US20010043701A1 - Method and apparatus for echo control in a communication system - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for echo control in a communication system Download PDFInfo
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- US20010043701A1 US20010043701A1 US09/069,800 US6980098A US2001043701A1 US 20010043701 A1 US20010043701 A1 US 20010043701A1 US 6980098 A US6980098 A US 6980098A US 2001043701 A1 US2001043701 A1 US 2001043701A1
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- echo
- signal
- attenuation
- switched loss
- cpe
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M9/00—Arrangements for interconnection not involving centralised switching
- H04M9/08—Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for conditioning the signal, e.g. for suppressing echoes for one or both directions of traffic
- H04M9/082—Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for conditioning the signal, e.g. for suppressing echoes for one or both directions of traffic using echo cancellers
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a method and a system for inhibiting echo in a communication line. The system is particularly useful for communication systems where an echo is susceptible to occur as a result of an acoustic feedback taking place at one end of the communication link (acoustical echo) or as a result of hybrid converters in the telecommunication network (electrical echo).
- In a typical telephone network, two types of echoes may be present: acoustical echo and electrical echo. Acoustical echo is susceptible to occur in a telecommunication network when a hands-free telephone terminal is used. The speech signal generated from the speaker in the terminal propagates in the form of an acoustic wave through an acoustic environment (air) and part of it will be fed back toward the microphone of the terminal. This signal will be transmitted back to the talker and therefore creates echo.
- Electrical echo results from the presence of a hybrid converter that is required to connect the unidirectional four wire link from the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to the local two wire loop. The basic function of the hybrid converter is to separate the transmitted signal originating in the local loop from the received signal in the PSTN section, and vice versa. This process requires the energy of the received signal to pass fully in the local loop. However, due to an impedance mismatch in the hybrid converter, part of the received energy is reflected back to the transmitting port. As a result, a talker hears his own delayed speech which, of course, is undesirable.
- The traditional approach for reduction of echo in communication networks is to use echo suppressors. A typical echo suppressor acts like a switch that monitors the voice signals travelling in both directions. It detects which person is talking and blocks the signal travelling in the opposite direction. The drawback of such echo suppressors is that they tend to “chop” speech signals when the subscribers talk back and forth quickly due to the response time for monitoring the speech activities. Moreover, during double talk, i.e., when the subscribers talk simultaneously, the suppressor fails to control the echo.
- One possibility to avoid the problems of echo suppressors is to provide circuitry or an algorithm that, instead of blocking speech signals in one direction in the communication link, cancels the echo by using an adaptive filter. In essence, an adaptive echo canceller synthesises the echo that is then subtracted from the composite signal (speech signal plus echo signal). A residual echo from this subtraction can still be at a noticeable levels in a practical echo cancelling system because the adaptive filter may not be able to model perfectly the true echo path as a result of time-varying room impulse response, insufficient filter length, non-linear effects, finite precision computations, etc. Consequently, a switched loss device is often used in an echo canceller for further reduction of the residual echo.
- Another difficulty arises as a result of the overly conservative target established for existing echo cancellation devices. The problem arises primary in situations where the local loop on an analog CPE (customer premises equipment) manifests a significant signal attenuation characteristics and inherently attenuates the signals propagating in the loop, including echo signals. Thus, in a loop with a higher intrinsic signal attenuation characteristics the existing strategy of echo control results in excessive echo attenuation, that reduces the audio quality of the link. Since the signal attenuation characteristics are different from one CPE to another CPE the current approach is to set the echo canceller target conservative enough so the loops with low signal attenuation characteristics (low loss) will still inhibit echo to a desired degree. This, however, results into a overly conservative echo suppression in cases where the loops manifest a high signal attenuation characteristics.
- Thus, there exists a need in the industry to provide an improved echo canceller that can avoid excessive signal attenuation, particularly by operation of a switched loss device, when the communication channel through which the echo propagates manifests a significant level of inherent signal attenuation.
- An object of this invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for performing echo inhibition.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for performing echo inhibition that can tailor the level of signal attenuation for inhibiting echo in dependence upon the degree of inherent signal loss manifested by the communication channel through with the echo signal is susceptible to propagate.
- As embodied and broadly described herein, the invention provides an echo canceller for managing echo signals occurring in a return channel of a communication device, said communication device being coupled to a switch mechanism through a local loop, said signal processing device including:
- a sensor for generating an output signal indicative of a degree of inherent signal attenuation manifested by the local loop;
- an echo attenuation device for reducing a magnitude of an echo occurring in the return channel of the communication device, said echo attenuation device being responsive to said output signal to vary a level of echo attenuation in dependence upon the degree of inherent signal attenuation of the local loop observed by said sensor.
- In a most preferred embodiment the communication device is a CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) provided with an echo attenuation device that includes two main components, namely an adaptive filter to model the echo path and generate an echo estimate signal that is subtracted from the echo corrupted signal propagating in the return path of the CPE, and a switched loss device that complements the echo attenuation process implemented by the adaptive filter. In a specific embodiment, a switched loss device can be implemented by a multiplier, multiplying the signal by a value less than one to create loss. The switched loss device reduces acoustic levels by selectively inserting variable losses on the received and/or transmitted audio signals. More specifically, the switched loss device includes a first switched loss module on the forward channel of the CPE, the one that carries the signal that is a precursor of the echo, and a switched loss module on the return channel of the CPE. A switched loss controller controls the degree of signal attenuation implemented by the individual switched loss modules. A loop loss sensor is provided for measuring or estimating the inherent signal attenuation in the local loop. The loop loss sensor issues an output signal that is directed to the switched loss controller. In response to that output signal, the switched loss controller adjusts the level of signal attenuation implemented by the switched loss modules to take into account the loop loss. As a result, a more precise echo attenuation mechanism is provided that reduces the likelihood of excessive echo control.
- The loop loss sensor may take various forms. For instance the loop loss sensor may be a current measuring device that estimates the resistance of the local loop conductors, hence loop loss, by sensing the loop current. Since the voltage impressed across the loop conductors at the far end of the loop (the end that connects to the switch) is well known and generally constant and the impedance of the CPE also known, one can establish a nominal loop current value. Any deviation from this value (disregarding the components tolerance factor) is primarily due to a varying loop length. If the current observed by the loop loss sensor is significantly below the nominal value, one may conclude that the loop is long, thus it manifests a high degree of signal attenuation. In contrast, a higher current is indicative of a shorter loop, hence the loop manifests a lesser degree of signal attenuation. The switched loss controller receives the output signal of the loop loss sensor that is indicative of the degree of loop loss manifested by the loop. In response to that output signal, the switched loss controller adjusts the set-points of the individual switched loss modules so as to vary the degree of echo attenuation.
- Practically, the loop loss sensor may be placed in the CPE. At that location, the loop loss sensor is capable of determining the degree of loss manifested by the local loop. In this example, the local loop is the conductor connecting the CPE to the switch. Thus the CPE, when connected to a certain local loop will adjust the level of echo control in dependence of the loop length in that particular installation. In one possible embodiment the switch may be in the central office of the PSTN network, or be part of a PBX installation.
- In a possible variant that is particularly useful in situations where the local loop terminates on a line card in the switch device that injects a constant current (the line card acts as a current source) in the local loop, a voltage sensor can be used to measure the voltage at an appropriate location and determine the level of inherent signal attenuation in the loop. One possibility is to measure the voltage across the conductors of the local loop where they connect with the line card. The voltage variation with respect to a nominal value is indicative of the inherent local loop loss characteristics. Under this embodiment, the sensor is remote from the CPE. As a practical matter, the entire echo canceller can be separated from the CPE.
- The CPE terminal can be a telephone, a teleconference device or any other communication system that is intended to be connected to the local loop for voice communications purposes.
- As embodied and broadly described herein, the invention also provides a method for reducing a magnitude of an echo occurring in a return channel of a communication device, the communication device being coupled to a switch mechanism through a local loop, said method including the steps of:
- a) assessing a level of inherent signal attenuation manifested by the local loop;
- b) utilizing the level of inherent signal attenuation manifested by the local loop assessed at step a to reduce a magnitude of the echo occurring in the return channel of the communication device.
- As embodied and broadly described herein, the invention also provides a CPE for coupling to a switch mechanism through a local analog loop, said CPE comprising:
- an echo canceller for reducing the magnitude of an echo occurring in a return channel of said CPE, said echo canceller including:
- a sensor for generating an output signal indicative of a degree of inherent signal attenuation manifested by the local analog loop;
- an echo attenuation device for reducing a magnitude of an echo occurring in the return channel of said CPE, said echo attenuation device being responsive to said output signal to vary a level of echo attenuation in dependence upon the degree of inherent signal attenuation of the local loop observed by said sensor.
- As embodied and broadly described herein, the invention also provides an echo attenuation device for reducing a magnitude of an echo occurring in a communication device, said echo attenuation device being responsive to a signal indicative of an inherent loss characteristics of a pathway transporting a signal precursor of the echo signal and the echo signal to vary a level of echo attenuation in dependence of the signal.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a hands-free telecommunication terminal featuring a novel echo canceller in accordance with the invention; and
- FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of the echo canceller depicted at FIG. 1.
- The present invention provides an improved echo canceller system that is particularly well suited for use in communications networks where an echo is susceptible to occur as a result of an acoustic feedback taking place at one end of the communication link (acoustical echo) or electrical echo.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a possible embodiment for the echo canceller. In this form of construction the
echo canceller 100 is located within the telecommunication terminal 110 (CPE), such as a hands-free telephone. Thetelecommunication terminal 110 is placed in aroom 120 were an acoustic echo path is present. Theecho canceller 100 receives aninput signal 130 from a far-end terminal that is delivered to the terminal 110 over an analog local loop. Thissignal 130 is also supplied to the loudspeaker output of thetelecommunication terminal 110 such that a user may hear the other party. The resulting sound wave generated by the loudspeaker will be picked up by the microphone and fed back to thetelecommunication terminal 110. The microphone sends the signal to theadaptive echo canceller 100 which removes as much of the echo as possible and sends anoutput signal 140 to the far end terminal. Ideally, this signal should be echo free as much as possible. - FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the
echo canceller 100 from FIG. 1. The echo canceller includes an echo attenuation device designed to reduce the magnitude of the echo signal generated as a result of the acoustic feedback. The echo attenuation device comprises anadaptive filter 220 and anadder 225. In this Figure, theinput 205 from the far-end terminal is the discrete-time signal used to drive the loudspeaker in FIG. 1 and it constitutes the reference signal that is used by the adaptive filter. This signal is denoted x(n). A second input denoted d(n) is the signal picked up by the microphone in theroom 120 as depicted in FIG. 1a. The signal d(n) contains a portion of x(n) in the form of echo, background noise, and possibly, local speech. - The
adaptive filter 220, whose coefficient vector is H, is excited by x(n) to produce a replica of the echo signal. The residual echo signal e(n) (error signal) is then obtained by subtracting this replica of the echo signal from the signal d(n) and can be expressed as follows: - e(n)=d(n)−H n−1 r X n
- where X=[x(n), x(n−1), . . . , x(n−(L−1))]T and L is the length or order of the adaptive filter.
- The echo attenuation device also comprises a pair of switched loss modules and a switched loss controller. A switched
loss module 228 is located in the transmit channel of the terminal 110, the one that conveys the signal that is a precursor of the echo. A switchedloss module 230 is placed in the return channel of the terminal and receives the residual echo signal e(n). The switchedloss controller 226 is designed to regulate the level of attenuation implemented by the switchedloss modules loss controller 226 has two outputs, one per switched loss module, to dispatch to each module instructions embedded in a signal in any suitable format on the level of attenuation to the implemented. The structure of the switched loss controller will be described below in connection with FIG. 2. - The echo canceller also includes a
loop loss sensor 232 that is placed immediately downstream of the hybrid 235, that connects the forward and return channels of the terminal 110 to the analog local loop link. Theloop loss sensor 232 leads to anysuitable jack 234 that can be connected to amating wall socket 233. Themating wall socket 233 is the termination point of the local loop 236. In a typical installation, the local loop is a pair of conductors (tip and ring) that connect the terminal 110 to a switch 238 (either a switch that constitutes an entry in the PSTN domain, PBX domain or any other suitable installation). In the example shown, the local loop is an analog link connecting to the PSTN. Theswitch 238, among other tasks may convert the analog signals generated from the terminal 110 into digital format that is then processed in the PSTN, and vice versa. - The
loop loss sensor 232 may take various forms. For instance the loop loss sensor may be a current measuring device that estimates the resistance of the loop conductors, hence loop loss, by sensing the loop current. In a variant, the loop loss sensor may be an impedance bridge that estimates the loop impedance, hence loop loss. - The loop loss sensor outputs a signal indicative of the degree of signal loss that the loop manifests. In the example above, where the loop loss sensor is a current measuring device, then the output signal may simply be the magnitude of the current passing in the loop. The specific format and type of information embedded in the output signal are not critical to the invention as long as that information can be processed to derive the amount or degree of attenuation a signal undergoes when passing in the loop.
- The magnitude of the electric current can be used to determine the loop resistance that determines the loop loss. The
switch 238 establishes across the tip and ring conductors of the local loop a constant voltage. In addition, the impedance at the terminal side (CPE) of the loop is well known. Thus, one can easily compute a nominal current value for a typical installation. Any deviation from this current value indicates that the loop is longer or shorter than a certain established nominal loop length. In turn, the deviation allows to estimate the value of the signal loss that the specific loop will manifest. - It should be appreciated that such loop loss sensor structure is not suitable for applications where a line card of the switch to which the local loop connects behaves as a current source. For those applications, an appropriate sensor, such as a voltage sensor could be used.
- The switched
loss controller 226 includes aninput 300 that receives the output signal of theloop loss sensor 232, aninput 301 that is the residual echo signal and also an input 305 that is the signal from the far end terminal and is identical to thesignal 205. The processing of those signals by thecontroller 226 is effected in a known manner, except for the contribution of the output from theloop loss sensor 232 that is a novel aspect of this invention. Thecontroller 226 computes the actual setting of the switchedloss modules loss modules modules - For example, if echo path loss is the means by which echo control is regulated, the total echo path loss (EPl) seen at the far end of the loop (switch238 side) can be defined by the following equation:
- EPl=2*Ll−(Rl−Tl)+(TSwl+RSwl)+Eal+ERLE
- Where:
- EPl is the total echo path loss
- ERLE (echo reduction loss estimate) is the loss introduced by the
adaptive filter 230 - Eal is the loss resulting rom the echo coupling mechanism (in this case acoustic)
- Rl is the total of the electronic losses of the CPE in the return channel
- Tl is the total of the electronic losses of the CPE in the forward or transmit channel
- TSwl is the loss introduced by the switched
loss module 228 - RSwl is the loss introduced by the switched
loss module 230 - 2*Ll is the loss inherent to the local loop.
- The output signal generated by the loop loss sensor provides an indication or estimate of the measure of the value 2*Ll that accounts for the attenuation of the signal in the forward path of the local loop and also the attenuation in the return path of the local loop (thus the factor of 2 in the equation). The value of ERLE is determined in a known manner on the basis of the residual echo signal (input301) and also on the basis of the signal from the far end terminal (input 305) in FIG. 2, while the values of TSwl and Rswl are the current settings of the switched
loss modules loss modules controller 226 determines that a current value deviation exists with relation to a nominal current value, a change in the setting of each switched loss module is effected. For example, when the current value reported by theloop loss sensor 232 exceeds the nominal current value, which indicates that the inherent loop loss is small, the total switched loss is raised. In contrast, when the actual current value is less than the nominal current value, then the total switched loss is lowered. - The switched
loss modules - In a specific example of operation of the system, the switched
loss controller 226 operates on the basis of a target EPl. This means that the switchedloss controller 226 will dispatch settings to the switchedloss modules adaptive filter 220. This is indicated by the value of the residual echo signal (input 301) and the signal from the far end terminal (input 305). If this signal is high, indicating that the echo has not been almost completely eliminated by theadaptive filter 220, the switchedloss controller 226 will compute settings for the switchedloss modules loss modules loss controller 226 takes into account the value 2*Ll representing the inherent loss due to the local loop, as reported by theloop loss sensor 232. This value is dependent upon the particular CPE installation and it is influenced by the length of the local loop. Once the individual settings of the switchedloss modules loss modules loss modules - It will be easily appreciated that any computation of the switched loss module settings without taking into account the value 2*Ll is likely to produce too much loss that may degrade the audio quality.
- Other strategies to regulate the settings of the switched
loss modules - The system described above may be implemented by using any suitable digital signal processing technique as presently known or prospectively known to those skilled in the art. Such implementation would require a suitable computing platform and software to process the various signals in accordance with the strategies described above. Such computing platforms normally include a CPU and a memory for storage of data and of instructions to be executed by the CPU during the signal processing operations. The various implementation and details necessary to realize a physical device embodying the principles of the invention do not need to be described here because they would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
- The above description of the invention should not be interpreted in any limiting manner since variations and refinements of the preferred embodiment are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (46)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/069,800 US6408070B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 1998-04-30 | Method and apparatus for echo control in a communication system |
CA002266277A CA2266277C (en) | 1998-04-30 | 1999-03-23 | Method and apparatus for echo control in a communication system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US09/069,800 US6408070B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 1998-04-30 | Method and apparatus for echo control in a communication system |
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US20010043701A1 true US20010043701A1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
US6408070B2 US6408070B2 (en) | 2002-06-18 |
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US09/069,800 Expired - Lifetime US6408070B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 1998-04-30 | Method and apparatus for echo control in a communication system |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20020061012A1 (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2002-05-23 | Thi James C. | Cable modem with voice processing capability |
US20040052220A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-03-18 | At&T Corp. | Method for remote measurement of echo path delay |
US20140269247A1 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2014-09-18 | Marvell International Ltd. | Method and apparatus to compensate for nonlinear echo in an output of a current source |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4403776B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2010-01-27 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | Echo canceller |
JP4256363B2 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2009-04-22 | 株式会社東芝 | Voice switch |
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JPS5619235A (en) * | 1979-07-25 | 1981-02-23 | Hitachi Ltd | Ringing suppressing system using digital filter |
JPS6053336A (en) * | 1983-09-02 | 1985-03-27 | Nec Corp | Echo canceller |
US5007046A (en) * | 1988-12-28 | 1991-04-09 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Computer controlled adaptive speakerphone |
CA2001277C (en) * | 1989-10-24 | 1994-07-12 | Bruce Leigh Townsend | Hands free telecommunications apparatus and method |
US5319702A (en) * | 1992-07-29 | 1994-06-07 | Tele-Matic Corporation | Method and apparatus for detecting and responding to hook flash events occurring on a remote telephone |
JPH0678046A (en) * | 1992-08-25 | 1994-03-18 | Fujitsu Ltd | Voice switch for hand-free system |
US5668794A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1997-09-16 | Crystal Semiconductor | Variable gain echo suppressor |
US5600715A (en) * | 1996-02-28 | 1997-02-04 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Integrated loop current detector apparatus for a PSTN modem |
US6178162B1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 2001-01-23 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Method and apparatus for inhibiting echo in a channel of a communication system |
-
1998
- 1998-04-30 US US09/069,800 patent/US6408070B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-03-23 CA CA002266277A patent/CA2266277C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020061012A1 (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2002-05-23 | Thi James C. | Cable modem with voice processing capability |
US7933295B2 (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2011-04-26 | Broadcom Corporation | Cable modem with voice processing capability |
US8582577B2 (en) | 1999-04-13 | 2013-11-12 | Broadcom Corporation | Modem with voice processing capability |
US9288334B2 (en) | 1999-04-13 | 2016-03-15 | Broadcom Corporation | Modem with voice processing capability |
USRE46142E1 (en) | 1999-04-13 | 2016-09-06 | Broadcom Corporation | Modem with voice processing capability |
US20140269247A1 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2014-09-18 | Marvell International Ltd. | Method and apparatus to compensate for nonlinear echo in an output of a current source |
US8989251B2 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2015-03-24 | Marvell International Ltd. | Method and apparatus to compensate for nonlinear echo in an output of a current source |
US20040052220A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-03-18 | At&T Corp. | Method for remote measurement of echo path delay |
US7251213B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2007-07-31 | At&T Corp. | Method for remote measurement of echo path delay |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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US6408070B2 (en) | 2002-06-18 |
CA2266277C (en) | 2008-11-18 |
CA2266277A1 (en) | 1999-10-30 |
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