US20020006670A1

US20020006670A1 - Simultaneous particle separation and chemical reaction

Info

Publication number: US20020006670A1
Application number: US09/804,780
Authority: US
Inventors: Caicai Wu; Bernhard Weigl; Margaret Kenny; Paul Yager
Original assignee: University of Washington
Current assignee: University of Washington
Priority date: 1997-09-26
Filing date: 2001-03-13
Publication date: 2002-01-17
Also published as: US6221677B1; JP2001518624A; WO1999017119A1; EP1018012A4; US6297061B1; EP1018012A1

Abstract

This invention provides a method and apparatus for detecting the presence of analyte particles in a sample fluid also comprising larger particles, particularly blood. It exploits diffusion to provide simultaneous filtering of the larger particles and reaction of the analyte particles. A sample stream and a reagent stream join on the upstream end of a laminar flow reaction channel and flow in adjacent laminar streams. The reagents can be in solution or immobilized on a bead. The analyte particles diffuse from the sample stream into the reagent stream, leaving behind the larger particles in the residual sample stream. In the reagent stream the analyte particles react with reagent particles and form product particles, thereby creating a product stream. At the downstream end of the reaction channel, the residual sample stream and the product stream are divided. The product particles are then detected, preferably optically, in the product stream. Prior to detection, the product stream can undergo further filtering or separation, or can join a second reagent stream to form secondary product particles. This apparatus and method can be used to implement competitive immunoassays or sandwich immunoassays using enzymatically or fluorescently labeled immunoreagents. The apparatus and method can also be used to synthesize products, in which case two reagent streams join in the laminar flow reaction channel.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/501,732 filed Feb. 10, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/335,930 filed Jun. 18, 1999, which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/938,585 filed Sep. 26, 1997, now abandoned.[0001]

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to simultaneous diffusion based filtering and chemical reaction of analytes in streams containing both these analytes and larger particles. The invention is useful, for example, for analyzing blood to detect the presence of small particles such as antigens in a stream containing cells, or for preparing small volumes of fluid products.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is possible to fabricate intricate fluid systems with channel sizes as small as a micron. These devices can be mass-produced inexpensively and are expected to soon be in widespread use for simple analytical tests. However, in chemical analysis of turbid fluids, notably blood, filtering of the larger particles such as cells is generally required prior to analysis, especially optical analysis. In clinical laboratories this is generally accomplished by centrifugation. The centrifugal force generated is a function of distance from the center, and thus centrifugation is not effective in a small scale apparatus. In chemical laboratories membrane filters are used to separate the larger particles. This can be used in microscale apparatus, but clogging of the filters with use makes them impractical.

The greater diffusion of small particles relative to larger particles can be used to partially separate the species. Diffusion is a process which can easily be neglected at large scales, but rapidly becomes important at the microscale. Due to extremely small inertial forces in such structures, practically all flow in microstructures is laminar. This allows the movement of different layers of fluid and particles next to each other in a channel without any mixing other than diffusion. Moreover, due to the small lateral distances in such channels, diffusion is a powerful tool to separate molecules and small particles according to their diffusion coefficients, which is usually a function of their size.

The present invention exploits diffusion to provide simultaneous filtering and chemical reaction, which facilitates the elimination of preprocessing of specimens containing particulate constituents, thus reducing the sample size and analytical time required.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a method and apparatus for reacting small particles in a fluid also comprising larger particles. It provides simultaneous filtering of the larger particles and reaction of the small particles. The reactor can be followed by collection of or detection of the reaction products. The reactor exploits diffusion to separate the small primary particles from the larger particles. It utilizes microscale channels wherein diffusion becomes a significant factor and wherein the fluid flow is laminar. The reactor can be simply and inexpensively manufactured and can be disposed of after use. The reactor is capable of processing a fluid volume between about 0.01 microliters and about 20 microliters within a few seconds. Operation with sub-microliter volumes of sample fluid is a particular advantage for expensive reagents or for blood analysis. Larger volumes with correspondingly longer times can be used when preferred, for example viral detection in a sample with a low viral load.

The reactor can be used for analysis, in which case the inlet fluid, termed generically the primary fluid, is a sample fluid and the small particles, termed generically the small primary particles, are analyte particles. In this case the reactor is generally coupled with a detector. Alternatively, the reactor can be used to rapidly synthesize small volumes of product fluids. In this case the primary fluid is a reagent fluid and the small primary particles are reagent particles. This has particular application to making products starting from natural substances. In the following, the reactor is described for the analysis embodiment, but the description also applies to the synthesis embodiment.

The invention uses an “H” shaped reactor. In the H-reactor the crossbar of the H is a laminar flow reaction channel. On the upstream end of the crossbar a sample (primary) stream and a reagent stream enter through separate arms of the H, and the sample stream and the reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams in the crossbar. Because the flow is laminar, there is no turbulent mixing of the two streams, but the analyte particles diffuse from the sample stream into the reagent stream, leaving behind the larger particles in the residual sample stream. In the reagent stream the analyte particles react with reagent particles and form product particles, thereby creating a product stream. At the downstream end of the crossbar, the residual sample stream and the product stream divide into the two downstream arms of the H. The product particles can then be detected in the product stream.

Detection of the product particles can be performed using optical, electrical, chemical, electrochemical or calorimetric analysis, or any other technique in the analytical art. More than one detection technique can be used in the same system. The preferred embodiments use optical analysis or a combination of electrochemical and optical analysis. In optical detection, the product stream can be analyzed by luminescence, fluorescence or absorbance. To increase the signal in the detection zone the product stream channel can be broadened or convoluted. The product stream can connect to a flow cytometer for analysis, particularly a flow cytometer having a microfabricated flow channel.

An example of an application of this method is in competitive immunoassays in solution. The sample stream is whole blood containing native antigens. The reagent particles are antibodies bound to a fluorescently labeled antigen. In the reaction channel, the native antigens diffuse into the reagent stream and displace the fluorescently labeled antigens. The product stream contains both native and fluorescently labeled antigens, some of which are free and some of which remain bound to antibodies. The relative amounts of free and bound fluorescently labeled antigen, which is a function of the amount of native antigen in the blood, can be measured.

Prior to detection, the product stream can undergo further filtering or separation. In particular the product stream can join with an extraction stream in a separation channel such that the product and extraction streams flow in adjacent laminar flow streams. Smaller particles in the product stream flow into the extraction stream for detection, preferably optical detection.

An example of utilizing the separating channel, is a competitive immunoassay as above wherein the antibody-fluorescently labeled antigen complex is immobilized on a microbead. In the separation channel, the free and bound fluorescently labeled antigen can be separated by diffusion. The free antigen that enters the extraction stream can be detected by fluorescence without interference from the antigen on the beads. In lieu of differential separation, the product stream can be coupled with a flow cytometer to measure the fluorescence intensity remaining on the beads. The bead can be magnetic, and a magnetic field can be used to pin the bead in the sample stream to allow reaction with the analyte particles. Following reaction, a reverse field returns the beads to the reagent stream.

The detection process can use a second reagent-stream that joins with the product stream in a “T” configuration. The two streams flow in adjacent laminar streams, and small product particles from the product stream diffuse into the second reagent stream, or small reagent particles from the second reagent stream diffuse into the product stream. Depending on the diffusion process, in either or both streams the product particles react with the second reagent particles to form secondary product particles. The secondary product particles are detected as described above for primary product particles.

First and second reagent streams are useful, for example, for sandwich immunoassays. The first reagent is a primary antibody which binds to an antigen from the sample to form a first product. The first reagent is large enough to change the diffusion coefficient of the complex. The second reagent is a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody, which reacts with the first product to form a sandwich complex. The complex is detected as described above for primary products. The slower diffusion of the complexed relative to the uncomplexed labeled antibody is used to distinguish between the two, either by diffusional separation of the species or by the extent of depolarization of the fluorescence.

Second reagent streams are also utilized when the first reaction involves an enzymatically labeled rather than fluorescently labeled reagent. The difference in enzymatic activity of bound and unbound enzymatically labeled reagent particles allows measurement of the extent of reaction. Through the second reagent stream, a substrate which is sensitive to the enzyme joins the first reaction products. Reaction of the substrate and enzyme is then detected as described above for primary products.

The first or subsequent product streams can flow through a delay line to allow the reaction to be completed before detection or before joining a subsequent reagent stream. The first or subsequent product streams can also undergo filtering or diffusional separation before detection or before joining a subsequent reagent stream. The reagents can be immobilized on magnetic beads, and a magnetic field can be used to pin the beads for reaction or flushing steps in any of the reaction channels.

The sample stream may be any stream containing an analyte and also containing less diffusive particles, for example blood or other body fluids, contaminated drinking water, contaminated organic solvents, biotechnological process samples, e.g., fermentation broths, and the like. The analyte can be any smaller particle in the sample stream which is capable of diffusing into the reagent stream faster than the larger particles, so as to substantially leave the larger particles in the residual sample stream. Examples of analyte particles are hydrogen, calcium, sodium and other ions, dissolved oxygen, proteins such as albumin, organic molecules such as alcohols and sugars, drugs such as salicylic acid, halothane and narcotics, pesticides, heavy metals, organic and inorganic polymers, viruses, small cells and other particles. In the preferred embodiment wherein the sample stream is whole blood, small particles such as antigens diffuse rapidly across the channel, whereas larger particles such as blood cells diffuse slowly.

The larger particles in the sample stream may also be sensitive to the reagent. Because these do not diffuse into the reagent stream, they do not interfere with detection of the analyte. By diffusion of the analyte but not the larger particles, cross-sensitivities of reagents to larger sample components, a common problem, can be avoided. Furthermore, the reagent can be kept in a solution in which it displays its optimal characteristics. For example, cross-sensitivities to pH or ionic strength can be suppressed by using strongly buffered reagent solutions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1, comprising FIGS. 1[0019] a-b, is an H reactor illustrated with a competitive immunoassay. The reactor is shown in (a) plan view and (b) cross section.
FIG. 2 is an H reactor illustrated with a sandwich immunoassay. [0020]
FIG. 3 is an H reactor illustrated with a competitive immunoassay wherein the antibody is immobilized on a bead. [0021]
FIG. 4 is an H reactor illustrated with a competitive immunoassay wherein the antibody is immobilized on a magnetic bead and wherein a magnetic field is applied to pin the beads to one side of the reaction channel. [0022]
FIG. 5 is a convoluted detection channel for optical detection. [0023]
FIG. 6 is a broadened detection channel for optical detection. [0024]
FIG. 7 is a T separator for use with optical detection. [0025]
FIG. 8 is a single particle detection channel for use with optical detection. [0026]
FIG. 9 is an H reactor with a first reagent inlet followed by a T reactor with a second reagent inlet, illustrated with a sandwich immunoassay. [0027]
FIG. 10 is a T reactor for use in combination with an H reactor, illustrated with the reaction of an enzymatically labeled antigen. [0028]
FIG. 11 is an H filter and a T reactor for use in combination with an H reactor, illustrated with a sandwich immunoassay with subsequent selection of the sandwich complex, followed by reaction of an enzymatically labeled antibody with a substrate. [0029]
FIG. 12 is an H filter and a T reactor for use in combination with an H reactor, illustrated with a sandwich immunoassay with subsequent selection of the uncomplexed antibody, followed by reaction of an enzymatically labeled antibody with a substrate. [0030]
FIG. 13 is an H reactor and subsequent T reactor with diffusion in the plane perpendicular to the channel cell surface, illustrated with a competitive immunoassay and subsequent reaction of an enzymatically labeled antigen with a substrate. [0031]
FIG. 14 shows an embodiment in which an H-filter (not shown) is connected to two T-reactors in series.[0032]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the following co-pending Patent Applications, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety: U.S. Ser. No. 08/625,808, “Microfabricated Diffusion-Based Chemical Sensor,” filed Mar. 29, 1996, now allowed; U.S. Ser. No. 08/829,679, “Microfabricated Diffusion-Based Chemical Sensor,” filed Mar. 31, 1997; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/900,926, “Simultaneous Analyte Determination and Reference Balancing in Reference T-Sensor Devices,” filed Jul. 25, 1997; U.S. Ser. No. 08/621,170 “Fluorescent Reporter Beads for Fluid Analysis,” filed Mar. 20, 1996; U.S. Ser. No. 08/663,916, “Microfabricated Differential Extraction Device and Method,” filed Jun. 14, 1996; U.S. Ser. No. 08/534,515, “Silicon Microchannel Optical Flow Cytometer,” filed Sep. 27, 1995; PCT No. 96/15566 “Silicon Microchannel Optical Flow Cytometer,” filed Sep. 27, 1996; U.S. Ser. No. 08/823,747, “Device and Method For 3-Dimensional Alignment of Particles in Microfabricated Flow Channels,” filed Mar. 26, 1997; U.S. Ser. No. 08/876,038, “Adsorption-Enhanced Differential Extraction Device,” filed Jun. 13, 1997; U.S. Ser. No. 60/049,533, “Method For Determining Concentration of a Laminar Sample Stream,” filed Jun. 13, 1997; U.S. Ser. No. 08/938,584, “Device for Rapidly Joining and Splitting Fluid Layers,” filed concurrently herewith; Ser. No. 08/938,093, “Multiple Analyte Diffusion Based Chemical Sensor,” filed concurrently herewith. [0033]
The channel cells and method of this invention are designed to be carried out such that all flow is laminar. In general, this is achieved in a device comprising microchannels of a size such that the Reynolds number for flow within the channel is below about 1, preferably below about 0.1. Reynolds number is the ratio of inertia to viscosity. Low Reynolds number means that inertia is essentially negligible, turbulence is essentially negligible, and the flow of the two adjacent streams is laminar, i.e. the streams do not mix except for the diffusion of particles as described above. Flow can be laminar with Reynolds number greater than [0034] 1. However, such systems are prone to developing turbulence when the flow pattern is disturbed, e.g., when the flow speed of a stream is changed, or when the viscosity of a stream is changed. The preferred embodiments of this invention utilize liquid streams, although the methods and devices are also suitable for use with gaseous streams.
The H reactor of this invention is illustrated in plan view in FIG. 1[0035] a and in cross section in FIG. 1b. The channel cell containing the H reactor comprises substrate plate 1 and coverplate 2. Sample (primary) stream 11 enters sample stream inlet channel 10 through inlet 3. The sample contains analyte (small primary) particles 12 and larger particles 13. The term “particles” refers to any species, including dissolved and particulate species such as molecules, cells, suspended and dissolved particles, ions and atoms. In this example the sample is whole blood, the analyte is an antigen, and the larger particles are blood cells. Reagent stream 21, also labeled R1, separately enters reagent stream inlet channel 20 through inlet 4. The term “separately” is used for streams having individual rather than shared flow channels. In this example the reagent particles are antibody 23 bound with labeled antigen 22.
The sample and reagent streams join in [0036] reaction channel 30 where they flow in adjacent laminar streams, also called companion streams. The term “adjacent” is used herein for both side by side streams, as in FIG. 1, and layered streams, as in FIG. 13. The sample stream enters one side of the reaction channel and the reagent stream enters the other side. The term “side” as used herein refers to both left and right, as in channel 30 of FIG. 1, and top and bottom, as in channel 30 of FIG. 13.
Because the flow in the reaction channel is laminar, there is no turbulent mixing of the streams. However, by diffusional mixing the small analyte particles diffuse into the reagent stream and react with the reagent particles to form product particles. The diffusion direction is termed the depth, labeled d, and the orthogonal dimension is termed the width, labeled w. In this example, the native and labeled antigen compete for binding sites on the antibody. By the end of the reaction channel, the reagent stream has become a first product stream, P[0037] 1, and the sample stream is a residual sample stream. The residual sample stream 41 exits through residual sample stream outlet channel 40 and outlet 5, and product stream 51 flows into product stream channel 50.
In the illustrated embodiment the reaction in [0038] channel 30 is a complex formation between antigen and antibody. The term “reaction” as used herein includes any interaction between the analyte particle and reagent particle which leads to a detectable change. It includes chemical reaction, physical binding, adsorption, absorption (for example when the analyte particle is sucked inside a porous reagent particle such as a zeolite), antibody reaction, nucleic acid binding, ion pairing, ion exchange, chromatographic type reaction and receptor hormone reaction.
The product stream flows into a product particle detection channel. The term product particles refers to all particles in the product stream. They can be, for example, new species formed from reaction, or reagent particles the concentration of which depends on the extent of reaction with analytes. In the example of FIG. 1, the displaced labeled antigen and the antibody with native antigen are both product particles. The detection channel of this invention may be coupled to external detecting means for detecting changes in the reagent particles carried within the product stream as a result of contact with analyte particles. Detection and analysis is done by any means known to the art, including optical means, such as absorption spectroscopy, luminescence or fluorescence, by chemical indicators which change color or other properties when exposed to the analyte, by immunological means, electrical means, e.g. electrodes inserted into the device, electrochemical means, radioactive means, or virtually any microanalytical technique known to the art including magnetic resonance techniques, or other means known to the art to detect the presence of an analyte such as an ion, molecule, polymer, virus, DNA sequence, antigen, microorganism or other factor. Field effects which are ion or chemical sensitive can be measured in the detection channel. Preferably optical means are used, and antibodies, DNA sequences and the like are attached to optical markers. Examples of detection channels are discussed below, following description of further embodiments of the H reactor. [0039]
A different reaction scheme is illustrated in FIG. 2. [0040] Analyte 14 is an antigen. Reagent stream 21 contains two types of reagent particles, primary antibody 26 and labeled secondary antibody 27. Both antibodies react with the antigen to form product particles, which exit through product channel 50. The secondary antibody can be, for example, fluorescently, luminescently or enzymatically labeled. The first antibody can be sufficiently large that it reduces the diffusion coefficient of the complex enough to diffusionally distinguish between the complexed and uncomplexed labeled antibody.
The reagent particles can be reporter particles immobilized on beads to form [0041] reporter beads 24, as shown in FIG. 3. Each reporter bead comprises a bead having a plurality of at least one type of reporter molecules immobilized thereon. A property of the reporter bead, such as fluorescence, luminescence, absorbance or chemical activity, is sensitive to a corresponding analyte. The use of reporter beads allows for a plurality of analytes to be measured simultaneously through a single reagent inlet because the beads can be tagged with different reporter molecules. The reporter bead is illustrated herein with the competitive immunoassay. It could also be used with a sandwich immunoassay or with other reporter molecules.
The reagent particles can be [0042] magnetic reporter beads 25, as shown in FIG. 4. Within reaction channel 30, transient magnetic field 35 pulls the beads into the sample stream for reaction with the analyte. The field is then reversed to pull the beads back to the product stream for analysis.
Following the H reactor, the product stream flows into a detection channel. Although many detection means can be used, optical detection is preferred. The detection channel can be probed with absorbance, luminescence or fluorescence measurement. The absorbance of the reagent particle can change upon reaction and the detection channel can be monitored in transmission. For this embodiment, the channel cell is made of an optically transparent material such as glass or plastic. The external optical apparatus can be very simple. The sensor can be illuminated on one side with a light source such as a light bulb and diffuser, and the absorbance can be detected on the other side with a camera. Alternatively the fluorescence of reagent particles can change in response to the analyte, in which case the fluorescence can be monitored. Alternatively, the reaction product can be luminescent. For reflection measurements the back side of the channel cell need not be transparent and is preferably made of a reflective material such as silicon. [0043]
For optical detection, the signal can be increased by using convoluted detection channel, as shown in FIG. 5. A product stream, P, enters the detection channel. There is a difference in optical properties between bound [0044] antigen 22 a and unbound antigen 22 b. It can be a difference in, for example, color, fluorescence intensity, or degree of polarization of the fluorescence. In this embodiment, detection channel 100 includes a series of turns, making a square wave geometry. The flow channel can be convoluted in any of a number of ways. In another embodiment, the flow channel is in the shape of a coil. In lieu of a convoluted channel, the channel can include a broadened region, as shown in detection channel 110 of FIG. 6. An external light source and photodetector are positioned about the detection channel for absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Only a photodetector is required for luminescence.
In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the optical measurement is facilitated by diffusional separation of the unbound antigen. The product stream enters [0045] detection channel system 120 through product stream channel 121 which, if there are no intervening elements, is product stream channel 50 of the H reactor. Extraction fluid stream 124 enters through extraction stream inlet 122. The extraction fluid can be any fluid capable of accepting particles diffusing from the product stream. Preferred extraction streams comprise water and isotonic solutions such as salt water or organic solvents like acetone, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, or any other convenient liquid which does not interfere with the product particles or the detection means. The streams join in adjacent laminar flow in joining channel 123. Both separation and detection take place in the joining channel. Free antigen 22 b diffuses more rapidly than bound antigen 22 a. To select between the bound and unbound antigen, photo illumination or detection is focused on one side of channel 123.
Another embodiment of optical detection uses single particle detection, for example as in flow [0046] cytometer detection channel 130, shown in FIG. 8. The product stream contains particles which are formed into a single file for the flow cytometer. This is particularly suitable for product streams containing reporter beads 24. As illustrated, the smaller particles are not necessarily single file. One embodiment of the flow cytometer uses a v-groove flow channel. The v-groove channel is described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/534,515, filed Sep. 27, 1995, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The cross-section of such a channel is like a letter V, and thus is referred to as a v-groove channel. The v-groove preferably has a width small enough to force the particles into single file, but large enough to pass the largest particles without clogging. An optical head comprising a laser and small and large angle photodetectors adapted for use with a v-groove flow channel can be employed.
An alternative means of achieving single file particle flow through a flow channel is the sheath flow module disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/823,747, filed Mar. 26, 1997 and incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. The sheath flow module includes sheath fluid inlets before and after, and wider than, a sample inlet. The product stream is surrounded by sheath fluid, and the sheathed stream is focused to produce single file particles. [0047]
In dual detection embodiments of the invention, residual sample stream [0048] 41 is coupled with a flow cytometer. Alternatively, the fluid stream can flow first through a flow cytometer and then through the H reactor. This allows independent detection of both the smaller and larger analyte particles, for example both undissolved and dissolved analytes or both antigens and cells.
The channel cell of this invention can be used to introduce two reagent streams, a first reagent stream in the H reactor and a second reagent stream in either a T reactor or a second H reactor. For example, in a sandwich immunoassay primary and secondary antibodies can be separately introduced, as shown in FIG. 9. The H reactor comprises sample [0049] stream inlet channel 10, first reagent stream inlet channel 20, reaction channel 30, residual sample stream outlet channel 40 and product stream channel 50. The first reagent stream contains primary antibody 26, which reacts with antigen in the sample to form a first product stream, P1.
A second reagent is introduced to the first product in reagent stream [0050] 61 (R2) through second reagent stream inlet channel 60. The second reagent stream contains labeled secondary antibodies 27. The first product stream and second reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams in joining channel 70, which functions as a reaction channel. In this illustration, the reaction channel is sufficiently long to allow both the first product particles and the second reagent particles to diffuse to the adjacent stream. In one embodiment, the first or second reagent particles are immobilized on magnetic beads and a magnetic field is used to pull the beads to one side of channel 70 for reaction. The beads can remain on that side or be pulled to the other side with a reversed field.
A second product stream, P[0051] 2, exits in stream 71 through channel 70. Having first and second reagent inlets can be useful, for example, to allow undesirable side reactions to go to completion before the addition of the second reagent. Particles diffuse between the first product and second reagent streams to form a second product. The second product stream 71 the enters a detection channel, for example an optical detection channel as illustrated in FIGS. 5-8.
In generic terms, [0052] stream 61 is a companion stream to the first product stream. After diffusion of small particles between the companion stream and the first product stream, which takes place in second laminar flow channel 70, the streams are termed diffused first product and diffused companion streams.
Another application of a second reagent channel is for chemical detection of product particles. In the above examples, the reagent particles are fluorescently labeled. They can alternatively be chemically labeled, for example enzymatically labeled. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the antigen in the first reagent is enzymatically labeled. The first product stream flows out of the H reactor (not shown) in [0053] product stream channel 50. It contains some bound antigen 22 a and some unbound antigen 22 b which has been displaced from the antibody by the native antigen from the sample. The enzymatic activity is different in the bound and unbound antigen, typically the unbound antigen is more active. Enzyme substrate particles 62 in second reagent stream 61 enter through second reagent stream inlet channel 60. In joining (reaction) channel 70 they react with the labeled antigen to produce enzyme product particles 72. Second reaction stream 71 flows into a detection channel to detect the enzyme product optically or otherwise. From the amount of enzyme product detected, the amount of antigen in the sample stream can be calculated.
In yet another embodiment, [0054] reagent particles 62 react with a first product particle to form a chemiluminescent or bioluminescent product. The luminescence is optically detected. Chemiluminescent reagents are readily available (see, for example, “Tropix Luminescence Products”, 1997, Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems, Bedford, Mass.). Luminescent reagents can also be bound to antibodies and antigens to make luminescently labeled reagent particles.
In a sandwich immunoassay the secondary antibody can likewise be enzymatically labeled as shown in FIGS. [0055] 11-12. These embodiments further illustrate an H separator between the H reactor and the T reactor. First product stream P1 leaves the H reactor (not shown) through first product stream channel 50. In the illustrated embodiment one type of product particles is a sandwich of native antigen between primary antibody 26 and enzymatically labeled secondary antibody 27 a. The sandwich product particles can be formed in a single step, as in FIG. 2, or in two steps, as in FIG. 9. The product stream contains both bound labeled antibodies 27 a and unbound labeled antibodies 27 b. Rather than distinguish them based on relative chemical activity, they can be separated by diffusion prior to the second reaction.
These embodiments include an H separator. The product stream enters through [0056] channel 50 and a companion stream, extraction stream 81, enters through extraction stream inlet 80. The two streams flow in adjacent laminar streams in separation channel 85. The smaller product particles, in this case the unbound antibodies, diffuse into the extraction stream faster than the sandwich complex. The two product streams, the residual first product stream P1′ containing the larger particles and the diffused first product stream P1″ containing the smaller particles, are separated into channels 92 and 90, respectively.
In the embodiment of FIG. 11 the larger particles enter a T reactor. In [0057] reaction channel 70, the product stream flows adjacent to a companion stream, the second reagent stream, which enters through inlet channel 60. Enzyme substrate 62 is converted into enzyme product 72, which flows out in product stream P2 for subsequent detection. In the embodiment of FIG. 12, the lighter product stream in channel 90 meets the second reagent stream, which enters through channel 60, in reaction channel 70. Again the enzyme substrate is converted to enzyme product, which is subsequently detected.
In addition to the product stream outlets illustrated above, additional outlets can be provided for conducting specimen streams from the product stream channel, or at successive intervals along the length of the reaction channel. The specimen channels can be, for example, smaller channels branching from the reaction or product channels. Analyte concentration can be measured in the specimen streams by means such as viewports, fluorescence detectors or flow cytometers. [0058]
The length of the reaction channels and the distance traveled by the product stream prior to detection can be selected to allow reactions to go to completion, to limit the sampling of constituents based on their diffusion constants, and to alter the efficiency of separation of particles. The reaction channel is long enough to permit small analyte particles to diffuse from the sample stream and have a detectable effect on reagent particles, preferably at least about [0059] 2 mm long. The diffusion time required depends on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte particles. The reaction time required depends on the reaction rate. Some reactions, such as ion reactions, are completed within microseconds. Some reactions, such as competitive immunoassays that involve unloading a bound antigen, require minutes. To allow greater time for reaction between the analyte particles and the reagent particles, the length of the product stream channel can be increased.
The length of the flow channel depends on its geometry. The flow channel can be straight or convoluted. Convoluted channels provide longer distances for diffusion or reaction to occur without increasing the size of the substrate plate in which the channel is formed, thereby allowing for measurement of analytes with smaller diffusion coefficients or reaction rates. The diffusion coefficient of the analyte, which is usually inversely proportional to the size of the analyte, affects the desired reaction channel length. For a given flow speed, particles with smaller diffusion coefficients require a longer flow channel to have time to diffuse into the reagent stream. In preferred embodiments of this invention the channel length of a straight reaction channel is between about [0060] 5 mm and about 50 mm. In embodiments of this invention wherein the reaction channel is convoluted, the length of the channel is defined or limited only by the size of the microchip or other material into which the channel is etched or otherwise formed.
As an alternative to increasing channel length to allow more diffusion or reaction of analyte particles, the flow rate can be decreased or the flow may be stopped to allow reactions to proceed and then restarted. However, several factors limit the minimum flow rate. First, the flow rate is typically achieved by a pumping means and some types of pumps cannot produce as low a pressure and flow rate as may be desired to allow enough time for diffusion of the particles. Second, if the flow rate is too slow, particles more dense than the surrounding fluid may sink to the bottom of the flow channel and particles less dense than the surrounding fluid may float to the top of the flow channel. It is preferable that the flow rate be fast enough that hydrodynamic forces substantially prevent particles from sinking to the bottom, floating to the top, or sticking to the walls of the flow channel. In some applications, notably use in space, sedimentation is not a factor. Sedimentation can be avoided by orienting the channel cell with the laminar flow reaction channel vertical. [0061]
The flow rate of the input streams is preferably between about 5 micrometers/second and about 5000 micrometers/second, more preferably about 25 micrometers/second. Preferably the flow rate for both the sample and reagent streams is the same. [0062]
By adjusting the configuration of the channels in accordance with the principles discussed above to provide an appropriate channel length, flow velocity and contact time between the sample stream and the reagent stream, the size of the particles remaining in the sample stream and the particles diffusing into the reagent stream can be controlled. The contact time required can be calculated as a function of the diffusion coefficient of the particle and the distance over which the particle must diffuse. If the diffusion coefficient of the larger particles is about ten times smaller than the coefficient for the analytes, the product stream should be substantially free of the large particles. [0063]
The channel cell of this invention has been demonstrated with diffusional separation occurring in a plane parallel to the channel cell surface, termed the parallel embodiment. The channels can alternatively be formed so that the diffusional separation takes place in a plane orthogonal to the channel cell surface. FIG. 13 is a cross section of an H reactor and a T reactor formed in the orthogonal plane, termed the orthogonal embodiment. The channels are formed between [0064] substrate plate 1 and coverplate 2. The H reactor is formed by sample (primary) stream inlet channel 10, first reagent stream inlet channel 20, reaction channel 30, residual sample stream outlet channel 40 and first product stream channel 50. The first reagent stream inlet can, like the sample inlet, feed through the substrate plate.
As in the parallel configuration, the diffusion direction is termed the depth, labeled d, but note that the diffusion direction, and hence the depth, in FIG. 13 is orthogonal to the diffusion direction in FIG. 1. The depth of [0065] channel 30 is optionally greater than the depth of channels 20 and 50 to accommodate two streams. Although this H reactor does not have the visual appearance of the letter “H”, it has the functional criteria of two laminar flow channels joining in the upstream end of a reaction channel to form adjacent flow streams, layered in this case rather than side by side, and two laminar flow channels branching from the downstream end of the reaction channel.
The product stream of the H reactor of FIG. 13 enters a T reactor comprising [0066] product stream channel 50, second reagent stream inlet channel 60, and reaction channel 70. The depth of channel 70 is optionally greater than the depth of channel 50 to accommodate two streams. In the previous embodiments (see FIG. 9, for example), channels 50 and 60 were collinear; in this embodiment they join at a right angle. As in the case of the H reactor, it is not the visual appearance of the letter “T” that defines the T reactor, but rather the functional criteria of the product stream channel joining a companion stream inlet channel to form adjacent laminar streams in the reaction channel.
The perpendicular embodiment can have a larger contact area between the sample and reagent streams than the parallel version. The width of the flow channel in the perpendicular embodiment can be increased to increase the contact area while maintaining laminar flow. This allows a greater reaction volume, which is particularly advantageous for the synthesis application of the device. The parallel embodiment is cheaper and easier to fabricate, which is particularly advantageous in the analysis application of the device. [0067]
In either the parallel or perpendicular embodiment, the channel cell is generally formed by two plates with abutting surfaces. The channels may be formed in both plates, or one plate can contain the channels and the other can be a flat cover plate. The channel cells of this invention may be formed by any techniques known to the art. Silicon channel plates are preferably formed by etching the flow channels onto the horizontal surface of a silicon microchip and placing a cover plate, preferably of an optically clear material such as glass or a silicone rubber sheet, on the etched substrate plate. To promote flow, the comers can be etched. For non-silicon channel plates, other means for manufacturing the channel cells of this invention include molding the device in plastic, micromachining, and other techniques known to the art. Precision injection molded plastics can also be used to form the devices. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, channel cells have hydrophilic surfaces to facilitate flow of liquid therein and allow operation of the device without the necessity for pressurization. The substrate may be treated by means known to the art following fabrication of the channels to render it hydrophilic. The cover plate is also preferably treated to render it hydrophilic. [0068]
For optical detection in transmission, such as absorbance detection, the analyte detection area, and optionally other parts of the channel cell system, are optically accessible. Typically the detection area lies between optically transparent plates. Analyte detection area as used herein refers to that portion of a flow channel where changes in the analyte particles or the reagent particles are measured. For detection with reflection, such as fluorescence or luminescence detection, only one plate need be transparent, typically the cover plate. For product synthesis, the channel system need not be transparent in any portion. [0069]
The preferred channel dimensions depend on the application, with the criterion that laminar flow must be maintained. The channel depth (diffusion direction) is preferably between about 10 and 1000 μm, and most preferably around 400 μm, in both the parallel and perpendicular embodiments. The channel width is about 10-200 μm in the parallel embodiment. In the perpendicular embodiment, it can be more than several millimeters wide and still maintain laminar flow. [0070]
Means for applying pressure to the flow of the feed fluids through the device can also be provided. Such means can be provided at the inlets and/or the outlets (e.g. as vacuum exerted by chemical or mechanical means). Means for applying such pressure are known to the art, and include the use of a column of water or other means of applying water pressure, electroendoosmotic forces, optical forces, gravitational forces, and surface tension forces. The outlets can be connected to fluid receptacles. Such receptacles may be coupled to an analytical or detection device. [0071]
FIG. 14 shows an embodiment in which the [0072] product stream channel 50 of an H-filter (not shown) is connected to the upstream end of a second laminar flow channel 200 at the opposite side of which is provided a second companion reagent stream inlet channel 210. The downstream end of second laminar flow channel 200 is connected to the upstream end of third laminar flow channel 230. Connected to the upstream end of third laminar flow channel 230 is third companion reagent stream inlet 220.
Various aspects of this invention have been illustrated with specific examples. Combinations and variations of these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and fall within the spirit and scope of this invention. For example, any of the exemplified configurations and reaction schemes can be implemented with reagent particles immobilized on beads. The beads can be magnetic and magnetic fields can be used to manipulate the beads. Filters, diffusion based or otherwise, can be placed before or after the H reactor, and can be positioned between the H reactor and subsequent reactors, separators and detectors. Each reagent stream can contain more than one type of reagent particle for detection of a single type of analyte particle or for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. More than one reagent stream channel can join the upstream end of the reaction channel, or more than one reagent stream channel can merge prior to joining the reaction channel. More than one product stream channel can leave the downstream end of the reaction channel. In addition to detecting species in the product stream, the residual sample stream and any of the companion streams can be analyzed. The angles of the “H” and “T” are not limited to right angles. Parallel and perpendicular geometries can be combined in one channel system. This reactor can be used in combination with other sample preparation and analysis apparatus. [0073]

EXAMPLE 1

Tests performed by EMIT (Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique) can be carried out in the H reactor combined with the T reactor of this invention. EMIT is a homogeneous immunoassay for low-molecular-weight ligands. The assay is based on binding of antibody to an enzyme labeled ligand in order to change the enzyme activity. The competitive binding of antibody bound and unbound ligands is used to measure the concentration of unbound ligand. Here, digoxin, a drug used to control cardiac arrhythmia and requiring frequent concentration analysis in case of intoxication, is selected as an example test. The EMIT assay for digoxin is based on the competitive binding between drug in the sample and drug labeled with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase made using recombinant DNA technology (rG6P-DH) for antibody binding sites. The drug concentration is measured through enzyme activity which decreases upon binding to the antibody. Active enzyme reduces NAD to NADH. [0074]
The reaction is illustrated in FIG. I combined with FIG. 10. In this assay, reagent stream R[0075] 1 contains digoxin labeled with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 22 and antibody 23. Reagent stream R1 is imported through channel 20 and contacts the sample stream from channel 10. Digoxin in the sample 12 diffuses into the reagent stream in channel 30, binds with antibody and is transported to channel 50, while cellular components are transported to channel 40. The more digoxin molecules in the sample stream, the more antibody binds with free digoxin instead of enzyme labeled digoxin. As a result, the more enzyme is freed from antibody binding.
In [0076] channel 70, the product stream encounters reagent stream R2, containing two types of reagent particles, the substrate glucose-6-phosphate (not shown) and NAD 62. Freed enzyme oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate and reduces NAD to NADH 72. In the second product stream, the residual enzyme activity is measured by spectroscopy through the change in absorbance by NADH at 340 nm.

EXAMPLE 2

In another embodiment using multiple reagents in series, the sample stream is blood to be analyzed for glucose, the first reagent stream R[0077] 1 contains glucose oxidase, and the second reagent stream R2 contains a pH sensitive dye. In channel 30 glucose particles from the blood diffuse into the reagent stream and are changed to gluconic acid. In channel 70 the gluconic acid reacts with the pH-sensitive dye. In the second product stream, the reaction is detected by changes in the dye absorbance.

Claims

We claim:

1. A method for reacting first antigens in a stream of blood, said method comprising the steps of:

conducting said blood stream into a laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting a reagent stream comprising first antibodies bound with labeled second antigens identical to said first antigens into said reaction channel, such that said blood stream and said reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said first antigens to diffuse from said blood stream into said reagent stream, and to compete for binding sites on said first antibodies with said labeled second antigens to form detectable product particles, thereby converting said reagent stream into a product stream and said primary stream into a residual primary stream;

conducting said residual primary stream out of said reaction channel;

separately conducting said product stream out of said reaction channel; and

detecting said product particles.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said first reagent stream further includes second antibodies, and wherein said first and second antibodies form a sandwich complex with said first antigens.

3. A method for reacting primary particles from a primary stream, comprising the steps of:

conducting said primary stream into a first laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting a first reagent stream comprising first reagent particles into said first laminar flow reaction channel, such that said primary stream and said first reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams in said channel;

allowing said primary particles to diffuse from said primary stream into said first reagent stream, and to react with said first reagent particles and form first product particles, thus converting said first reagent stream into a first product stream; and

thereafter conducting a first companion stream into said first laminar flow reaction channel such that said first product stream and said first companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams, thereby converting said first product stream into a diffused first product stream and said first companion stream into a diffused first companion stream.

4. The method of claim 3 further comprising allowing particles in said diffused first product stream and said diffused first companion streams to react with each other to form second product particles.

5. The method of claim 4 further comprising detecting said second product particles.

6. The method of claim 3 wherein said primary stream contains larger, nondiffusing particles in addition to said primary particles.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein said primary stream is blood, said primary particles are first antigens, and said first reagent particles are first antibodies.

8. The method of claim 3 wherein said step of detecting said first product particles comprises a method selected from the group consisting of optical, electrical, calorimetric and chemical detection.

9. The method of claim 3 wherein said step of detecting comprises absorbance, luminescence, fluorescence, or radiation detection.

10. The method of claim 3 wherein said first reagent particles are immobilized on beads.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein said beads are magnetic.

12. The method of claim 10 further comprising the step of detecting said first product particles using single particle detection.

13. A method for detecting first antigens in a stream of blood, comprising the steps of:

conducting said blood stream into a first laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting a first reagent stream comprising first reagent particles which are beads having primary antibodies to said first antigens attached thereto, into said first laminar flow reaction channel, such that said blood stream and said first reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said first antigens to diffuse from said blood stream into said first reagent stream, and to react with said primary antibodies on said beads to form a first complex in said reaction channel, thereby converting said first reagent stream into a first product stream comprising said first complex, and said blood stream into a residual blood stream;

thereafter conducting a first companion stream comprising fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to said first antigens into said first laminar flow reaction channel such that said first product stream and said first companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to diffuse from said first companion stream into said first product stream and react with said first complex to form a fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second complex attached to said beads; and

detecting said fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second complex on said beads.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein said beads having said fluorescently-labeled second complex attached thereto are detected in a flow cytometer.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein said beads having said fluorescently-labeled second complex attached thereto are optically detected.

16. A method for detecting first antigens in a stream of blood, comprising the steps of:

conducting said blood stream into a first laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting a first reagent stream comprising first reagent particles which are first complexes comprising second antigens identical to said first antigens labeled with an enzyme and antibodies to said antigens, into said first laminar flow reaction channel, such that said blood stream and said first reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said first antigens to diffuse from said blood stream into said reagent stream to form a mixed stream in which said first antigens react with said first complexes to bind to said antibodies and form second complexes comprising said first antigens complexed with said antibodies, and third complexes comprising said second antigens labeled with said enzyme, in said reaction channel;

thereafter conducting a first companion stream comprising substrate for said enzyme into said first laminar flow reaction channel such that said mixed stream and said first companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said substrate to react with said third complex to form product particles in a second laminar flow channel; and

detecting said product particles.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein said second laminar flow channel is a convoluted channel.

18. A method for detecting first antigens in a stream of blood, comprising the steps of:

conducting said blood stream into a first laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting a first reagent stream comprising first reagent particles which are magnetic beads having primary antibodies to said first antigens attached thereto, into said first laminar flow reaction channel, such that said blood stream and said first reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

applying a magnetic field to push said primary antibodies on said magnetic beads into said blood stream and allowing said antigens to react with said primary antibodies on said magnetic beads to form a first complex attached to said magnetic beads in said blood stream;

thereafter applying a magnetic field to push said magnetic beads having said first complex attached thereto into said reagent stream, thereby converting said first reagent stream into a first product stream comprising said first complex, and said blood stream into a residual blood stream;

conducting said first product stream into a second laminar flow channel;

thereafter conducting a first companion stream comprising labeled secondary antibodies to said first antigens into said second laminar flow reaction channel such that said first product stream and said first companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said labeled secondary antibodies to diffuse from said first companion stream into said first product stream and react with said first complex to form a second complex attached to said magnetic beads; and

detecting said labeled second complex on said beads.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein said magnetic beads having said labeled second complex attached thereto are detected in a flow cytometer.

20. A method for reacting primary particles from a primary stream, comprising the steps of:

conducting said primary stream into a first laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting a first reagent stream comprising first reagent particles into said first laminar flow reaction channel, such that said primary stream and said first reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing said primary particles to diffuse from said primary stream into said first reagent stream, and to react with said first reagent particles and form first product particles, thereby converting said first reagent stream into a first product stream and said primary stream into a residual primary stream;

conducting said residual primary stream out of said first laminar flow reaction channel;

conducting said first product stream into a second laminar flow channel; and

separately conducting a first companion stream into said second laminar flow channel such that said first product stream and said first companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams thereby converting said first product stream into a diffused first product stream and said first companion stream into a diffused first companion stream.

21. The method of claim 20 further comprising the steps of conducting said diffused first product stream out of said second laminar flow channel and separately conducting said diffused first companion stream out of said second laminar flow channel.

22. The method of claim 20 further comprising the steps of:

conducting said diffused first product stream into a third laminar flow channel; and

separately conducting a second companion stream into said third laminar flow channel.

23. The method of claim 22 further comprising allowing particles in said diffused first product stream or said second companion stream to diffuse therebetween and react with each other to form third product particles.

24. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of detecting said third product particles.

25. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of separately conducting a stream containing said third product particles from said third laminar flow channel.

26. The method of claim 20 further comprising the steps of:

conducting said diffused first companion stream into a third laminar flow channel; and

27. The method of claim 26 further comprising allowing particles in said diffused first companion stream or said second companion stream to diffuse therebetween and react with each other to form third product particles.

28. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of detecting said third product particles.

29. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of separately conducting a stream containing said third product particles from said third laminar flow channel.

30. The method of claim 27 wherein:

said primary stream comprises whole blood;

said primary particles are first antigens;

said reagent particles are first complexes comprising second antigens, identical to said first antigens, labeled with an enzyme, and antibodies to said antigens, attached to beads;

said first companion stream is an extraction stream;

said second companion stream comprises a substrate for said enzyme; and

said method comprises the steps of:

allowing said first antigens to diffuse from said primary stream into said reagent stream and react with said first complex to bind to said antibodies and form second complexes comprising said first antigens complexed with said antibodies attached to said beads, and third complexes comprising said second antigens labeled with said enzyme not attached to said beads, in said reaction channel;

wherein said diffused first product stream conducted out of said second laminar flow channel comprises said first antigens complexed with said antibodies attached to said beads; and said diffused companion stream comprises said third complex;

allowing said substrate to react with said third complex to form product particles in said third laminar flow channel; and

detecting said product particles.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein said third laminar flow channel is convoluted.

32. The method of claim 21 wherein:

said primary stream comprises whole blood;

said primary particles are first antigens;

said reagent particles are first complexes comprising primary antibodies to said antigens attached to magnetic beads;

said first companion stream comprises secondary antibodies to said antigens labeled with an enzyme in buffer;

said method further comprises the steps of:

allowing said first antigens to diffuse from said primary stream into said reagent stream and react with said first complexes to bind to said antibodies and form second complexes comprising said first antigens complexed with said antibodies attached to said beads in said reaction channel;

allowing said second complexes to react with said secondary antibodies labeled with said enzyme to said antigens in said second laminar flow channel to form third complexes comprising said first antigens, said primary antibodies, and said secondary antibodies linked to said enzyme attached to said magnetic beads;

applying a magnetic field across said second laminar flow channel to maintain said magnetic beads in said diffused product stream;

conducting said diffused product stream out of said second laminar flow channel into a third laminar flow channel;

separately conducting a second companion stream comprising a substrate for said enzyme into said third laminar flow channel;

allowing said enzyme to react with said substrate in said third laminar flow channel to form product particles; and

detecting said product particles.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein said third laminar flow channel is convoluted.

34. The method of claim 22 wherein

said primary stream comprises whole blood;

said primary particles are antigens;

said reagent particles are primary antibodies to said antigens and secondary antibodies to said antigens linked to an enzyme;

said first companion stream is an extraction stream;

said second companion stream comprises substrate for said enzyme;

said method further comprises the steps of:

allowing said antigens to diffuse from said primary stream into said reagent stream and react with primary antibodies and said secondary antibodies linked to an enzyme, to form complexes comprising said antigens, said primary antibodies and said secondary antibodies linked to an enzyme, in said reaction channel;

allowing unreacted secondary antibodies linked to said enzyme to diffuse from said first product stream into said companion stream;

allowing said complexes to react with said substrate in said third laminar flow channel to form product particles; and

detecting said product particles.

35. The method of claim 20 wherein

said primary stream comprises whole blood;

said primary particles are antigens;

said reagent particles are primary antibodies to said antigens and fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to said antigens;

said first companion stream is an extraction stream;

said method further comprises the steps of:

allowing said antigens to diffuse from said primary stream into said reagent stream and react with primary antibodies and fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to form complexes comprising said antigens, said primary antibodies, and said secondary antibodies in said reaction channel;

allowing unreacted fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to diffuse from said first product stream into said companion stream; and

detecting said unreacted fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled antibodies in said diffused first companion stream.

36. The method of claim 22 wherein:

said primary stream comprises whole blood;

said primary particles are antigens;

said reagent particles are primary antibodies to said antigens;

said first companion stream comprises fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to said antigens;

said second companion stream is an extraction stream; and

said method further comprises:

allowing said antigens and said primary antibodies to react in said first reaction channel to form first complexes in said product stream;

allowing said fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to react with said first complexes in said second laminar flow channel to form second complexes comprising said antigens, said primary antibodies and said fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies;

allowing excess fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies to diffuse from said first diffused product stream into said second companion stream; and

detecting said excess fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled secondary antibodies in said second companion stream in said second laminar flow channel.

37. A method for detecting antigens in whole blood comprising the steps of:

conducting a primary stream comprising whole blood containing first antigens into a laminar flow reaction channel;

separately conducting into said reaction channel a reagent stream comprising fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens identical to said first antigens, complexed with antibodies to said antigens, to form a complex, such that said primary stream and said reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams in said channel;

allowing first antigens from said blood to diffuse from said primary stream into said reagent stream, and to react with said complex to displace fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens therefrom, thereby converting said reagent stream into a product stream and said primary stream into a residual stream;

conducting said residual stream out of said reaction channel;

conducting said product stream into a second laminar flow channel;

conducting a companion stream into said second laminar flow channel, such that said product stream and said companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing displaced fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens to diffuse into said companion stream; and

detecting said displaced fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens in said companion stream.

38. A method for detecting antigens in whole blood comprising the steps of:

separately conducting into said reaction channel a reagent stream comprising beads having attached thereto antibodies complexed with fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens, identical to said first antigens, to form a complex, such that said primary stream and said reagent stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing first antigens from said blood to diffuse from said primary stream into said reagent stream and to react with said complex to displace fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens on said beads, forming a residual stream comprising whole blood from which small particles have diffused into said reagent stream, and a product stream comprising said beads with antigen-antibody complexes attached thereto;

conducting said residual stream out of said reaction channel; and

conducting said product stream into a second laminar flow channel;

detecting said displaced fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens in said companion stream, or detecting fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled beads and/or fluorescently-labeled or radioactively-labeled second antigens.

39. A method for detecting antigens from a whole blood stream, comprising the steps of:

conducting a whole blood stream into a first laminar flow channel;

separately conducting an extraction stream into said first laminar flow channel, such that said whole blood stream and said extraction stream flow in adjacent laminar streams in said channel;

allowing antigens to diffuse from said whole blood stream into said extraction stream, thereby converting said extraction stream into a product stream and said whole blood stream into a residual primary stream;

conducting said residual primary stream out of said reaction channel;

separately conducting said product stream out of said reaction channel and into a second laminar flow channel;

conducting a first companion stream comprising enzyme particles, for which said antigens are substrates, into a second laminar flow channel such that said first companion stream and said product stream flow in adjacent laminar streams in said second laminar flow channel;

allowing said enzyme particles and said antigens to diffuse from their respective streams and react with each other in said second laminar flow channel to form first product particles, thereby converting said streams into a diffused stream; and

detecting said first product particles.

40. The method of claim 39 wherein said second laminar flow channel is convoluted.

41. The method of claim 39 further comprising the steps of:

conducting said diffused stream into a third laminar flow channel;

conducting a second companion stream comprising indicator particles into said third laminar flow channel such that said diffused stream and said second companion stream flow in adjacent laminar streams;

allowing particles from said diffused stream to diffuse into said second companion stream and react with indicator particles to form second product particles; and

detecting said second product particles.

42. A method for detecting antigens from a whole blood stream, comprising the steps of:

conducting a whole blood stream into a first laminar flow channel;

conducting said residual primary stream out of said reaction channel;

allowing said enzyme particles and said antigens to diffuse from their respective streams and react with each other in said second laminar flow channel to form first product particles, thereby converting said streams into a diffused stream;

further comprising the steps of:

conducting said diffused stream into a third laminar flow channel;

detecting said second product particles.

43. The method of claim 42 wherein said second laminar flow channel is convoluted.