive a user profile from a storage means in response to a received user identification. The electronic controller 112 can also include a processor 116, in communication with the user identification unit 114 and with the sensor system 110 associated with the exercise machine, to calculate exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, and to determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile. The electronic controller 112 can also include a feedback module 118, such as a display, in communication with the processor 116, to provide the exercise intensity indication to the user. In other words, this device includes the intelligence to identify and communicate to the feedback system, while measuring the physiological and physical function of the body.

In the processor 116, a data acquisition intelligence system can be implemented as a card that tracks all performance data including force, distance, time, heart rate, etc. The processor 116 preferably includes a memory with firmware or software comprising sequences and instructions to determine exercise intensity and workload. The processor can control various LED lights on the feedback module 118, which can be implemented as a digital feedback unit, or display unit. The processor 116 can also communicate data to a computer 120. The computer 120 can be implemented as a central computer, or in a distributed manner where the functions of the computer can be considered as centrally controlled, or centrally available. The processor 116 can also track and communicate heart rate data.

Although the system 100 has particular application for retrofitting with existing equipment, it can also be used with (or alternatively integrated in) new equipment. Furthermore, although the system is described with respect to the addition of sensors to existing resistance elements on the exercise equipment, new resistance elements can be added which include the sensors as part thereof. Obviously, the retrofit application provides a cost advantage.

In an example of implementation, a user would wear a heart rate belt and scan an RFID tag, or user identifier 102, in front of the electronic controller 112. Based on the downloaded user profile, the electronic controller 112 downloads a unique set of data tables specifically designed for that user, and provides an indication based on the data tables of how much weight the user should be lifting. While the user is exercising, the electronic controller can show the user's range of motion for the muscles, calculate how much energy the user has exerted, and can count down the repetitions based on the number of repetitions that have already been done.

The processor 116 comprises the necessary intelligence to vary the prescribed programming to continuously challenge the user to perform at their unique maximum capability while ensuring safety. At the end of each exercise session, the electronic controller 112 preferably automatically sends all tracked and collected outcome data to the central computer 120 for immediate reporting.

Electronic Controller Feedback Based on Exercise Intensity

The electronic controller (EC) 112 is the communication bridge that turns the mechanical functionality of the exercise equipment into an intelligent and automated personal coach that understands the needs, tracks the performance, monitors the heart and advises the user in real-time. Data is continuously received from one or more sensors mounted onto the exercise station and is processed by the processor 116 in real¬ time. The sensor(s) can be mounted to the exercise system's resistance device. Preferably, data is also received from a heart rate device worn by the user, and is processed by the processor 116 in real-time. The EC collects this sensor data, calculates exercise exertion, and tracks time, velocity, acceleration, load, power, and energy. The EC automatically provides feedback, preferably as a visual display showing different degrees of physical performance intensity, or exercise intensity. This can be implemented with a set of glowing lights ranging from red to yellow to green, or some combination of two or more colors representing the amount of energy being expended as compared to the amount of energy specified in the personal training program. The objective for the user is to train and keep a measured physical performance intensity, or workout intensity, in the target intensity zone, based on the user profile. Similarly, if heart rate monitoring is used, the user aims to keep a measured heart rate in a target heat rate zone, based on their age and desired training outcome.

Fig. 2 illustrates a display module of an electronic controller 112 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The feedback module 118, or display, preferably includes an LED light bar for display of user performance, or outcome summaries. The display can include an indication of one or more of the following parameters: prescribed workout intensity; prescribed target heart rate; achieved heart rate; achieved workout intensity. The feedback module can also indicate information such as time, reps, sets, load, power, or any other piece of data that is measured by the sensor(s), or is derivable from the measured data. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, the feedback module 118 includes a physical performance feedback indicator, or exercise intensity indicator, 122, which provides user- specific feedback on physical performance or exercise intensity based on a comparison of measured user performance and a stored user target. A heart rate performance feedback indicator 124 can similarly provide user-specific feedback on heart rate based on a comparison of measured user heart rate and a stored user target heart rate.

When one of the intensity, or energy, indicators flashes green, this indicates that the user has reached the target energy burn rate, or is training at the appropriate intensity level required to achieve the desired weight loss/gain goals. If the user were wearing a heart rate monitor, the heart rate would be displayed on the electronic controller. While it can be preferable to remain at the "green" level, all that is necessary to achieve what was desired from a particular exercise is to reach the "green" level. Once the level is reached, the user can stop the exercise, even if the user has not completed all of the sets of repetitions recommended. This LED feedback indicates to the user to increase, decrease or sustain the current level of workout in order to reach the desired goals.

An information display 126 can provide additional information to the user. For example, when a heart rate measure indicator 128 is activated, the information display can indicate an actual measured heart rate value, such as a numeric value. When a repetitions, or reps, indicator 130 is activated, the information display can indicate a number of repetitions performed by the user. When neither of those two indicators is activated, the information display 126 can advantageously indicate to the user, at the end of a workout on that station, which station number to proceed to next according to the user-specific exercise program. The same information display can also display a number of sets performed by the user. A range of motion indicator 132 indicates a range of motion value based on measured user performance. As shown in Fig. 2, the range of motion indicator can be implemented as a progressive indicator, showing a portion or percentage of range of motion achieved. Alternatively, the range of motion could be displayed as a numerical percentage in the information display 126.

The electronic controller is installed on the exercise machine, preferably so that it is in the user's view when using the machine. The electronic controller is also preferably attached to the exercise machine in an adjustable manner, such that the user can adjust the controller to a height and angle that is appropriate for the particular user. A sensor or sensors are mounted in an appropriate location based on the type of machine, such as at a weight stack for a weight stack machine. While the user is exercising, the system performs an analysis to determine whether the user is meeting the target in the user's unique profile. The system calculates the amount of energy, time, or any other parameter relating to human performance and processes that data on board on each exercise computer, at the exercise equipment. The user is given real-time feedback with respect to global amounts of energy. The indication is preferably provided by way of three indications: red, yellow and green. The user is encouraged to "go for green" which means that the user's body is training at the proper intensity determined by the user's profile. If the indicated performance level is not green, this indicates that the user is not performing optimally and there is at least one area of improvement.

Brief Example of Application

As members join a computerized exercise system of the present invention, they are preferably issued their own personal ID and preferably a heart rate belt. A user's customized profile is stored in a central database, and preferably includes desired goals and a training program, as well as user performance data. This training program is formulated based on the caloric burn, caloric intake and anticipated weight gain/loss expectation for that member. This information is typically provided by the member/user. Software performing a method according to an embodiment of the present invention preferably establishes a unique Performance Index (Pl), a value of energy burn ranging from 1 to 1000 that the user is required to perform at in order to achieve the expected weight gain/loss goals. A Pl of 1000 represents the highest level of physical performance, reflective of a professional athlete. A method of the present invention includes calculating Pl based on desired fitness goals, such as caloric burn, caloric intake, weight gain/loss expectations, etc. In other words, a global user training program can be generated based on targets, the targets not including Pl, but the training program including Pl. The information collected during each exercise is then included in the user profile.

The user can activate the profile at a kiosk by logging in using an RFID tag, thereby launching the user's profile. The system of the present invention combines fitness programs, goal setting, real-time feedback, fitness progress tracking and automatic goal setting. The system preferably uses a unique measure - Performance Index (Pl) - that standardises the energy a person uses when exercising across any piece of exercise equipment. An instantaneous Pl level can also be calculated that will indicate if the user is currently performing at the proper level and a predictive Pl that would indicate if the final Pl will be achieved if the exercise is continued at the current rate. Also, a Pl value for each movement, or stroke, of an exercise can be calculated. A method of the present invention includes calculating an exercise program profile and parameters based on Pl. Another method of the present invention includes characterizing a machine-specific exercise program according to Pl.

Single Device Model In-Club/In-Home

There are various possible implementations of embodiments of the present invention. Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a single device model of an embodiment of the present invention. The implementation of Fig. 3 can be used for in-home use, as well as in-club use. This embodiment can offer significant value to the unsupervised home exercise market. A user can simply connect an exercise machine module 108 to their own home computer, which acts as computer 120. Because of physical proximity, instead of using wireless communication, the exercise machine module can be connected to the computer using a universal serial bus (USB) connection; in some instances, this option can save time, and/or reduce the development and production cost of each system. The user can logon to the proprietary Human Performance Databank™, or storage means 104, using the Internet, or some other communications network 106, to receive vital instructions for administration and management of their complete health program. A monthly access fee can provide each user with unlimited on-line access 24 hours per day. The following paragraph enumerates a general overview of an exemplary implementation of the single device application of an embodiment of the present invention, such as the one shown in Fig. 3.

1. User wears a heart rate belt or wrist band.

2. User logs onto Human Performance Database through the internet 3. The station then calls from the internet the most current user profile, including target heart rate, target load, speed, time etc (in most cases, this data will be resident on the home computer).

4. The data is then uploaded through an internet connection to the station.

5. The user is prompted by a light on the station or by a message on the computer screen that the system is ready for use.

6. The user starts their workout activity and attempts to turn on the green light (or green screen).

7. The system will measure the force, time, sets, reps etc, through the load cell and encoder and calculate the workout intensity. Since this is done on a single station, it can either be done using firmware or directly by the computer. 8. The station will turn on various LED lights (Screen) based on the calculated workout intensity. A solid green LED bar shows the user is working at 100% of the prescribed intensity. Solid red LED (Screen) means the user is not. (A scale to determine the intensity of workouts). 9. The system also tracks the user's heart rate and turns on the necessary

LED lights (Screen) to show where the heart rate is compared to target.

10. The user uses these LED queues to alter their workout intensity for each rep.

11. When the user is done, they move to the next exercise prompted by the computer.

12. At the completion the exercise session, the user reviews the progress reports.

When compared to Fig. 1, the system shown in Fig. 3 includes additional functionality, shown as additional modules in communication with the storage means 104. In general, Fig. 3 shows that data review and analysis performed by a system of the present invention can be based, in addition to information in the human profiles and performance databank, on measured values, goals, actual intake, actual diet, food intake, diet plan, an other activity. Some of these aspects will now be described in further detail.

Automatic update of goals based on performance

In an embodiment, the system of the present invention includes dynamic, or automatic, modification or updating of a goal or target based on measured performance results. The system includes a measurement module 134 for extracting measured user performance data from the storage means or central database 104 and for comparing the measured data with the stored target data. For example, the data in question can be a Performance Index (Pl). The calculation of such a performance index is described in the inventor's commonly-assigned PCT Application No. entitled

"Method of Characterizing Physical Performance" filed of even date herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference. If the measured data shows that the measured Pl value meets a target Pl value, the target Pl value can be increased slightly so that the user is set to improve when coming for the next workout. The update or modification of the goal, or target, can be performed by an automatic goal update module 136. The amount by which the goal, such as a Pl value, is increased is determined by a stored progression index, which is preferably stored in a memory accessible by, or within, the automatic goal update module 136. The progression index can be a percentage by which the Pl value, or any other value, is increased if the user reaches a target, or is decreased if the user fails to reach the target. Although any suitable value can be used and modified by the user, a presently preferred progression index value is about 10%.

Besides providing automatic updating of goals, the system can also provide the user the ability to manually modify parameters of an exercise, such as: weight, repetitions, and target performance index for that particular exercise. This user modification can be performed a user-accessibie profile edits module 138, which can be accessed via a web management module 140. The profile edits module, or training module, can include relevant information on exercise programs as developed and managed. It can include personal information on the user as well as desired goals and objectives. The section can include critical data forming the cornerstone of health management information. Access to the module can be provided to various users based on security privileges as defined by the system or by the member. A global target, such as a global performance index, is then preferably automatically updated based on any manual user modification or change to specific exercise parameters. The global Pl preferably cannot be changed directly by the user.

The web management module, or web site, 140 can preferably be the interface used to manage all information gathered from all the various systems and users. It can feature various user interfaces for members, personal trainers, physicians, and other professionals based on the assigned security privileges. From this main system, users can be prompted to and provided with the ability to manage, accept, and modify various health information gathered and tracked by the system.

Integration of caloric intake with exercise program

Known systems do not provide a way for a user to easily integrate dietary intake with an exercise program. The system of the present invention, in one embodiment, provides a caloric intake module 142, which can include modules to receive and store information relating to diet and/or intake. Meal consumption and caloric intake information can thus be entered into the same system that tracks fitness. As a result, the user performance targets, or fitness targets, for the individual can be dynamically modified based on meal consumption. The modified profile based on the updated caloric intake can then be sent to the health club or the communication module system and the user profile is updated accordingly.

Therefore, tomorrow's workout can be customized based on food consumed today and the workout can even be customized within the same day, given that the updated information can be transferred almost immediately and the user profile will be updated accordingly. As a result, the fitness program can always ensure that the user is burning off more calories than are being taken in. The total caloric intake can preferably be updated on a periodic basis, such as at the end of each day, and can preferably be based on knowledge of the user's caloric burn rate. A caloric value database that interacts with the web module of the system of the present invention preferably includes caloric values relating to different types of food, which the user can select when entering the meal consumption, such as by a drop-down menu. That way, the user does not need to have knowledge of calories associated with particular food types and amounts.

From home or office, the user can connect to a website module and enter their dietary intake. Software in, or in communication with, the caloric intake module calculates the caloric impact on the overall training program and analyzes the impact on weight gain/weight loss based on tracked training proficiency. On subsequent workouts, the software utilizes this revised profile and only activates the LED light feedback system based on the new modified work intensity requirement. This cycle of objectively documenting intake and associating it to measured output will not only enhance user compliance, but substantially improve the ability for the user to achieve their fitness goals.

The software can provide predictive analysis on various weight gain and weight loss scenarios for 30 days, 90 days, 6 months, one year and longer, based on observed dietary intake and activity intensity. The software recommends changes to future dietary intake and training intensity. Having access to dietary intake information can allow the predictive engine to forecast both the short and long-term impact on the users physical condition and associated physical risks. The predictive engine can be implemented as a predictive profiles module 144, as shown in Fig. 3.

The predictive profiles module, or prediction system module, can be used by the member to analyze and determine weight gain/ loss scenarios based on measured and observed outcomes. Various algorithms and scientific principles can be utilized in determining the validity and effectiveness of various exercise training programs and to make the necessary recommendations to the user for change. A key prediction component can be determined by the measure of physical activity in comparison to the desired goals and objectives of the training program. Based on such measurements, the system can advise the user of the anticipated time of progress to achieve the desired goals.

Fatigue & Variance

When exercising, a user typically experiences fatigue. However, known systems do not provide the user with any indication of whether the amount of fatigue being experienced is normal. There is similarly no indication of whether the user is being consistent with respect to energy expended during a workout. Inconsistency and unusual fatigue are signs that a user's exercise program is not suitable and needs to be changed. Embodiments of the present invention provide the ability to dynamically modify a user- specific exercise program based on measured fatigue and/or variance. A fatigue and variance module 146 is shown in Fig. 3 as being in communication with the central database 104, and having access to the measured user performance data. While this module is shown as a single module, the two functions can be implemented separately. With respect to fatigue calculation, this can be determined in relation to the calculated energy per repetition and any variation there has been between energy per stroke by observing the slope of a line showing the energy expended. This shows whether the person is exerting more energy continuously or losing more energy continuously. In a normal healthy individual training at the full intensity, a strength loss rate of about 10 % is expected.

A coefficient of variance, which is a measure of consistency, illustrates how consistently the repetitions were performed. If energy is increasing or decreasing but the consistency is not there, the user is not trying their best. The system looks at the relationship between consistency and fatigue, with ideal values being a fatigue of about 10 % and a consistency variation of about 0 %. Within each set, the system can collect data relating to each individual stroke. In an embodiment, each stroke in an exercise (or individual exercise movement) can be summarized, with its distance, position, range of motion, energy, fatigue, heart rate, and performance. At the end of each stroke, an intensity parameter, such as a performance index (Pl), is calculated. A summary Pl is also calculated for each set. A personal trainer can use this data to communicate with the user and identify areas that need to be worked on. The system can preferably automatically update a user profile based on stored settings relating to fatigue and variance.

A reports module 148 is also provided in communication with the web management module 140. The reports module can generate user-specific reports based on information from the central database 104, as well as the measurement module 134, the caloric intake module 142, and the fatigue/variance module 146. Additional modules can include the ability to create custom statistics and measured outcome for published research. The reports module 148 will now be described in further detail.

Reports Module / Kiosk The system preferably includes a reports module, or kiosk, 148 to generate and provide access to user-specific reports based on measured user performance. In physical implementation, the reports module, or kiosk, 148 can be provided at the computer 120. In the following description, the kiosk will be described separately, partly since the system can include a plurality of kiosks. The computer 120 centrally manages all data and communicates with all ECs in the system, preferably using wireless technology. The user has the option to login at the kiosk 148 before starting an exercise routine and accept the workout program modified by the system based on results from the previous workout, the amount of consumed calories and the desired goals and objectives. Once completed, the kiosk 148 sends the revised exercise profile to the various EC units for each exercise. At the end of the workout the individual approaches the kiosk, activating the reporting system for outcome summary of measured performance in comparison to their pre-established goals and objectives. A one-page graphical report can be generated, so that the user can evaluate their performance and make the necessary modifications to their exercise routines.

The kiosk software can include various equipment setup parameters and can be used for organizing the various equipment inventories in any club and associating them to various software parameters. All stations are preferably initially characterized prior to first use. The section can include, for example: Equipment calibration screens; Product registration screens; Equipment ID and Data Acquisition Units association screen; Facility setup screen; and Protocol and communication setup screens. The kiosk software can also include various personal setup screens for entering all personal data including, for example: User personal setup screens; Medical clearance questionnaires and signoff; Various security log-in privileges for other users; Customized exercise program screens; Baseline testing and goal setting screen, anticipated trends; and Battery of standardized templates for creating training programs. At the beginning and / or completion of any workout, the user or the individual responsible for the user can print various progress reports, manage and create training programs, and enter dietary information. At the end of each workout, the user can have the option to print various progress reports to review effectiveness of the workout. Reports can be summarized in relation to established baseline and planned goals and objectives and can include, for example: One page summary of current workout results (prints automatically at end of workout); and two to three page summary of any number of workouts (user defined data range).

In an embodiment, the report module, or reporting engine, 148 can automatically provide these results on-line or to other communication devices including personal digital assistant (PDA), Cell Phone or by email, such as in PDF (portable document format) file format, or any other suitable data format for any other device capable of data communications. Suitable protocols can be used to enable communication between the modules.

Fig. 4 illustrates a user-specific body balance report, or overall body summary, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The body balance summary 150 looks at the overall energy that was exerted from all the various workouts and matches that to the muscle groups based on the machines that were used. An overall summary of the muscles is provided based on whether the user was in the red, yellow or green zones during the exercise. This reporting result covers all cumulative information for all exercises, and provides an overall indication of how the user has been doing, such as for the last 30 days.

A female / male figure is labelled with muscle group exercise indicators 152 showing the major muscle groups used during a user's workout. Each muscle group exercise indicator 152 preferably includes an indication of a user-specific muscle-specific exercise intensity, such as by displaying different colours. A green colour on the muscle group indicates the user have worked that muscle sufficiently to meet the target value, or Pl value, and will gain maximum health / fitness benefits from that exercise. A yellow colour indicates the muscles were not sufficiently exercised to receive maximum health / fitness benefits. A red color indicates this muscle group was not exercised and will receive no health / fitness benefits from that workout. The female / male figure indicates where deficiencies and muscle imbalances are occurring in workouts. It is easy to focus on the muscle groups that we enjoy working out the most or that give us the best training adaptation but the body balance chart should redirect our attention to real work that needs to be done. Muscular strength imbalances can set you up for injuries or poor performance. The user can use this chart to consistently keep on track. The system also includes a weight graph or line 154 that allows the system to modify the body type and shape based on the user's Body Mass Index, body weight, body type and actual measurements of individual body parts. This can be a user interface to the predictive profiles module 144 as previously described in relation to Fig. 3. This provides an indication of how the body can change when the user gains and loses weight, and gives a quick illustration of what the user will look like. The body summary is also provided as a percentage of the target human performance as well as with a zone indication, such as a colour. The percentage is an efficiency percentage based on the target for that user. The green zone can be defined by percentages of about 66 % to about 100 % or greater. Fig. 5 illustrates a user-specific exercise messaging report 156 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Messages, or flags, are used to provide further information on an area requiring improvement, such as what is being done wrong or what can be improved. The user-specific exercise messaging report can also be referred to as a flags summary, with a flag representing a message or alert. The report screen as shown in Fig. 5 can include a message listing area 158 where basic (or header) data is displayed reporting all messages for that user, and a message display area 160, where text of a selected message can be viewed, and message handling options are made available. From the flag summary, the user can see all of the indications, or flags, that the system has generated for the user. This can include whether the user is training too hard, too soft, or not fast enough. The system identifies the problem areas and preferably sends a text message to the user identifying the problem areas. The flags are sent to the user's profile at a kiosk, and can alternatively be sent via email, text message or other messaging system so that the user an access the message from home, from the office, etc. The user can acknowledge and delete a message. The user can alternatively indicate that assistance is needed, in which case the message will be forwarded to a personal trainer. In this way, the My Flags section is a communication module between the system of the present invention, the user and the personal trainer.

The table below provides some exemplary flag types, and possible messages or recommendations to accompany the flag, or indication.

Fig. 6 illustrates a user-specific workout report 162 according to an embodiment of the present invention. If the user wants to know specifically how the workout went, the user can log into a My Workout Result module shown in Fig. 6. This module provides a real, full summary of the workout by date. The user can observe results, trends, and compare these with the goals that were set for each day.

The user is assigned a scale and the intention is to progressively increase the scale over time. The system sets the scale to be a numeric value, measures the person's workout and provides a number for the target and the workout result. If the system determines that the user was not able to achieve the goal that was set, the goal is automatically and dynamically decreased for the next workout, to make it less challenging for the user. The system will continually reduce the target if the user repeatedly cannot achieve the target that is set. The system monitors the user's performance and increases or decreases the target based on the results. The user can also manually change the target performance index goal. An overall scale is provided based on the average of the user's performance and the average of the PIs overall.

By selecting a particular day's workout, the user can access information regarding specific workouts on specific machines. The machine-specific information shows the measured performance and the target performance for each of the machines. The system includes the ability to change the weight and number of reps in the profile, providing the user with full control over those features and parameters.

Fig. 8 illustrates a user-specific strength report 164 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The "My Strength" module provides a report as in Fig. 8, showing an indication of the total energy expended by the user. This module provides information relating to each muscle group, rather than relating the results to each machine. The system can consolidate the exercise from each of the machines into different muscle groups based on stored information relating to the muscle groups being exercised by each machine. The user can observe the overall muscle performance for different muscle groups, such as triceps, biceps, thighs, hamstring, back, etc. The module also can provide a visual indication, such as a pie chart, that shows each of the muscle groups and the proportion of exertion. By clicking on a particular muscle group, the user can observe by date the energy expended on that particular muscle group. This provides a useful overall, global snapshot of performance.

Fig. 7 illustrates a user-specific cardiovascular performance report 162 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The "My Cardio" module provides cardiovascular information, such as shown in Fig. 7, which would be collected by a heart rate monitor. The heart rate monitor measures the heart rate and the system tracks the amount of time that the heart rate was below the desired target zone, within the desired target zone, and above the desired target zone. For each day, there should be red, yellow and green portions in the graph, such as a cylinder, and ideally a larger proportion of the time is spent within the desired target zone. The system calculates a target heart rate zone with a lower limit and upper limit based on measured heart rate and age. The system also provides indications of the desired heart rate level for different types of exercise. Multiple Device Model / Commercial Club Applications

For commercial workout facilities, such as commercial health clubs, embodiments of the present invention can service the existing demand for improved outcomes, personal one-on-one training and automated health management. This technology can provide users with an overall enhanced fitness experience, along with the added benefits of real workout performance coaching and results.

Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a multiple device model of an embodiment of the present invention. In the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 9, the workout facility shows a plurality of exercise machine modules 108 that are in communication with a computer

120, which is in turn in communication with the storage means 104 and other data review and analysis tools, as described in relation to Fig. 3. Fig. 9 also illustrates that a plurality of users can simultaneously, or substantially simultaneously, access the web management module 140 in order to access the various data review and analysis modules.

The following paragraph enumerates a general overview of an exemplary implementation of the multiple device, or commercial club, application of an embodiment of the present invention, such as shown in Fig. 9.

1. User wears heart rate belt or wrist band with unique micro chip ID system or uses a smart card to communicate to the station.

2. The station then calls to the main computer the most current user profile, including target heart rate, target load, speed, time etc.

3. The data is then uploaded through wireless connection to the station.

4. The user is prompted by a light on the station that the system is ready for use.

5. The user starts their workout activity and attempts to turn on the green light.

6. The system will measure the force, time, sets, reps etc, through the load cell and encoder and calculate the necessary workout intensity. This should be done using system firmware to provide instant LED feedback of the measured intensity. The station will turn on various LED lights based on the calculated workout intensity. A solid green LED bar shows the user is working at 100% of the prescribed intensity. A solid red LED means the user is not.

7. The system also tracks the user heart rate and turns on the necessary LED lights to show where the heart rate is compared to target. 8. The user uses these LED queues to alter their workout intensity for each rep.

9. When the user is done, they move to the next exercise station.

10. At the completion the activity, the data collected is then sent back to the main computer for processing.

In particular embodiments, 1 to 250 users may be doing the same cycle at one time. In some commercial applications, up to 50 stations may communicate to the main club computer simultaneously, or substantially simultaneously. Potentially, millions of ID chips may be used all with unique ID for each person. Companies, more then ever are feeling the pressure from an aging employee population. At work, access to embodiments of the present invention would enable employees to gain the full benefits of health and exercise programs in the convenience of the workplace. Employers can optionally have access to tracked outcomes including system utilization, compliance and physical improvement reporting. This would allowing an employer to, for the first time, develop effective compliance and incentive programs for improved employee health, thus increased productivity and overall profitability.

Health Admin Module

Fig. 9 also illustrates a health admin module 166, which can generate and provide access to data from a plurality of users and a plurality of exercise machine stations. The health admin module 166, alternatively referred to as a health club module or personal trainer module, can display all of the active users in the health club as well as the machine that they are currently using, along with an indication of that user's past interactions with that particular piece of equipment. By selecting a particular user, a list of generated flags for that user is displayed to the health club module. The flags also preferably include a description of the cause of the flag. A trainer can go into one of the flag messages, and modify the message and send it to the user. As such, the personal trainer is given an opportunity to customize the message prior to sending to the user, and to include recommendations based on the observed performance as well as the personal trainer's knowledge of that user and the user's history. Once a flag is sent to a particular user, that flag is deleted from the health club module under that user's name and is now transferred now to the user profile, as well as by email or other messaging means if selected. This module enables two-way communication between the health club staff and the member. Messages can be sent directly to the user, to the personal trainer before being sent to the user, to the user with a delay period, and/or any variation of these or other delivery options. Each flag can have different default delivery parameters. The system also displays results for each member. This information includes the actual exercise sets that the user performed, including the type, muscle group, duration, range of motion, repetitions, energy burned, a fatigue percentage, a consistency percentage, and/or a peak heart rate or any other similar parameter. Fig. 10 illustrates an inbox screen 168 of the health admin module according to an embodiment of the present invention. The screen, or user interface or module, displays all flags and messages for all members in the system. The date range filters them by attendance date rage selected. Any member with an icon next to their name indicates they have attended the club within the date range filter. "Present Attendee" filters only those members that are actively working out on any of the stations. These flags might have been generated by the system or by any club staff. Each member may have more than one flag. These flags are yet to be sent out to the member. Each message has a delay feature in days. Also flags that a client has received and then requested assistance to resolve that flag will appear in this first screen. If an admin user clicks on any particular member's name in the multi coloured list of flags, the admin user will get a list of flags specific to that member. These will appear in the text box immediately below. These are the specific flag descriptions and recommendations as created by the system of the present invention. The "Recipient" field indicates who the message was sent to. In the "Status" field, one of two words will appear here, either "Created" or "Auto".

The "Created" description indicates that the system automatically generated this flag based on a user's previous workout performance and it is waiting to be sent out. If a personal trainer has added to the message created by the system based on the data they have reviewed from your last workout their name will appear in the far right column (sender). Otherwise the word "Auto: will appear, meaning the system automatically generated this message.

"Assist"- This means the member, in addition to the flag message that has been sent has requested further assistance. This option appears every time a flag has been generated and sent to their workout summary at the kiosk. "Description"- This is the title given to each flag.

"Subject"- This may be of a general nature and be exactly the same as the description of the flag. eg. Active HR (heart rate) high or if the progression flag appears the subject will be specific to a workout machine that requires you to additional challenge yourself for you to further progress. "Created"- The date the message was created. "Sent"- When the message was sent. There is a delay delivery feature which can be set by the club or trainer in the modify message section under delivery date.

"Sender"- Auto -the system or the club trainer's name will appear here.

Clicking on any one of the previous categories (recipient, status, description, subject, created, sent, or ender) will produce a description that flag in the text box immediately below all the flags. The recommendations there are for both safety and proper health fitness progression while the user is using the system of the present invention.

Fig. 11 illustrates an admin results screen of the health admin module according to an embodiment of the present invention. This screen provides specific detail on a user- specific basis for particular workouts. The fields and information provided can be described as follows:

"Time" - Date and time of the workout that produced the flag. It is worth noting that most machines affect more than one muscle group. For example, a chest press brings both back and chest muscles into play. It may appear on the screen that more than

1 set has occurred (which in most weight training programs there will be in fact multiple sets) however, both eccentric and concentric contractions (because each use different muscle groups) will be displayed as two different results. If this is unclear as to how many sets were performed, look under TIME and the time of day will be identical indicating, in fact, that it was 1 set.

"Step"-Most machines will follow a particular order, designed by either your trainer or the layout of the club.

"Station"- Each station has a name of the primary exercise specific to the primary muscle group used at that station. One station can be assigned a primary and a secondary muscle.

"Muscle"- This will be the name of the specific muscles used at that station, e.g. thigh (muscle) - Leg extension (station) etc

"Duration"- The length of time each muscle group is worked in seconds.

"Range of Motion"- The distance any particular muscle has been taken through with resistance will be recorded as a % of your maximum range of motion. All machines have been calibrated during the initial setup of the club. The range of motion for all muscle groups is determined in the first workout and then compared against for each subsequent workout. An administrator should make sure members performs their complete range of motion during the initial walk through. Use lighter weights to ensure they are able to reach the extreme end of their range. "Reps"- The number of times a resistance is lifted and lowered during your workout.

"Energy"- The energy required by the muscle to produce the numbers of reps required on your program. Units of measured used here are milijoules, where 1000 milijoules = 1 joule. Dividing the number of joules by 4092 = kilocalories (Kcals).

"Fatigue"- As muscles exhaust themselves, fatigue will be set in. Too much fatigue too early means the weights or reps are too high. Too little fatigue as you approach the end of a set means the muscle probably hasn't worked hard enough to see maximum benefit. A value approaching -10% is ideal. "CV (Co Variance)" - A measurement of inconsistency. Analysis stroke length velocity and its consistency over time. A value of over 15% will generate a flag, indicating an inconsistent repetition.

"Peak HR (heart rate)" - This is a measurement of the highest number of contractions the muscle achieved at the most intense part of your workout. This is calculated over 60 seconds.

= means % of time in the target HR zone. + Means % of time spent above the zone - Means % of time spent below the zone "Calories"- calories expended during each activity (exercise). "Current Performance Index" (Pl) - Performance workout in the global performance index during your last workout.

"Target Pl" (performance Index) Your target performance index.

Particular Example of Multiple Device Implementation An embodiment of the present invention will now be described in relation to

Fig. 12, which illustrates a detailed block diagram of an embodiment of a multiple device implementation of the present invention. This discussion will include examples of development specifications and components.

As mentioned earlier, the present invention can be implemented as a health management and communication technology used to collect and monitor physical and physiological data including, for example one or more of the following data, to a centralized database: heart rate function, muscle function, work load performance, workout exertion and training criteria to a centralized database. The HPS can include electromechanical, mechanical, components, electronics, and/or software that communicates with one another to preferably provide an automated process of health management. The user ID 102 can include a process whereby the user is identified by the various electronic components and the system 100. A number of technologies can be used including a Microchip, Smart Card or RFID device to identify the user to the system. Once activated by the User ID system, the most current user profile can preferably be uploaded to the local PC. The ID Reader 114 can be implemented as the initial device activated by users entering the facility. When activated, the ID reader can communicate the user information to the local PC, preferably logging in the presence of the user and the associated visitation data. This initial activation can also trigger the local PC to download the most current user profile information from the main databank, such as through an Internet connection. This can make the current user profile available for the user on the local PC and minimize the downtime during the actual workout.

The processor 116 can recall (preferably automatically) the most current user profile from the local PC and save such data into memory for use during the current workout. This function can be triggered by the user activating the processor 116 through the user ID system 102. Using such data, the processor can manage, display, and execute commands to various instructions. This management, display and execution can preferably be based on the measured function of activity. The ID system 102 can be worn on the wrist by the users and activates the kiosk and each EC on the exercise machines. Each band can have an RFID microchip imbedded into it where the user data is saved by the software to identify the member.

The processor, or data acquisition unit (DAU), 116 is also the primary controller that manages the collection of information, and processing of data. It can provide the user with vital feedback and communicate with the local PC. The DAU can feature multiple inputs for various data collection devices integrated. A feedback module 118 can include an LCD display to provide the user with text message and information instructions in addition to the LED feedback for workout performance. The DAU can be activated by the user ID system and can track data from the wireless heart rate monitor, preferably worn by the user during exercise. The feedback module can be implemented as a display means, such as a digital display, including an LCD display, LED feedback, keypad navigation and command functions, though other embodiments are possible. Information displayed on the digital display system can processed and management at that processor can be based on the measured outcome. The user can interact with the digital display system and can perform the various physical activities prescribed.

The system 100 includes a sensor system 110 comprising one or more sensors. The sensors are mounted to the various parts of the exercise machine such as the weight stack, the hydraulic cylinder, the wheel on a bike, etc. In general, a sensor is mounted on a resistance element, or resistance device, of an exercise machine. The sensors measure the motion, movement of the resistance device and communicate the data to the EC. The EC uses this data to calculate the load, time, work, energy and an array of other variables and provides feedback to the user. For various applications, various sensor types are used including infrared position, optical encoders, load cells and potentiometers.

The sensor system 110 in Fig. 12 includes position sensors 172, each of which can be implemented as an electronic position detection system. The sensors 172 can be directly connected to the processor 116 and can communicate position and movement data as it occurs. The overall movement of position can preferably range from 1 inch to 48 inches at the extreme, though other position movement measurements are possible. Various applications of equipment can require various position sensing capabilities.

The sensor system 110 in Fig. 12 also includes one or more load cells 174, which can alternatively be referred to as a load measuring system. The load cell 174 can be used in weight stack applications, mounted on an existing exercise system to measure the load being lifted by the user. This load can be monitored by the processor 116 and broadcasted to the local PC 120 for data storage and reporting. The processor 116 can activate various lights and feedback system, or any other type of auditory, visual or other indication, to indicate the performance achieved by the user. The sensor system 110 in Fig. 12 further includes other cardio device sensor 176, such other cardio devices including, for example, commercial treadmills, manual and electronic bikes and other fitness related equipment on the market. The processor 116 can connect to these sensors 176 and collect data from system usage, process such data and deliver it to the local PC 120. The system 100 in Fig. 12 also includes a heart rate device 178 preferably worn on the chest to measure the user's heart rate during physical activity. The heart rate device 178 broadcasts the data directly to the EC for processing and feedback. Heart rate function can be continuously monitored to ensure the user is training at a safe and appropriate heart target zone. Periodic or scheduled measurement can also be implemented, as can any other measurement scheme. In multiple user applications, the heart rate system can have unique IDs, tracked and associated with each user.

The equipment and methods relating to measurement of the heart rate are optional. By including measurements relating to heart rate, further functionality is added to the system, providing for further feedback possibilities. An analysis of the heart rate allows the user to get a full picture of what is happening in the body, both in the muscles, and in the cardiovascular system. Multiple Clubs Implementation

Fig. 13 is a block diagram of a multiple clubs model of an embodiment of the present invention. In the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 13, an arrangement is shown where a plurality of clubs in national workout facilities can each have an automated human performance monitoring and tracking system 100. Each of these systems 100 can be in communication with the central database, or databank, 104 which can itself be communication with a plurality of users. This is an example of an international roll out of a multiple clubs model. As is evident from the discussion of different implementations, embodiments of the present invention can be designed as a common platform technology to meet the needs of the many vertical markets in the health space including, for example: The Home Exercise Market; The Boutique Hydraulic Health Club Market; The General Health Club Market; The Corporate Health Market; The Sports Training Market; The Hotel, Condominium and Apartment Markets; Child Training and Development Markets; School and University Markets; Retirement, Extended Living and Nursing Home Markets; and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Markets.

In summary, people need to exercise, they want to lose weight and want to improve their health without drastically altering their existing lifestyle. They want to do this using an easily understood method, in the least amount of time, and in a convenient location. They simply want to get healthier and are willing to spend the time and money to do so if associated with proven results.

The development of a computerized exercise system incorporating the advancements in computer technology, abundant research in measured health outcomes, advanced training principles, diet, proper exercise and lifestyle can provide an advantageous solution for a health-conscious society. This solution attempts to maximize human performance and conform to the fundamental laws of human physical function.

With each of the different types of machine (e.g., hydraulic, weight stacks, spinning, treadmill, etc.) the reporting software is varied based on the type of information relating to that particular exercise or machine. Also, the sensor firmware is different and is based on the type of machine on which the sensor is being placed. For example, the way that information is processed on the microcontroller for hydraulic systems is different from the way that information is processed for spinning applications. While there are internal differences in these implementations, the user sees the same results with respect to feedback via the electronic controller and the software. Specific Example of Hydraulic Equipment

Previous approaches to automating the tracking of fitness information have centered largely on weight stack machines. Hydraulic machines are used predominately in specialized fitness clubs, such as chains of women only fitness clubs. A hydraulic exercise machine is any exercise machine that uses a hydraulic piston for resistance. Some examples of hydraulic exercise machines include a rowing machine, a stepper, as well as entire lines and series of large exercise machines. Instead of using weight stacks, these machines use hydraulic pistons for resistance. A hydraulic system is an isokinetic form of resistance; so, the harder you push, the more resistance the hydraulic piston gives you. One of the ideas behind hydraulic training is to push as hard as you can and train as hard as you can, then the machine will resist you proportionately based on your exertion. However, while the user is pushing as hard as he can, the user is not aware of how much exertion he is making, and whether it is enough of too much with respect to a desired training program. A system according to an embodiment of the present invention allows for retrofitting hydraulic exercise machines. Embodiments of the present invention can provide a feedback system to correlate the hydraulic piston parameters with a user's profile and targets with respect to energy exertion in an exercise program. For known weight stack machines, known sensors basically comprise a counter placed on the wheel that counts and measures the rotation of the wheel as exercises are being performed. It is essentially a position sensor. The position sensor information is used to calculate the number of repetitions that the user is performing. However, the known systems do not know whether the user has performed a full repetition or not. In a more general sense, embodiments of the present invention provide for a feedback system for a piece of hydraulic equipment. Previously, there has been no non-invasive way to determine what a hydraulic piston is doing. Moreover there is no link between the movement and the work performed by the piston and the work and exercise performed by a user.

A system according to an embodiment of the present invention is designed to effectively allow the retrofit of exercise equipment that use a hydraulic cylinder as a resistance element. Fig. 14 illustrates a system according to an embodiment of the present invention including a hydraulic cylinder having a hydraulic cylinder sensor. The system 200 in Fig. 14 parallels the system 100 described earlier, with the following elements being equivalent in function: identification devices 102 and 202; electronic controllers 112 and 208; communications networks 106 and 206, with 206 being implemented as a wireless USB connection; computers 120 and 220; and sensor systems 110 and 210. In the case of Fig. 14, the sensor system 210 comprises a sensor 211 retrofitted with a cylinder to determine the effective movement of the hydraulic cylinder during the repetitive cycles. Various arrangements are provided for using this measured information to calculate a performance factor for the user based on actual use of the specific equipment. In a preferred embodiment, the computer system includes the ability to enter the particular type of exercise equipment where the hydraulic cylinders are known and various factors have been previously determined. In this way, existing non¬ computerized equipment may be quickly adapted by the addition of the appropriate sensors on the resistance elements and the inputting of the appropriate factor for the computer system. In an embodiment of the present invention, such as shown in Fig. 14, a sensor system 210, comprising one or more sensors, is placed on top of a hydraulic piston. The displacement, or stroke, of the hydraulic piston can be measured by the sensor. Knowing the chemical properties of the oil, and knowing what it takes for that oil to go through that orifice, embodiments of the present invention can scientifically and accurately measure how much energy it is taking to move that orifice or piston. That value can be translated into human performance energy. The user can then be provided with feedback based on how much energy they are exerting for every stroke, in real-time. Based on how hard and fast the user is moving the piston back and forth, the system can determine immediately if the training is appropriate for the desired result. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention have taken conventional hydraulic machines for circuit training and turned them into fully intelligent and automated devices. In such embodiments, as sensor system can comprises a sensor, such as a position sensor, for mounting on a hydraulic piston to measure a stroke of the piston. The measurement can be based on a measured piston displacement and on piston parameters, such as a chemical property of an oil used in the piston, and other physical parameters relating to orifice size, force required to move oil through the piston orifice, etc.

Embodiments of the present invention can be applied not just to hydraulic exercise machines, but hydraulic machines, or devices, in general. An embodiment of the present invention can be described as a computerized feedback system for a hydraulic device including: a storage means to store a plurality of user profiles and machine profiles; a plurality of hydraulic machine modules each in communication with the storage means to receive a stored user profile from the storage means. Each of the plurality of hydraulic machine modules includes: a sensor system for coupling to a hydraulic machine, such as a hydraulic exercise machine, to measure user performance data; and an electronic controller, coupled to the sensor system, to calculate physical exertion, or physical workload, intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine a physical exertion intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated physical exertion intensity and the user profile, and to provide the physical exertion intensity indication as feedback to the user. The sensor system can include a sensor, such as a position sensor, for mounting on a hydraulic piston of the hydraulic machine to measure a stroke of the piston. The measurement can be based on a measured piston displacement and on piston parameters, such as a chemical property of an oil used in the piston, and other physical parameters relating to orifice size, force required to move oil through the piston orifice, etc.

An Example of Communication Protocol Between RFID and EC

Communication software can be used to manage the communication between the DAU, User ID System and Local PC. This system can be dependent of the various communication methods and is preferably implemented using off-the-shelf protocols as much as possible. Specific details regarding a non-limiting particular embodiment will be described below, though alternatives and modifications are possible.

In a particular embodiment, the PC is configured with a Cypress wireless USB interface so that if can network to up to 30 EC units. Each EC is identified to the PC through its Station ID number (set by dip switches on the PCB) and uniquely identified by the wireless USB hub ID that is set during the initial binding procedure. The PC is connected to a WUSB Hub via a conventional RS-232 link through which is sends and receives data to the EC units. The PC is required to interrogate the Hub to find out which EC's are connected and to determine their node addresses (see Cyprus documentation for more details on Hub/Node operations). The PC can then match node addresses to EC station ID. The EC is connected to the WUSB network through a Node board and due to the WUSB protocol will only receive messages intended for it.

The Cypress WUSB communications protocol handles data and error management and acknowledgment that massages have been successfully sent and received. Both the PC and EC are to ensure the successful transmission and receipt of messages through the ACK/NAK protocol via their respective Hub and Nodes.

RFID Tag

Exercisers are uniquely Identified through the use of an RFID tag that is issued to them and programmed with their ID at the PC. This tag is presented to the EC at the start of an exercise routine, and this ID number used by the PC to download relevant exercise data to the EC.

The system uses ISO/IEC 15693 global standard for contact less integrated circuit cards operating at 13.56 MHz. Each card has 2K user memory. Each tag comes with a unique ID already programmed into the first blocks of memory. On first use at the club the PC will read the ID number and link it to the user profile which will include club ID membership number, name, address etc.

Block #1 of the tag memory will contain a unique client ID assigned by the PC. The remaining 2K memory block can be used for client data storage. On subsequent visits, the PC reads the tag ID, and uses this to call up the user records. The EC also reads this ID and sends it to the PC to get the exercise profile.

Operating Sequence

The flow of data between the EC and the PC can be as follows: 1. The EC continually looks for an RFID tag

2. When an RFID tag is detected, the EC sends a Station ID Message to the PC

3. The PC checks that the user is valid and then downloads the Exercise Profile Message to the EC. If the client ID does not match, then the PC will flag an error. The EC, if it does not receive an exercise profile within 10 seconds, will reset itself and start looking for an RFID tag.

4. After the exercise is complete the Exercise Data is sent from the EC to the PC.

Message Protocols

The following details the protocol of the messages transmitted between the EC and the PC. The length of the Station ID and Exercise Profile messages are known and so a message code is used at the start of each message to identify it. The exercise data message has the length indicated by the number of strokes. The WUSB is set to handle message lengths of 8 bytes. Messages longer than 8 bytes are broken into 8 byte packets by the EC or PC software. Each packet must be acknowledged before the next is sent.

Where a number is split into 2 or more bytes, the first byte is the least significant. Station ID Message

This message is sent from the Exercise Controller to the Host. The Station ID message is shown as follows:

Message ID: 01 H User 10:4 bytes

Station ID: 1 byte

Exercise Profile Message

The Exercise Profile that is calculated by the PC. based on the machine settings and user profile. It contains the data that the EC requires to indicate to the user their exercise effort. These calculations are detailed in Performance Calculation Specification. This message is sent from the Host to the Exercise Controller and is required to be split into 8 byte sections by the PC and re-assembled by the EC. There are 96 bytes in the message and therefore the EC should receive 12 x 8 byte messages. The format of the communication is as follows: Message ID: O2H Exercise Number: 2 bytes

Exercise Time: 2 bytes (duration of the exercise in seconds) Performance Index Time Base: 1 byte (clock multiplier) Heart Rate Entries: 14 bytes (HRO-HRI3)

Range of Motion Entries: 18 bytes (2 bytes for each entry ROMO-ROMI7) Cylinder Selling Forward: 1 byte Cylinder Setting Reverse: 1 byte

Performance Index Forward Entries: 28 bytes (2 bytes for each entry PIFO-PIF27) Performance Index Backward Entries: 28 bytes (2 bytes for each entry PIRO-

PIR27)

Exercise Data

The EC captures the exercise data from sensors on the machine and the heart rate. Typically an exercise routine will be from 30 to 122 seconds, however if the user continues exercising can be a maximum of 10 minutes.

The message is initiated by sending a header packet to announce to the PC that the EC is about to send exercise data. This packet indicates the number of messages to follow that corresponds to the number of strokes performed by the user (N). Stroke zero is included as this indicates the starting position. Each message is 8 bytes in length. Header Message

Message Type: O3H User 1 D:4 bytes Station ID: 1 byte Number of Strokes: 2 bytes

Data Message (0 to N)

Message Type: O4H

Stroke Number: 2 bytes

Duration of the stroke: 2 bytes (in 0.1 s increment)

Heart Rate: 1 byte (Heart Rate at the end of each stroke)

Cylinder Position: 2 bytes (Sensor Reading at end of each stroke in mm)

An Example of Implementation in a Spinning Application

There are some modifications in terms of the Exercise Controller when used for spinning exercise machines, including exercise bikes. This type of exercise is different to a weight stack or hydraulic machine in that it is intended more for cardiovascular conditioning rather than strength. Exercise is also performed on one piece of equipment and for a considerably longer time. A typical spinning workout would last 20 to 45 minutes.

Typical example workouts are as follows:

The exercise controller will be configured with sensors to measure key parameters that allow the PC to calculate both Energy used and Power over the course of the exercise. Due to the extended exercise time, compared to weight stack and hydraulic equipment, the data will need to be transmitted from the EC to the PC at regular intervals of 10 to 30 seconds. This enables a continuous update on the PC of the performance of the user, which would be particularly useful in a spinning class. Because the exercise can be broken down into a number of steps i.e. changing speed and/or resistance at regular intervals, the PC will need to communicate with the EC so that this information can be displayed to the user and the EC indicators updated.

Workout Programs

The PC will be programmed to enable a user to define a set workout, either from a pre-defined standard or to customize a workout. The Exercise Controller will gather specific data as the user is exercising, calculate and track performance against this workout. Resistance - will typically be changed during the exercise. For example in an intermediate workout, the resistance will be gradually increased every 4 minutes, or for a weight loss program the resistance may be adjusted up and then down.

Speed - similar to resistance, speed may be changed at regular intervals during the workout. Speed and the time can be used to calculate an equivalent distance travelled if the user was on a road bike.

Performance Index

Performance index for spinning will be based on the user completing the defined exercise program. An instantaneous Pl level can also be calculated that will indicate if the user is currently performing at the proper level and a predictive Pl that would indicate if the final Pl will be achieved if the exercise is continued at the current rate.

Performance can be related to energy and calories, and the power calculated as the energy use per unit time. The Pl indicator on the EC will be used in a similar manner to the hydraulic version, so that a colour change indicated performance from bad through to good.

EC Measurements

The EC will measure the flywheel speed of the spinning machine by using a Hall- effect sensor and a magnet to count revolutions per unit time. Speed will be calculated every 10 seconds and transmitted to the PC in the exercise data packet.

The Range of Motion (ROM) display will be used to indicate the Resistance setting level. This can be set as the setting they must be using on the graduated resistance know on the spinning machine, or could indicate the actual setting of the resistance if a special sensor is fitted. Most spinning machines use a friction pad that is spring loaded against the flywheel as the means to adjust the resistance. A special pressure sensor will be developed that will measure the force of the friction pad against the flywheel. Knowing the coefficient of friction between the pad material and the flywheel, the resistance force can be calculated.

The digital display on the EC will be used to indicate to the user their Exercise Time, Speed and Heart Rate. Heart rate zone will also be displayed in the usual manner.

Exercise Controller

As before the EC will send a station ID message when an RFID tag is scanned:

Message ID: 01 H User ID: 4 bytes

Station ID: 1 byte

An exercise profile will then be sent to the EC, which will be used to display data, performance and heart rate zone. Message ID: 07H Heart Rate Entries: 14 bytes (HR0-HR13)

ROM (as resistance indicator): 9 bytes (1 byte for each entry ROMO- ROM8)

Pl Entries: 28 bytes (2 bytes for each entry PI0-PI27) Data of each stroke will then be sent back to the PC at 10 second intervals. Message Type: 08H

Time (time from exercise start in seconds): 2 bytes Resistance setting: 1 byte Speed (current rpm): 1 byte

Heart Rate: 1 byte (Heart Rate at the end of each stroke)

PC Data Analysis

As before, the PC will save the data received from the EC in a database and used to display a variety of information. For an individual user this will summarize their workout, energy used, calories burned, heart rate etc. In a spinning class there is an added functionality where the trainer will need to see the users results in real time. This could be displayed on the wall with a projector. This would allow the trainer to focus on individual performance and generate a competitive atmosphere.

To summarize some of the embodiments that have already been described, some differences with respect to known systems include: the measurement and use of human performance index; the feedback system including the glowing lights of different colours, i.e., the user interface; displaying heart rate as a red/yellow/green category match rather than a number; the use of performance index as a measure of fitness; the identification of a user via an RFID card for a fitness training system, in a hands-free manner; the wireless automatic sensing of heart rate for a particular user and relating it to the user profile; wireless communication between the elements of a system for fitness training purposes; the method of processing repetitions, sets and weight into meaningful data representing how the person is performing; providing a graphical interface showing energy distribution by muscle group regardless of the product or exercise machine used.

While known approaches simply provide electronic display of measured results, the present invention provides feedback by way of which recorded information is provided in relation to categories of health parameters that are specific to the user. Therefore, the presentation of recorded results as a category-based relationship (i.e. an indication of user response to the measured data) to user specific health parameters is advantageously provided by the present invention,. Systems of the present invention provide significant functionality with a modest financial cost. For example, the cost of implementing one of the known tracking-only systems for a ten machine site is about ten times the cost of the same implementation using a system of the present invention, and does not provide the advantageous functionality that the present invention provides. One reason for the significant cost difference is that the known systems were developed based on older technology, such as racks and server architecture. The present invention uses cutting edge electronic components that can be acquired inexpensively to build a wireless feedback system. As such, the present invention provides a cost effective approach that is significantly more sophisticated in terms of the features and abilities provided. An embodiment of the present invention can be described as a method of providing interactive feedback to an exerciser, where the method includes the following steps: calculating actual exercise intensity in response to measured user performance data; determining an exercise intensity parameter based on a comparison between the actual exercise intensity and a target exercise intensity stored in a user profile; and providing an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity based on the exercise intensity parameter. This method can alternatively be implemented as a method of instructing a user of an exercise machine.

An embodiment of the present invention can alternatively be described as a computerized exercise system where individual users are tracked by different exercise equipment and the actual results of the individual performance on the exercise equipment is monitored and documented for analysis over time as well as specific feedback to the user during use of the equipment. The exercise equipment can be retrofitted with sensors provided to resistance elements of the exercise equipment and specific energy factors are provided to determine a user's energy in completing exercises. The system can also allow inputting of dietary performance of the user and integration of this information with respect to the actual exercise performance of the user to provide a indicated level of overall performance.

Other Industrial Applications

In addition to the examples described above in relation to the exercise/fitness industry, there are many other applications for embodiments of the present invention.

For example, a central computer can store a plurality of predefined profiles. Those predefined profiles can include parameters, such as a Pl index, used to classify or appraise a user by age, gender and occupation. A user's measured physical performance can be compared to a pre-defined profile for that type of individual. A system can be used to assign a muscle specific Pl Index and a overall global body Pl Index to each user. The user's measured Pl value(s) can be used in the following contexts:

Work Related Job Matching: a. Matching employees to the jobs they are expected to perform at work. b. Objectively identifying injury probability based on collected data from various workouts by comparing observed performance to job profiles. c. Modifying, or identifying potential modifications, to the ergonomics or physical demands of a job to closer match the physical function of an individual performing such a job. d. Conditioning, or identifying potential training or conditioning programs, to condition the individual to better match the required physical demands of their job.

Rehabilitation and Medical Application: a. Tracking the physical function and improvements of people in therapy. b. Matching the physical function of people in rehab to identify return to work readiness. c. Evaluating the effectiveness of therapy based on injury type and physical disability, impairment. d. Used by insurance companies to establish the degree of functional loss resulting from injury be objectively establishing the amount of Pl loss. Sports Teams: a. Matching sports players to pre-defined ideal profiles based on played position and actual sport. b. Determining and track individual muscle behaviours prior to the onset of physical injury.

In the case of job values or profiles, a method can determine a user's physical performance, and compare it with a baseline value, such as a job value. The job value can be calculated by determining the total job energy required. For example, in the case of the job of lifting a box, the total job energy required can be calculated based on a measured weight of the box, the height that the box must be lifted, and any other value. Based on a knowledge of the muscles required to perform the job, a job profile can be generated based on a proportionate distribution of the total job energy. The method can provide an identification of an area of shortfall by comparing a user's measured Pl value with a job Pl value. Since muscle-group level information on the target and the measured values is available, the method can provide an identification of the particular muscle group, or part of the body, which is the cause of the shortfall. In that way, the method can also provide an improvement recommendation based on the identified area of shortfall.

Software/Hardware Implementation

As will be understood by those of skill in the art, many of the methods and system components of the present invention can be generally be embodied as hardware, as firmware, and/or as software residing on a general purpose, or other suitable, computer having a modem or internet connection to a communications network. The application software embodying the methods/system components of the present invention can be provided on any suitable computer-useable medium for execution by the computer, such as CD-ROM, hard disk, read-only memory, or random access memory. In a presently preferred embodiment, the application software is written in a suitable programming language, such as C++ or Matlab, and can be organized, into software modules to perform the method steps. The methods could be implemented in a digital signal processor (DSP) or other similar hardware-related implementation.

As such, embodiments of the present invention can be provided as a computer- readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of any of the following methods, as described above: a method of providing interactive feedback to an exerciser; a method of calculating Pl based on desired fitness goals; a method of generating a user training program based on targets, the targets not including Pl, but the training program including Pl; a method of calculating a Pl value for each movement, or stroke, of an exercise; a method of calculating an exercise program profile and parameters based on Pl; or a method of characterizing a machine-specific exercise program according to Pl.

The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A computerized exercise system comprising: a storage means to store a plurality of user profiles and performance data; a plurality of exercise machine modules each in communication with the storage means to receive a stored user profile from the storage means, each of the plurality of exercise machine modules including: a sensor system for coupling to an exercise machine to measure user performance data; and an electronic controller, coupled to the sensor system, to calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and to provide the exercise intensity indication as feedback to the user.

2. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the exercise intensity indication comprises a display to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity.

3. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 further comprising an identification device for each user.

4. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 further comprising a computer in communication with, and to manage communication between, the storage means and the plurality of exercise machine modules.

5. The computerized exercise system of claim 4 wherein the computer dynamically updates the user profile according to a stored progression index in response to the actual exercise intensity.

6. The computerized exercise system of claim 4 wherein the computer dynamically updates the user profile according to a stored progression index in response to a calculated fatigue rate.

7. The computerized exercise system of claim 4 wherein the computer dynamically updates the user profile according to a stored progression index in response to a calculated exercise consistency coefficient.

8. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 further comprising a caloric intake module to modify the user profile in response to caloric intake data.

9. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 further comprising a heart rate sensor to be worn by the user to collect heart rate data as part of the measured user performance data.

10. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the electronic controller comprises means to determine a heart rate parameter in response to a comparison of measured heart rate data and the user profile, and to provide feedback to the user regarding heart rate based on the heart rate parameter.

11. The computerized exercise system of claim 10 wherein the electronic controller comprises means to provide an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease heart rate.

12. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the sensor system comprises an exercise machine sensor for mounting to a resistive element of the exercise machine.

13. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the sensor system comprises a pressure foil mechanism for mounting to a spinning exercise station between a plastic portion and a felt portion of a brake pad.

14. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the sensor system comprises an optical position sensor for mounting to a spinning exercise station to measure flywheel rotation and position.

15. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the sensor system comprises a position sensor for mounting to a weight stack to count wheel rotation.

16. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the sensor system comprises a force load cell for mounting to a cable system used to lift a weight stack.

17. The computerized exercise system of claim 1 wherein the sensor system comprises a sensor for mounting on a hydraulic piston to measure a stroke of the piston.

18. The computerized exercise system of claim 17 wherein the measurement is based on a measured piston displacement and on piston parameters.

19. The computerized exercise system of claim 18 wherein the piston parameters comprise a chemical property of an oil used in the piston.

20. The computerized exercise system of claim 4 wherein the computer further comprises a report module to provide a user-specific muscle group-based report based on the user profile.

21. The computerized exercise system of claim 4 wherein the computer further comprises a health administration module to provide a trainer with global access to message flags and to provide a user with user-only access to user-specific message flags.

22. An electronic controller for a computerized exercise system, comprising: a user identification unit to receive a user profile from a storage means; a processor, in communication with the user identification unit and with a sensor system associated with an exercise machine, to calculate exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, and to determine an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile; and a feedback module, in communication with the processor, to provide the exercise intensity indication to the user.

23. The electronic controller of claim 22 wherein the feedback module displays an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity.

24. The electronic controller of claim 22 wherein the identification unit comprises an acquisition module to acquire a user identification and a transmitter to transmit the user identification to the storage means in order to obtain the user profile.

25. The electronic controller of claim 22 wherein the user profile comprises a user- specific and machine-specific exercise profile.

26. The electronic controller of claim 25 wherein the user-specific and machine- specific exercise profile is dynamically generated in response to user-defined targets.

27. A method of providing interactive feedback to an exerciser, comprising: calculating exercise intensity in response to measured user performance data; determining an exercise intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and a target exercise intensity stored in a user profile; and providing an indication to the user to increase, sustain, or decrease exercise intensity based on the exercise intensity indication.

28. A computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of claim 27.

29. A computerized feedback system for a hydraulic device comprising: a storage means to store a plurality of user profiles and machine profiles; a plurality of hydraulic machine modules each in communication with the storage means to receive a stored user profile from the storage means, each of the plurality of hydraulic machine modules including: a sensor system for coupling to a hydraulic machine to measure user performance data; and an electronic controller, coupled to the sensor system, to calculate physical exertion intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine a physical exertion intensity indication based on a comparison between the calculated physical exertion intensity and the user profile, and to provide the physical exertion intensity indication as feedback to the user.

30. The computerized exercise system of claim 29 wherein the sensor system comprises a sensor for mounting on a hydraulic piston to measure a stroke of the piston.

31. The computerized exercise system of claim 30 wherein the measurement is based on a measured piston displacement and on piston parameters.

32. The computerized exercise system of claim 31 wherein the piston parameters comprise a chemical property of an oil used in the piston.