US20030000473A1 - Method of delivering gas into reaction chamber and shower head used to deliver gas - Google Patents

Method of delivering gas into reaction chamber and shower head used to deliver gas Download PDF

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US20030000473A1
US20030000473A1 US10/213,078 US21307802A US2003000473A1 US 20030000473 A1 US20030000473 A1 US 20030000473A1 US 21307802 A US21307802 A US 21307802A US 2003000473 A1 US2003000473 A1 US 2003000473A1
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gas
reaction
gases
reaction gases
shower head
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US10/213,078
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Yun-sook Chae
In-Sang Jeon
Sang-Bom Kang
Sang-in Lee
Kyu-wan Ryu
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Individual
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Priority claimed from US09/323,014 external-priority patent/US6398904B1/en
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Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
    • C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
    • C30B25/14—Feed and outlet means for the gases; Modifying the flow of the reactive gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
    • C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
    • C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
    • C23C16/45544—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] characterized by the apparatus
    • C23C16/45548—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] characterized by the apparatus having arrangements for gas injection at different locations of the reactor for each ALD half-reaction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
    • C23C16/45559—Diffusion of reactive gas to substrate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
    • C23C16/45563—Gas nozzles
    • C23C16/45565—Shower nozzles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
    • C23C16/45563—Gas nozzles
    • C23C16/45574—Nozzles for more than one gas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of delivering reaction gases during deposition of a predetermined layer onto a substrate with two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases, and a shower head used to introduce the reaction gases.
  • PVD Physical vapor deposition
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • ALD atomic layer deposition
  • PCVD pulsed CVD
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a mixing-type shower head.
  • first and second reaction gases enter into a shower head 10 at the same time or at different times, according to the opening or closing action of valves 16 , via intakes 12 and 14 , respectively.
  • the first and second reaction gases are mixed in the shower head 10 , exit through outlets 18 on the bottom surface of the shower head 10 , and are deposited on a substrate (not shown) loaded in a reaction chamber.
  • the first and second reaction gases particularly if they are mutually reactive, react with each other and form particles, which are deposited within the shower head 10 . Therefore, the shower head is easily contaminated.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show a separative type shower head 30 , for separately providing first and second reaction gases, to solve the above problem.
  • different passages are provided to prevent the first and second reaction gases from reacting with each other within the shower head 30 , such that the first and second reaction gases are discharged respectively via separate sets of interspersed outlets 38 and 40 .
  • the separative type shower head 30 when PCVD is performed using the separative type shower head 30 , the first reaction gas and other reactants remaining within the reaction chamber flow backward and into the passage for the second reaction gas, because there is no downward flow at that point coming from the passage for the second reaction gas. Then, when the second reaction gas is delivered, it reacts with the first gas and other reactants, thereby producing contaminating particles.
  • the present invention provides a gas delivery method in which a first reaction gas is delivered toward the edge of the substrate, and the other reaction gases are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate, each of the reaction gases being delivered via independent gas outlets to prevent the reaction gases from being mixed.
  • the predetermined film can be deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) or pulsed chemical vapor deposition (PCVD).
  • the other reaction gases include second and third reaction gases each reactive to the first reaction gas, and the second and third reaction gases can be delivered simultaneously with the first reaction gas.
  • the second and third reaction gases can be simultaneously delivered via the same gas outlet to be mixed with each other or alternately delivered via the same gas outlet at different times to prevent the two reaction gases from being mixed.
  • the second and third reaction gases can be delivered via independent gas outlets, respectively, to prevent the two reaction gases from being mixed.
  • a gas delivery method including: delivering the first reaction gas toward the edge of the substrate for a designated period of time; purging the reaction gas remaining within the reaction chamber while blocking the inflow of the first reaction gas; delivering the second reaction gas toward the central portion of the substrate for a designated period of time; and purging the reaction gas remaining within the reaction chamber while blocking the inflow of the second reaction gas.
  • each of the first and second reaction gases is delivered together with a carrier gas in order to smoothly supply the first and second reaction gases.
  • the reaction chamber is purged by continuously delivering only the carrier gas while blocking the first and second reaction gases during each of the purging steps.
  • the first reaction gas delivering step, the purging step, the second reaction gas delivering step, and the purging step can be repeated to deposit the material to a desired thickness.
  • the shower head appropriate for carrying out the above method is installed at the upper portion of a reaction chamber in which a substrate is seated on the lower portion.
  • the shower head has a gas supply line formed on the upper surface of the shower head for receiving a first reaction gas from a supply source of the first reaction gas; gas supply lines formed on the upper surface of the shower head for receiving other reaction gases from a supply source of the other reaction gases; a plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas formed along the edge of the lower surface of the shower head for discharging the first reaction gas; a plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases formed on the central portion of the lower surface of the shower head, for discharging the other reaction gases; a gas passage formed within the body of the shower head, for connecting the gas supply line for the first reaction gas to the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas; and gas passages formed independently of the gas passage for the first reaction gas within the body of the shower head, for connecting the supply lines for the other reaction gases to the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases.
  • the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas can be extended further downward toward the substrate than the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases such that the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas are closer to the substrate installed in the chamber than the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases when the shower head is installed in the upper portion of the reaction chamber.
  • one of the mutually-reactive reaction gases is delivered toward the edges of a substrate, and the others are delivered independently toward the center of the substrate.
  • generation of contaminating particles within a shower head and a reaction chamber can be prevented, and a high deposition rate can be obtained.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of a conventional mixing-type shower head
  • FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of a conventional separative type shower head
  • FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the flow rate of a purge gas and deposition rate when a TiN film is formed on a substrate using the shower head of FIGS. 3 and 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of an embodiment of a shower head used in a gas delivery method according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of another embodiment of a shower head used in a gas delivery method according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 8;
  • FIGS. 10 through 13 are views conceptually illustrating a gas delivery method according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show the configuration of a shower head according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • gas supply lines 62 and 64 for first and second reaction gases, and respective valves 66 are installed over a shower head 60 according to the present embodiment.
  • Supply lines 68 for a purge gas (carrier gas) transfer the first and second reaction gases and purge the shower head 60 and a reaction chamber (not shown).
  • Supply lines 68 are equipped with valves 70 .
  • the interior of the shower head 60 has passages for first and second reaction gases to prevent the first and second reaction gases from being mixed.
  • one reaction gas is allowed to be discharged to outlets 72 formed around the outer edge of the bottom surface of the shower head 60
  • the other reaction gas is allowed to be discharged to outlets 74 formed in a central portion of the bottom surface of the shower head 60 . That is, as shown in FIG. 7, the bottom surface of the shower head 60 is provided with a plurality of first reaction gas outlets 72 which are spaced apart from each other along the edge, and a plurality of second reaction gas outlets 74 which are spaced apart from each other in the central portion.
  • the first reaction gas outlets 72 are grouped around the outside edge of the bottom surface of the shower head, and the second reaction gas outlets 74 are grouped in the central portion of the bottom surface of the shower head. Therefore, when delivering the first reaction gas from the first gas outlets grouped along the outside edge of the bottom surface of the shower head, there is less backward flow of the first reaction gas into the gas outlets for the second reaction gas than there would be in the conventional interspersed shower head.
  • a third reaction gas which is reactive to the first reaction gas can be supplied together with the second reaction gas through the second reaction gas supply line 64 .
  • the second and third reaction gases do not react with each other or weakly react with each other, they can be supplied simultaneously. On the other hand, if they are reactive, they can be alternately supplied at different times.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 show the configuration of a shower head according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the shower head 80 shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 is obtained by further adding a third reaction gas supply line 86 and third reaction gas outlets 98 to the shower head shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
  • third reaction gas outlets 98 are independent of first and second reaction gas outlets 72 and 74 .
  • Third reaction gas passages for connecting the third reaction gas supply line 86 to each of the third reaction gas outlets 98 are separate from the first and second reaction gas passages, such that the three reaction gases can be delivered independently of one another.
  • Third reaction gas supply line 86 is also provided with a purge gas line 68 and valve 70 .
  • the first reaction gas outlets 72 can be extended farther downward than the second/third reaction gas outlets 74 and 98 , so that the first reaction gas outlets 72 are closer to a substrate loaded in a reaction chamber. This is illustrated by reference numeral 142 in FIG. 11. This downward extension of the first reaction gas outlets further assists in preventing backward flow of the first reaction gas into the second (or third) reaction gas outlets. It is also preferable that the first reaction gas outlets 142 face the edge of a substrate or are located beyond the outside of the substrate, so that the diameter of the shower head is greater than or equal to that of the substrate.
  • FIGS. 10 through 13 conceptually illustrate processes for delivering gases according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • a first reaction gas and a carrier gas come out of outlets 140 formed on the edge of a shower head and flow toward the edge of a substrate 110 loaded on a substrate holder 120 in a reaction chamber 100 , as indicated by arrows B.
  • a second reaction gas and a carrier gas come out of outlets 130 formed in the central portion of the shower head and flow toward the central portion of the substrate 110 , as indicated by arrow A.
  • a direct purging effect of a purge gas (carrier gas) on a substrate is reduced, so that a reduction in the deposition rate is prevented despite an increase in the flow rate of the purge gas.
  • the outlets 130 and 140 are segregated from each other, the first and second reaction gases cannot easily flow backward into outlets for the second and first reaction gases respectively, so that contamination of the interior of the shower head and gas lines is prevented.
  • the first reaction gas outlets 140 face the outside edge of the substrate 110 or are located beyond the edge of the substrate 110 in order to prevent excessive purging of the second reaction gas adsorbed on the substrate 110 .
  • This is easily accomplished by using a shower head whose diameter is greater than or equal to the diameter of the substrate, as described above.
  • FIG. 11 conceptually shows a process for delivering a gas according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 10 denote the same elements, so they will not be described in detail.
  • a mutual backward flow between the first reaction gas C and the second reaction gas A can be even more effectively prevented by using a shower head having a structure in which first reaction gas outlets 142 extend farther toward the substrate 110 than the second reaction gas outlets 130 .
  • the first and second reaction gases in the above-described embodiments can be delivered in a PCVD method.
  • PCVD is more fully described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/156,724 filed on Sep. 18, 1998 by a common Assignee, entitled “Method of Forming Metal Nitride Film by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Method of Forming Metal Contact of Semiconductor Device Using the Same”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Ser. No. 09/156,724 filed on Sep. 18, 1998 by a common Assignee, entitled “Method of Forming Metal Nitride Film by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Method of Forming Metal Contact of Semiconductor Device Using the Same”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • PCVD is a type of CVD where reaction gases and purge gases are alternately introduced for a predetermined amount of time in a sequence of a first reaction gas, a purge gas, a second reaction gas, and the purge gas.
  • PCVD is similar to ALD, but PCVD significantly increases the deposition rate with both chemically-adsorbed and physically-adsorbed reaction gases remaining on a substrate, while only the chemically-adsorbed reaction gas remains on the substrate in the ALD.
  • a semiconductor wafer 110 or a wafer boat (not shown) on which a plurality of substrates are loaded is loaded into a reaction chamber 100 structured as shown in any of FIGS. 10 through 13.
  • the temperature and pressure within the reaction chamber 100 are set to predetermined levels and stabilized.
  • a valve installed on the first reaction gas supply line is opened, and a first reaction gas is thus delivered for a predetermined period of time as indicated by arrow B, C, D or E.
  • the first reaction gas delivered toward the edge of the wafer 110 is physically or chemically adsorbed on the wafer 110 .
  • a carrier gas together with the first reaction gas can be delivered for a smooth supply of the first reaction gas.
  • An inert gas is used as the carrier gas, and can be delivered via the supply line 68 for a purge gas.
  • the valve installed on the first reaction gas supply line is closed to block the supply of the first reaction gas, and the purge gas is delivered for a predetermined period of time to purge reaction gases remaining within the shower head or the reaction chamber without being adsorbed on the wafer 110 .
  • purging is performed by blocking only the first reaction gas and continuously delivering the carrier gas, without the need to deliver a special purge gas.
  • a second reaction gas is delivered for a predetermined period of time as indicated by the arrows A.
  • the second reaction gas delivered toward the central portion of the wafer 110 reacts with the first reaction gas adsorbed on the wafer 110 to form a desired material film.
  • an inert carrier gas can be delivered together with the second reaction gas to achieve a smooth supply of the second reaction gas.
  • a purge gas is delivered for a predetermined period of time while blocking the supply of the second reaction gas, thereby purging reaction gases or contaminating particles remaining within the shower head and the reaction chamber.
  • a carrier gas is delivered together with the second reaction gas, the carrier gas is continuously delivered while only the second reaction gas is blocked, thereby performing a purging operation without the need to deliver a special purge gas.
  • Such a cycle of delivering the first reaction gas, purging, delivering the second reaction gas, and purging can be repeated until a material film having a desired thickness is formed. Also, the order of the first and second reaction gases to be delivered can be changed according to the property of a film desired to be formed.
  • a TiN film is formed on a substrate using each of the shower heads shown in FIGS. 3 and 6 to compare the effect of a conventional gas delivery method with that of a gas delivery method according to the present invention.
  • NH 3 and TiCl 4 are used as first and second reaction gases, respectively, and Ar is used as both a carrier gas and a purge gas.
  • Ar is used as both a carrier gas and a purge gas.
  • temperature of substrate 500° C.
  • temperature of substrate 500° C.
  • the two methods have similar deposition rates, they differ widely from each other in the number of contaminating particles formed on a substrate. That is, more than 8000 contaminating particles are observed in the conventional method, but less than 50 contaminating particles are observed in the method according to the present invention.
  • the flow rate of the carrier and purge gas (Ar) is increased in the conventional method, the number of contaminating particles is reduced. If the flow rate of Ar is increased to 600 sccm without a change in the other conditions in the conventional method having the above-described described conditions, the number of contaminating particles is reduced, but the deposition rate is decreased to 8 ⁇ /min or less. This low deposition rate impedes the use of the conventional method in a mass-production method of semiconductor devices.
  • the method according to the present invention can obtain superior results compared to the conventional method not only in the deposition rate and the number of contaminating particles, but also in the surface resistance and the uniformity of the surface resistance. That is, it is preferable that a deposited TiN film in the present experimental example has a surface resistance as low as possible since it is generally used as a barrier metal layer. As can be seen from Table 1, the method according to the present invention obtains a smaller surface resistance than the surface resistance of the conventional method, and also obtains excellent results in the uniformity of the surface resistance. Here, the surface resistance was measured at 49 different places on a substrate by a four-point probe method.
  • the embodiments according to the present invention and experimental example of a method of delivering mutually-reactive first and second reaction gases have been disclosed above.
  • the gas delivery method according to the present invention is applicable not only to a deposition process using two reaction gases but also to a deposition process using three reaction gases or more such as BST ((Ba,Sr)TiO 3 ) or the like.
  • reaction gases can be delivered via the shower head 80 shown in FIG. 8.
  • the reaction gas which most easily flows backward is supplied to the edge of the substrate via the first reaction gas supply line 62 , and the remaining reaction gases are supplied to the central portion of the substrate via the second and third reaction gas supply lines 64 and 86 .
  • the shower head 60 shown in FIG. 6 or a gas delivery system shown in FIGS. 10 through 13 can be used. That is, one reaction gas having a strong reactivity is delivered toward the edge of the substrate via the first reaction gas supply line 62 (or as indicated by arrow B, C, D or E) while the remaining second and third reaction gases are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate via the second reaction gas supply line 64 (or as indicated by arrow A).
  • the second and third reaction gases can be delivered simultaneously, or can be delivered alternately at different times.

Abstract

A method of delivering two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases when a predetermined film is deposited on a substrate, and a shower head used in the gas delivery method, function to increase the film deposition rate while preventing formation of contaminating particles. In this method, one reaction gas is delivered toward the edge of the substrate, and the other reaction gases are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate, each of the reaction gases being delivered via an independent gas outlet to prevent the reaction gases from being mixed. In the shower head, separate passages are provided to prevent the first reaction gas from mixing with the other reaction gases by delivering the first reaction gas from outlets formed around the edge of the bottom surface of the shower head. The other reaction gases are delivered from outlets formed in the central portion of the bottom surface of the shower head. Accordingly, one of the mutually-reactive gases is delivered toward the central portion of the substrate, and the others are delivered toward the edge of the substrate.

Description

    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • 1. Field of the Invention [0001]
  • The present invention relates to a method of delivering reaction gases during deposition of a predetermined layer onto a substrate with two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases, and a shower head used to introduce the reaction gases. [0002]
  • 2. Background of the Related Art [0003]
  • Physical vapor deposition (PVD, also referred to as “sputtering”), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and pulsed CVD (PCVD, the details of which will be described later) can be used to form a predetermined layer by depositing a vapor material on a substrate. When a predetermined layer is formed by conventional vapor deposition methods, source gases (reaction gas) are generally provided by a shower head installed at the upper portion of a reaction chamber. [0004]
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a mixing-type shower head. Here, first and second reaction gases enter into a [0005] shower head 10 at the same time or at different times, according to the opening or closing action of valves 16, via intakes 12 and 14, respectively. The first and second reaction gases are mixed in the shower head 10, exit through outlets 18 on the bottom surface of the shower head 10, and are deposited on a substrate (not shown) loaded in a reaction chamber. However, in the mixing-type shower head 10 having such a configuration, the first and second reaction gases, particularly if they are mutually reactive, react with each other and form particles, which are deposited within the shower head 10. Therefore, the shower head is easily contaminated.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show a separative [0006] type shower head 30, for separately providing first and second reaction gases, to solve the above problem. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, different passages are provided to prevent the first and second reaction gases from reacting with each other within the shower head 30, such that the first and second reaction gases are discharged respectively via separate sets of interspersed outlets 38 and 40. However, when PCVD is performed using the separative type shower head 30, the first reaction gas and other reactants remaining within the reaction chamber flow backward and into the passage for the second reaction gas, because there is no downward flow at that point coming from the passage for the second reaction gas. Then, when the second reaction gas is delivered, it reacts with the first gas and other reactants, thereby producing contaminating particles. Likewise, the same thing occurs in the passage for the first reaction gas, which becomes contaminated with the second reaction gas when only the second reaction gas is flowing. evident that setting the flow rate of purge gas to over about 500 sccm prevents contaminating particles from being produced. However, it can be seen that setting the flow rate of the purge gas to over 500 sccm greatly reduces the speed of growth of the TiN film.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • To solve the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of delivering gas whereby problems of both an increase in contaminating particles and a reduction in deposition rate can be solved, and to provide a shower head appropriate for the gas delivery method. [0007]
  • Accordingly, to achieve the first object, the present invention provides a gas delivery method in which a first reaction gas is delivered toward the edge of the substrate, and the other reaction gases are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate, each of the reaction gases being delivered via independent gas outlets to prevent the reaction gases from being mixed. Here, the predetermined film can be deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) or pulsed chemical vapor deposition (PCVD). [0008]
  • The other reaction gases include second and third reaction gases each reactive to the first reaction gas, and the second and third reaction gases can be delivered simultaneously with the first reaction gas. The second and third reaction gases can be simultaneously delivered via the same gas outlet to be mixed with each other or alternately delivered via the same gas outlet at different times to prevent the two reaction gases from being mixed. Alternatively, the second and third reaction gases can be delivered via independent gas outlets, respectively, to prevent the two reaction gases from being mixed. [0009]
  • According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a gas delivery method including: delivering the first reaction gas toward the edge of the substrate for a designated period of time; purging the reaction gas remaining within the reaction chamber while blocking the inflow of the first reaction gas; delivering the second reaction gas toward the central portion of the substrate for a designated period of time; and purging the reaction gas remaining within the reaction chamber while blocking the inflow of the second reaction gas. [0010]
  • In the steps of delivering the first reaction gas and the second reaction gas, each of the first and second reaction gases is delivered together with a carrier gas in order to smoothly supply the first and second reaction gases. The reaction chamber is purged by continuously delivering only the carrier gas while blocking the first and second reaction gases during each of the purging steps. Also, the first reaction gas delivering step, the purging step, the second reaction gas delivering step, and the purging step can be repeated to deposit the material to a desired thickness. [0011]
  • The shower head appropriate for carrying out the above method is installed at the upper portion of a reaction chamber in which a substrate is seated on the lower portion. The shower head has a gas supply line formed on the upper surface of the shower head for receiving a first reaction gas from a supply source of the first reaction gas; gas supply lines formed on the upper surface of the shower head for receiving other reaction gases from a supply source of the other reaction gases; a plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas formed along the edge of the lower surface of the shower head for discharging the first reaction gas; a plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases formed on the central portion of the lower surface of the shower head, for discharging the other reaction gases; a gas passage formed within the body of the shower head, for connecting the gas supply line for the first reaction gas to the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas; and gas passages formed independently of the gas passage for the first reaction gas within the body of the shower head, for connecting the supply lines for the other reaction gases to the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases. [0012]
  • Here, the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas can be extended further downward toward the substrate than the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases such that the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas are closer to the substrate installed in the chamber than the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases when the shower head is installed in the upper portion of the reaction chamber. [0013]
  • According to the present invention, one of the mutually-reactive reaction gases is delivered toward the edges of a substrate, and the others are delivered independently toward the center of the substrate. Thus, generation of contaminating particles within a shower head and a reaction chamber can be prevented, and a high deposition rate can be obtained.[0014]
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ATTACHED DRAWINGS
  • The above objectives and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: [0015]
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of a conventional mixing-type shower head; [0016]
  • FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 1; [0017]
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of a conventional separative type shower head; [0018]
  • FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 3; [0019]
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the flow rate of a purge gas and deposition rate when a TiN film is formed on a substrate using the shower head of FIGS. 3 and 4; [0020]
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of an embodiment of a shower head used in a gas delivery method according to the present invention; [0021]
  • FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 6; [0022]
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of another embodiment of a shower head used in a gas delivery method according to the present invention; [0023]
  • FIG. 9 is a bottom view of the shower head of FIG. 8; [0024]
  • FIGS. 10 through 13 are views conceptually illustrating a gas delivery method according to embodiments of the present invention.[0025]
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described referring to the attached drawings. First, the structure of a shower head appropriate for a gas delivery method according to the present invention will be described. [0026]
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show the configuration of a shower head according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 6, [0027] gas supply lines 62 and 64, for first and second reaction gases, and respective valves 66 are installed over a shower head 60 according to the present embodiment. Supply lines 68 for a purge gas (carrier gas) transfer the first and second reaction gases and purge the shower head 60 and a reaction chamber (not shown). Supply lines 68 are equipped with valves 70.
  • The interior of the [0028] shower head 60 has passages for first and second reaction gases to prevent the first and second reaction gases from being mixed. In particular, one reaction gas is allowed to be discharged to outlets 72 formed around the outer edge of the bottom surface of the shower head 60, and the other reaction gas is allowed to be discharged to outlets 74 formed in a central portion of the bottom surface of the shower head 60. That is, as shown in FIG. 7, the bottom surface of the shower head 60 is provided with a plurality of first reaction gas outlets 72 which are spaced apart from each other along the edge, and a plurality of second reaction gas outlets 74 which are spaced apart from each other in the central portion.
  • In particular, instead of being interspersed across the bottom surface of the conventional shower head as shown in FIG. 4, the first [0029] reaction gas outlets 72 are grouped around the outside edge of the bottom surface of the shower head, and the second reaction gas outlets 74 are grouped in the central portion of the bottom surface of the shower head. Therefore, when delivering the first reaction gas from the first gas outlets grouped along the outside edge of the bottom surface of the shower head, there is less backward flow of the first reaction gas into the gas outlets for the second reaction gas than there would be in the conventional interspersed shower head.
  • A third reaction gas which is reactive to the first reaction gas can be supplied together with the second reaction gas through the second reaction [0030] gas supply line 64. Here, if the second and third reaction gases do not react with each other or weakly react with each other, they can be supplied simultaneously. On the other hand, if they are reactive, they can be alternately supplied at different times.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 show the configuration of a shower head according to another embodiment of the present invention. The [0031] shower head 80 shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 is obtained by further adding a third reaction gas supply line 86 and third reaction gas outlets 98 to the shower head shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Here, third reaction gas outlets 98 are independent of first and second reaction gas outlets 72 and 74. Third reaction gas passages for connecting the third reaction gas supply line 86 to each of the third reaction gas outlets 98 are separate from the first and second reaction gas passages, such that the three reaction gases can be delivered independently of one another. Third reaction gas supply line 86 is also provided with a purge gas line 68 and valve 70.
  • In any of the shower heads of FIGS. 6 through 9, the first [0032] reaction gas outlets 72 can be extended farther downward than the second/third reaction gas outlets 74 and 98, so that the first reaction gas outlets 72 are closer to a substrate loaded in a reaction chamber. This is illustrated by reference numeral 142 in FIG. 11. This downward extension of the first reaction gas outlets further assists in preventing backward flow of the first reaction gas into the second (or third) reaction gas outlets. It is also preferable that the first reaction gas outlets 142 face the edge of a substrate or are located beyond the outside of the substrate, so that the diameter of the shower head is greater than or equal to that of the substrate.
  • A method of delivering gas according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described. FIGS. 10 through 13 conceptually illustrate processes for delivering gases according to embodiments of the present invention. [0033]
  • Referring to FIG. 10, a first reaction gas and a carrier gas come out of [0034] outlets 140 formed on the edge of a shower head and flow toward the edge of a substrate 110 loaded on a substrate holder 120 in a reaction chamber 100, as indicated by arrows B. A second reaction gas and a carrier gas come out of outlets 130 formed in the central portion of the shower head and flow toward the central portion of the substrate 110, as indicated by arrow A. In this way, a direct purging effect of a purge gas (carrier gas) on a substrate is reduced, so that a reduction in the deposition rate is prevented despite an increase in the flow rate of the purge gas. In addition, since the outlets 130 and 140 are segregated from each other, the first and second reaction gases cannot easily flow backward into outlets for the second and first reaction gases respectively, so that contamination of the interior of the shower head and gas lines is prevented.
  • Here, it is preferable that the first [0035] reaction gas outlets 140 face the outside edge of the substrate 110 or are located beyond the edge of the substrate 110 in order to prevent excessive purging of the second reaction gas adsorbed on the substrate 110. This is easily accomplished by using a shower head whose diameter is greater than or equal to the diameter of the substrate, as described above.
  • FIG. 11 conceptually shows a process for delivering a gas according to another embodiment of the present invention. The same reference numerals as those in FIG. 10 denote the same elements, so they will not be described in detail. [0036]
  • In the embodiment of FIG. 11, a mutual backward flow between the first reaction gas C and the second reaction gas A can be even more effectively prevented by using a shower head having a structure in which first [0037] reaction gas outlets 142 extend farther toward the substrate 110 than the second reaction gas outlets 130.
  • In another embodiment as shown in FIG. 12, only the second reaction gas is delivered as indicated by arrow A, and the first reaction gas is delivered laterally from [0038] gas outlets 144 located in the sides of the reaction chamber toward the substrate 110 as indicated by arrows D.
  • In still another embodiment as shown in FIG. 13, only the second reaction gas is delivered from a shower head as indicated by arrow A, and the first reaction gas is delivered upward from [0039] gas outlets 146 located at the edge of the lower portion of the reaction chamber as indicated by arrows E.
  • The first and second reaction gases in the above-described embodiments can be delivered in a PCVD method. PCVD is more fully described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/156,724 filed on Sep. 18, 1998 by a common Assignee, entitled “Method of Forming Metal Nitride Film by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Method of Forming Metal Contact of Semiconductor Device Using the Same”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/156,724, PCVD is a type of CVD where reaction gases and purge gases are alternately introduced for a predetermined amount of time in a sequence of a first reaction gas, a purge gas, a second reaction gas, and the purge gas. PCVD is similar to ALD, but PCVD significantly increases the deposition rate with both chemically-adsorbed and physically-adsorbed reaction gases remaining on a substrate, while only the chemically-adsorbed reaction gas remains on the substrate in the ALD. [0040]
  • The embodiment according to the present invention applied to the PCVD will now be described in detail. [0041]
  • First, a [0042] semiconductor wafer 110 or a wafer boat (not shown) on which a plurality of substrates are loaded is loaded into a reaction chamber 100 structured as shown in any of FIGS. 10 through 13. The temperature and pressure within the reaction chamber 100 are set to predetermined levels and stabilized.
  • Next, a valve installed on the first reaction gas supply line is opened, and a first reaction gas is thus delivered for a predetermined period of time as indicated by arrow B, C, D or E. The first reaction gas delivered toward the edge of the [0043] wafer 110 is physically or chemically adsorbed on the wafer 110. Here, a carrier gas together with the first reaction gas can be delivered for a smooth supply of the first reaction gas. An inert gas is used as the carrier gas, and can be delivered via the supply line 68 for a purge gas.
  • The valve installed on the first reaction gas supply line is closed to block the supply of the first reaction gas, and the purge gas is delivered for a predetermined period of time to purge reaction gases remaining within the shower head or the reaction chamber without being adsorbed on the [0044] wafer 110. Here, when the carrier gas is delivered together with the first reaction gas, purging is performed by blocking only the first reaction gas and continuously delivering the carrier gas, without the need to deliver a special purge gas.
  • A second reaction gas is delivered for a predetermined period of time as indicated by the arrows A. The second reaction gas delivered toward the central portion of the [0045] wafer 110 reacts with the first reaction gas adsorbed on the wafer 110 to form a desired material film. Here, an inert carrier gas can be delivered together with the second reaction gas to achieve a smooth supply of the second reaction gas.
  • A purge gas is delivered for a predetermined period of time while blocking the supply of the second reaction gas, thereby purging reaction gases or contaminating particles remaining within the shower head and the reaction chamber. Here, when a carrier gas is delivered together with the second reaction gas, the carrier gas is continuously delivered while only the second reaction gas is blocked, thereby performing a purging operation without the need to deliver a special purge gas. [0046]
  • Such a cycle of delivering the first reaction gas, purging, delivering the second reaction gas, and purging can be repeated until a material film having a desired thickness is formed. Also, the order of the first and second reaction gases to be delivered can be changed according to the property of a film desired to be formed. [0047]
  • An experimental example is provided below, wherein a material film is deposited on a substrate by a PCVD method using a gas delivery method according to the present invention. [0048]
  • In the present experimental example, a TiN film is formed on a substrate using each of the shower heads shown in FIGS. 3 and 6 to compare the effect of a conventional gas delivery method with that of a gas delivery method according to the present invention. NH[0049] 3 and TiCl4 are used as first and second reaction gases, respectively, and Ar is used as both a carrier gas and a purge gas. The process conditions and one cycle of each of the conventional gas delivery method and the gas delivery method according to the present invention are as follows.
  • 1. Conventional gas delivery method [0050]
  • temperature of substrate: 500° C. [0051]
  • pressure: 3torr [0052]
  • one cycle: [0053] NH 3 100 sccm +Ar 120 sccm (2 sec)→Ar 120 sccm (4 sec) →TiCl4 3 sccm+Ar 120 sccm (2 sec)→Ar 120 sccm (4 sec)
  • 2. Gas delivery method according to the present invention [0054]
  • temperature of substrate: 500° C. [0055]
  • pressure: 4torr [0056]
  • one cycle: [0057] NH 3 100 sccm+Ar 600 sccm (2 sec)→Ar 600 sccm (4 sec) →TiCl4 3 sccm+Ar 600 sccm (2 sec)→Ar 600 sccm (4 sec)
  • The results obtained by performing tens of cycles under the above-described conditions are shown in the following Table 1: [0058]
    method according to the
    conventional method present invention
    deposition rate ≈30 >30
    (Å/min)
    number of >8000 <50
    contamination particles
    surface resistance 150 116
    (μΩ-cm)
    uniformity (%) 14.3 8.4
    of surface resistance (standard deviation) (standard deviation)
    30 14.1
    (maximum deviation) (maximum deviation)
  • As can be seen from Table 1, although the two methods have similar deposition rates, they differ widely from each other in the number of contaminating particles formed on a substrate. That is, more than 8000 contaminating particles are observed in the conventional method, but less than 50 contaminating particles are observed in the method according to the present invention. As described above, when the flow rate of the carrier and purge gas (Ar) is increased in the conventional method, the number of contaminating particles is reduced. If the flow rate of Ar is increased to 600 sccm without a change in the other conditions in the conventional method having the above-described described conditions, the number of contaminating particles is reduced, but the deposition rate is decreased to 8 Å/min or less. This low deposition rate impedes the use of the conventional method in a mass-production method of semiconductor devices. [0059]
  • Also, it is evident that the method according to the present invention can obtain superior results compared to the conventional method not only in the deposition rate and the number of contaminating particles, but also in the surface resistance and the uniformity of the surface resistance. That is, it is preferable that a deposited TiN film in the present experimental example has a surface resistance as low as possible since it is generally used as a barrier metal layer. As can be seen from Table 1, the method according to the present invention obtains a smaller surface resistance than the surface resistance of the conventional method, and also obtains excellent results in the uniformity of the surface resistance. Here, the surface resistance was measured at 49 different places on a substrate by a four-point probe method. [0060]
  • The embodiments according to the present invention and experimental example of a method of delivering mutually-reactive first and second reaction gases have been disclosed above. The gas delivery method according to the present invention is applicable not only to a deposition process using two reaction gases but also to a deposition process using three reaction gases or more such as BST ((Ba,Sr)TiO[0061] 3) or the like. In such a deposition process using three reaction gases, reaction gases can be delivered via the shower head 80 shown in FIG. 8. Here, the reaction gas which most easily flows backward is supplied to the edge of the substrate via the first reaction gas supply line 62, and the remaining reaction gases are supplied to the central portion of the substrate via the second and third reaction gas supply lines 64 and 86. In a case when the second and third reaction gases do not mutually react with each other or weakly react with each other, the shower head 60 shown in FIG. 6 or a gas delivery system shown in FIGS. 10 through 13 can be used. That is, one reaction gas having a strong reactivity is delivered toward the edge of the substrate via the first reaction gas supply line 62 (or as indicated by arrow B, C, D or E) while the remaining second and third reaction gases are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate via the second reaction gas supply line 64 (or as indicated by arrow A). Here, the second and third reaction gases can be delivered simultaneously, or can be delivered alternately at different times.
  • According to the gas delivery method and the shower head according to the present invention as described above, in which mutually-reactive reaction gases are delivered to a substrate, one of the mutually-reactive gases is delivered toward the edge of the substrate, and the others are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate. Therefore, the deposition rate can be increased, and contaminating particles can be prevented from being produced within the shower head and a reaction chamber. [0062]
  • The present invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth above, and it is clearly understood that many variations may be made within the scope of the present invention by anyone of skill in the art. [0063]

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:
1. A gas delivery method of delivering two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases into a reaction chamber to deposit a predetermined film on a substrate seated within the reaction chamber, the method comprising:
delivering a first reaction gas toward an outer edge of the substrate; and
delivering other reaction gases toward a central portion of the substrate, wherein each of the reaction gases is delivered via an independent gas outlet to prevent the reaction gases from being mixed.
2. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined film is deposited by atomic layer deposition.
3. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the first reaction gas and the other reaction gases are alternately delivered for designated periods of time.
4. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 3, wherein each of the first reaction gas and the other reaction gases is delivered together with a carrier gas.
5. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the carrier gas is inert.
6. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the reaction chamber is purged by delivering only the carrier gas for a period of time between delivery of the first reaction gas and the other reaction gases.
7. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the other reaction gases comprise second and third reaction gases that are each reactive to the first reaction gas, and the second and third reaction gases are simultaneously delivered via a common gas outlet so as to be mixed with each other during delivery.
8. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the other reaction gases comprise second and third reaction gases that are each reactive to the first reaction gas, and the second and third reaction gases are alternately delivered via a common gas outlet at different times to prevent mixing.
9. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the other reaction gases comprise second and third reaction gases each reactive to the first reaction gas, and the second and third reaction gases are delivered via independent gas outlets, respectively, to prevent mixing of the second and third reaction gases.
10. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first reaction gas is delivered downward via gas outlets formed around an upper edge of the reaction chamber, and the other reaction gases are delivered downward via gas outlets formed on a central portion of an upper side of the reaction chamber.
11. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first reaction gas is delivered laterally via gas outlets formed on a side surface of the reaction chamber, and the other reaction gases are delivered downward via gas outlets formed on a central portion of an upper side of the reaction chamber.
12. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first reaction gas is delivered upward via gas outlets formed along an edge of a bottom surface of the reaction chamber, and the other reaction gases are delivered downward via gas outlets formed on a central portion of an upper side of the reaction chamber.
13. A gas delivery method of delivering a first reaction gas containing elements of a material to be deposited and a second reaction gas for forming the material by reacting with the first reaction gas via separate gas outlets to deposit the material on a substrate seated within a reaction chamber, the method comprising steps of:
(a) delivering the first reaction gas toward an outer edge of the substrate for a first period of time;
(b) purging the reaction chamber while blocking inflow of the first reaction gas;
(c) delivering the second reaction gas toward a central portion of the substrate for a second period of time; and
(d) purging the reaction chamber while blocking inflow of the second reaction gas.
14. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 13, wherein delivery of each of the first and second reaction gases is done together with a carrier gas in each of the steps (a) and (c) in order to smoothly supply the first and second reaction gases, and purging of the reaction chamber in each of the steps (b) and (d) is done by continuously delivering only the carrier gas while blocking the first and second reaction gases.
15. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the carrier gas is inert.
16. The gas delivery method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the steps (a) through (d) are repeated so as to deposit the material to a desired thickness.
17. A shower head installed at an upper portion of a reaction chamber in which a substrate is seated on a lower portion thereof, so as to supply two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases, the shower head comprising:
a gas supply line formed on an upper surface of the shower head for receiving a first reaction gas from a supply source of the first reaction gas;
gas supply lines formed on the upper surface of the shower head for receiving other reaction gases from respective supply sources of the other reaction gases;
a plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas formed along an outer edge of a lower surface of the shower head for discharging the first reaction gas;
a plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases formed on a central portion of the lower surface of the shower head for discharging the other reaction gases;
a gas passage formed within a body of the shower head for connecting the gas supply line for the first reaction gas to the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas; and
gas passages formed independently of the gas passage for the first reaction gas within the body of the shower head for connecting the supply lines for the other reaction gases to the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases.
18. The shower head as claimed in claim 17, wherein the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas are extended further downward toward the substrate than the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases, such that the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas are closer to the substrate than the plurality of outlets for each of the other reaction gases when the shower head is installed in the upper portion of the reaction chamber.
19. The shower head as claimed in claim 17, wherein a diameter of the edge of the bottom surface of the shower head on which the plurality of outlets for the first reaction gas are formed is greater than or equal to a diameter of the substrate.
20. The shower head as claimed in claim 17, wherein the other reaction gases comprise second and third reaction gases that are each reactive to the first reaction gas, and the gas passages for the second and third reaction gases are formed independently of each other.
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