US20020159466A1

US20020159466A1 - Lookup engine

Info

Publication number: US20020159466A1
Application number: US10/074,022
Authority: US
Inventors: John Rhoades
Original assignee: ClearSpeed Technology Ltd
Current assignee: Clearspeed Solutions Ltd; Rambus Inc
Priority date: 2001-02-14
Filing date: 2002-02-14
Publication date: 2002-10-31
Also published as: US20110083000A1; GB2377519B; US8127112B2; US20050242976A1; GB2389689B; GB2374443B; JP2004524617A; JP2004525449A; US20030041163A1; US20070220232A1; US7290162B2; US7917727B2; WO2002065700A3; GB2389689A; GB0319801D0; AU2002233500A1; GB0203634D0; US20040114609A1; US7856543B2; CN1613041A

Abstract

A look up engine 200 comprising a storage means 212a, 212b for storing a plurality of entries, each entry comprising a value and an associated key value, such that, in operation, a look up is carried out by outputing a value which is associated with the stored key value which matches an input key value. The look up engine 200 comprises a plurality of look up state machines 206a, 206b, 206c, 206d connected in parallel to enable multiple look ups to be carried out concurrently. Each entry comprises an associated skip value, if the skipped bits of the input key value and the associated skip value mismatches, an error message is output to indicate lookup failure. The entries may be stored in a trie format which is constructed by identifying overlapping ranges between the plurality of entries; splitting the identified overlapping ranges; storing the plurality of entries within a trie structure.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a look up engine for use in computer systems. In particular, but not exclusively, it relates to look-up engine for use in routing tables, flow tables and access control lists.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

One area in which look up tables are extensively used are in routing tables for use by a router. A router is a switching device which receives a packet, and based on destination information contained within the data packet, routes the packet to its destination.

Each packet contains a header field and data field. The header field contains control information associated with the routing of the packet including source and destination information. On receiving a packet, a router identifies the key in the header field. The key contains the information that is used to look up the route for the received packet.

The look up table includes a plurality of entries having a route destination associated with a “key”. After a key for a packet has been determined, the router performs the look-up in the look up table for the matching entry and hence the destination associated with the key and routes the packet accordingly. A given key may typically match a large number of routes in the look up table.

Traditional routing processes using a conventional look up table are very time consuming. One known method to speed up this look up process is to cache the most recent or often performed matches.

Furthermore it is difficult to update conventional look up tables to change routing information.

One solution to this is to provide a look up table in which the entries are stored in a special format, known as a “trie”. A trie is a multi-way tree structure used for organising data to optimise lookup performance. The data is organized as a set of linked nodes, in a tree structure. Each trie node contains a power-of-two number of entries. Each entry is either empty or contains the lookup result. If the entry is empty, it will point to another trie node and the look up process is repeated. If the entry contains the look up value, this value is returned and the look up process is effectively terminated.

A particular form of such a trie is a level-compressed trie (LC-trie) data structure also known as a “Patricia” tree (Practical Algorithm to Retrieve Information Coded In Alphanumeric).

A traditional trie uses every part (bit or characters) of the key. in turn, to determine which subtree to select. However, a Patricia tree nominates (by storing its position in the node) which element of the key will next be used to determine the branching. This removes the need for any nodes with just one descendent and consequently the Patricia tree utilises less memory than that required by a traditional trie. However, Patricia trees are fairly expensive to generate, so a table which utilises such a format is best used in applications for which lookup speed is more important than update speed. However, with increasing complexity of routers and hence the increased size of such look tables, it has become increasingly important to increase the speed of look up and the accuracy of lookup.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide a look up engine and look up process which provides fast and accurate look up.

This is achieved in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention by providing a look up table comprising a plurality of parallel look up state machine which can provide concurrent look ups. Each look up state machine accesses storage means, preferably comprising a plurality of parallel, independent memory banks, in which the look up table may be constructed on the basis of a trie, more preferably a Patricia tree structure. Such a look up table provides increased performance by doing multiple parallel lookups to multiple memory banks in parallel. The returned value may be a final value or reference to another table.

The object of the invention is also achieved in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention by providing each trie entry with a skip value field. This enables the ability to avoid false hits, avoiding a memory access to check if a table hit is real. Conventional tries return false hits. During the lookup process, the skip value field is compared to the skipped key bits, and a lookup failure is signalled if they do not match. In the traditional implementation of LC-tries, skip values are not stored in the trie entries, which gives rise to false hits in the table. The possibility of false hits means that hits have to be confirmed by performing an additional memory reference to the full table. The provision of a skip value field for each entry eliminates the need for this extra memory reference, at the expense of somewhat larger entries. The look up engine in accordance with the first aspect may incorporate the feature of the second aspect. If the feature of the second aspect is not incorporated, then it can be appreciated that the false hits may be returned but the memory required for the look up table or tables would be reduced. Further, it can be appreciated that further processing would be required to detect such false hits.

Key lengths, for example, can be up to 128 bits and values can be up to 41 bits. The table lookup engine has some internal memory for table storage, and it can also use memory external to the table lookup engine block.

The object of the invention is also achieved in accordance with a third aspect of the present invention by providing a table lookup engine which deals with longest prefix matching by pre-processing the entries to split overlapping ranges. The conventional method is to maintain a “history stack” in the trie hardware for this. In pre-processing the entries in this way, the hardware is simplified.

In the event of multiple tables which may be used for different protocols, then these could be stored as separate tables and which table to be search is chosen by the value of the input key. Alternatively, the tables may be combined in the same tree so the first look up (and therefore the first bits of the input key value) is which way to branch to get at the appropriate sub-table.

Multiple logical tables can be supported simultaneously by prep ending the keys with a table selector.

The table lookup engine according to the present invention is capable of returning the number of bits that did match in the case of a table miss.

Parallel lookups can be further accelerated by pre-processing the tables, such that lookups that require more memory accesses have their entries preferentially placed in fast, on-chip RAM.

Further, in accordance with a preferred embodiment, the lookup table or tables is constructed in software giving a high degree of flexibility, for example, the length of the key value can be fixed or of variable length, the tree depth is programmable and the size of the tree and performance can be optimised. It is simply to design the look up with or without the facility of minimising false hits. Of course, it can be appreciated that a table which has false hits would be smaller in size, but would require further processing of the result to detect false hits. The software utilised by the present invention pre-processes the data into the trie structure which enables different performance trade-offs and types of lookups/return values possible with the same simple hardware.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the LC-trie data structure of the look up table according to an embodiment of the present invention; and [0020]
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the table look up engine according to the embodiment of the present invention.[0021]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIG. 1, the trie structure of a look up table according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. The look up table comprises a plurality of entries [0022] 110 a-110 d, 120 a-120 h. Each entry comprises a look up value and an associated key value. The entries are arranged within the look up table in a plurality of hierarchal nodes, for example a first level 110 and a second level 120. Although only two levels are illustrated here, it can be appreciated that any number of levels may be supported.
A key [0023] 100 is input into the look up table. A predetermined number of the leading bits of the input key 100 are used to index into the first level 110 of the hierarchy of nodes. This is done by adding the value of these bits to the base address of the node. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the leading bits 101 of the input key 100 point to an entry 110 b of the first level of nodes 110. The entry 110 b contains a skip count and a skip value. The skip count causes the look up process to skip a predetermined number of bits 102 in the input key 100. The skip value indicates the number of bits 103 to be used to index into the next level 120 of nodes. As in the previous level the look up is carried out by adding the value of these bits 103 to the base address of the node 120. This points to a particular entry 120 f. This entry 120 f contains the final value. The value is returned and the look up process is terminated.
In this example, two memory accesses were used to do the lookup, one in trie level [0024] 110 and the other in trie level 120. In practice, real tables contain many more nodes and levels than shown in this example. For instance, a typical forwarding table, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, with 100,000 entries might contain 6 levels and 200,000 nodes.

In the preferred embodiment, the size of each entry within the nodes is fixed at 8 bytes and is independent of the size of the key. This enables the internal memory width to be set to 8 bytes so that it is useful as ordinary memory when used in a bypass mode. A typical format of a node entry may be as shown in Table I.

TABLE I


field	bits	usage

bcnt	4	number of key bits used to index next node
scnt	4	number of key bits to skip
sbits	15	value to check against key when skipping
bindx	22	location of next node

If, for example, all the bits of bcnt is set to one, the remaining bits in the entry represent a value (either an actual value or the special value for lookup failure). This means that values can contain up to 60 bits. It also means that 1<=bcnt <=14, so the maximum node size is 2[0026] ¹⁴entries. If any one of the bits of bcnt is not set to one, the entry represents a pointer to another node.
The depth of a trie depends primarily on the number of entries in the table and the distribution of the keys. For a given table size, if the keys tend to vary mostly in their most significant bits, the depth of the trie will be smaller than if they tend to vary mostly in their least significant bits. A branch of the trie terminates in a value entry when the bits that were used to reach that entry determine a unique key. That is to say, when there does not exist two different keys with the same leading bits. [0027]
The nodes of a trie can contain many empty entries. Empty entries occur when not all possible values of the bit field used to index a node exist in the keys that are associated with that node. For such routing tables about half the nodes are empty. Since, in the preferred embodiment, the size of a node entry is 8 bytes, such tables will consume about 16 bytes of memory per table entry. [0028]
Each trie entry in the look up table, according to the embodiment of the present invention, includes a skip value field. During the lookup process, the skip value field is compared to the skipped key bits, and a lookup failure is signalled if they do not match. [0029]
The table lookup engine comprises at least one interface unit. The interface unit comprises an initiator and target interfaces to connect to a bus system of a processing system. The initiator comprises a control and status interface for initialization, configuration and statistics collection, which is in the peripheral virtual component interface (PVCI) address space. There is a lookup interface for receiving keys and sending results of lookups, which is in the advanced virtual component interface (AVCI) address space. There is a third memory interface that makes the internal memory of the table lookup engine available as ordinary memory, which is in the AVCI address space. All these interface units can be used concurrently. It is possible to make use of the memory interface while the table lookup engine is busy doing lookups. Indeed, this is how the tables in the table lookup engine are updated without disrupting lookups in progress. The table lookup engine can be configured to use external (to the block) memory which can be accessed by the bus, in addition to or instead of its internal memory. [0030]

There are several internal registers that can be read or written. The control interface provides the following functions. Note that the key and value sizes are not configurable via this interface. The application that generates the tables determines how many key bits will actually be used. In the preferred embodiment, the processing system supports key sizes of 32, 64 or 128 bits, but internally the table lookup engine expands shorter keys to 128 bits, by appending extra lower-significance bits. The table lookup engine always returns 64 bit values, but it is up to the application how many of these bits to use.

TABLE II


		Reset
Field	Bits	Value	Function

Reset	0	0	When set (reset = 1) , perform a complete
			reset of the table lockup engine blocks
Enable	1	0	When set (Enable = 1), enable the table
			lookup engine
CountersOn	2	0	When set (CountersOn = 1), enable
			updating of the counters

TABLE III


		Reset
Field	Bits	Value	Function

ResetStatus	0	0	Indicates whether the table lookup
			engine is busy resetting or not
EnableStatus	1	0	Indicates the enable state of the table
			lookup engine
CountersOnStatus	2	0	Indicates whether updating the counters
			mode is enabled

TABLE IV


		Reset
Field	Bits	Value	Function

IntMemoryStart	31:0	note	Start location of internal memory in
			bytes
IntMemorySize	31:0	note	Size of internal memory in bytes

Note: After reset, these registers contain the start and size of the entire internal memory. The application can change these if it wishes to reserve some portion of the memory for non-table lookup engine purposes.

TABLE V


		Reset
Field	Bits	Value	Function

ExtMemoryStart	31:0




NumIntBankReadsN	31:0	0	Number of reads by internal
			memory bank (N registers, where
			N is number of banks)
NumExtBankReadsN	31:0	0	Number of reads by external
			memory bank (M registers, where
			M is number of banks)

TABLE VI


		Reset
Field	Bits	Value	Function

NumLookups	31:0	0	Number of lockups
NumIntMemReads	31:0	0	Number of internal memory reads
NumExtMemReads	31:0	0	Number of external memory reads
NumIntBankReadsN	31:0	0	Number of reads by internal
			memory bank (N registers, where
			N is number of banks)
NumExtBankReadsN	31:0	0	Number of reads by external
			memory bank (M registers, where
			M is number of banks)

The table lookup engine internal memory according to the embodiment of the present invention is organised as two equal size, independent banks. The size of these banks is a synthesis parameter. They are organised as a configurable number of entries with a width of 8 bytes. The maximum number of entries that can be configured for a bank is 131072, which implies a maximum total memory size of 2 megabytes. Clients can use the table lookup engine internal memory in the same way as ordinary memory, bypassing the lookup state machines. The address for a memory access selects one or more entries (depending on the details of the bus transaction) for reading or writing. [0036]
The protocol for a lookup is an AVCI write transaction to address TLEKeyAddr. Multiple keys can be submitted for lookup in a single write transaction. The table lookup engine responds by sending back an AVCI read response to the source interface containing the values. [0037]
The table lookup engine has a key input FIFO with at least 128 slots, so it can accept at least that many keys without blocking the bus. [0038]
Lookups that succeed return the value stored in the table. Lookups that fail (the key is not in the table) return a special “missing value” containing a bit pattern specified by the user. It is feasible to construct the tables in such a way that a lookup failure returns additional information, for example, the number of bits of the key that do match in the table. This assists the processing system in evaluating the cause of the failure. [0039]
The table lookup engine does not internally support longest prefix matching, but that effect can still be achieved by constructing the tables in the proper way. The idea is to split the overlapping address ranges into disjoint pieces. [0040]
Lookup values may not necessarily be returned in the order of the keys. The transaction tagging mechanism of AVCI is used to assist client blocks in coping with ordering changes. [0041]
Multiple client blocks can submit lookup requests simultaneously. If this causes the input FIFO to fill up, the bus lane between the requester block and the table lookup engine will block temporarily. The table lookup engine keeps track internally of the source port of the requester for each lookup, so the result values will be sent to the correct place. This may to return the result to the requester or elsewhere. [0042]
The contents of the memory being used by the table lookup engine can be updated while lookups are in progress. The actual updates are done via the memory interface. A software protocol is adopted to guarantee table consistency. [0043]
The [0044] table lookup engine 200, as shown in FIG. 2, comprises an input FIFO buffer 202 connected to the input of a distributor 204. the output of the distributor is connected in parallel to a plurality of lookup state machines 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d. Each lookup state machine 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d has access to a storage means. The storage means comprises a memory arbiter 208 and a plurality of parallel independent memory banks 212 a, 212 b. Each lookup state machine 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d is connected to the input of a collector 210. The output of the collector 210 is connected to an output FIFO buffer 214.
The table lookup engine uses a number of lookup state machines (LSM) [0045] 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d operating concurrently to perform lookups. Incoming keys from the bus are held in an input FIFO 202. These are distributed to the lookup state machines 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d by a distributor block 204. Values coming from the state machines are merged by a collector block 210 and fed to an output FIFO 214. From here the values are sent out on the bus to the requester.
The entries of the [0046] input FIFO 202 each contain a key, a tag and a source port identifier. This FIFO 202 has at least 128 slots, so two clients can each send 64 keys concurrently without blocking the bus lane. Even if the FIFO 202 fills, the bus will only block momentarily.
The [0047] distributor block 204 watches the lookup state machines 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d and sends a key to any one that is available to do a new lookup. A priority encoder may be used to choose the first ready state machine.
The [0048] lookup state machines 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d do the lookup using a fixed algorithm. They treat all keys as 128 bits and all values as 60 bits internally. These sizes were chosen somewhat arbitrarily. It would be possible to extend the maximum key size to 256 bits. The main impact on the table lookup engine would be an increase in the size of the input FIFO 202 and LSMs 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d. It would be possible to increase the maximum size of the result. The main impact would be that trie entries would be larger than 8 bytes, increasing the overall table lookup engine memory required for a given size table. Shorter keys are easily extended by adding zero-valued least significant bits. Memory read requests are sent to the memory arbiter block 208. The number of memory requests needed to satisfy a given lookup is variable, which is why the table lookup engine may return out-of-order results.
The [0049] collector block 210 serialises values from the lookup state machines 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d into the output FIFO 214. A priority encoder may be used to take the first available value.
The [0050] memory arbiter block 208 forwards memory read requests from the state machines 206 a, 206 b, 206 c, 206 d to the appropriate memory block 212 a, 212 b. This might be to an internal memory bank or an external memory accessed via the bus. The table lookup engine has an FBI initiator block for performing external memory reads. If the block using the table lookup engine and the external memory are on the same side of the table lookup engine, there will be bus contention. Avoiding this requires a bus layout constraint: the table lookup engine must sit between the main processing units and the external memory, and the table lookup engine initiator interface must be closest to the memory target interface. Whether or not a memory read request goes to off-chip memory is determined by the external memory configuration registers.
The [0051] output FIFO 214 contains result values waiting to be sent to the requester block. Each slot holds a value, a tag and a port identifier. if the table lookup engine received more than one concurrent batch of keys from different blocks, the results are intermingled in this FIFO 214. The results are sent to the correct clients in the order they enter the output FIFO 214, and it is up to the clients to use the tag to properly associate keys and values.

Lookup algorithm

ValueType lookup(const lcsnode* trie, KeyType key)

{

// toplgwd is size of level 0 node

int idx = key.topbits(toplgwd);

key = key<<toplgwd;

lcsnode nd = trie [idx]; // current entry

while (nd.bcnt != 15) {

unsigned int cksbits =

key.topbits(nd.scnt);

key = key<<nd.scnt;

if (cksbits != nd.sbits) return

missingValue;

int nidx = key.topbits(nd.bcnt);

key = key<<nd.bcnt;

idx = nd.bindx+nidx;

nd = trie [idx];

}

return

concatenate (nd.scnt,nd.sbits,nd.bind.x);

}
The table lookup engine according to the embodiment of the present invention can achieve a peak performance of about 300 million lookups/second. This level of performance is based on the table lookup engine internal memory system being able to sustain a memory cycle rate of 800 million reads/second. This is achieved by using two banks of memory operating at 400 million reads/second with pipelining reads. The latency of the internal memory system needs to be of the order of 4-8 cycles. The number of state machines is chosen to saturate the memory interface. That is to say, there are enough state machines so that one of them is doing a memory access on nearly every cycle, for example 24 LSMs. Higher memory latencies can be tolerated by increasing the number of lookup state machines, but the practical limit is about 32 state machines. [0052]
The table lookup engine state machine lookup algorithm is fixed and fairly simple, to attain performance. The way that the table lookup engine achieves great flexibility in applications is in the software that constructs the LC-trie data structure. With this flexibility comes a cost, of course. It is expensive to generate the trie structure. The idea for using the table lookup engine is that some general purpose processor—for example in the control plane—preconstructs the trie data and places it in memory that is accessible by the bus, perhaps an external SRAM block. An onboard embedded processing unit is notified that a table update is ready and it does the actual update in the table lookup engine memory. The table lookup engine state machines consider the memory it uses to be big-endian. When constructing trie structures the correct type of endianness needs to be employed. In this way the table lookup engine can provide longest prefix matching. When constructing the trie from the routing table, overlapping ranges can be identified and split. This preprocessing step is not very expensive and does not significantly increase the trie size for typical routing tables. It also allows multiple concurrent tables to exist. This is achieved by prepending a small table identifier to the key. With eight tables, this would require three bits per key. [0053]
The table lookup engine according to the present invention can return the number of matching bits. The lookup engine returns whatever bits it finds in the last trie entry it fetched. Further, on a lookup failure that entry is uniquely determined by the lookup algorithm; it is the entry that would have contained the value had the missing key been present. The program that generates the trie structure could fill in all empty trie entries with the number of matching bits required to reach that trie entry. These return values could be flagged some way to distinguish them from lookup table hits by the generator program. Then the table lookup engine would return the number of matching bits on a lookup failure. [0054]
The table lookup engine according to the present invention also enables concurrent lookups and updates. One way to achieve this would be to have two versions of the table in table lookup engine memory simultaneously, and switch between them with a single write to a table lookup engine configuration register. Then lookups in progress will find either a value from the old version of the table or a value from the new version of the table. The embedded processing unit achieves this by first placing the new level [0055] 1-n nodes in the table lookup engine memory, then overwriting the level 0 node entry that points to the new nodes.
The table lookup engine according to the present invention also allows very large results to be produced. If a value for a given key needs to be more than 60 bits, an auxiliary table can be placed in the table lookup engine memory—actually any available memory—and an index into the auxiliary table placed in the table lookup engine value. The auxiliary table would then be read using normal memory indexing. This is purely a software solution, and has no implications to the table lookup engine internal operation. [0056]
Although a preferred embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the forgoing detailed description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed, but is capable of numerous variations, modifications without departing from the scope of the invention as set out in the following claims. [0057]

Claims

1. A look up engine comprising a storage means for storing a plurality of entries, each entry comprising a value and an associated key value, such that, in operation, a look up is carried out by outputting a value which is associated with the stored key value which matches an input key value, the look up engine comprising a plurality of look up state machines connected in parallel to enable multiple look ups to be carried out concurrently.

2. A look up engine according to claim 1, wherein the entries are stored in a trie structure.

3. A look up engine according to claim 2, wherein the trie structure is a PATRICIA trie structure.

4. A look up engine according to claim 1 further comprising an input buffer and an output buffer.

5. A look up engine according to claim 4, wherein the look up engine further comprises a distributor for distributing the input key values between the plurality of look up state machines.

6. A look up engine according to claim 5, wherein the look up engine further comprises a collector for collecting the outputs from the plurality of look up state machines for outputting the lookup value.

7. A look up engine according to claim 1, wherein the length of the key values and the values is fixed.

8. A look up engine according to any one of claims 1, wherein the length of the key value and the values is variable.

9.A look up engine according to claim 1, wherein the look up engine further comprises a tagging mechanism in which each key value has a tag associated therewith such that the output values can be ordered in accordance with the order of receipt of the input key value.

10. A look up engine according to claim 1, wherein the look up engine comprises means for storing the identity of a requester requesting look up for each look up request such that the output value is sent to the correct location.

11. A look up engine according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the output values comprises an error message which is output to indicate a look up failure.

12. A look up engine according to claim 11, wherein the error message further comprising additional data including indication of the type of error.

13. A look up engine according to claim 12, wherein the additional data includes indication of the number of bits of the input key value which matched.

14. A look up engine according to claim 11, wherein each entry further comprises a skip value and each key value comprises a plurality of bits, and wherein the error message is sent if the skip value mismatches the skipped bits of the input key value.

15. A look up engine according to claim 1, wherein the storage means comprises internal and/or external memory.

16. A look up engine according to claim 15, wherein the storage means comprises a plurality of independent, parallel memory banks, each memory bank containing at least one table of the plurality of entries.

17. A look up engine according to claim 16, wherein the tables are mutually exclusive.

18. A look up engine according to claim 17, wherein the input key value comprises a table identifier for identifying which of the tables is required.

19. A look up engine according to claim 15, wherein the look up state machines can be bypassed in operation such that the storage means is utilised as memory for a processing means.

20. A look up engine according to claim 19, wherein the storage means is dynamically partitioned for use as memory by the processing means and for storing the plurality of entries.

21. A method for looking up a value, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving a key value;

(b) comparing the input key value with a plurality of stored key values;

(c) outputting the value associated with the stored key value that matches the input key value, wherein steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out concurrently.

22. A method for looking up a value, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving a key value; dividing the input key value into a plurality of predetermined portions;

(b) comparing each predetermined portion of the input key value with a plurality of stored key values;

(c) outputting the value associated with the stored key value that matches the predetermined portion of the input key value;

(d) assembling each lookuped value to produce a final key value;

(e) comparing the final key value with a plurality of stored key values; and

(f) outputting the value associated with the stored key value that matches the final key value, wherein steps (b) to (d) are carried out concurrently.

23. A computer system comprising a plurality of processing means interconnected via a bus system, the computer system further comprising a look up engine, the look up engine comprising a storage means for storing a plurality of entries, each entry comprising a value and an associated key value, such that, in operation, a look up is carried out by outputting a value which is associated with the stored key value which matches an input key value, the look up engine comprising a plurality of look up state machines connected in parallel to enable multiple look ups to be carried out concurrently.

24. A computer system according to claim 23, wherein the look up engine is connected to the bus system via a plurality of parallel interface units, the interface units allowing concurrent update of the entries and look up.

25. A computer system according to claim 23, wherein multiple keys are submitted for look up in a single bus transaction.

26. A look up engine comprising at least one storage means for storing a plurality of entries, each entry comprises a key value, an associated value and a skip value, such that, in operation a look up is carried out by outputting a value which is associated with the stored key value which matches an input key value, the input key comprising a plurality of bits, if the skipped bits of the input key value and the associated skip value mismatches, an error message is output to indicate lookup failure.

27. A look up engine according to claim 26, wherein the error message further comprising additional data including indication of the type of error.

28. A look up engine according to claim 26, wherein multiple look ups are carried out concurrently.

29. A method for looking up a value, each value having a key value and a skip value associated therewith, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a key value comprising a plurality of bits;

comparing the input key value with a plurality of stored key values;

comparing the skip value associated with the value corresponding to the input key value with the skipped bits of the input key value;

outputting the value associated with the stored key value that matches the input key value if the skip value matches the skipped bits of the input key value, and outputting an error message to indicate look up failure if the skip value does not match the skipped bits of the input key.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the output error message comprises additional data including an indication of the type of error.

31. A method according to claim 29, wherein multiple look ups are carried out concurrently.

32. A method of constructing a trie in a storage means, the trie comprising a plurality of entries, the method comprising the steps of:

identifying overlapping ranges between the plurality of entries;

splitting the identified overlapping ranges;

storing the plurality of entries within a trie structure.

33. A method according to claim 32, wherein the depth of the trie is programmable.

34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the entries are arranged in a PATRICIA trie.

35. A method according to any one of claim 32, wherein, the method further comprises the step of:

providing each entry with a skip value such that, during the look up operation, the skip value associated with the value corresponding to the input key value is compared with the skipped bits of the input key value;

36. A look up engine constructed and updated in accordance with a method of constructing a trie in a storage means, the trie comprising a plurality of entries, the method comprising the steps of:

identifying overlapping ranges between the plurality of entries; splitting the identified overlapping ranges;

storing the plurality of entries within a trie structure.