EP1883064A1 - Musical instrument with sound transducer - Google Patents

Musical instrument with sound transducer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1883064A1
EP1883064A1 EP20070014781 EP07014781A EP1883064A1 EP 1883064 A1 EP1883064 A1 EP 1883064A1 EP 20070014781 EP20070014781 EP 20070014781 EP 07014781 A EP07014781 A EP 07014781A EP 1883064 A1 EP1883064 A1 EP 1883064A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
sound transducer
sound
profile
musical instrument
transducer
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Granted
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EP20070014781
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1883064B1 (en
Inventor
Christoph Kemper
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KEMPER, CHRISTOPH
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Individual
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
    • G10H1/02—Means for controlling the tone frequencies, e.g. attack or decay; Means for producing special musical effects, e.g. vibratos or glissandos
    • G10H1/06—Circuits for establishing the harmonic content of tones, or other arrangements for changing the tone colour
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2210/00—Aspects or methods of musical processing having intrinsic musical character, i.e. involving musical theory or musical parameters or relying on musical knowledge, as applied in electrophonic musical tools or instruments
    • G10H2210/031—Musical analysis, i.e. isolation, extraction or identification of musical elements or musical parameters from a raw acoustic signal or from an encoded audio signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2250/00—Aspects of algorithms or signal processing methods without intrinsic musical character, yet specifically adapted for or used in electrophonic musical processing
    • G10H2250/131—Mathematical functions for musical analysis, processing, synthesis or composition
    • G10H2250/215—Transforms, i.e. mathematical transforms into domains appropriate for musical signal processing, coding or compression
    • G10H2250/235—Fourier transform; Discrete Fourier Transform [DFT]; Fast Fourier Transform [FFT]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2250/00—Aspects of algorithms or signal processing methods without intrinsic musical character, yet specifically adapted for or used in electrophonic musical processing
    • G10H2250/471—General musical sound synthesis principles, i.e. sound category-independent synthesis methods

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a musical instrument with a sound transducer, which transforms an excitation signal generated by at least one resonator into a sound signal, and in which the sound transducer is provided with an adjustable vibration profile, wherein at least one profile parameter is defined by a reference profile of a reference instrument.
  • the sound production of a musical instrument is usually done by the interaction of three individual components. Initially, an excitation takes place, with which an excitation energy is entered into the instrument. This can be for example the bow of a violin, the hammer of a piano or the mouthpiece and the leaflet of a saxophone. Another component concerns the presence of one or a plurality of resonators which determine the fundamental frequency of the individual tones.
  • the resonators can have constant or variable properties. Resonators are, for example, the strings of a violin or a guitar or the variable air column of a saxophone.
  • the excitation energy introduced into the resonator, together with the exciting element and the resonator, leads to the generation of sound.
  • a third component acts on the sound generator with a sound transducer or sound box, which transforms the vibration energy provided by the instrument in sound level in the surrounding air and the vibration energy transported thereby the highest possible efficiency of the instrument in the air.
  • resonant bodies are for example the body of a violin, the funnel of a saxophone, the pickup of an electric guitar or the loudspeaker of a guitar amplifier.
  • the sounder or sounder typically represents an acoustic or electroacoustic impedance transducer and is typically designed to achieve a high perceived loudness of the instrument.
  • the sound transducer or resonator fulfills the task of shaping the frequency spectrum of the instrument, thereby producing a pleasant and characterful sound of the instrument.
  • the tonal character influenced by the resonant body essentially determines the perceived quality of a musical instrument and thus also the quality of a musical lecture.
  • the acoustic properties of the transducer are determined both by its geometry and by the materials used.
  • the individual sound character of an instrument is determined by the so-called formants.
  • formants are narrowband increases in the frequency spectrum and usually independent of the pitch played.
  • the human ear responds very sensitively based on a pattern recognition on these formants, so that even untrained people, for example, can easily distinguish the sound of a violin from the sound of a viola, although the instruments differ essentially only by the size of your body.
  • the US 2005/0045027 A1 describes a variable memory for frequency responses to be generated to match the sound of a musical instrument to other given instruments. Corresponding stored frequency responses are retrieved and processed as part of a control.
  • the object of the present invention is to design a musical instrument of the aforementioned type such that the generation of a predetermined sound image is supported.
  • the reference profile is generated by the metrological detection of the sound of the reference instrument and that the sound transducer is designed as part of a control loop for evaluating a difference between the reference profile and an intrinsic profile of the sound transducer.
  • the sound transducer By designing the sound transducer with an adjustable vibration profile and by the parameterization of this vibration profile as a function of the reference profile of a reference instrument, it is possible to model the reference profile of any reference instrument to be selected. It is thus possible to approximate the sound image of the sound transducer largely to the sound image of the reference instrument. In particular, it is also possible to produce a large number of sound transducers with the same sound patterns determined by the reference profile of the reference instrument. In particular, it is thought that the sound transducer generates a sound signal as a sound transducer.
  • a realization of the sound transducer is typically such that the sound transducer is designed as a sound box.
  • the sound transducer is designed as an acoustic sound box.
  • the sound transducer is formed as an electroacoustic sound box.
  • the reference profile is determined by mean value formation taking place during a predefinable time interval.
  • a meaningful storage of a sound image can be effected in that the reference profile is defined by the frequency response of the reference instrument.
  • the reference profile defines a statistical distribution of pitches and volumes.
  • Immediate detection of a reference profile can take place in that the reference profile is defined by evaluation of music played at the time of evaluation.
  • An objective presence of the reference instrument can be dispensed with by defining the reference profile by evaluating recorded music.
  • An adaptive frequency response adaptation of the sound transducer is supported by the fact that a measuring device for measuring a frequency response of the sound transducer is coupled to the sound transducer.
  • a concrete implementation of the parameterization takes place in that the sound transducer has at least one adaptive element for frequency response adaptation.
  • a precise adaptation of the intrinsic profile to the reference profile can be effected in that the sound transducer is designed as part of a control loop for evaluating a difference between the reference profile and a self-profile of the sound transducer.
  • An individual influenceability is achieved in that a parameterization of the sound transducer is manually influenced.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram representation of the generation, storage and use of a reference profile (1).
  • a reference instrument (2) which is formed from a sound generator (3) and a reference sound transducer (4), a reference sound is generated directly or using a loudspeaker (5), which is detected by a microphone (6).
  • the microphone (6) is connected to a reference memory (7), which allows storage of the reference profile.
  • the reference memory (7) is coupled to a signal processor (8) which in particular supports a statistical evaluation of the sound image detected by the microphone (6).
  • a detection of the reference profile (1) can for example be such that a sufficiently long musical presentation on a specific reference instrument (2) detected and using the signal processing (8) statistically with respect to the characteristic frequency response of the reference instrument (2) and its reference sound transducer (4) is evaluated.
  • the signal processing (8) may include averaging.
  • the signal processing (8) not only a frequency response of the reference sound transducer (4) is determined, but it is additionally analyzed and recorded the frequency response of the sound production.
  • the result of the statistical evaluation is therefore also dependent on the type of musical lecture and in particular on the statistical distribution of the pitches played and their volume.
  • a typical reference profile thus contains for individual frequency components the respective amplitude values or the relative amplitude components over the entire signal amplitude.
  • a quantization of the frequency response is carried out with a sufficiently fine subdivision.
  • the reference instrument By the coupling of the microphone (6) to the reference memory (7) and the signal processing (8), it is not necessary that the reference instrument is present objectively in the implementation of the signal processing. An audio recording of the sound image of the reference instrument (2) proves to be sufficient. According to one embodiment of the invention, it is also particularly conceivable to deposit a plurality of different reference profiles (1) in the region of the reference memory (7). A user can thus select between several reference profiles (1).
  • the musical instrument (9) has a sound generator (10) which is coupled to a sound transducer (11).
  • the sound transducer (11) generates an acoustic signal which is supplied to an environment directly or by using a loudspeaker (12).
  • a current intrinsic profile (13) of the sound transducer (11) is fed to a subtraction (14), which evaluates the reference profile (1) as the second input variable.
  • the output signal provided by the difference formation (14) is supplied to the sound transducer (11), taking into account a gain (15), and here parameterizes its concrete present sound pattern.
  • the sound transducer (11) In the event that the difference formation (14) delivers the value zero as the output signal, the sound transducer (11) has its sound image varied in such a way that the current intrinsic profile is equal to the predetermined reference profile (1).
  • the sound transducer (11) is typically designed such that it has a variable and parametrisierbares sound and measures the frequency response of its output signal still during the musical lecture continuously. The sound transducer (11) thus automatically determines its own profile (13) at the same time to generate the musical lecture.
  • the frequency response adjustment of the musical instrument (9) can be done automatically or interactively with a user.
  • the musician can by the statistical choice of pitches and Volumes control the approach to the reference profile (1).
  • the above explanations on the construction of the sound transducer (11) and the associated functional components in combination with the musical instrument apply in the same way even in a device implementation without assignment to a musical instrument and without simultaneous generation of an acoustic sound signal.
  • the loop provided by the feedback comprises according to the embodiment in Fig. 1 the air path between the loudspeaker (12) and the microphone (6).
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a procedure in which the reference profile (1) is generated using an audio recording stored on a cassette (16), for example.
  • the procedure corresponds essentially to the illustration in FIG. 1, in addition an ear 17 of a user or a handset is shown. It is also possible to use reference profiles (1) stored in a different manner.
  • the sound transducer (11) can generate an electrical or other output signal which is converted into an acoustic sound signal at the same time or at a later time in a further processing step.
  • the immediate output signal of the sound transducer (11) which is generally referred to as a sound transducer in the following text, can be recorded first and, after a corresponding storage at a later time, transformed into audible sound.
  • the sound transducer (11) can also be realized as a digital or analog circuit whose output signal is fed to an amplifier or directly to a loudspeaker or to a different type of sound generator. In a digital realization of the sound transducer (11), in particular, it is also intended to carry out the signal processing using a Fourier transformation.
  • the sound transducer (11) may be implemented as an adaptive filter. According to the embodiment in Fig. 2, it is not absolutely necessary that an acoustic airway is included as a transmission path in the provided control loop.
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment in which the sound generator (10) of the musical instrument (9) supplies its output signal to both the sound transducer (11) and the reference sound transducer (4).
  • the output signal of the sound transducer (11) is in turn fed back via the intrinsic profile (13), the difference formation (14) and an adjustable gain (15).
  • the output signal of the reference sound transducer (4) with the interposition of the reference memory (7) and the signal processing (8) is also performed.
  • the transmission profile of the sound transducer (11) can thereby be adapted to the transmission profile of the reference sound transducer (4).
  • a device technology comparatively inexpensive constructed transducer (11) with regard to its transmission behavior to the transmission behavior of a high-quality reference sound transducer (4) is adjusted.
  • the adaptation of the transmission behavior of the sound transducer (11) according to the embodiment in Fig. 3 can be carried out at a simultaneous supply of the output signal of the sound generator (10) to both the reference sound transducer (4) and the sound transducer (11), but it is also possible in time initially offset using the reference sound transducer (4) to store the reference profile (1) and to perform an adaptation of any number of sound transducers (11) to the reference profile (1) at later stages of the process.
  • the method is therefore also suitable for carrying out a series production.
  • the series production can take place both by an individual adaptation made for each device and by using a once determined adaptation profile which is stored and used identically for each device to be adapted.
  • the sound transducer (11) used was preferably explained as a sound transducer.
  • the actual generation of sound and / or the processing of an initially present as a sound signal input signal is not an indispensable part of the invention. Rather, the described transducer is only one embodiment of the sound transducer.
  • the transducer can also be implemented as a speaker, linear or non-linear amplifier, guitar amplifier, processor or audio effect processor. The implementation can be done either analog, digital or partially analog and partially digital. Use as a sound transducer can also find signal processors.
  • the evaluated reference sound profile can be determined acoustically via the already explained reference sound transducer (4), but it is also a purely electronic processing conceivable.
  • evaluating a sound profile of an actual instrument it is possible to evaluate the already mentioned musical lecture on this instrument, but it is also possible to deliberately subject the instrument mechanically or electrically to an excitation function and to analyze the corresponding output signal. It is not necessarily musical sounds generated in the true sense, but the sound production can be done in response to test signals or test suggestions.
  • the sound transducer according to the invention and the reference sound transducer are not necessarily an inseparable part of a musical instrument and can be excited to carry out the measurements according to the invention both with a musical instrument and with a different analytical broadband signal.
  • nonlinearities are often intentional and considered to be part of the sonic nature of the transducer.
  • An example is a guitar amp or a speaker, or the combination of both.
  • the amplifier is often operated in the non-linear range, in which the sound transducer (the loudspeaker) generates distortions in the amplifier stage due to its high energy consumption.
  • the loudspeaker itself also produces a high harmonic distortion factor because the damping diaphragm suspension gets out of its linear range with large signal deflections.
  • z.T. Historical sound processors such as analog equalizers can be used here. They produce nonlinearities that have a positive effect on the sound in addition to the frequency response change.
  • Typical nonlinearities limit the signal amplitude up or down. This is done more or less gently depending on the characteristic. Small amplitudes remain nearly linear and uncompressed.
  • a nonlinear sound transducer can be broken down into three components: the pure nonlinearity, and the frequency responses before and after this nonlinearity.
  • the input frequency response primarily determines the character of the distortion and intermodulation.
  • the output frequency response generates the characteristic formants of the sound transducer.
  • nonlinearity has no significance and can be neglected.
  • both frequency responses are perceived as a single frequency response.
  • the sound transducer according to the invention has two separate vibration profiles with an intermediate nonlinearity.
  • the adaptive nonlinear sound transducer is preferably adapted in two stages to the reference sound transducer:
  • the adaptive sound transducer is assumed to be linear with a frequency response L.
  • this frequency response L is controlled such that its intrinsic profile corresponds to the reference profile A.
  • the adaptive sound transducer is switched as the described combination of two frequency responses A and B with an intermediate nonlinearity.
  • the frequency response B is controlled such that its own profile corresponds to the reference profile B. This process corresponds exactly to the previously described control loop.
  • the intrinsic profile is additionally influenced by the frequency response A and the nonlinearity.
  • the control loop experiences its second feedback: while frequency response B is controlled, frequency response A is simultaneously modified in such a way that the multiplication of frequency response A and B corresponds to the previously determined frequency response L.
  • frequency response A is controlled inversely: If a spectral component of frequency response B is increased in level, the corresponding spectral component of frequency response A is lowered to the same extent. Thus, the combined serial frequency response L is maintained.
  • Frequency response A also has an influence on the intrinsic profile of the sound transducer, and thus on the control, despite the downstream non-linearity. However, due to the compressive effect of non-linearity, this influence is less than the influence of frequency response B. This guarantees that the regulatory process is not unstable or indifferent at any point.
  • the character of the intermediate non-linearity has a decisive influence on the dynamic sound behavior of the sound transducer.
  • the present invention relies essentially on a trivial nonlinearity, as occurs throughout nature.
  • the trivial nonlinearity has two fundamental parameters: the quasi-linear gain and the absolute amplitude limit.
  • the combined frequency response L thus corrects the gain in the quasi-linear range.
  • the downstream frequency response B corrects the level of absolute amplitude limitation of the non-linearity.

Abstract

The instrument has a sound transducer (11), which transforms an excitation signal produced from a resonator into a sound signal, where the sound transducer is provided with an adjustable oscillation profile. A profile parameter is defined by a reference profile (1) of a reference instrument (2). The reference profile is generated by a measurement technique detection of sound of the reference instrument. The sound transducer is designed as a part of a control circuit for evaluation of difference between the reference profile and an own profile of the sound transducer.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Musikinstrument mit einem Klangwandler, der ein von mindestens einem Resonator erzeugtes Anregungssignal in ein Klangsignal transformiert, und bei dem der Klangwandler mit einem einstellbaren Schwingungsprofil versehen ist, bei dem mindestens ein Profilparameter durch ein Referenzprofil eines Referenzinstrumentes definiert ist.The invention relates to a musical instrument with a sound transducer, which transforms an excitation signal generated by at least one resonator into a sound signal, and in which the sound transducer is provided with an adjustable vibration profile, wherein at least one profile parameter is defined by a reference profile of a reference instrument.

Die Klangerzeugung eines Musikinstrumentes erfolgt in der Regel durch das Zusammenwirken von drei Einzelkomponenten. Zunächst erfolgt eine Anregung, mit der eine Anregungsenergie in das Instrument eingegeben wird. Dies kann beispielsweise der Bogen einer Geige, der Hammer eines Klaviers oder das Mundstück sowie das Blättchen eines Saxophons sein. Eine weitere Komponente betrifft das Vorhandensein von einem oder mehreren Resonatoren, welche die Grundfrequenz der einzelnen Töne bestimmen. Die Resonatoren können konstante oder variable Eigenschaften besitzen. Resonatoren sind beispielsweise die Saiten einer Geige oder einer Gitarre bzw. die variable Luftsäule eines Saxophons. Die in den Resonator eingeleitete Anregungsenergie führt gemeinsam mit dem anregendem Element und dem Resonator zur Klangerzeugung.The sound production of a musical instrument is usually done by the interaction of three individual components. Initially, an excitation takes place, with which an excitation energy is entered into the instrument. This can be for example the bow of a violin, the hammer of a piano or the mouthpiece and the leaflet of a saxophone. Another component concerns the presence of one or a plurality of resonators which determine the fundamental frequency of the individual tones. The resonators can have constant or variable properties. Resonators are, for example, the strings of a violin or a guitar or the variable air column of a saxophone. The excitation energy introduced into the resonator, together with the exciting element and the resonator, leads to the generation of sound.

Als dritte Komponente wirkt an der Klangerzeugung ein Schallwandler bzw. Resonanzkörper mit, der die vom Instrument bereitgestellte Schwingungsenergie in Schallpegel in der umgebenden Luft transformiert und die Schwingungsenergie hierdurch mit möglichst hohem Wirkungsgrad vom Instrument in die Luft transportiert. Derartige Resonanzkörper sind beispielsweise der Körper einer Geige, der Trichter eines Saxophons, der Tonabnehmer einer elektrischen Gitarre oder der Lautsprecher eines Gitarrenverstärkers.As a third component acts on the sound generator with a sound transducer or sound box, which transforms the vibration energy provided by the instrument in sound level in the surrounding air and the vibration energy transported thereby the highest possible efficiency of the instrument in the air. Such resonant bodies are for example the body of a violin, the funnel of a saxophone, the pickup of an electric guitar or the loudspeaker of a guitar amplifier.

Der Schallwandler bzw. der Resonanzkörper stellt in der Regel einen akustischen oder elektroakustischen Impedanzwandler dar und wird typischerweise derart entworfen, um eine hohe wahrnehmbare Lautstärke des Instrumentes zu erreichen. Darüber hinaus erfüllt der Schallwandler oder Resonanzkörper die Aufgabe, das Frequenzspektrum des Instrumentes zu formen, um hierdurch einen angenehmen und charaktervollen Klang des Instrumentes zu erzeugen.The sounder or sounder typically represents an acoustic or electroacoustic impedance transducer and is typically designed to achieve a high perceived loudness of the instrument. In addition, the sound transducer or resonator fulfills the task of shaping the frequency spectrum of the instrument, thereby producing a pleasant and characterful sound of the instrument.

Der durch den Resonanzkörper beeinflußte Klangcharakter bestimmt wesentlich die wahrgenommene Qualität eines Musikinstrumentes und somit auch die Qualität eines musikalischen Vortrages. Die akustischen Eigenschaften des Schallwandlers werden sowohl durch dessen Geometrie als auch durch die verwendeten Materialien bestimmt.The tonal character influenced by the resonant body essentially determines the perceived quality of a musical instrument and thus also the quality of a musical lecture. The acoustic properties of the transducer are determined both by its geometry and by the materials used.

In akustischer Hinsicht wird der individuelle Klangcharakter eines Instrumentes durch die sogenannten Formanten bestimmt. Diese Formanten sind schmalbandige Anhebungen im Frequenzspektrum und in der Regel unabhängig von der gespielten Tonhöhe. Das menschliche Ohr reagiert sehr sensibel auf Basis einer Mustererkennung auf diese Formanten, so daß auch musikalisch ungeschulte Menschen beispielsweise in einfacher Weise den Klang einer Violine vom Klang einer Bratsche unterscheiden können, obwohl sich die Instrumente im wesentlichen nur durch die Größe Ihres Klangkörpers unterscheiden.In the acoustic sense, the individual sound character of an instrument is determined by the so-called formants. These formants are narrowband increases in the frequency spectrum and usually independent of the pitch played. The human ear responds very sensitively based on a pattern recognition on these formants, so that even untrained people, for example, can easily distinguish the sound of a violin from the sound of a viola, although the instruments differ essentially only by the size of your body.

Aufgrund einer Vielzahl von physikalischen Parametern, die das Klangbild eines bestimmten Schallwandlers oder des Resonanzkörpers bestimmen, erweist es sich in der Regel als äußerst aufwendig, einen Resonanzkörper mit einem exakt vorgegebenen Klangprofil zu versehen. Ein weiteres wesentliches Problem besteht dann, wenn eine größere Anzahl von Resonanzkörpern mit im wesentlichen gleichen vorgegebenen Klangbildern produziert werden soll.Due to a variety of physical parameters that determine the sound of a particular transducer or the sound box, it usually proves to be extremely expensive to provide a sound box with a precisely predetermined sound profile. Another major problem is when a larger number of resonant bodies are to be produced with substantially the same predetermined sound images.

Aus der DE 103 92 940 T5 ist es bekannt, ein von einem Schallwandler eines Musikinstrumentes generiertes Schallsignal zu modifizieren. Der Schallwandler ist mit einem einstellbaren Schwingungsprofil versehen. Eine Modifizierung des Schwingungssignals erfolgt unter Verwendung eines Signalprozessors.From the DE 103 92 940 T5 It is known to modify a generated by a transducer of a musical instrument sound signal. The transducer is provided with an adjustable vibration profile. Modification of the vibration signal is done using a signal processor.

Die US 2005/0045027 A1 beschreibt einen variablen Speicher für zu generierende Frequenzgänge, um den Klang eines Musikinstrumentes an andere vorgegebene Instrumente anzupassen. Entsprechende gespeicherte Frequenzgänge werden abgerufen und im Rahmen einer Steuerung verarbeitet.The US 2005/0045027 A1 describes a variable memory for frequency responses to be generated to match the sound of a musical instrument to other given instruments. Corresponding stored frequency responses are retrieved and processed as part of a control.

In der US 6,740,805 B2 wird ein Verfahren zur Ausstrahlung eines zuvor erfaßten und gespeicherten räumlichen Klangereignisses beschrieben. Das Klangereignis wird in einem ersten Schritt über mehrere im Raum verteilte Mikrofone aufgenommen und anschließend wird die Aufnahme ohne Einbeziehung eines weiteren Musikinstrumentes wiedergegeben.In the US 6,740,805 B2 A method for broadcasting a previously acquired and stored spatial sound event is described. In a first step, the sound event is recorded via several microphones distributed in the room, and then the recording is played back without the involvement of another musical instrument.

Aus der DE 20 2004 008 347 U1 ist ein Verfahren zur algorithmischen Erzeugung von Melodien unter Berücksichtigung äußerer Einflußfaktoren bekannt.From the DE 20 2004 008 347 U1 a method is known for the algorithmic generation of melodies taking into account external influencing factors.

In der US 5,578,548 A wird ein verarbeitungsverfahren beschrieben, um den Frequenzgang eines Klangkörpers eines Musikinstrumentes und den Frequenzgang einer Anregung des Resonators zusammenzufassen. Durch die Zusammenfassung können die benötigte Prozessorleistung und die Speicherkapazität vermindert werden.In the US 5,578,548 A A method of processing is described to summarize the frequency response of a musical instrument's sounding body and the frequency response of an excitation of the resonator. The summary can reduce the required processing power and storage capacity.

Aus der US 6,392,135 B1 ist ein virtuelles Musikinstrument bekannt, das abgespeichertes Klangmaterial in adaptierbarer Art und Weise wiedergeben kann.From the US 6,392,135 B1 For example, a virtual musical instrument is known which can reproduce stored sound material in an adaptable manner.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Musikinstrument der einleitend genannten Art derart zu gestalten, daß die Erzeugung eines vorgegebenen Klangbildes unterstützt wird.The object of the present invention is to design a musical instrument of the aforementioned type such that the generation of a predetermined sound image is supported.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß das Referenzprofil durch die meßtechnische Erfassung des Klanges des Referenzinstrumentes generiert ist und daß der Klangwandler als Teil eines Regelkreises zur Auswertung einer Differenz zwischen dem Referenzprofil und einem Eigenprofil des Klangwandlers ausgebildet ist.This object is achieved in that the reference profile is generated by the metrological detection of the sound of the reference instrument and that the sound transducer is designed as part of a control loop for evaluating a difference between the reference profile and an intrinsic profile of the sound transducer.

Durch die Ausbildung des Klangwandlers mit einem einstellbaren Schwingungsprofil und durch die Parametrisierung dieses Schwingungsprofils in Abhängigkeit vom Referenzprofil eines Referenzinstrumentes ist es möglich, das Referenzprofil eines beliebig auszuwählenden Referenzinstrumentes nachzubilden. Es ist somit möglich, das Klangbild des Klangwandlers weitgehend an das Klangbild des Referenzinstrumentes anzunähern. Insbesondere ist es auch möglich, eine große Anzahl von Klangwandlern mit gleichen und vom Referenzprofil des Referenzinstrumentes bestimmten Klangbildern zu produzieren. Insbesondere ist daran gedacht, daß der Klangwandler als Schallwandler ein akustisches Schallsignal generiert.By designing the sound transducer with an adjustable vibration profile and by the parameterization of this vibration profile as a function of the reference profile of a reference instrument, it is possible to model the reference profile of any reference instrument to be selected. It is thus possible to approximate the sound image of the sound transducer largely to the sound image of the reference instrument. In particular, it is also possible to produce a large number of sound transducers with the same sound patterns determined by the reference profile of the reference instrument. In particular, it is thought that the sound transducer generates a sound signal as a sound transducer.

Eine Realisierung des Klangwandlers erfolgt typischerweise derart, daß der Klangwandler als ein Resonanzkörper ausgebildet ist.A realization of the sound transducer is typically such that the sound transducer is designed as a sound box.

Eine Ausführungsform steht darin, daß der Schallwandler als ein akustischer Resonanzkörper ausgebildet ist.One embodiment is that the sound transducer is designed as an acoustic sound box.

Darüber hinaus ist auch daran gedacht, daß der Klangwandler als ein elektroakustischer Resonanzkörper ausgebildet ist.In addition, it is also thought that the sound transducer is formed as an electroacoustic sound box.

Zur Bereitstellung eines charakteristischen Referenzprofils wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Referenzprofil durch während eines vorgebbaren Zeitintervalles erfolgende Mittelwertbildung bestimmt ist.To provide a characteristic reference profile, it is proposed that the reference profile is determined by mean value formation taking place during a predefinable time interval.

Eine aussagefähige Abspeicherung eines Klangbildes kann dadurch erfolgen, daß das Referenzprofil durch den Frequenzgang des Referenzinstrumentes definiert ist.A meaningful storage of a sound image can be effected in that the reference profile is defined by the frequency response of the reference instrument.

Insbesondere wird eine genaue Definition des Klangbildes dadurch unterstützt, daß das Referenzprofil eine statistische Verteilung von Tonhöhen und Lautstärken definiert.In particular, a precise definition of the sound image is supported by the fact that the reference profile defines a statistical distribution of pitches and volumes.

Eine unmittelbare Erfassung eines Referenzprofils kann dadurch erfolgen, daß das Referenzprofil durch Auswertung von zum Auswertungszeitpunkt gespielter Musik definiert ist.Immediate detection of a reference profile can take place in that the reference profile is defined by evaluation of music played at the time of evaluation.

Auf eine gegenständliche Anwesenheit des Referenzinstrumentes kann dadurch verzichtet werden, daß das Referenzprofil durch Auswertung von aufgezeichneter Musik definiert ist.An objective presence of the reference instrument can be dispensed with by defining the reference profile by evaluating recorded music.

Eine adaptive Frequenzganganpassung des Klangwandlers wird dadurch unterstützt, daß eine Meßeinrichtung zur Messung eines Frequenzganges des Klangwandlers mit dem Klangwandler gekoppelt ist.An adaptive frequency response adaptation of the sound transducer is supported by the fact that a measuring device for measuring a frequency response of the sound transducer is coupled to the sound transducer.

Eine konkrete Realisierung der Parametrisierung erfolgt dadurch, daß der Klangwandler mindestens ein adaptives Element zur Frequenzganganpassung aufweist.A concrete implementation of the parameterization takes place in that the sound transducer has at least one adaptive element for frequency response adaptation.

Eine genaue Adaption des Eigenprofils an das Referenzprofil kann dadurch erfolgen, daß der Klangwandler als Teil eines Regelkreises zur Auswertung einer Differenz zwischen dem Referenzprofil und einem Eigenprofil des Klangwandlers ausgebildet ist.A precise adaptation of the intrinsic profile to the reference profile can be effected in that the sound transducer is designed as part of a control loop for evaluating a difference between the reference profile and a self-profile of the sound transducer.

Eine individuelle Beeinflußbarkeit wird dadurch erreicht, daß eine Parametrisierung des Klangwandlers manuell beeinflußbar ist.An individual influenceability is achieved in that a parameterization of the sound transducer is manually influenced.

In den Zeichnungen sind Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung dargestellt. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine schematische Darstellung zur Erzeugung, Erfassung und Verwendung eines Referenzprofils zur Parametrisierung eines Klangwandlers,
Fig. 2
eine schematische Darstellung zur Veranschaulichung einer Veränderung eines Eigenprofils eines Klangwandlers unter Berücksichtigung eines Referenzprofiles und
Fig. 3
eine schematische Darstellung zur Veranschaulichung einer Ausführungsvariante, bei der die Übertragungscharakteristik eines Klangwandlers an die Übertragungscharakteristik eines Referenzklangwandlers angepaßt wird.
In the drawings, embodiments of the invention are shown. Show it:
Fig. 1
a schematic representation of the generation, detection and use of a reference profile for the parameterization of a sound transducer,
Fig. 2
a schematic representation for illustrating a change of an intrinsic profile of a sound transducer taking into account a reference profile and
Fig. 3
a schematic representation of an embodiment in which the transmission characteristic of a sound transducer is adapted to the transmission characteristic of a reference sound transducer.

Fig. 1 zeigt in einer schematischen Blockschaltbilddarstellung die Erzeugung, Abspeicherung und Verwendung eines Referenzprofils (1). Von einem Referenzinstrument (2), das aus einem Klangerzeuger (3) und einem Referenzschallwandler (4) ausgebildet ist, wird unmittelbar oder unter Verwendung eines Lautsprechers (5) ein Referenzklang generiert, der von einem Mikrofon (6) erfaßt wird. Das Mikrofon (6) ist an einen Referenzspeicher (7) angeschlossen, der eine Abspeicherung des Referenzprofils ermöglicht. Der Referenzspeicher (7) ist mit einer Signalverarbeitung (8) gekoppelt, die insbesondere eine statistische Auswertung des vom Mikrofon (6) erfaßten Klangbildes unterstützt.1 shows a schematic block diagram representation of the generation, storage and use of a reference profile (1). From a reference instrument (2), which is formed from a sound generator (3) and a reference sound transducer (4), a reference sound is generated directly or using a loudspeaker (5), which is detected by a microphone (6). The microphone (6) is connected to a reference memory (7), which allows storage of the reference profile. The reference memory (7) is coupled to a signal processor (8) which in particular supports a statistical evaluation of the sound image detected by the microphone (6).

Eine Erfassung des Referenzprofils (1) kann beispielsweise derart erfolgen, daß ein hinreichend langer musikalischer Vortrag auf einem spezifischen Referenzinstrument (2) erfaßt und unter Verwendung der Signalverarbeitung (8) statistisch hinsichtlich des charakteristischen Frequenzganges des Referenzinstrumentes (2) bzw. dessen Referenzschallwandlers (4) ausgewertet wird. Die Signalverarbeitung (8) kann eine Mittelwertbildung umfassen.A detection of the reference profile (1) can for example be such that a sufficiently long musical presentation on a specific reference instrument (2) detected and using the signal processing (8) statistically with respect to the characteristic frequency response of the reference instrument (2) and its reference sound transducer (4) is evaluated. The signal processing (8) may include averaging.

Durch die Signalverarbeitung (8) wird nicht nur ein Frequenzgang des Referenzschallwandlers (4) ermittelt, sondern es wird zusätzlich auch der Frequenzgang der Klangerzeugung analysiert und erfaßt. Das Ergebnis der statistischen Auswertung ist somit auch abhängig von der Art des musikalischen Vortrages und insbesondere von der statistischen Verteilung der gespielten Tonhöhen und deren Lautstärke. Ein typisches Referenzprofil beinhaltet somit für einzelne Frequenzanteile die jeweiligen Amplitudenwerte bzw. die relativen Amplitudenanteile an der gesamten Signalamplitude. Eine Quantisierung des Frequenzverlaufes erfolgt mit einer ausreichend feinen Unterteilung.By the signal processing (8) not only a frequency response of the reference sound transducer (4) is determined, but it is additionally analyzed and recorded the frequency response of the sound production. The result of the statistical evaluation is therefore also dependent on the type of musical lecture and in particular on the statistical distribution of the pitches played and their volume. A typical reference profile thus contains for individual frequency components the respective amplitude values or the relative amplitude components over the entire signal amplitude. A quantization of the frequency response is carried out with a sufficiently fine subdivision.

Durch die Kopplung des Mikrofons (6) an den Referenzspeicher (7) bzw. die Signalverarbeitung (8) ist es nicht erforderlich, daß das Referenzinstrument gegenständlich bei der Durchführung der Signalverarbeitung anwesend ist. Eine Audioaufnahme des Klangbildes des Referenzinstrumentes (2) erweist sich als ausreichend. Gemäß einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist insbesondere auch daran gedacht, im Bereich des Referenzspeichers (7) mehrere unterschiedliche Referenzprofile (1) abzulegen. Ein Nutzer kann somit zwischen mehreren Referenzprofilen (1) auswählen.By the coupling of the microphone (6) to the reference memory (7) and the signal processing (8), it is not necessary that the reference instrument is present objectively in the implementation of the signal processing. An audio recording of the sound image of the reference instrument (2) proves to be sufficient. According to one embodiment of the invention, it is also particularly conceivable to deposit a plurality of different reference profiles (1) in the region of the reference memory (7). A user can thus select between several reference profiles (1).

Gemäß der Ausführungsform in Fig. 1 weist das erfindungsgemäße Musikinstrument (9) einen Klangerzeuger (10) auf, der mit einem Schallwandler (11) gekoppelt ist. Der Schallwandler (11) generiert ein akustisches Signal, das unmittelbar oder unter Verwendung eines Lautsprechers (12) einer Umgebung zugeführt wird. Ein aktuelles Eigenprofil (13) des Schallwandlers (11) wird einer Differenzbildung (14) zugeführt, die als zweite Eingangsgröße das Referenzprofil (1) auswertet. Das von der Differenzbildung (14) bereitgestellte Ausgangssignal wird unter Berücksichtigung einer Verstärkung (15) dem Schallwandler (11) zugeführt und parametrisiert hier dessen konkret vorliegendes Klangbild.According to the embodiment in FIG. 1, the musical instrument (9) according to the invention has a sound generator (10) which is coupled to a sound transducer (11). The sound transducer (11) generates an acoustic signal which is supplied to an environment directly or by using a loudspeaker (12). A current intrinsic profile (13) of the sound transducer (11) is fed to a subtraction (14), which evaluates the reference profile (1) as the second input variable. The output signal provided by the difference formation (14) is supplied to the sound transducer (11), taking into account a gain (15), and here parameterizes its concrete present sound pattern.

Für den Fall, daß die Differenzbildung (14) als Ausgangssignal den Wert Null liefert, hat der Schallwandler (11) sein Klangbild derart variiert, daß das aktuelle Eigenprofil gleich dem vorgegebenen Referenzprofil (1) ist. Der Schallwandler (11) ist typischerweise derart ausgebildet, daß er ein variables und parametrisierbares Klangbild aufweist und den Frequenzgang seines Ausgangssignals noch während des musikalischen Vortrags kontinuierlich mißt. Der Schallwandler (11) ermittelt somit automatisch sein Eigenprofil (13) zeitgleich zur Generierung des musikalischen Vortrages.In the event that the difference formation (14) delivers the value zero as the output signal, the sound transducer (11) has its sound image varied in such a way that the current intrinsic profile is equal to the predetermined reference profile (1). The sound transducer (11) is typically designed such that it has a variable and parametrisierbares sound and measures the frequency response of its output signal still during the musical lecture continuously. The sound transducer (11) thus automatically determines its own profile (13) at the same time to generate the musical lecture.

Durch einen permanenten oder zyklischen Vergleich des Eigenprofils (13) mit dem Referenzprofil (1) erfolgt eine Veränderung des variablen Schallwandlers (11) derart, daß die Differenzen zischen dem Eigenprofil (13) und dem Referenzprofil (1) minimiert werden. Das Musikinstrument (9) nimmt somit durch die Parametrisierung seines Schallwandlers (11) adaptiv das Klangbild des Referenzinstrumentes (2) an.By a permanent or cyclic comparison of the intrinsic profile (13) with the reference profile (1), a change of the variable sound transducer (11) takes place in such a way that the differences between the intrinsic profile (13) and the reference profile (1) are minimized. The musical instrument (9) thus adapts the sound image of the reference instrument (2) adaptively by the parameterization of its sound transducer (11).

Die Frequenzganganpassung des Musikinstrumentes (9) kann automatisch oder interaktiv mit einem Benutzer erfolgen. Insbesondere ist es möglich, eine manuelle Beeinflussung des Adaptionsvorganges derart durchzuführen, daß der Nutzer die Frequenzganganpassung durch die Art seines musikalischen Vortrags interaktiv steuern kann. Insbesondere kann der Musiker durch die statistische Wahl der Tonhöhen und Lautstärken die Annäherung an das Referenzprofil (1) steuern.The frequency response adjustment of the musical instrument (9) can be done automatically or interactively with a user. In particular, it is possible to perform a manual influence on the adaptation process in such a way that the user can interactively control the frequency response adaptation by the nature of his musical performance. In particular, the musician can by the statistical choice of pitches and Volumes control the approach to the reference profile (1).

Darüber hinaus ist es möglich, daß der Musiker in künstlerischer Absicht durch ein bewußtes andersartiges Spiel des zu parametrisierenden Musikinstrumentes (9) das Verhalten des Schallwandlers (11) vom Referenzprofil (1) wegführt, um hierdurch ein individuelles Klangbild zu generieren.In addition, it is possible that the artist in artistic intention by a conscious different kind of game to be parameterized musical instrument (9) the behavior of the sound transducer (11) away from the reference profile (1), thereby generating an individual sound image.

Die vorstehenden Erläuterungen zur Konstruktion des Schallwandlers (11) und der zugeordneten Funktionskomponenten in Kombination mit dem Musikinstrument gelten in gleicher Wiese auch bei einer gerätetechnischen Realisierung ohne Zuordnung zu einem Musikinstrument und auch ohne gleichzeitige Generierung eines akustischen Schallsignals. Der durch die Rückkopplung bereitgestellte Regelkreis umfaßt gemäß der Ausführungsform in Fig. 1 den Luftweg zwischen dem Lautsprecher (12) und dem Mikrofon (6).The above explanations on the construction of the sound transducer (11) and the associated functional components in combination with the musical instrument apply in the same way even in a device implementation without assignment to a musical instrument and without simultaneous generation of an acoustic sound signal. The loop provided by the feedback comprises according to the embodiment in Fig. 1 the air path between the loudspeaker (12) and the microphone (6).

Fig. 2 veranschaulicht einen Ablauf, bei dem das Referenzprofil (1) unter Verwendung einer Audioaufzeichnung generiert wird, das beispielsweise auf einer Kassette (16) abgespeichert ist. Der verfahrensablauf entspricht im wesentlichen der Darstellung in Fig. 1, zusätzlich ist ein Ohr (17) eines Benutzers bzw. eines Hörers dargestellt. Es können auch in anderer Art und Weise abgespeicherte Referenzprofile (1) verwendet werden.Fig. 2 illustrates a procedure in which the reference profile (1) is generated using an audio recording stored on a cassette (16), for example. The procedure corresponds essentially to the illustration in FIG. 1, in addition an ear 17 of a user or a handset is shown. It is also possible to use reference profiles (1) stored in a different manner.

Alternativ zu einer direkten Generierung eines akustischen Schallsignals durch den Schallwandler (11) ist es auch möglich, daß der Schallwandler (11) ein elektrisches oder sonstiges Ausgangssignal generiert, das erst in einem weiteren Verarbeitungsschritt zeitgleich oder zeitlich versetzt in ein akustisches Schallsignal umgewandelt wird. Beispielsweise kann das unmittelbare Ausgangssignal des im weiteren allgemein als Klangwandler bezeichneten Schallwandlers (11) zunächst aufgezeichnet und nach einer entsprechenden Abspeicherung zu einem späteren zeitpunkt in hörbaren Schall transformiert wird.As an alternative to a direct generation of an acoustic sound signal by the sound transducer (11), it is also possible for the sound transducer (11) to generate an electrical or other output signal which is converted into an acoustic sound signal at the same time or at a later time in a further processing step. For example For example, the immediate output signal of the sound transducer (11), which is generally referred to as a sound transducer in the following text, can be recorded first and, after a corresponding storage at a later time, transformed into audible sound.

Der Klangwandler (11) kann auch als digitale oder analoge Schaltung realisiert sein, deren Ausgangssignal einem Verstärker oder unmittelbar einem Lautsprecher oder einem andersartigen Schallgenerator zugeführt wird. Bei einer digitalen Realisierung des Klangwandlers (11) ist insbesondere auch daran gedacht, die Signalverarbeitung unter Anwendung einer Fouriertransformation durchzuführen.The sound transducer (11) can also be realized as a digital or analog circuit whose output signal is fed to an amplifier or directly to a loudspeaker or to a different type of sound generator. In a digital realization of the sound transducer (11), in particular, it is also intended to carry out the signal processing using a Fourier transformation.

In einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann der Klangwandler (11) als ein adaptiver Filter realisiert sein. Gemäß der Ausführungsform in Fig. 2 ist es nicht zwingend erforderlich, daß ein akustischer Luftweg als Übertragungsstrecke in den bereitgestellten Regelkreis einbezogen wird.In another embodiment, the sound transducer (11) may be implemented as an adaptive filter. According to the embodiment in Fig. 2, it is not absolutely necessary that an acoustic airway is included as a transmission path in the provided control loop.

Fig. 3 zeigt eine Ausführungsform, bei der der Klangerzeuger (10) des Musikinstrumentes (9) sein Ausgangssignal sowohl dem Schallwandler (11) als auch dem Referenzschallwandler (4) zuführt. Das Ausgangssignal des Schallwandlers (11) wird wiederum über das Eigenprofil (13), die Differenzbildung (14) und eine einstellbare Verstärkung (15) zurückgeführt. Auf die Differenzbildung (14) wird ebenfalls das Ausgangssignal des Refenzschallwandlers (4) unter Zwischenschaltung des Referenzspeichers (7) und der Signalverarbeitung (8) geführt. Das Übertragungsprofil des Schallwandlers (11) kann hierdurch an das Übertragungsprofil des Referenzschallwandlers (4) angepaßt werden. Insbesondere kann hierdurch erreicht werden, daß ein gerätetechnisch vergleichsweise preiswert aufgebauter Schallwandler (11) hinsichtlich seines Übertragungsverhaltens an das Übertragungsverhalten eines hochwertigen Referenzschallwandlers (4) angepaßt wird.3 shows an embodiment in which the sound generator (10) of the musical instrument (9) supplies its output signal to both the sound transducer (11) and the reference sound transducer (4). The output signal of the sound transducer (11) is in turn fed back via the intrinsic profile (13), the difference formation (14) and an adjustable gain (15). On the difference formation (14), the output signal of the reference sound transducer (4) with the interposition of the reference memory (7) and the signal processing (8) is also performed. The transmission profile of the sound transducer (11) can thereby be adapted to the transmission profile of the reference sound transducer (4). In particular, it can thereby be achieved that a device technology comparatively inexpensive constructed transducer (11) with regard to its transmission behavior to the transmission behavior of a high-quality reference sound transducer (4) is adjusted.

Die Adaption des Übertragungsverhaltens des Schallwandlers (11) gemäß der Ausführungsform in Fig. 3 kann bei einer zeitgleichen Zuführung des Ausgangssignals des Klangerzeugers (10) sowohl zum Referenzschallwandler (4) als auch zum Schallwandler (11) erfolgen, es ist aber auch möglich, zeitlich versetzt zunächst unter Verwendung des Referenzschallwandlers (4) das Referenzprofil (1) abzuspeichern und zu zeitlich späteren Prozeßschritten eine Adaption einer beliebigen Anzahl von Schallwandlern (11) an das Referenzprofil (1) durchzuführen. Das Verfahren eignet sich somit auch zur Durchführung einer Serienproduktion. Die Serienproduktion kann sowohl durch eine für jedes Gerät vorgenommenen individuelle Adaption als auch unter Verwendung eines einmalig ermittelten Adaptionsprofils erfolgen, das abgespeichert und für jedes zu adaptierende Gerät identisch verwendet wird.The adaptation of the transmission behavior of the sound transducer (11) according to the embodiment in Fig. 3 can be carried out at a simultaneous supply of the output signal of the sound generator (10) to both the reference sound transducer (4) and the sound transducer (11), but it is also possible in time initially offset using the reference sound transducer (4) to store the reference profile (1) and to perform an adaptation of any number of sound transducers (11) to the reference profile (1) at later stages of the process. The method is therefore also suitable for carrying out a series production. The series production can take place both by an individual adaptation made for each device and by using a once determined adaptation profile which is stored and used identically for each device to be adapted.

Vorangehend war der verwendete Klangwandler (11) bevorzugt als Schallwandler erläutert. Die tatsächliche Schallerzeugung und/oder die Verarbeitung eines ursprünglich als Schallsignal vorliegenden Eingangssignales stellt jedoch keinen unverzichtbaren Teil der Erfindung dar. Vielmehr ist der erläuterte Schallwandler lediglich eine Ausführungsform des Klangwandlers. Der Klangwandler kann darüber hinaus als Lautsprecher, linearer oder nicht linearer Verstärker, Gitarrenverstärker, Prozessor oder Audioeffekt-Prozessor ausgeführt sein. Die Realisierung kann wahlweise analog, digital oder teilweise analog und teilweise digital erfolgen. Verwendung als Klangwandler können auch Signalprozessoren finden.Previously, the sound transducer (11) used was preferably explained as a sound transducer. However, the actual generation of sound and / or the processing of an initially present as a sound signal input signal is not an indispensable part of the invention. Rather, the described transducer is only one embodiment of the sound transducer. The transducer can also be implemented as a speaker, linear or non-linear amplifier, guitar amplifier, processor or audio effect processor. The implementation can be done either analog, digital or partially analog and partially digital. Use as a sound transducer can also find signal processors.

Das ausgewertete Referenzklangprofil kann auf akustischem Wege über den bereits erläuterten Referenzschallwandler (4) ermittelt werden, es ist aber auch eine rein elektronische Verarbeitung denkbar. Bei der Auswertung eines Klangprofils eines tatsächlichen Instrumentes ist es möglich, den bereits erwähnten musikalischen Vortrag auf diesem Instrument auszuwerten, es ist aber auch möglich, das Instrument gezielt mechanisch oder elektrisch einer Anregungsfunktion zu unterwerfen und das entsprechende Ausgangssignal zu analysieren. Es werden hierbei nicht zwangsläufig im eigentlichen Sinne musikalische Klänge generiert, sondern die Klangerzeugung kann in Abhängigkeit von Testsignalen bzw. Testanregungen erfolgen.The evaluated reference sound profile can be determined acoustically via the already explained reference sound transducer (4), but it is also a purely electronic processing conceivable. When evaluating a sound profile of an actual instrument, it is possible to evaluate the already mentioned musical lecture on this instrument, but it is also possible to deliberately subject the instrument mechanically or electrically to an excitation function and to analyze the corresponding output signal. It is not necessarily musical sounds generated in the true sense, but the sound production can be done in response to test signals or test suggestions.

Der erfindungsgemäße Klangwandler und der Referenz-Klangwandler sind nicht notwendigerweise ein untrennbarer Teil eines Musikinstruments und können zur Durchführung der erfindungsgemäßen Messungen sowohl mit einem Musikinstrument als auch mit einem andersartigen analytischen, breitbandigen Signal angeregt werden.The sound transducer according to the invention and the reference sound transducer are not necessarily an inseparable part of a musical instrument and can be excited to carry out the measurements according to the invention both with a musical instrument and with a different analytical broadband signal.

Alternativ oder ergänzend können auch Klangwandler bzw. Schallwandler oder Resonanzkörper verwendet werden, welche eine nichtlineare Übertragungsfunktion haben. Der Unterschied zu linearen Klangwandlern besteht darin, dass das generierte Spektrum des Klangwandlers abhängig von der Amplitude des Eingangssignals ist. Zudem erzeugt ein polyphones Musikinstrument im nichtlinearen Klangwandler Intermodulationen bzw. Verzerrungen und Obertöne.Alternatively or additionally, it is also possible to use sound transducers or sound transducers which have a non-linear transfer function. The difference to linear sound converters is that the generated spectrum of the sound transducer is dependent on the amplitude of the input signal. In addition, a polyphonic musical instrument generates intermodulations or distortions and overtones in the nonlinear sound transducer.

Diese Nichtlinearitäten sind oftmals gewollt und werden als Teil des Klangcharakters des Schallwandlers betrachtet. Ein Beispiel ist ein Gitarrenverstärker oder ein Lautsprecher, oder die Kombination aus beidem. Der Verstärker wird oftmals im nichtlinearen Bereich betrieben, in dem der Schallwandler (der Lautsprecher) durch seine hohe Energieaufnahme Verzerrungen in der Verstärkerentstufe erzeugt. Auch der Lautsprecher selbst erzeugt einen hohen Klirrfaktor, da bei großen Signalauslenkungen die dämpfende Membranaufhängung außerhalb ihres linearen Bereichs gerät.These nonlinearities are often intentional and considered to be part of the sonic nature of the transducer. An example is a guitar amp or a speaker, or the combination of both. The amplifier is often operated in the non-linear range, in which the sound transducer (the loudspeaker) generates distortions in the amplifier stage due to its high energy consumption. The loudspeaker itself also produces a high harmonic distortion factor because the damping diaphragm suspension gets out of its linear range with large signal deflections.

Auch andere z.T. historische Klangprozessoren wie analoge Equalizer können hier herangezogen werden. Sie erzeugen Nichtlinearitäten, die sich neben der Frequenzgangsänderung positiv auf den Klang auswirken.Also other z.T. Historical sound processors such as analog equalizers can be used here. They produce nonlinearities that have a positive effect on the sound in addition to the frequency response change.

Typische Nichtlinearitäten begrenzen die Signalamplitude nach oben oder unten. Dieses erfolgt je nach Kennlinie mehr oder weniger sanft. Kleine Amplituden bleiben hingegen nahezu linear und unkomprimiert.Typical nonlinearities limit the signal amplitude up or down. This is done more or less gently depending on the characteristic. Small amplitudes remain nearly linear and uncompressed.

Es zeigt sich, dass ein nichtlinearer Klangwandler in drei Komponenten zerlegt werden kann: Die reine Nichtlinearität, und die Frequenzgänge vor und nach dieser Nichtlinearität.It turns out that a nonlinear sound transducer can be broken down into three components: the pure nonlinearity, and the frequency responses before and after this nonlinearity.

Bei großen Signalpegeln bestimmt der eingangsseitige Frequenzgang vor allem den Charakter der Verzerrung und der Intermodulationen. Der ausgangsseitige Frequenzgang hingegen erzeugt die charakteristischen Formanten des Klangwandlers. Bei kleinen Signalpegeln hat die Nichtlinearität keine Signifikanz und kann vernachlässigt werden. Hier werden beide Frequenzgänge als ein einziger Frequenzgang wahrgenommen.At high signal levels, the input frequency response primarily determines the character of the distortion and intermodulation. The output frequency response, however, generates the characteristic formants of the sound transducer. At low signal levels, nonlinearity has no significance and can be neglected. Here, both frequency responses are perceived as a single frequency response.

Aufbauend auf der Vorrichtung des adaptiven Klangwandlers soll nachfolgend eine Vorrichtung erläutert werden, welche beide Frequenzgänge eines nichtlinearen Referenz-Klangwandlers erfasst und auf einen adaptiven nichtlinearen Klangwandler appliziert.Based on the apparatus of the adaptive sound transducer will be explained below, a device which both frequency responses of a non-linear reference sound transducer recorded and applied to an adaptive nonlinear sound transducer.

Der erfindungsgemäße Klangwandler hat insbesondere zwei separate Schwingungsprofile mit einer zwischengeschalteten Nichtlinearität.In particular, the sound transducer according to the invention has two separate vibration profiles with an intermediate nonlinearity.

Vom Referenz-Klangwandler werden nun zwei Referenzprofile ermittelt:

  • Ein Referenzprofil A bei geringem Eingangspegel. Hier spielt die Nichtlinearität der Referenz für den Frequenzgang keine Rolle. Dieses erste Profil repräsentiert die Multiplikation beider Frequenzgänge. Der Gesamtpegel wird durch die Verstärkung der Nichtlinearität um ihren Nullpunkt bestimmt.
  • Ein zweites Referenzprofil B bei hohem Eingangspegel. Hier grenzt die Nichtlinearität beide Frequenzgänge voneinander ab. Die nun entstehenden Intermodulationen und Obertöne werden ausschließlich von dem vorgelagerten Frequenzgang bestimmt. Das aus der Nichtlinearität resultierende Frequenzspektrum wird vom nachgelagerten Frequenzgang geformt. Der Gesamtpegel wird durch die absolute Amplitudenbegrenzung der Nichtlinearität bestimmt.
The reference sound transducer now determines two reference profiles:
  • A reference profile A at a low input level. Here the nonlinearity of the reference for the frequency response is irrelevant. This first profile represents the multiplication of both frequency responses. The overall level is determined by the gain of the non-linearity around its zero point.
  • A second reference profile B at a high input level. Here the non-linearity delimits both frequency responses. The resulting intermodulation and overtones are determined exclusively by the upstream frequency response. The frequency spectrum resulting from the nonlinearity is shaped by the downstream frequency response. The overall level is determined by the absolute amplitude limitation of the nonlinearity.

Der adaptive nichtlineare Klangwandler wird vorzugsweise in zwei Stufen dem Referenzklangwandler angepasst:The adaptive nonlinear sound transducer is preferably adapted in two stages to the reference sound transducer:

In der ersten Stufe wird der adaptive Klangwandler als linear angenommen mit einem Frequenzgang L. Bei geringem Eingangspegel wird dieser Frequenzgang L derart geregelt, dass sein Eigenprofil dem Referenzprofil A entspricht. DieserIn the first stage, the adaptive sound transducer is assumed to be linear with a frequency response L. At a low input level, this frequency response L is controlled such that its intrinsic profile corresponds to the reference profile A. This

Vorgang entspricht exakt dem zuvor beschriebenen Regelkreis. Der ermittelte Frequenzgang L ist jedoch lediglich ein Zwischenergebnis: Er entspricht der Multiplikation der beiden Frequenzgänge vor und nach der Nichtlinearität. Der individuelle Verlauf der Frequenzgänge ist jedoch noch nicht bekannt.Operation corresponds exactly to the previously described control loop. However, the determined frequency response L is only an intermediate result: it corresponds to the multiplication of the two frequency responses before and after the nonlinearity. The individual course of the frequency responses is not yet known.

In der zweiten Stufe wird der adaptive Klangwandler als die beschriebene Kombination zweier Frequenzgänge A und B mit einer dazwischen liegenden Nichtlinearität geschaltet. Bei hohem Eingangspegel wird der Frequenzgang B derart geregelt, dass sein Eigenprofil dem Referenzprofil B entspricht. Dieser Vorgang entspricht exakt dem zuvor beschriebenen Regelkreis.In the second stage, the adaptive sound transducer is switched as the described combination of two frequency responses A and B with an intermediate nonlinearity. At high input level, the frequency response B is controlled such that its own profile corresponds to the reference profile B. This process corresponds exactly to the previously described control loop.

Das Eigenprofil ist nun jedoch zusätzlich beeinflusst vom Frequenzgang A und der Nichtlinearität. Hier erfährt der Regelkreis seine zweite Rückkoppelung: während Frequenzgang B geregelt wird, wird Frequenzgang A gleichzeitig derart modifiziert, dass die Multiplikation von Frequenzgang A und B dem früher ermittelten Frequenzgang L entspricht.However, the intrinsic profile is additionally influenced by the frequency response A and the nonlinearity. Here, the control loop experiences its second feedback: while frequency response B is controlled, frequency response A is simultaneously modified in such a way that the multiplication of frequency response A and B corresponds to the previously determined frequency response L.

Daher wird Frequenzgang A invers geregelt: Wird ein Spektralanteil von Frequenzgang B im Pegel angehoben, so wird der entsprechende Spektralanteil von Frequenzgang A im selben Maße abgesenkt. So bleibt der kombinierte serielle Frequenzgang L erhalten.Therefore, frequency response A is controlled inversely: If a spectral component of frequency response B is increased in level, the corresponding spectral component of frequency response A is lowered to the same extent. Thus, the combined serial frequency response L is maintained.

Auch Frequenzgang A hat trotz der nachgeschalteten Nichtlinearität einen Einfluss auf das Eigenprofil des Klangwandlers und somit auf die Regelung. Durch die komprimierende Wirkung der Nichtlinearität ist dieser Einfluss jedoch geringer als der Einfluss von Frequenzgang B. Das garantiert, dass der Regelungsprozess in keinem Punkt instabil oder indifferent verläuft.Frequency response A also has an influence on the intrinsic profile of the sound transducer, and thus on the control, despite the downstream non-linearity. However, due to the compressive effect of non-linearity, this influence is less than the influence of frequency response B. This guarantees that the regulatory process is not unstable or indifferent at any point.

Wenn in der zweiten Stufe über den Regelungsprozess die Differenz zwischen Referenzprofil B und dem Eigenprofil minimiert wurde, dann sind die Frequenzgänge A und B exakt angenähert.If the difference between reference profile B and the intrinsic profile was minimized in the second stage via the control process, then the frequency responses A and B are exactly approximated.

Neben den Frequenzgängen A und B hat der Charakter der zwischengeschalteten Nichtlinearität einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das dynamische Klangverhalten des Klangwandlers.In addition to the frequency responses A and B, the character of the intermediate non-linearity has a decisive influence on the dynamic sound behavior of the sound transducer.

Die vorliegende Erfindung stützt sich im wesentlichen auf eine triviale Nichtlinearität, wie sie überall in der Natur vorkommt.The present invention relies essentially on a trivial nonlinearity, as occurs throughout nature.

Die Bedingungen der trivialen Nichtlinearität sind:

  • Ein quasilineares Verhalten bei geringer Amplitude
  • Eine absolute Amplitudenbegrenzung oben und unten.
  • Ein monotoner Kennlinienverlauf
  • Keine Hysterese
  • Kein Gedächtnis: Die Nichtlinearität liefert für dieselbe Eingangsgröße immer dieselbe Ausgangsgröße, unabhängig vom bisherigen Signalverlauf.
The conditions of trivial nonlinearity are:
  • Quasilinear behavior at low amplitude
  • An absolute amplitude limit above and below.
  • A monotone characteristic curve
  • No hysteresis
  • No memory: Nonlinearity always returns the same output for the same input, regardless of the signal history so far.

Die triviale Nichtlinearität weist zwei fundamentale Parameter auf: Die Verstärkung im quasilinearen Bereich und der Pegel der absoluten Amplitudenbegrenzung.The trivial nonlinearity has two fundamental parameters: the quasi-linear gain and the absolute amplitude limit.

Diese beiden Parameter können im erfindungsgemäßen nichtlinearen Klangwandler frei gewählt werden. Sie werden durch die beschriebene zweistufige Ermittlung des Eigenprofils in den Frequenzgängen L bzw. A und B erfasst und über den Regelprozess kompensiert, da alle Frequenzgänge und Profile naturgemäß auch absolute Pegel-Verstärkungen bzw. Abschwächungen beinhalten.These two parameters can be chosen freely in the non-linear sound converter according to the invention. They are detected by the described two-stage determination of the eigenprofile in the frequency responses L or A and B and via the control process compensated, since all frequency responses and profiles naturally also include absolute level gains or attenuations.

Der kombinierte Frequenzgang L korrigiert somit die Verstärkung im quasilinearen Bereich. Der nachgeschaltete Frequenzgang B korrigiert den Pegel der absoluten Amplitudenbegrenzung der Nichtlinearität.The combined frequency response L thus corrects the gain in the quasi-linear range. The downstream frequency response B corrects the level of absolute amplitude limitation of the non-linearity.

Claims (26)

Musikinstrument mit einem Klangwandler, der ein von mindestens einem Resonator erzeugtes Anregungssignal in ein Klangsignal transformiert, und bei dem der Klangwandler mit einem einstellbaren Schwingungsprofil versehen ist, bei dem mindestens ein Profilparameter durch ein Referenzprofil eines Referenzinstrumentes definiert ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzprofil (1) durch die meßtechnische Erfassung des Klanges des Referenzinstrumentes (2) generiert ist und daß der Klangwandler (11) als Teil eines Regelkreises zur Auswertung einer Differenz zwischen dem Referenzprofil (1) und einem Eigenprofil (13) des Klangwandlers (11) ausgebildet ist.Musical instrument comprising a sound transducer which transforms an excitation signal generated by at least one resonator into a sound signal and in which the sound transducer is provided with an adjustable vibration profile in which at least one profile parameter is defined by a reference profile of a reference instrument, characterized in that the reference profile ( 1) is generated by the metrological detection of the sound of the reference instrument (2) and that the sound transducer (11) is formed as part of a control loop for evaluating a difference between the reference profile (1) and a self-profile (13) of the sound transducer (11). Musikinstrument nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) als ein Resonanzkörper ausgebildet ist.Musical instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is designed as a sounding body. Musikinstrument nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) als ein akustischer Resonanzkörper ausgebildet ist.Musical instrument according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is designed as an acoustic sound box. Musikinstrument nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) als ein elektroakustischer Resonanzkörper ausgebildet ist.Musical instrument according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is designed as an electroacoustic sounding body. Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzprofil (1) durch während eines vorgebbaren Zeitintervalles erfolgende Mittelwertbildung bestimmt ist.Musical instrument according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the reference profile (1) is determined by mean value formation taking place during a predefinable time interval. Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzprofil durch den Frequenzgang des Referenzinstrumentes (2) definiert ist.Musical instrument according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the reference profile is defined by the frequency response of the reference instrument (2). Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzprofil (1) eine statistische Verteilung von Tonhöhen und Lautstärken definiert.Musical instrument according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the reference profile (1) defines a statistical distribution of pitches and volumes. Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzprofil durch Auswertung von zum Auswertungszeitpunkt gespielter Musik definiert ist.Musical instrument according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the reference profile is defined by evaluation of music played at the time of evaluation. Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzprofil durch Auswertung von aufgezeichneter Musik definiert ist.Musical instrument according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the reference profile is defined by evaluation of recorded music. Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Meßeinrichtung zur Messung eines Frequenzganges des Klangwandlers (11) mit dem Klangwandler (11) gekoppelt ist.Musical instrument according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that a measuring device for measuring a frequency response of the sound transducer (11) is coupled to the sound transducer (11). Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) mindestens ein adaptives Element zur Frequenzganganpassung aufweist.Musical instrument according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) has at least one adaptive element for frequency response matching. Musikinstrument nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Parametrisierung des Klangwandlers (11) manuell beeinflußbar ist.Musical instrument according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that a parameterization of the sound transducer (11) can be influenced manually. Klangwandler, der ein von mindestens einem Resonator erzeugtes Anregungssignal in ein Klangsignal transformiert, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) mit einem einstellbaren Schwingungsprofil versehen ist, bei dem mindestens ein Profilparameter durch ein Referenzprofil (1) eines Referenzinstrumentes (2) derart definiert ist, daß das Referenzprofil (1) durch die meßtechnische Erfassung des Klanges des Referenzinstrumentes (2) generiert ist und daß der Klangwandler (11) als Teil eines Regelkreises zur Auswertung einer Differenz zwischen dem Referenzprofil (1) und einem Eigenprofil (13) des Klangwandlers (11) ausgebildet ist.A sound transducer which transforms an excitation signal generated by at least one resonator into a sound signal, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is provided with an adjustable vibration profile in which at least one profile parameter is defined by a reference profile (1) of a reference instrument (2) in that the reference profile (1) is generated by measuring the sound of the reference instrument (2) and that the sound transducer (11) is part of a control circuit for evaluating a difference between the reference profile (1) and a self-profile (13) of the sound transducer ( 11) is formed. Klangwandler nach der Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) mindestens teilweise als eine digitale Schaltung ausgebildet ist.Sound transducer according to claim 13, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is at least partially formed as a digital circuit. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 oder 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) eine Einrichtung zur Durchführung einer Fouriertransformation aufweist.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 or 14, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) has a device for carrying out a Fourier transformation. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) als Teil eines digitalen Gitarrenverstärkers ausgebildet ist.Sound converter according to one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is formed as part of a digital guitar amplifier. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Musikinstrument mindestens aus dem Klangerzeuger (3), dem Schallwandler (4) und einem Verstärker ausgebildet ist.Sound transducer according to one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the musical instrument is formed at least from the sound generator (3), the sound transducer (4) and an amplifier. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) als ein adaptiver Filter ausgebildet ist.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 to 17, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is designed as an adaptive filter. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Ausbildung zur zeitlich gleichzeitigen Erfassung sowohl des Referenzprofils (1) als auch eines Eigenprofils vorgesehen ist.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 to 18, characterized in that a design for simultaneously recording both the reference profile (1) and an intrinsic profile is provided. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Klangcharakteristik eines bestimmten Musikinstrumentes zeitlich nacheinander zwei verschiedenen Verstärkern zugeführt wird und daß die Übertragungscharakteristik des Klangwandlers (11) an die Übertragungscharakteristik des Referenzklangwandlers (4) angepaßt wird.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 to 19, characterized in that the sound characteristic of a specific musical instrument is fed in chronological succession to two different amplifiers and in that the transmission characteristic of the sound transducer (11) is adapted to the transmission characteristic of the reference sound transducer (4). Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Übertragungscharakteristik mindestens teilweise nicht linear ist.Sound transducer according to one of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that the transmission characteristic is at least partially non-linear. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Resonanzkörper eines zugeordneten Musikinstrumentes eine nicht lineare Übertragungsfunktion aufweist.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 to 21, characterized in that the sound box of an associated musical instrument has a non-linear transfer function. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 22, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) separate Schwingungsprofile mit einer zwischengeschalteten Nichtlinearität aufweist.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 to 22, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) has separate vibration profiles with an intermediate nonlinearity. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 23, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) einem Referenzschallwandler zweistufig angepaßt ist.Sound transducer according to one of Claims 13 to 23, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is adapted in two stages to a reference sound transducer. Klangwandler nach Anspruch 24, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) in einer ersten Stufe mit einer linearisierten Übertragungsfunktion einem Referenzprofil A angepaßt wird und in einer zweiten Stufe unter Berücksichtigung zweier Frequenzgänge A und B mit zwischengestalteter Nichtlinearität an ein Referenzprofil B angepaßt ist.A sound transducer according to claim 24, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is adapted in a first stage with a linearized transfer function a reference profile A and is adapted in a second stage, taking into account two frequency responses A and B with inter-formed non-linearity to a reference profile B. Klangwandler nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 25, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Klangwandler (11) als Teil eines Musikinstrumentes ausgebildet ist.Sound transducer according to one of claims 13 to 25, characterized in that the sound transducer (11) is formed as part of a musical instrument.
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