US20020162865A1

US20020162865A1 - Holster, duty belts and accessory cases of leather appearing multi-laminate and process for producing the same

Info

Publication number: US20020162865A1
Application number: US10/136,262
Authority: US
Inventors: Robert Beletsky; Karl Kendrick; Anthony Lefeber
Original assignee: Bianchi International Inc
Current assignee: Bianchi International Inc
Priority date: 2001-05-02
Filing date: 2002-04-30
Publication date: 2002-11-07

Abstract

An article carrier and process for making same made from a laminate material which is lightweight, durable, easy to clean, and easy to maintain. The article carrier has crisp, well-defined edges and contours with an outward appearance almost identical to hand-tooled leather. The process for making the article carrier comprises selecting the laminate, heating the laminate, configuring the laminate in a mold such that the laminate's plane of greatest direction stretch is parallel to the area of maximum deformation of the mold, compressing the laminate to define the article carrier, cooling, trimming the compressed laminate, adding component parts, and joining the compressed laminate together to complete the article carrier.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This non-provisional patent application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/288,555 filed May 2, 2001, and hereby claims the benefit of the embodiments therein and of the filing date thereof.[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is common practice for law enforcement personnel, military personnel and others to carry holsters, duty belts, and related items, such as ammunition and handcuff pouches made of leather, and most recently, made from laminate materials, with the outer layer ballistic nylon fabric.

Items made of leather are considered by many to be the most desirable, as they offer a durable, very neat and professional look. Additionally, items made from leather may be tooled to include various designs, such as a basket weave or scalloped edges, all of which transform an otherwise functional leather item into a work of art.

On the other hand, products made of leather are relatively expensive and are susceptible to wear, mold and mildew. Leather items also have a tendency to absorb oils and grease, which may cause stains or discoloration and thus distract from their overall appearance. Finally, although leather items can be cleaned, they are not washable.

In an attempt to overcome the aforementioned problems associated with leather, many law enforcement and military product manufacturers turned to laminates as a leather replacement. Typically, a laminate would include an outside or skin layer of ballistic weave nylon, a core of polyfoam, and a soft inside liner layer.

Items made of such trilaminate materials avoid a number of the disadvantages of leather enumerated above. Trilaminates of the above type are not harmed by water and are durable. Oils and greases can be removed simply by washing the item. Further, trilaminate materials often times weigh less than their leather counterpart. Consequently, goods made from ballistic nylon faced trilaminate materials have gained popularity during the recent years.

One early recognized disadvantage of using trilaminate materials had been that they could never be made into shapes which held their edges having a neat and crisp appearance, similar to leather.

In order to overcome the appearance limitation associated with laminates, applicants herein co-invented a process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,868 to Beletsky et al., whereby a ballistic nylon faced trilaminate material could be molded to form goods, such as holsters, duty belts and the like, having neat, well-defined contours, which hold their shape and are not deformed through use.

In spite of the strides made in the above-referenced U.S. patent, trilaminates, including those of ballistic nylon facing, still have certain disadvantages. Laminates, which have an exterior design reminiscent of, for example, hand-tooled leather, do not maintain their pattern or design when utilized in the above-referenced process described in Beletsky et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,868. The pattern fades or is washed out, especially in these areas of high deformation, such as the article carriers, edges or contours. Military and law enforcement equipment made of laminates having an exterior design do not yield the same classical and professional appearance that leather does because heretofore trilaminates could not be both made to include the same artistic detail as tooled leather goods, such as scalloped edges or basket weave designs and still be molded to form goods having neat, well-defined contours.

There remains a need for laminates which can be molded to a permanent form that holds its shape and also has the look of tooled leather, including the ability to take and hold designs and artistic detail, such as scalloped edges and basket weave prints.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the object of the invention to make an article carrier which is lightweight, durable, inexpensive, easy to clean, and easy to maintain which also has the outward appearance of hand-tool leather with crisp, well-defined contours and edges.

Applicants have invented a process whereby laminates having a detailed design on their exterior, reminiscent of hand-tooled leather can be molded into items, such as holsters, which hold their shape and maintain the detail and crispness of their design. The laminates used herein also have a higher abrasion resistance than either leather or a woven nylon and are therefore more desirable.

The process involves taking flat sheet of trilaminate material comprised of an outer skin of non-woven randomly-oriented sheet nylon, which also includes a tooled appearance design, a core of preferably closed cell polyfoam, and a liner layer of soft, durable, material, and heating it to a temperature of between 250° F. and 330° F. for about 180 to 270 seconds. The heated laminate is then placed into the desired mold set, which normally includes both faces of the item joined at the most convenient location.

Orientation of the trilaminate material within the mold is critical and must take into consideration the natural stretch characteristics of the trilaminate material. Placement in the mold is such that the maximum stretch of the laminate material is parallel to the direction of maximum deformation in the mold.

The design and thus the clearance of the mold is critical to producing the product of this invention. Once the heated trilaminate is properly placed into the mold, the mold is closed, and once closed, the mold is cooled. The trilaminate material remains in the mold for a sufficient enough time to permanently fix the mold's design in the trilaminate. During the molding process, certain areas of the laminate material are severely compressed, while other areas are compressed to lesser amounts. The mold's clearance is also designed to accommodate for the resiliency characteristics of the outside skin, core and liner materials. The mold defines and fixes the shape of the laminate material.

The formed laminate sheet is removed from the mold and trimmed to define the outline shape of the sides. The molded trilaminate is completed by folding and attaching the sides together by stitching or bonding. At this time, component parts, such as belt loops may be attached if not attached previously.

One typical item employing this invention is a holster, which is made in a similar manner as to that described above. In such case, the inner lining is typically a closely woven fabric, which is a non-marring surface for the handgun carried. During molding, both sides of the holster are compressed and molded into a stiff, handgun-receiving configuration with the entire outer surface and particularly at the edges and corners having crisp, well-defined details similar, if not identical, to hand-tooled leather. The edges are trimmed then folded and the ends stitched or bonded together. Other items employing this invention are handcuff pouches, magazine pouches, and flashlight pouches. Each is made in a manner similar to the holster described above.

In the case of duty belts, the requirements are less severe than for pouches, since the only compression areas needed, if any, may be the edges which are normally covered with a binding material.

In each of the above-described items, the outside skin layer includes a design similar, if not identical, to that of hand-tooled leather, such as a basket weave. It is, therefore, necessary during the molding process, that the trilaminate material not only take and hold well-defined edges and corners but that the design of the laminate material retain its crisp definition throughout its entire surface. Prior art methods would not yield a molded trilaminate product having the crisp and detailed features of hand-tooled leather.

Applicants' article carrier exhibits the following features:

outer appearance of hand-tooled leather;

crisp, well-defined contours and edges;

made from a laminate material which is

lightweight

durable

easy to clean and

easy to maintain.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This invention may be more clearly understood with the following detailed description and by reference to the drawings in which: [0028]
FIG. 1 is an outer side elevational view of the holster as a product of the invention showing the well-defined edges and crisp definite design; [0029]
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a piece of tooled laminate material used to produce the embodiment of FIG. 1; [0030]
FIG. 2[0031] a is a fragmentary sectional view taken along lines 2 a-2 a of FIG. 2;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the top half and the bottom half of the mold used to form a magazine pouch as shown in completed form in FIG. 4; [0032]
FIG. 4 is a side view of a duty belt carrying a magazine pouch, flashlight pouch, handcuff pouch, glove pouch, baton holder, mace pouch, holster, and key case, all of which were made by the process of this invention; [0033]
FIG. 5 is a flow chart describing the process for producing the molded items of this invention; and [0034]
FIG. 6 is a simplified press system drawing partly sectional generally illustrating the press and gauge used to mold the trilaminate material and formulas used to determine the material pressure exerted upon the trilaminate. [0035]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, which is an outer side view of the [0036] holster embodiment 10 made employing this invention. FIG. 1 illustrates the sharp, well defined, overall shape and edges 14 of holster 10, as well as the crisp detail of the basket weave design 15 on the entire skin surface 21 of holster 10, including severely formed corners. The basket weave design 15 gives the holster of FIG. 1 the look of hand-tooled leather. Holster 10 is formed from a single sheet of a trilaminate 20 as shown in FIG. 2 comprised of a skin layer 21 with a tooled outer face 15, a polyfoam core layer 22, and a soft liner layer 23 molded to define a weapon-receiving pocket, and stitched or bonded along the edge 11, and preferably edged with a binding material 13.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a panel of a [0037] trilaminate material 20 used in the inventive process, which is comprised of an outside or skin layer 21 having a tooled appearance, a core layer 22 of closed cell polyethylene foam, and a liner layer 23 of a soft, durable fabric material. Each layer is attached to the adjacent layer by an adhesive. It is understood that laminate materials, other than trilaminates, may also be used employing this invention.
Turning now to FIG. 2[0038] a, which is an enlarged section along lines 2 a-2 a of FIG. 2 illustrating the particular layers of the trilaminate 20 described above. The trilaminate material 20 includes an outside skin or layer 21 formed from a sheet of a non-woven, randomly-oriented synthetic fiber. A design, such as a basket weave 15, is present on the outside surface of skin 21, which gives the skin 21 the look of hand-tooled leather. The skin 21 must be capable of being both heated to more than 330° F. and rapidly chilled to approximately 40° F. without damage. Skin layer 21 must also be capable of tolerating molding pressures with little or no degradation to the design 15 on the outside of skin layer 21.
In the preferred embodiment, the [0039] outside skin layer 21 is made of non-woven fabrics made of synthetic fibers sold under the trade name NYTEK® made by the Majilite Corporation of Dracut, Mass. An outside skin 21 of NYTEK® is preferred because it is durable, capable of being molded into and maintaining a form with well-defined, crisp, box-like edges. More particularly, it is capable of accepting and maintaining various designs that give the appearance of hand-tooled leather, which do not fade during the molding process of this invention. Also, NYTEK® has a higher abrasion resistance than either leather or a woven nylon, and is therefore more desirable. Finally, the NYTEK® material is approximately 30% to 40% lighter in weight than leather.
The [0040] core 22 is preferably made of closed cell cross-linked polyethylene foam. The core 22 material must be capable of tolerating a temperature of as high as 330° F. and as low as about 40° F. during molding and molding pressures sufficient to compress the foam pores closed without degradation. In the preferred embodiment, the foam core 22 is either 10, 20 or 30 pound density, such as that made by Oletex, Inc. of South Holland, Ill., item numbers CKJN 1000 (10 lb. foam) or CKJN 2000 (20 lb. foam) or CKJN 3000 (30 lb. foam).
The Oletex 10 pound foam has a tensile strength of about 229.2 psi, a tear resistance of about 64.8 lbs./in. and an elongation of about 237.3. The Oletex 10-pound foam also has a compression strain at 10% of about 29.3 psi, and a compression strain at 25% of about 39.7 psi and a compression strain at 40% of about 53.5 psi. The [0041] Oletex 20 lb. foam has a tensile strength of about 534 psi, a tear resistance of about 132.2 lbs./in., an elongation of about 392.8. The Oletex 20 lb. foam also has a compression strain at 10% of about 94.1 psi, and a compression strain at 25% of about 130.2 psi, and a compression strain at 40% of about 198.7 psi. The Oletex 30-pound foam has a tensile strength of 650 psi, a tear resistance of about 200 lbs./in., an elongation of about 280. The Oletex 30 lb. foam also has a compression strain at 10% of 240 psi, and a compression strain at 25% of about 350 psi, and a compression strain at 40% of about 560 psi.
The [0042] liner material 23 may be made of any soft, yet durable, material which is capable of tolerating the temperature variations associated with molding and molding pressures without degradation. In the preferred embodiment, the liner 23 is a knit polyester.
The trilaminate [0043] 20 is made by bonding the skin layer 21 to one side of the core foam 22 using adhesives and bonding the liner 23 to the opposite side of the core foam 22 using adhesives. In the preferred embodiment, the adhesives used to bond the skin 21 to the core 22, and the core 22 to the liner 23, are designed to withstand the temperature variations associated with molding and molding pressures without degradation, e.g., the adhesives must be stable and not run or bleed through the knit fabric, and must keep the laminate material from delaminating or curling during the molding process. We have found the following adhesives to be satisfactory in the process. Skin-to-foam adhesive 1793 heat seal from the T. H. Glennon Co. of Salisbury, Mass., and the foam-to-liner adhesive to be XAF 20,800 from Sarna Xiro AG of Schmitten, Switzerland.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of both halves of the [0044] mold 30, namely top and bottom mold parts 30T and 30B, used to form the magazine pouch 70 of FIG. 4. The clearance of mold 30 is designed with a maximum clearance of approximately 20% to 25% of the beginning thickness of the trilaminate material 20 at those locations along the finished product where well-defined and contoured edges are required. In other words, because of the configuration of mold 30, a greater or lesser amount of pressure is exerted upon the trilaminate material 20 such that certain areas of the trilaminate 20 are more or less deformed.
[0045] Mold 30 is also designed to compensate for the spring compression or resiliency of the non-woven, randomly oriented skin 21 material, the polyfoam core 22 and the liner material 23. More importantly, placement of the skin material 21 within the mold 30 must also take into account the stretch characteristics of the skin material 21.
Permanent crush or deformation of the [0046] trilaminate material 20, and in particular of the polyethylene core foam 22, yields a product having neat, well-defined contours with sharp edges. In the preferred embodiment, the trilaminate material 20 before compression has a total thickness of about {fraction (3/16)} inch. After compression, the total thickness of trilaminate material 20 at the point of greatest compression is about {fraction (3/64)} inch, which represents about a 75% crush.
[0047] Mold 30 may be made from a variety of materials, such as steel or aluminum so long as the materials are designed to withstand molding pressures and temperatures of between about 330° F. and 40° F. Cooling of the mold typically occurs by either conventional cooling passages in the mold parts or by contact with chilled plates top and bottom. The mold 30 must also tolerate the molding pressure required to compress and bond the foam layer 22 to be formed. In the preferred embodiment, the mold 30 is made of 6061-T6 aluminum.
The elasticity characteristics of the [0048] skin 21 are utilized to control and therefore prevent the wash out or fade of the tooled-like design 15 on the outside of skin 21. Applicants have identified the direction of maximum stretch of skin 21 and place the laminate material 20 into mold 30 such that the direction of maximum deformation within mold 30 is parallel to the direction of maximum stretch of skin 21. In the case of products such as holsters, magazine cases and the like, the maximum deformation within mold 30 is along lines MD as shown in FIG. 3. The maximum stretch of the skin is typically the longitudinal direction of roll forming. Consequently, the trilaminate material 20 may to be molded into shapes which have well-defined edges 14 that also maintain the crispness of their tooled-like design 15 on skin 21.
FIG. 4 illustrates the various goods which may be made from the inventive multi-laminate process, including a [0049] handcuff pouch 50, magazine pouch 70, flashlight pouch 60, mace pouch 40, key case 65, baton holder 75, glove pouch 80, and holster 10, all of which exhibit a neat box-like appearance with contoured well-defined edges 14 as well as the crisp detail of the design 15 on the front side of skin 21. Each item, including the duty belt DB, appears to be made from fine quality, hand-tooled leather when, in fact, each is made from a nylon faced multi-laminate material. The multi-laminate is more wear resistance than leather and has a higher abrasion resistance than either leather or woven nylon. The multi-laminate is also lighter in weight than leather.
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary sectional view generally illustrating the press used to mold the [0050] trilaminate material 20. Mold 30 is designed with a maximum clearance of approximately 20% to 25% of the beginning laminate material 20 thickness at those locations along the finished product where well-defined and contoured edges are required. Therefore, when mold 30 is closed, laminate material 20 is compressed at those areas determined by mold 30. After mold 30 is closed, the laminate is cooled to aid in fixedly setting the shape of mold 30, thus yielding a product with contoured edges and sharp corners.
FIG. 6 also includes formulas used to calculate the material pressure exerted upon the [0051] laminate material 20 during the molding phase.
The Process [0052]
The process of manufacturing the aforementioned goods is described in detail below and illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 5. The design of [0053] mold 30, the orientation of the trilaminate material 20 within mold 30, the composition of the multi-laminate material 20, the temperature, and cycle time all act together in concert, to yield a single molded product. The clearance of mold 30 is such that the trilaminate material 20 at some locations is crushed to where it appears to be nearly solid, while at other points along mold 30, trilaminate material 20 is only partly crushed, but always maintaining its coherent structure and strength. The outside skin 21 maintains the detail and look of hand-tooled, fine quality leather 15 at each and every point along the outside skin 21 regardless of the amount of compression or crush exerted by mold 30 on the trilaminate material 20.
The initial step is to select the [0054] laminate material 20. Although the flow diagram of FIG. 5 illustrates that one might begin with the individual components of, for example, a trilaminate 20 and bond the desired outside skin 21 to one side of the preferred core foam 22 with an adhesive and bond the desired liner layer 23 to the opposite side of the chosen core foam 22 with an adhesive, it is also possible to specify the desired components of the trilaminate material 20 and purchase the trilaminate material assembled. The preferred composite is a three-layer material having a skin layer 21 of NYTEK® with basket weave design 15, commonly referred to as PARAWEAVE, bonded to a 30 lb. density polyethylene Oletex foam layer 22, which in turn is bonded to a knit polyester liner layer 23.
The bonded [0055] laminate material 20 is heated to a temperature of between 250° F. and 330° F. for about 180-270 seconds to thoroughly heat soak the trilaminate material 20. The temperature is not high enough to damage or degrade the trilaminate material 20 or its design 15. The heat softens without melting the laminate material 20, and especially the core layer 22 so the laminate 20 may be molded. Heating also relaxes skin layer 21, which aids in skin layer 21 being molded without degrading the design 15 on the outside of skin 21.
After heating, the [0056] laminate material 20 is placed into the desired mold 30. Orientation of the laminate material 20 within mold 30 is critical such that the direction of maximum stretch of skin 21 is parallel to the direction of maximum deformation MD caused by mold 30 best seen in FIG. 3. Proper orientation of the laminate material 20 within the mold aids in eliminating, fading or washing out of the skin design 15 during molding.
The process step of compressing the heated [0057] trilaminate material 20 is crucial to the success of producing a precisely formed product with an outside skin 21 having the appearance of hand-tooled leather 15. In a typical molding process, almost all of the composite material is compressed somewhat from its uncompressed state. Fold lines in the product are produced by compression until the polyfoam pores are virtually closed.
The [0058] multi-laminate material 20 used, for example, to manufacture the magazine pouch 70 of FIG. 4 has, before compression, an outside layer 21 of NYTEK® having a thickness of about {fraction (1/16)} inch, a polyethylene foam layer 22 of about {fraction (2/16)} inch thickness, and a woven fabric liner layer 23 of nominal thickness. The maximum compression required to yield the desired product occurs, among other places, at the edges of pouch 70. After compression, the measured thickness at a point of maximum compression, such as an edge, is about {fraction (3/64)} inch or about 75% compression. Through a microscope, or 10-power loupe, the polyethylene foam layer 22 pores, at a point of maximum compression, appear to be closed after molding.
Success in this process depends in large part upon the design of [0059] mold 30. The clearance of mold 30 is such that, at the required locations, the maximum compression of mold 30 is about equal to 75% to 80% of the beginning laminate 20 thickness. Thus, once the heated laminate material 20 is properly placed into mold 30, only pressure sufficient to close the mold is required. Once mold 30 is closed, the laminate material 20 is cooled, while remaining within closed mold 30 for a compression period of 90 to 180 seconds or a time sufficient to produce a permanent deformation in the multi-laminate material 20.
Applicants have found the following press machines to be successful in yielding the desired products of this invention: Composite Press P-609, 100 ton capacity and Composite Press P-409, 75 ton capacity, manufactured by Accudyne Engineering and Equipment Company located at 7180 Scout Avenue, Bell Gardens, Calif., and Precision press S50R-24-6YE, 50 ton capacity, and Compression Press B24-3-MIC, 35 ton capacity, manufactured by PHI, located at 14955 East Salt Lake Avenue, City of Industry, Calif. [0060]
Thereafter, the molded [0061] trilaminate material 20 is removed from mold 30 and finished after being trimmed of excess material. The two sides of the trilaminate material 20 are folded together at fold lines just produced, bound and stitched or otherwise attached to complete the component, such as holster 10. At this time, any components, which are not present and are required, such as a belt loop, may be attached.
The goods, which are the product of the aforementioned process and [0062] mold 30, have the appearance of actual hand-tooled leather, and include crisp, detailed designs on their exterior face 15. The illusion of leather is further advanced by the neat shape, well-defined edges and corners 14 of the goods. The resulting goods are durable, washable, more abrasion resistant, more stain resistant, and lighter weight than leather. Heretofore, prior art processes were not capable of producing a molded product from laminate materials having the crisp and detailed look of hand-tooled leather, as the laminate design would fade or wash out during molding.
While in the case of the embodiment described above, it is convenient to mold the front and rear faces together, it is recognized that it may, in some cases, be preferable to mold the front and rear panels separately. [0063]
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely descriptive of its principles and are not to be considered limiting. The scope of the present invention instead shall be determined from the scope of the following claims including their equivalents. [0064]

Claims

We claim:

1. A laminate article carrier having contours and crisp, well-defined edges whose exterior has the appearance of hand-tooled leather made by the process of:

selecting a laminate having at least an outer layer, a core and an inner layer bonded together;

said outer layer having a design reminiscent of tooled leather;

said outer layer having a directional plane of greater stretch than its traverse plane;

heating said laminate to a temperature sufficint to soften said laminate without degrading the outer layer design;

placing said heated laminate into a mold having different depths of deformation wherein said laminate's directional plane of greater stretch is parallel to the area of maximum deformation of the mold;

compressing selected areas of said laminate in said mold and subsequently cooling said laminate in said mold such that said selected areas of compression have a permanently reduced thickness resulting in a laminate having well-defined contours and edges with the outward appearance of hand-tooled leather; and

trimming said compressed laminate, if necessary, adding desired component parts and joining the edges of said compressed laminate together to complete the desired article carrier.

2. An item as described in claim 1 wherein said outside layer is non-woven randomly oriented nylon.

3. An item as described in claim 1 wherein said core is a closed cell polyethylene foam.

4. An item as described in claim 1 wherein said laminate is heated to between about 250° F. and 330° F. for between about 180 to 270 seconds.

5. An item as described in claim 1 wherein the laminate is compressed for between about 90 to 180 seconds.

6. An item as described in claim 1 wherein the mold is chilled.

7. A laminate article carrier having numerous contours and crisp, well-defined edges whose exterior has the appearance of hand-tooled leather made by the process of:

selecting a laminate having at least an outer layer, a core, and an inner layer bonded together;

said outer layer made from a non-woven, randomly oriented nylon capable of accepting and holding a design reminiscent of tooled leather;

said core made from a closed cell polyethylene foam;

heating said laminate to between about 250° F. and 330° F. for about 180 to 270 seconds;

placing said heated laminate into a mold having different depths of deformation such that said laminates directional plane of greater stretch is parallel to the area of maximum deformation of the mold;

compressing selected areas of said laminate in said mold at about 3000 psi for between about 90 to 180 seconds;

thereafter cooling said laminate in said mold such that said selected areas of compression have a permanently reduced thickness, resulting in a laminate having well-defined contours and edges with the outward appearance of hand-tooled leather; and

trimming said compressed laminate of excess, if necessary, to better define the article carrier, adding desired component parts and joining the edges said compressed laminate together to complete the desired article carrier.

8. A process for making a laminate article carrier having contours and crisp, well-defined edges whose exterior has the appearance of hand-tooled leather comprising:

selecting a laminate having at least an outer layer, a core, and an inner layer bonded together where said outer layer includes a design reminiscent of tooled leather and where said outer layer has a directional plane of greater stretch than its traverse plane;

heating said laminate to a temperature sufficient to soften said lamiante without degrading the outer layer design;

placing said heated laminate into a desired mold having different depths of deformation wherein said laminate's directional plane of greater stretch is parallel to the area of maximum deformation of the mold;

9. An item as described in claim 8 wherein said outside layer is non-woven randomly oriented nylon.

10. An item as described in claim 8 wherein said core is a closed cell polyethylene foam.

11. An item as described in claim 1 wherein said laminate is heated to between about 250° F. and 330° F. for between about 180 to 270 seconds.

12. An item as described in claim 8 wherein the laminate is compressed for between about 90 to 180 seconds.

13. An item as described in claim 8 wherein the mold is chilled.