US20020018614A1 - Optical switch for reciprocal traffic - Google Patents
Optical switch for reciprocal traffic Download PDFInfo
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- US20020018614A1 US20020018614A1 US09/799,954 US79995401A US2002018614A1 US 20020018614 A1 US20020018614 A1 US 20020018614A1 US 79995401 A US79995401 A US 79995401A US 2002018614 A1 US2002018614 A1 US 2002018614A1
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- switch
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- deflectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3542—Non-blocking switch, e.g. with multiple potential paths between multiple inputs and outputs, the establishment of one switching path not preventing the establishment of further switching paths
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
- G02B6/3546—NxM switch, i.e. a regular array of switches elements of matrix type constellation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0024—Construction using space switching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0026—Construction using free space propagation (e.g. lenses, mirrors)
- H04Q2011/003—Construction using free space propagation (e.g. lenses, mirrors) using switches based on microelectro-mechanical systems [MEMS]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0037—Operation
- H04Q2011/0039—Electrical control
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0052—Interconnection of switches
- H04Q2011/0056—Clos
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0052—Interconnection of switches
- H04Q2011/0058—Crossbar; Matrix
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The benefit of the earlier filing date of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/221,796, filed Jul. 31, 2000 is hereby claimed.
- The invention pertains to optical switches. More particularly, the invention pertains to such switches having reduced numbers of switchable transmission path defining elements.
- Known forms of switched optical communication systems incorporate fiberoptics as a medium for communicating messages carried by modulated beams of radiant energy. Such messages at times need to be switched between optical fibers. One known form of optical switch is a crossbar switch.
- Known optomechanical crossbar switches use moving mirrors to create connections between inputs and outputs. Various mechanisms can be used to switch or move the mirrors or otherwise to cause them to be actuated and to be in a state to create a connection.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a known optical
crossbar switch module 10 having four inputs and four outputs. Such switch modules receive a plurality of modulated light beams to be switched at input ports such as ports 12-1, 12-2, 12-3, 12-4 ... 12N. Switched lightbeams exit module 10 at output ports 14-1, 14-2,... 14-N. - The rectangles inside
module 10 represent mirrors. Thegray rectangle 16 is a fixed mirror. The dashed rectangles 20 a-20 k are non-actuated mirrors. Non-actuated mirrors permit beams to pass without sustantial deflection. The black rectangles 22 a-22 d are actuated mirrors. Actuated mirrors substantially deflect incident beams. - In the example of FIG. 1, input ports12-1, 12-2, 12-3, and 12-4 are coupled to output ports 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, and 14-1, respectively. Actuating the appropriate correct set of mirrors enables the switch to make all connection permutations.
- Lenses, such as lens19 a, at the inputs and outputs of
switch module 10 keep the light beams collimated while traversing the free space inside the optical switch. Fibers provide inputs to and transmit outputs from theswitch 10 and they are precisely aligned to the collimating lenses. The number of switchable mirrors required in this architecture isN 2−1. - A reduced component non-blocking optical switch, or switch module, which supports all traffic that qualifies as reciprocal traffic, includes a plurality of optical ports. Each port has an optical input and optical output associated therewith. The ports couple incident communication beams, such as incident light beams, into a switching region within the switch. Transmission paths established within the switch support reciprocal traffic. Transmission paths can include free space, optical fibers or waveguides.
- In one embodiment, a plurality of fixed mirrors or deflectors is positioned substantially diagonally within the switch at optical cross points. The fixed deflectors are located at cross points in the switch where the transmission paths exhibit 90° angles and are oriented at 45° relative to the transmission paths. Other cross points within the switch are occupied by switchable deflectors or mirrors which can be switched to complete respective paths. By combining both fixed and switchable deflector elements, transmission paths can be established between selected pairs of ports thereby supporting the reciprocal traffic.
- In another aspect, the ports can be staggered relative to the deflectors so that the path lengths between pairs of ports are substantially constant. In yet another embodiment, some or all of the fixed deflectors can be replaced with combinations of a switchable deflector and a fixed path reversing deflector, such as a V-shaped mirror, to provide loop-back functionality for selected of the ports.
- In yet another aspect, deflectors can be implemented as fixed or movable mirrors, or alternately instead of movable mirrors, fixed mirrors with movable mechanical optical deflectors. Solid state deflectors can be used as an alternate.
- In one aspect, deflectors can be implemented as optical bubbles using internal reflections or holographic gratings.
- Switch modules in accordance herewith can be combined in various configurations to implement multi-stage switches. In one embodiment, nonblocking multi-stage switches can be implemented using, in part, multiple switch modules in accordance herewith to facilitate reciprocal traffic.
- Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the embodiments thereof, from the claims and from the accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a prior art crossbar switch;
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a reduced component switch in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an alternate configuration of the switch of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating yet another configuration of the switch of FIG. 2; and
- FIG. 5 is a multi-stage switch which incorporates switch modules in accordance herewith.
- While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there are shown in the drawing and will be described herein in detail specific embodiments thereof with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated.
- In telecommunication applications, a condition called traffic reciprocity often exists. Traffic reciprocity is defined as the condition where input B is connected to output A whenever input A is connected to output B.
- The exemplary connections illustrated in FIG. 1 do not correspond to reciprocal traffic. Specifically,
input 1 is connected tooutput 2 whereasinput 2 is not connected tooutput 1 as required by the definition of reciprocal traffic. - Because the
module 10 supports all traffic connections (both reciprocal and non-reciprocal), it provides greater flexibility than is required in applications where traffic reciprocity exists. The price of this flexibility is the requirement to haveN 2−1 switchable deflectors or mirrors for an N×N switch. - By exploiting the presence of traffic reciprocity, an exemplary 4×4 (N=4) switch module1Oa as in FIG. 2, described below exhibits reduced switch complexity as compared to the crossbar switch of FIG. 1. Switch module 1Oa includes input/output ports 28-1, -2, -3... -N. Each port is coupled to at least one source medium, such as an input optical fiber and at least one destination medium, an output fiber.
- It will be understood that module1Oa could be operated under the control of control circuits 1Oa- 1. These control circuits could be part of a larger communications system without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It will also be understood that multiple reciprocal-traffic switches, such as module 1Oa, can be included in larger single or multiple stage switches.
- When reciprocity exists, the inputs and outputs can be co-located and paired as illustrated in FIG. 2. It will also be understood that each input/output port, such as28-i, can be coupled to an input optical fiber and an output optical fibre. Alternately, a single coupled fiber could be used to carry bidirectional traffic.
- For an N×N switch, the
gray rectangles 30 a, b, c ... N denote fixed deflectors or mirrors. They always deflect an incident beam.Black rectangles 32a, b denote actuated deflectors or mirrors and dashedrectangles 34 a, b, c denote non-actuated deflectors or mirrors. Deflectors 32 a,b and 34 a, b, c are all switchable between states. - FIG. 2 illustrates an example where port28-1 is coupled optically to port 28-4 and port 28-2 is coupled optically to port 28-3. The forward path and the reverse path of the reciprocal traffic are deflected off the same deflectors or mirrors.
- Assume a pair of reciprocal connections is to be made between input number A and number B where A<B. Then the two deflectors used for this pair of paths are the fixed deflector or mirror in row A and the actuated deflector or mirror in row B in column A.
- Although FIG. 2 illustrates a 4×4 switch1Oa, this architecture can be extended to an NxN switch module. The required number of switchable deflectors or mirrors is [N*(N−1)/2 ]−1. This is about half as many as those used by the
crossbar module 10. - An improvement can be made to the switch1Oa using staggered input and output ports 38-1, -2, -3... -N as illustrated by switch lOb, FIG. 3. In FIG. 2, the path lengths of the paths are of unequal length. Path lengths are directly related to the amount of loss an optical signal incurs. The loss is due to the divergence of the light. The light diverges even in the presence of good collimating lenses. Therefore, it is desirable to make all path lengths equal, regardless of connection, in order to reduce the variability in insertion loss.
- Switch lOb, FIG. 3 provides equal path lengths. In FIG. 3, fixed and switchable deflectors are represented using the same conventions as used in FIG. 2. Deflectors 40 a, b, c, d are fixed. Remaining
deflectors 42 a, b, c, d, e are switchable. - As illustrated in FIG. 3, ports38-1 and 38-3 are coupled together, and ports 38-2 and 38-4 are coupled together. These respective path lengths are of substantially the same length. Pairs of staggered input and output ports create equal length light paths, for example the connection between ports A and B where A<B. The deflectors used are the fixed deflectors on row A and the actuated deflector or mirror on row B. The fixed deflector or mirror is N units away from the input to port A. The actuated deflector or mirror is N−B+A units away from an input to port B. The distance between the two deflectors or mirrors is B−A. Therefore, the total length, in free space, of the light path is N+(N−B+A) +(B−A) =2N which, is independent of the particular choice of A and B.
- In another embodiment, switch1Oc, FIG. 4, can be modified to include a loop-back function. Loop-back is present when an input at a port is to be coupled with the corresponding output at the same port. .
- Adding a fixed deflector, such as a V-shaped mirror at the end of each row, such as
deflectors 50 a, b, c, d, provides a loop-back function. Deflectors 52 a, b, c . . . i are switchable. In this embodiment, the constant path length property of module 1Ob is almost preserved with the exception that loop-back paths are slightly longer. - As illustrated in FIG. 4, ports48-1 and 48-4 are coupled together. Port 48-2 is looped-back on itself. Port 48-3 is unused.
- The number of switchable deflectors or mirrors for an N×N switch as in FIG. 4 is [N(N+1)/2]−1. This is slightly larger than the number used by the switch1Oa of FIG. 2 without loop-back. However, it is still approximately one/half the number required by the
switch 10. - There are a variety of possible physical implementations. The deflectors or mirrors can move in and out of position by using either a sliding or tilting mechanism. They could be non-moving multi-state solid state deflectors. The input and output fibers should be rested on V-grooves for better alignment with the collimating lenses. The lenses, deflectors or mirrors, and v-grooves may all be part of a MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) platform. It will be understood that the details of implementation of the various deflectors or mirrors are not limitations of the present invention.
- Switch configurations, such as1Oa, 1Ob and 1Oc can be used as building blocks to create larger multi-stage switches for reciprocal traffic. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary
multi-stage switch 60 of a known type as disclosed in published PCT application WO 00/14583, assigned to the assignee hereof. - As illustrated in FIG. 5, the
switch 60 employs two groups of switchingmodules modules 62 includes a plurality of (L,2L−1)-way modules 1−M. The (L,2L−1)-way modules 62 can be implemented in a variety of ways, as would be understood by those of skill in the art and are not a limitation of the present invention. The second group ofmodules 64 includes a plurality of M-wayreciprocal switching modules 1−2L 311. The M-way modules 64 can be implemented in accordance with the principles of any of the modules described above in connection with FIGS. 2-4. - The
modules 62 are connected to themodules 64 so the externally disposed I/O ports 66 handle reciprocal traffic in a non-blocking fashion. To this end, the modules are interconnected by optical fibers as illustrated in theexemplary switch 60 of FIG. 5. It will be understood that a variety of switch architectures using modules 1Oa, 1Ob, 1Oc, could be implemented in multi-stage switches to support reciprocal switch traffic without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. - From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.
Claims (43)
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/799,954 US6363182B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2001-03-06 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
EP01955083A EP1305663A4 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2001-07-30 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
PCT/US2001/041465 WO2002010824A1 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2001-07-30 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
CA2416270A CA2416270C (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2001-07-30 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
AU2001277284A AU2001277284A1 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2001-07-30 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
US10/037,054 US6650804B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2002-01-03 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
US10/680,443 US6850662B1 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2003-10-07 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US22179600P | 2000-07-31 | 2000-07-31 | |
US09/799,954 US6363182B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2001-03-06 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/037,054 Continuation US6650804B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2002-01-03 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
Publications (2)
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US20020018614A1 true US20020018614A1 (en) | 2002-02-14 |
US6363182B2 US6363182B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 |
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US10/037,054 Expired - Fee Related US6650804B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2002-01-03 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/037,054 Expired - Fee Related US6650804B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2002-01-03 | Optical switch for reciprocal traffic |
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US (2) | US6363182B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1305663A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001277284A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2416270C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002010824A1 (en) |
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-
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- 2001-03-06 US US09/799,954 patent/US6363182B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-07-30 EP EP01955083A patent/EP1305663A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-07-30 AU AU2001277284A patent/AU2001277284A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-07-30 CA CA2416270A patent/CA2416270C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-07-30 WO PCT/US2001/041465 patent/WO2002010824A1/en active Application Filing
-
2002
- 2002-01-03 US US10/037,054 patent/US6650804B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20050060380A1 (en) * | 2003-07-31 | 2005-03-17 | Enigmatec Corporation | Mediated information flow |
US8307112B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2012-11-06 | Cloudsoft Corporation Limited | Mediated information flow |
US20080016198A1 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2008-01-17 | Enigmatec Corporation | Self-managed distributed mediation networks |
US20120209980A1 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2012-08-16 | Cloudsoft Corporation Limited | Self-managed distributed mediation networks |
US8266321B2 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2012-09-11 | Cloudsoft Corporation Limited | Self-managed distributed mediation networks |
US8812729B2 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2014-08-19 | Cloudsoft Corporation Limited | Self-managed distributed mediation networks |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2001277284A1 (en) | 2002-02-13 |
EP1305663A1 (en) | 2003-05-02 |
WO2002010824A1 (en) | 2002-02-07 |
CA2416270A1 (en) | 2002-02-07 |
US20020057864A1 (en) | 2002-05-16 |
US6363182B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 |
CA2416270C (en) | 2011-04-26 |
US6650804B2 (en) | 2003-11-18 |
EP1305663A4 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
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