US20020048177A1 - Apparatus and method for adjusting the color temperature of white semiconductor light emitters - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for adjusting the color temperature of white semiconductor light emitters Download PDFInfo
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- US20020048177A1 US20020048177A1 US09/948,209 US94820901A US2002048177A1 US 20020048177 A1 US20020048177 A1 US 20020048177A1 US 94820901 A US94820901 A US 94820901A US 2002048177 A1 US2002048177 A1 US 2002048177A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof
- H01L25/03—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes
- H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
- H01L25/075—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L33/00
- H01L25/0753—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L33/00 the devices being arranged next to each other
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof
- H01L25/03—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes
- H01L25/10—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices having separate containers
- H01L25/13—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L33/00
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2105/00—Planar light sources
- F21Y2105/10—Planar light sources comprising a two-dimensional array of point-like light-generating elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2105/00—Planar light sources
- F21Y2105/10—Planar light sources comprising a two-dimensional array of point-like light-generating elements
- F21Y2105/12—Planar light sources comprising a two-dimensional array of point-like light-generating elements characterised by the geometrical disposition of the light-generating elements, e.g. arranging light-generating elements in differing patterns or densities
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
- F21Y2113/10—Combination of light sources of different colours
- F21Y2113/13—Combination of light sources of different colours comprising an assembly of point-like light sources
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
- H05B45/28—Controlling the colour of the light using temperature feedback
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S362/00—Illumination
- Y10S362/80—Light emitting diode
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) 110 array.
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor LED array which is adjustable by a user for the selection of a desired color temperature.
- the present invention relates to a method of selecting a desired color temperature from an array of LEDs.
- the color temperature of light is typically measured in degrees Kelvin (K).
- K degrees Kelvin
- This measurement system was first adapted to measure the temperature of stars. With this color temperature scale, the colder the light, the higher the degrees K, i.e., the hotter the star, the bluer the light output.
- This temperature scale is also used to measure the light output of other light sources, such as incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps and LEDs, to name a few.
- incandescent bulbs and flourescent lamps have effectively provided such a white light or near white light output.
- incandescent bulbs for example, their output color temperature will shift toward the red end of the spectrum with a drop in line voltage.
- changes in the output color temperature due to bulb aging are particularly problematic in color photography or cinematography applications where changes in color temperature due to aging over a very short period (i.e., 48 hours of operation) necessitate the frequent changing of very expensive bulbs.
- LEDs Because of the drawbacks in the use of incandescent and fluorescent lights, the use of LEDs for illumination has become increasingly popular. However, because LEDs use semiconductor principles of operation to produce light, their light output is typically along a narrow wavelength band, i.e., a single color output. Recent advances, however, have resulted in LEDs which produce a near white light output.
- the first method uses triads of red, green, and blue LEDs. This first method requires a very careful balancing of the brightness of each of the three colors to obtain a white light output. Once the white light output is established, an extremely fine adjustment is then required to obtain the desired color temperature. This is because variations within a fraction of a percent in the intensity of any one color LED will result in a perceptible change in the overall output color temperature of the white light. Further, as the light output of the LEDs vary with age, the ambient temperature changes, and the drive current supplied to the LEDs varies even slightly, the color temperature of the white light will exhibit unwanted fluctuations.
- the second method for generating white light is to use a special type of LED which produces a white light output.
- This special LED produces a white light output by coating the emitting surface of a high intensity blue LED with a phosphor which emits yellow light.
- the yellow light is emitted as a secondary emission as a result of the phosphor being excited by the photons from the blue LED junction.
- the spectral output of these devices shows a very high output at the wavelengths in the blue end of the spectrum and a moderate spike in the output at the wavelengths near the yellow portion of the spectrum.
- the overall output of the device is a white light with a relatively high color temperature.
- Such high temperature white LEDs are available from Nichia Chemical Corporation.
- These white LEDs are available over a range of color temperatures from 5000 deg. K to 8500 deg. K. To obtain lower color temperatures so as to approximate the light from an incandescent lamp, i.e., a color temperature of about 3600 deg. K, a color correcting filter with its attendant light losses must be used.
- the present invention provides an LED arrangement which produces a color temperature adjustable white light.
- the LED arrangement includes one or more white LEDs, a first drive circuit operable to supply a first drive current to the one or more white LEDs such that a white light is output at a desired intensity.
- the LED arrangement also includes one or more colored LEDs arranged such that a colored light output from the one or more colored LEDs combines with the white light to produce a resultant light having a desired color temperature.
- a second drive circuit is provided to supply a second drive current to the one or more colored LEDs such that the colored light is output at a desired intensity.
- the intensity of the colored light output from the one or more colored LEDs is adjustable such that the color temperature of the resultant light is adjustable.
- the colored LEDs are either amber LEDs, or a combination of red and yellow LEDs.
- the LEDs used can be either discrete LEDs or “chip-on-board” LEDs.
- the color temperature of a white LED can be effectively adjusted without the output color temperature being sensitive to aging, fluctuations in ambient temperature and changes in drive current.
- the ability of the present invention to effectively adjust the color temperature of the resultant light to reduce the effects aging, fluctuations in ambient temperature and changes in drive current is a result of utilizing the additive properties of light, as opposed to using subtractive properties, such as color filters and their attendant light losses.
- the LED arrangement of the present invention allows for the adjustment of the color temperature over a wide range and achieves the desired color temperature even when the intensity of the light varies by several percent in either direction without causing a perceptible change in color temperature.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan views of various LED arrangement patterns according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are plan views of various LED arrangement patterns according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views of various LED arrangement patterns according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a constant current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pulse width modulated current drive circuit, with active current limiting, for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a pulse width modulated current drive circuit, with passive current limiting, for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1A through 3B show plan views of various LED arrangements according to various embodiments of the present invention.
- the LEDs 130 , 140 , 150 , 160 are shown as being mounted to a printed circuit board or other suitable substrate 120 .
- circles represent cylindrical, or discrete LEDs and rectangles represent surface mount devices, or chip-on-board devices.
- White LEDs are indicated by reference numeral 130 and an absence of any mark within the outline.
- Amber LEDs are indicated by reference numeral 140 and a dot (•) within the outline.
- Yellow LEDs are indicated by reference numeral 150 and a cross (X) within the outline and red LEDs are indicated by reference numeral 160 and a star ( ⁇ ) within the outline.
- the white LEDs 130 are arranged on the substrate 120 so as to be driven by a first drive circuit, such as, for example, one of the circuits shown in FIGS. 4 through 6.
- the first drive circuit supplies a first drive current to the white LEDs 130 such that a white light is output at a desired intensity. The operation of the drive circuits will be described in greater detail below.
- the colored LEDs i.e., the amber 140 , yellow 150 and/or red 160 LEDs
- a second drive circuit is connected to the colored LEDs 140 , 150 and/or 160 so as to supply a second drive current to the colored LEDs 140 , 150 and/or 160 such that a colored light is output at a desired intensity.
- the colored LEDs 140 , 150 , 160 may be driven by one or more drive circuits such as those shown in FIGS. 4 through 6. For example, if only amber LEDs 140 are used as the colored LEDs, only one drive circuit may be needed. However, if both yellow and red LEDs 150 , 160 are used as the colored LEDs, then the yellow and red LEDs 150 , 160 may be arranged such that only one drive circuit is needed to supply the drive current thereto, or each of the yellow and red LEDs 150 , 160 may be provided with their own independently adjustable drive circuits such that the drive current supplied to the yellow LEDs 150 is independently adjustable relative to the drive current supplied to the red LEDs 160 . With either of these colored LED arrangements, the intensity of the colored light output therefrom is adjustable such that the color temperature of the resultant light can be adjusted as desired.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view of an array of white LEDs 130 evenly spaced and interleaved with amber 140 LEDs of the same size.
- the array is repetitive and may be extended indefinitely in either direction.
- the drive current to the white LEDs 130 is held at a constant level and the drive current to the amber LEDs 140 is adjusted until the desired color temperature is reached. This method effectively balances out the high output spike from the white LEDs 130 in the blue end of the spectrum without requiring the use of colored filter materials.
- the use of the white LEDs 130 with the addition of a warmer color results in a simpler and more tolerant adjustment of output white light than that which can be achieved with the red-green-blue LED array of the prior art.
- FIG. 1B is a plan view of a staggered array of white LEDs 130 and amber LEDs 140 of the same size. This embodiment is used where a more thorough mixing of the light is required, such as where the light source is closer to the item or target that is to be illuminated.
- FIG. 2A is a plan view of another LED arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the LED arrangement includes an array of evenly spaced 5 mm diameter white LEDs 130 wherein each white LED 130 is surrounded by four 3 mm diameter amber LEDs 140 .
- This embodiment is used where the closer spacing afforded by the 3 mm devices permits a more compact design of the overall LED arrangement.
- the increased number of amber LEDs 140 in this embodiment is dictated by the lower light output of these smaller units.
- FIG. 2B is a plan view of a further embodiment of an LED arrangement of the present invention.
- the LED arrangement includes an array of evenly spaced 5 mm diameter white LEDs 130 wherein each white LED 130 is surrounded by alternating pairs of 3 mm red 160 and yellow 150 LEDs.
- This embodiment is used where a lower color temperature, i.e., with a greater amount of light in the red portion of the spectrum, is required than is obtainable with the amber LED 140 embodiments.
- the drive current to the white LEDs 130 is held constant and the drive currents to the yellow and red LEDs 150 , 160 are adjustable together or independently of one another.
- FIG. 3A is a plan view of an LED arrangement wherein all the LEDs in the array are surface mount devices and a mixture of white LEDs 130 and amber LEDs 140 are used.
- FIG. 3B shows an LED arrangement similar to that of FIG. 3A except that yellow LEDs 150 and red LEDs 160 are used in the array in place of the amber LEDs 140 .
- the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B are preferred where an extremely low profile lighting device is desired.
- Reference numeral 200 represents either the white LEDs 130 or the colored LEDs 140 , 150 , 160 as provided within the drive circuit. In other words, reference numeral 200 indicates the location of the white LEDs 130 , the amber LEDs 140 , or the yellow and/or red LEDs 150 , 160 within the drive circuit.
- the white LEDs 130 are provided with a first drive circuit which supplies an adjustable constant drive current thereto, while the colored LEDs (i.e., either the amber LEDs 140 , or the yellow and red LEDs 150 , 160 ) are provided with a second drive circuit.
- the drive circuit for the white LEDs 130 preferably supplies a constant drive current to the white LEDs 130 and is preferably capable of being adjusted such that the intensity (brightness) of the emitted white light can be varied.
- the colored LEDs 140 , 150 , 160 are preferably provided with a second drive circuit which supplies a drive current to the colored LEDs 140 , 150 , 160 which is also adjustable such that the intensity of the output colored light can be varied and thereby provide the proper mix of colored and white light so as to achieve the desired color temperature. Examples of suitable drive circuits and their operation will be described below with reference to FIGS. 4 through 6.
- FIG. 4 shows one type of current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangements shown in FIGS. 1A through 3B of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows an adjustable constant current drive circuit for a string of LEDs 200 .
- reference numeral 10 denotes a DC power source.
- the DC power source 10 provides a positive voltage to the uppermost anode 20 of the one or more LEDs 200 .
- the string of LEDs 200 are connected in series.
- each of the LEDs in the string can be connected in 110 series and then each string can be connected in parallel. Due to the differences in the forward voltage drops of different LEDs, the length of the series strings will be determined by the supply voltage. For example, in a 24 V DC circuit, series strings of five white LEDs 130 would be paralleled and connected to their respective driver, and a series strings of ten yellow or red LEDs 150 , 160 would be paralleled and connected to their respective driver.
- the lowermost cathode 30 in the string of one or more LEDs 200 is preferably connected to the drain of an N channel field effect transistor (FET) 40 .
- the source of the FET 40 is returned to the negative side of the DC power source 10 through resistor 50 .
- the gate of the FET 40 is driven by an operational amplifier 60 .
- the inverting input of the amplifier 60 is connected to the source of the FET 40 , and the non-inverting input is connected to a voltage source through variable resistive divider 80 .
- the operational amplifier 60 provides a voltage proportional to the desired LED current by the voltage divider 80 .
- the current is varied.
- the voltage from the voltage divider 80 sets the operating current for the string of LEDs 200 .
- the operational amplifier 60 supplies a drive voltage to the gate of the FET 40 causing it to conduct current.
- the amplifier 60 maintains the drive voltage level.
- this drive circuit With this drive circuit, the drive current of the LEDs 200 can be adjusted to a desired level and held constant at that level.
- the nature of this drive circuit is such that it will adjust its drive to maintain the constant drive current.
- the operational amplifier 60 will adjust its drive accordingly so as to maintain a constant current.
- FIG. 5 shows a second type of current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a pulse width modulated drive circuit with active current limiting.
- the circuit of FIG. 5 is basically the same as that of FIG. 4, except that the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 60 is driven by positive-going pulses through a resistive voltage divider 80 . In other words, the voltage being used to determine the current is pulsed rather that being provided at a DC level.
- an additional resistor 90 and a diode 100 are connected in parallel with the series string of LEDs 200 .
- the drive circuit of FIG. 5 permits the adjustment of the current supplied to the LEDs 200 , and thus the intensity of the light emitted by the LEDs 200 .
- This circuit permits adjustment by varying the duty cycle of a pulse stream driving the operational amplifier 60 .
- the drive to the FET 40 is established when the voltage across the sense resistor 50 is equal to the amplitude of the input pulse.
- the brightness of the LEDs 200 are determined by the average current through the LEDs 200 . For example, if the pulse is such that the FET 40 is conducting 50% of the time, the average current will be 12 the peak current.
- This type of brightness control is particularly suitable when a microprocessor is used as a programmable control element to adjust the light output of the LEDs 200 .
- the operational amplifier 60 When the operational amplifier 60 is operating from a single, positive supply voltage, its output can be a slightly positive voltage even though the pulse input voltage is zero volts during the “off” portion of the duty cycle. This slight positive voltage causes FET 40 to conduct sufficient current to permit the LEDs 200 to emit a small amount of light. At a low current, the voltage drop across resistor 90 is much smaller than the forward voltage drop across the LEDs 200 . For this reason, the LEDs 200 will be back-biased in this condition and will turn off completely.
- inductive spikes may be introduced at the leading and trailing edges of the drive pulse.
- the addition of the diode 100 clamps the output of the drive circuit to the supply voltage 10 to protect the LEDs 200 and the FET 40 .
- the generation of the inductive spike may be reduced by slowing down the switching speed of FET 40 . This may be accomplished, for example, by placing a capacitor from the gate of the FET 40 to ground (not shown). This may, however, result in undesirable switching losses.
- FIG. 6 shows a third type of current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 shows a pulse width modulated drive circuit with passive current limiting.
- the circuit of FIG. 6 is similar to that of FIG. 5, except that the operational amplifier is omitted and FET 40 is driven directly by the positive-going pulses through a resistor 110 . Accordingly, there is no feedback in the circuit to maintain a constant current.
- This circuit is useful in applications where some current variation is allowable and cost is a primary consideration. In this embodiment, the variation in current will be due primarily to changes in the supply voltage. Accordingly, if the LEDs 200 are operated from a well-regulated power supply 10 , the current variations will be minor.
- resistor 50 acts as a passive current limiter. This drive circuit can be used where the regulation of the LED current against changes in input voltage, forward voltage drop, etc., is not critical enough to justify more complex circuitry.
- Resistor 90 and diode 100 are incorporated to prevent small leakage currents that may keep the LEDs 200 from conducting and to protect against inductive spikes.
- Resistor 110 protects the FET 40 from being overdriven.
- the light from one or more white LEDs can be adjusted to a color temperature between from about 2500-5000 degrees Kelvin.
- the color temperature of the white light is set to about 3600 degrees Kelvin.
- the intensity of the light can vary by several percent without causing a perceptible change in color temperature.
- the above arrangement of drive circuits and LED components provides an additive means of producing white light having a lower color temperature with little or no color loss, rather than a subtractive means such as that provided by use of colored filters and any attendant color losses associated therewith.
- the above arrangement by ensuring a constant drive current to the LEDs, significantly reduces the sensitivity of the resultant color temperature to aging, ambient temperature, etc.
- the LEDs may be arranged in circular or other shaped patterns.
- the 3 mm and 5 mm cylindrical LEDs may be mixed with surface mount units to obtain a desired effect.
- each of the circuits described herein can be modified to operate from an AC voltage source by designing the DC power source as an AC/DC converter.
- the drive circuits can be configured to be manually adjustable or adjustable with a programmable microprocessor.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/230,265 filed Sep. 6, 2000 entitled “A METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE COLOR TEMPERATURE OF SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT EMITTERS”.
- The present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED)110 array. In particular, the present invention relates to a semiconductor LED array which is adjustable by a user for the selection of a desired color temperature. Also, the present invention relates to a method of selecting a desired color temperature from an array of LEDs.
- The color temperature of light is typically measured in degrees Kelvin (K). This measurement system was first adapted to measure the temperature of stars. With this color temperature scale, the colder the light, the higher the degrees K, i.e., the hotter the star, the bluer the light output. This temperature scale is also used to measure the light output of other light sources, such as incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps and LEDs, to name a few.
- To provide the proper contrast for items in an individual's viewing environment, it is desirable to have a white light output from a light source. The use of incandescent bulbs and flourescent lamps have effectively provided such a white light or near white light output. However, there are significant drawbacks to the use of these types of light sources for illumination, such as fragility of the lights themselves and their relatively short lifespan. With incandescent bulbs, for example, their output color temperature will shift toward the red end of the spectrum with a drop in line voltage. Also, changes in the output color temperature due to bulb aging are particularly problematic in color photography or cinematography applications where changes in color temperature due to aging over a very short period (i.e., 48 hours of operation) necessitate the frequent changing of very expensive bulbs.
- Because of the drawbacks in the use of incandescent and fluorescent lights, the use of LEDs for illumination has become increasingly popular. However, because LEDs use semiconductor principles of operation to produce light, their light output is typically along a narrow wavelength band, i.e., a single color output. Recent advances, however, have resulted in LEDs which produce a near white light output.
- Presently, there are two methods utilized to output white light from LEDs. The first method uses triads of red, green, and blue LEDs. This first method requires a very careful balancing of the brightness of each of the three colors to obtain a white light output. Once the white light output is established, an extremely fine adjustment is then required to obtain the desired color temperature. This is because variations within a fraction of a percent in the intensity of any one color LED will result in a perceptible change in the overall output color temperature of the white light. Further, as the light output of the LEDs vary with age, the ambient temperature changes, and the drive current supplied to the LEDs varies even slightly, the color temperature of the white light will exhibit unwanted fluctuations.
- One method for dealing with this problem is to adjust the LEDs for as pure a white light output as possible, and then correct for color temperature using tinted filters. This method ameliorates the color shift problem, but results in significant light losses.
- The second method for generating white light is to use a special type of LED which produces a white light output. This special LED produces a white light output by coating the emitting surface of a high intensity blue LED with a phosphor which emits yellow light. The yellow light is emitted as a secondary emission as a result of the phosphor being excited by the photons from the blue LED junction. The spectral output of these devices shows a very high output at the wavelengths in the blue end of the spectrum and a moderate spike in the output at the wavelengths near the yellow portion of the spectrum. Thus, the overall output of the device is a white light with a relatively high color temperature. Such high temperature white LEDs are available from Nichia Chemical Corporation. These white LEDs are available over a range of color temperatures from 5000 deg. K to 8500 deg. K. To obtain lower color temperatures so as to approximate the light from an incandescent lamp, i.e., a color temperature of about 3600 deg. K, a color correcting filter with its attendant light losses must be used.
- Therefore, there remains a need for a white light LED which is simple and can be easily adjusted to produce a white light of a desired color temperature.
- The present invention provides an LED arrangement which produces a color temperature adjustable white light. The LED arrangement includes one or more white LEDs, a first drive circuit operable to supply a first drive current to the one or more white LEDs such that a white light is output at a desired intensity. The LED arrangement also includes one or more colored LEDs arranged such that a colored light output from the one or more colored LEDs combines with the white light to produce a resultant light having a desired color temperature. A second drive circuit is provided to supply a second drive current to the one or more colored LEDs such that the colored light is output at a desired intensity. The intensity of the colored light output from the one or more colored LEDs is adjustable such that the color temperature of the resultant light is adjustable.
- In the preferred embodiments, the colored LEDs are either amber LEDs, or a combination of red and yellow LEDs. The LEDs used can be either discrete LEDs or “chip-on-board” LEDs.
- With this arrangement of LEDs and driver circuits, the color temperature of a white LED can be effectively adjusted without the output color temperature being sensitive to aging, fluctuations in ambient temperature and changes in drive current. The ability of the present invention to effectively adjust the color temperature of the resultant light to reduce the effects aging, fluctuations in ambient temperature and changes in drive current is a result of utilizing the additive properties of light, as opposed to using subtractive properties, such as color filters and their attendant light losses.
- Further, the LED arrangement of the present invention allows for the adjustment of the color temperature over a wide range and achieves the desired color temperature even when the intensity of the light varies by several percent in either direction without causing a perceptible change in color temperature.
- Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan views of various LED arrangement patterns according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are plan views of various LED arrangement patterns according to a second embodiment of the present invention; and
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views of various LED arrangement patterns according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a constant current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pulse width modulated current drive circuit, with active current limiting, for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention; and
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a pulse width modulated current drive circuit, with passive current limiting, for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention.
- Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1A through 3B show plan views of various LED arrangements according to various embodiments of the present invention. In each of FIGS. 1A through 3B, the
LEDs suitable substrate 120. In FIGS. 1A through 3B, circles represent cylindrical, or discrete LEDs and rectangles represent surface mount devices, or chip-on-board devices. White LEDs are indicated byreference numeral 130 and an absence of any mark within the outline. Amber LEDs are indicated byreference numeral 140 and a dot (•) within the outline. Yellow LEDs are indicated byreference numeral 150 and a cross (X) within the outline and red LEDs are indicated byreference numeral 160 and a star (★) within the outline. - The
white LEDs 130 are arranged on thesubstrate 120 so as to be driven by a first drive circuit, such as, for example, one of the circuits shown in FIGS. 4 through 6. The first drive circuit supplies a first drive current to thewhite LEDs 130 such that a white light is output at a desired intensity. The operation of the drive circuits will be described in greater detail below. - The colored LEDs (i.e., the
amber 140, yellow 150 and/or red 160 LEDs) are arranged on thesubstrate 120 such that a light output from these one or morecolored LEDs white LEDs 130 to produce a resultant light having a desired color temperature. A second drive circuit, such, for example, one of the circuits shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, is connected to thecolored LEDs colored LEDs colored LEDs only amber LEDs 140 are used as the colored LEDs, only one drive circuit may be needed. However, if both yellow andred LEDs red LEDs red LEDs yellow LEDs 150 is independently adjustable relative to the drive current supplied to thered LEDs 160. With either of these colored LED arrangements, the intensity of the colored light output therefrom is adjustable such that the color temperature of the resultant light can be adjusted as desired. - FIG. 1A is a plan view of an array of
white LEDs 130 evenly spaced and interleaved withamber 140 LEDs of the same size. The array is repetitive and may be extended indefinitely in either direction. To achieve the desired color temperature, the drive current to thewhite LEDs 130 is held at a constant level and the drive current to theamber LEDs 140 is adjusted until the desired color temperature is reached. This method effectively balances out the high output spike from thewhite LEDs 130 in the blue end of the spectrum without requiring the use of colored filter materials. In this embodiment, as in the others whose descriptions follow, the use of thewhite LEDs 130 with the addition of a warmer color (i.e.,amber LEDs 140, or yellow and/orred LEDs 150, 160), results in a simpler and more tolerant adjustment of output white light than that which can be achieved with the red-green-blue LED array of the prior art. - FIG. 1B is a plan view of a staggered array of
white LEDs 130 andamber LEDs 140 of the same size. This embodiment is used where a more thorough mixing of the light is required, such as where the light source is closer to the item or target that is to be illuminated. - FIG. 2A is a plan view of another LED arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2A, the LED arrangement includes an array of evenly spaced 5 mm diameter
white LEDs 130 wherein eachwhite LED 130 is surrounded by four 3 mmdiameter amber LEDs 140. This embodiment is used where the closer spacing afforded by the 3 mm devices permits a more compact design of the overall LED arrangement. The increased number ofamber LEDs 140 in this embodiment is dictated by the lower light output of these smaller units. - FIG. 2B is a plan view of a further embodiment of an LED arrangement of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2B, the LED arrangement includes an array of evenly spaced 5 mm diameter
white LEDs 130 wherein eachwhite LED 130 is surrounded by alternating pairs of 3 mm red 160 and yellow 150 LEDs. This embodiment is used where a lower color temperature, i.e., with a greater amount of light in the red portion of the spectrum, is required than is obtainable with theamber LED 140 embodiments. In this embodiment, the drive current to thewhite LEDs 130 is held constant and the drive currents to the yellow andred LEDs - FIG. 3A is a plan view of an LED arrangement wherein all the LEDs in the array are surface mount devices and a mixture of
white LEDs 130 andamber LEDs 140 are used. FIG. 3B shows an LED arrangement similar to that of FIG. 3A except thatyellow LEDs 150 andred LEDs 160 are used in the array in place of theamber LEDs 140. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B are preferred where an extremely low profile lighting device is desired. - The operation of the various LED arrangements of the present invention will now be described in detail while referencing FIGS. 1A through 6. In the circuit diagrams of FIGS. 4 through 6, the LEDs are referred to generally as
reference numeral 200.Reference numeral 200 represents either thewhite LEDs 130 or thecolored LEDs reference numeral 200 indicates the location of thewhite LEDs 130, theamber LEDs 140, or the yellow and/orred LEDs - With the present LED arrangement, the
white LEDs 130 are provided with a first drive circuit which supplies an adjustable constant drive current thereto, while the colored LEDs (i.e., either theamber LEDs 140, or the yellow andred LEDs 150, 160) are provided with a second drive circuit. The drive circuit for thewhite LEDs 130 preferably supplies a constant drive current to thewhite LEDs 130 and is preferably capable of being adjusted such that the intensity (brightness) of the emitted white light can be varied. Thecolored LEDs colored LEDs - FIG. 4 shows one type of current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangements shown in FIGS. 1A through 3B of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 4 shows an adjustable constant current drive circuit for a string of
LEDs 200. In FIG. 4,reference numeral 10 denotes a DC power source. TheDC power source 10 provides a positive voltage to theuppermost anode 20 of the one ormore LEDs 200. Preferably, the string ofLEDs 200 are connected in series. However, when more than one string of LEDs are used, each of the LEDs in the string can be connected in 110 series and then each string can be connected in parallel. Due to the differences in the forward voltage drops of different LEDs, the length of the series strings will be determined by the supply voltage. For example, in a 24 VDC circuit, series strings of fivewhite LEDs 130 would be paralleled and connected to their respective driver, and a series strings of ten yellow orred LEDs - Returning to FIG. 4, the
lowermost cathode 30 in the string of one ormore LEDs 200 is preferably connected to the drain of an N channel field effect transistor (FET) 40. The source of theFET 40 is returned to the negative side of theDC power source 10 throughresistor 50. The gate of theFET 40 is driven by anoperational amplifier 60. The inverting input of theamplifier 60 is connected to the source of theFET 40, and the non-inverting input is connected to a voltage source through variableresistive divider 80. - The
operational amplifier 60 provides a voltage proportional to the desired LED current by thevoltage divider 80. By varying the voltage from thevoltage divider 80, the current is varied. In other words, the voltage from thevoltage divider 80 sets the operating current for the string ofLEDs 200. Theoperational amplifier 60 supplies a drive voltage to the gate of theFET 40 causing it to conduct current. When the voltage across thecurrent sense resistor 50 is equal to the voltage provided byvoltage divider 80, theamplifier 60 maintains the drive voltage level. By selecting the ratio of the two resistors comprising thevoltage divider 80, the desired output current can be selected and will remain constant, independent of changes in the output voltage of theDC source 10 or changes in the forward voltage drop of theLEDs 200. With this drive circuit, the drive current of theLEDs 200 can be adjusted to a desired level and held constant at that level. The nature of this drive circuit is such that it will adjust its drive to maintain the constant drive current. Thus, if thepower supply 10 voltage changes or the forward voltage drop across theLEDs 200 changes with time and/or temperature, theoperational amplifier 60 will adjust its drive accordingly so as to maintain a constant current. - FIG. 5 shows a second type of current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 5 shows a pulse width modulated drive circuit with active current limiting. The circuit of FIG. 5 is basically the same as that of FIG. 4, except that the non-inverting input of the
operational amplifier 60 is driven by positive-going pulses through aresistive voltage divider 80. In other words, the voltage being used to determine the current is pulsed rather that being provided at a DC level. In this configuration, anadditional resistor 90 and adiode 100 are connected in parallel with the series string ofLEDs 200. - The drive circuit of FIG. 5 permits the adjustment of the current supplied to the
LEDs 200, and thus the intensity of the light emitted by theLEDs 200. This circuit permits adjustment by varying the duty cycle of a pulse stream driving theoperational amplifier 60. In this circuit, the drive to theFET 40 is established when the voltage across thesense resistor 50 is equal to the amplitude of the input pulse. In this embodiment, the brightness of theLEDs 200 are determined by the average current through theLEDs 200. For example, if the pulse is such that theFET 40 is conducting 50% of the time, the average current will be 12 the peak current. This type of brightness control is particularly suitable when a microprocessor is used as a programmable control element to adjust the light output of theLEDs 200. - When the
operational amplifier 60 is operating from a single, positive supply voltage, its output can be a slightly positive voltage even though the pulse input voltage is zero volts during the “off” portion of the duty cycle. This slight positive voltage causesFET 40 to conduct sufficient current to permit theLEDs 200 to emit a small amount of light. At a low current, the voltage drop acrossresistor 90 is much smaller than the forward voltage drop across theLEDs 200. For this reason, theLEDs 200 will be back-biased in this condition and will turn off completely. - Because the
operational amplifier 60 and theFET 40 are high speed devices, inductive spikes may be introduced at the leading and trailing edges of the drive pulse. The more distant theLEDs 200 are from the driver, and thus the longer the connecting wires, the greater the spikes become in amplitude. The addition of thediode 100 clamps the output of the drive circuit to thesupply voltage 10 to protect theLEDs 200 and theFET 40. The generation of the inductive spike may be reduced by slowing down the switching speed ofFET 40. This may be accomplished, for example, by placing a capacitor from the gate of theFET 40 to ground (not shown). This may, however, result in undesirable switching losses. - FIG. 6 shows a third type of current drive circuit for use with the LED arrangement of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 6 shows a pulse width modulated drive circuit with passive current limiting. The circuit of FIG. 6 is similar to that of FIG. 5, except that the operational amplifier is omitted and
FET 40 is driven directly by the positive-going pulses through aresistor 110. Accordingly, there is no feedback in the circuit to maintain a constant current. This circuit is useful in applications where some current variation is allowable and cost is a primary consideration. In this embodiment, the variation in current will be due primarily to changes in the supply voltage. Accordingly, if theLEDs 200 are operated from a well-regulatedpower supply 10, the current variations will be minor. - In the drive circuit of FIG. 6,
resistor 50 acts as a passive current limiter. This drive circuit can be used where the regulation of the LED current against changes in input voltage, forward voltage drop, etc., is not critical enough to justify more complex circuitry.Resistor 90 anddiode 100 are incorporated to prevent small leakage currents that may keep theLEDs 200 from conducting and to protect against inductive spikes.Resistor 110 protects theFET 40 from being overdriven. - With the above arrangement of drive circuits and LED components, the light from one or more white LEDs can be adjusted to a color temperature between from about 2500-5000 degrees Kelvin. In a preferred embodiment, the color temperature of the white light is set to about 3600 degrees Kelvin. Additionally, because of the means used to achieve the lower color temperature described above, the intensity of the light can vary by several percent without causing a perceptible change in color temperature.
- Further, the above arrangement of drive circuits and LED components provides an additive means of producing white light having a lower color temperature with little or no color loss, rather than a subtractive means such as that provided by use of colored filters and any attendant color losses associated therewith. The above arrangement, by ensuring a constant drive current to the LEDs, significantly reduces the sensitivity of the resultant color temperature to aging, ambient temperature, etc.
- Although the description above contains several specific patterns and mixtures of case sizes, shapes, etc., these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the currently preferred embodiments. For example, the LEDs may be arranged in circular or other shaped patterns. In some applications, the 3 mm and 5 mm cylindrical LEDs may be mixed with surface mount units to obtain a desired effect.
- Further, although various specific circuit configurations have been shown and described above, there are numerous driving circuits which can be utilized with the present invention, the specific design of which will be evident to one of skill in the art given the detailed description herein. For example, each of the circuits described herein can be modified to operate from an AC voltage source by designing the DC power source as an AC/DC converter. Also, even though not shown in the figures, the drive circuits can be configured to be manually adjustable or adjustable with a programmable microprocessor.
- Thus, although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.
Claims (50)
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US09/948,209 US6636003B2 (en) | 2000-09-06 | 2001-09-06 | Apparatus and method for adjusting the color temperature of white semiconduct or light emitters |
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US09/948,209 US6636003B2 (en) | 2000-09-06 | 2001-09-06 | Apparatus and method for adjusting the color temperature of white semiconduct or light emitters |
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