US20040183103A1 - Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method - Google Patents
Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method Download PDFInfo
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- US20040183103A1 US20040183103A1 US10/762,156 US76215604A US2004183103A1 US 20040183103 A1 US20040183103 A1 US 20040183103A1 US 76215604 A US76215604 A US 76215604A US 2004183103 A1 US2004183103 A1 US 2004183103A1
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- function block
- signal wiring
- buffering
- integrated circuit
- semiconductor integrated
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier; including integrated passive circuit elements with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L27/04—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier; including integrated passive circuit elements with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the substrate being a semiconductor body
- H01L27/10—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier; including integrated passive circuit elements with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a repetitive configuration
- H01L27/118—Masterslice integrated circuits
- H01L27/11803—Masterslice integrated circuits using field effect technology
- H01L27/11807—CMOS gate arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/30—Circuit design
- G06F30/39—Circuit design at the physical level
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier; including integrated passive circuit elements with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L27/0203—Particular design considerations for integrated circuits
- H01L27/0207—Geometrical layout of the components, e.g. computer aided design; custom LSI, semi-custom LSI, standard cell technique
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit and the fabrication method, particularly to the semiconductor integrated circuit that comprises a function block and a global signal wiring, and the fabrication method.
- LSI large scale integrated circuit
- a circuit employed in a semiconductor integrated circuit is converted into hard macro blocks (function blocks) each corresponding to a function.
- the function blocks are then automatically arranged upon the semiconductor integrated circuit substrate, and the terminals of each function block are electrically connected to other circuits through wiring.
- This type of design is executed using a computer aided design (CAD) system.
- CAD computer aided design
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes at least an integrated circuit that employs standard cell method and an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or the like.
- a wire herein means a signal wiring having a relatively long length passing across the entire substrate, such as a data bus through which transmission/reception of a data signal is performed between function blocks or with another circuit, or an address bus through which transmission/reception of an address signal is performed.
- Such a signal wiring is typically called a global signal wiring.
- the substrate during the design phase means a virtual substrate constructed in a memory space of the CAD system, and corresponds to a real semiconductor substrate or a real semiconductor chip of an actual product (a semiconductor integrated circuit).
- the global signal wirings may pass over the function block with the above design method; however additional buffering cells may not be arranged inside the function block in accordance with the global signal wiring passing route.
- the buffering cell is a circuit (intermediate cell) that amplifies a signal (increases driving capability) to be propagated through a global signal wiring.
- basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a function block 2 upon a substrate 1 , a first buffering cell 3 a , which is arranged in the vicinity of a first side 2 a of the function block 2 , a second buffering cell 3 b 1 and a third buffering cell 3 b 2 , which is arranged in the vicinity of a second side 2 b adjacent to the first side 2 a , and a fourth buffering cell 3 c , which is arranged in the vicinity of a third side 2 c adjacent to the second side 2 b .
- the first buffering cell 3 a and the second buffering cell 3 b 1 are connected by signal wiring 4 a that bypasses the function block 2 .
- the second buffering cell 3 b 1 and the third buffering cell 3 b 2 are connected by signal wiring 4 b .
- the third buffering cell 3 b 2 and the fourth buffering cell 3 c are connected by signal wiring 4 c that bypasses the function block 2 .
- An aspect of the present invention inheres in a semiconductor integrated circuit including a function block arranged on a substrate; a first buffering cell arranged adjacent to a first side of the function block, a second buffering cell arranged adjacent to a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block; and signal wiring passing over the function block obliquely relative to the first side and the second side, connecting the first buffering cell and the second buffering cell.
- Another aspect of the present invention inheres in a semiconductor integrated circuit including a function block arranged on a substrate; a plurality of signal wirings having a length shorter than a length of a side of the function block on the substrate; a plurality of buffering cells electrically connected in series between each of the signal wirings; and a signal wiring passing obliquely across the corner between a first side and a second side of the function block, which connects the buffering cells arranged adjacent to the first side and adjacent to the second side adjacent to the first side of the function block.
- Still another aspect of the present invention inheres in a semiconductor integrated circuit including a function block arranged on a substrate; a plurality of buffering cells arranged regularly in the function block at an appointed interval; and a signal wiring extending obliquely relative to a side of the function block, which is connected between adjacent buffering cells.
- Yet still another aspect of the present invention inheres in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit, including arranging a function block on a substrate; arranging a signal wiring which passes over the function block obliquely relative to a first side and a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block; and arranging a first buffering cell connected to one end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the first side of the function block and a second buffering cell connected to another end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the second side of the function block.
- FIG. 1 Further aspect of the present invention inheres in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit, including arranging a plurality of function blocks on a substrate; extracting a first function block with minimum signal loss in the function blocks in a signal wiring route; extracting a second function block arranged near the first function block; arranging a signal wiring which passes obliquely relative to a first side and a second side adjacent to the first side of the second function block; determining whether a length of the signal wiring exceeds the signal wiring length limitation; determining whether a signal timing satisfies at least a design rule when the length of the signal wiring exceeds the signal wiring length limitation; determining whether a buffering cell can be arranged when the signal timing fails to satisfy the design rule; and arranging a first buffering cell connected to one end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the first side of the second function block and a second buffering cell connected to another end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the second side of the second function block.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit in the prior art
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a first basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a second basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a third basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a fourth basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a plane view showing an example of a layout of a structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A is a circuit diagram of a first basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7B is a plane view showing the first basic structure of the buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8A is a circuit diagram of a second basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8B is a plane view showing the second basic structure of the buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9A is a circuit diagram of a third basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9B is a plane view showing the third basic structure of the buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a fourth basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a plane view showing a first exemplary layout of a signal wiring of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a plane view showing a second exemplary layout of the signal wiring of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a plane view showing a third exemplary layout of the signal wiring of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a flowchart for explaining a fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a flowchart for explaining a substantial part of the fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a view showing schematic circuit configuration of a CAD system executing the fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic view showing a configuration of a function block of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic view showing a basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- a first basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a function block 2 arranged on a substrate 1 , a first buffering cell 3 a , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to a first side 2 a of the function block 2 , a second buffering cell 3 b , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to a second side 2 b adjacent to the first side 2 a , and a signal wiring 4 a , which passes over the function block 2 obliquely relative to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b , connecting the first buffering cell 3 a and the second buffering cell 3 b.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , the second buffering cell 3 b , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b of the function block 2 , a third buffering cell 3 c , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to a third side 2 c adjacent to the second side 2 b , and a signal wiring 4 b , which passes over the function block 2 obliquely relative to the second side 2 b and the third side 2 c , connecting the second buffering cell 3 b and the third buffering cell 3 c.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , a plurality of the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b , which have a shorter length than the length of sides 2 a through 2 d of the function block 2 , and a plurality of the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c , which are electrically connected in series between each of a plurality of the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b , and also includes at least a signal wiring 4 a , which connects the buffering cells 3 a and 3 b arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b adjacent to this first side 2 a of the function block 2 , and passes obliquely across the corner between the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b of the function block 2 .
- the arrangement structure for each of the function block 2 , the buffering cells 3 b and 3 c , and the signal wiring 4 b is also the same.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment herein is a semiconductor integrated circuit that employs standard cell method and ASIC or the like, which are designed using a CAD system.
- the photo masks are made based on this design data, and a semiconductor integrated circuit is fabricated as an actual product by a semiconductor fabrication process using these photo masks.
- the substrate 1 is a semiconductor substrate (semiconductor chip) of, for example, a silicon single crystal or a compound semiconductor with an actual product.
- the substrate 1 is a virtual substrate that is constructed in a memory space of the CAD system during the design phase.
- the function block 2 is a circuit block having one or a plurality of specific functions, a logic function, a calculation function, a memory function or the like, and is a mega cell, a macro cell, a mega block, a macro block or the like.
- the function block 2 in the CAD system design, is stored in a database as a piece of parts data, and can be freely arranged and rearranged on the substrate. More concretely, a central processing unit (CPU), read only memory (ROM) or random access memory (RAM) or the like corresponds to the function block 2 .
- CPU central processing unit
- ROM read only memory
- RAM random access memory
- intra-block wirings 4 ⁇ and 4 y are typically arranged inside the function block 2 and other circuit blocks, but are not limited to being arranged only in this region.
- the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y are used to connect semiconductor devices such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes that configure the function block 2 , and may also connect circuits configured with semiconductor devices, and may further be used as power supply wiring, which supply power to the semiconductor devices and circuits.
- the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y are allocated to several layers from the bottom layer upward on the substrate 1 side.
- the intra-block wiring 4 x is allocated to the first wiring layer (and/or the third wiring layer) extending in an X direction substantially parallel to the second side 2 b and the fourth side 2 d of the function block 2 .
- the intra-block wiring 4 y is allocated to the second wiring layer (and/or the fourth wiring layer) extending in a Y direction substantially parallel to the first side 2 a and the third side 2 c of the function block 2 .
- the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y are electrically connected by connecting-hole interconnects such as through-hole interconnects or via interconnects not shown in the drawings.
- the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y are made of, for example, a low resistant wiring material such as aluminum (Al), an aluminum alloy (Al—Si, Al—Cu, Al—Cu—Si or the like), copper (Cu), or a copper alloy. It should be noted that the intra-block wiring 4 x is exemplary ‘first signal wiring’ according to the present embodiment, and the intra-block wiring 4 y is exemplary ‘second signal wirings’ according to the present embodiment.
- the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b are arranged across the entire substrate, and are part of the signal wiring that passes over the function block 2 as the long global signal wiring. Signals to be propagated through the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b are important for providing circuit operation timing for data signals and address signals in the entire semiconductor integrated circuit.
- the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b being arranged in, for example, the third wiring layer (or the fifth wiring layer), which is a layer higher than the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y , is practical for passing obliquely over the function block 2 .
- the signal wiring 4 a may be arranged in the third wiring layer (or the fifth wiring layer), and the signal wiring 4 b may be arranged in the fourth wiring layer (or the sixth wiring layer). Moreover, the signal wiring 4 a may be arranged in the fourth wiring layer (or the sixth wiring layer), and the signal wiring 4 b may be arranged in the third wiring layer (or the fifth wiring layer).
- the wiring material for the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b is the same as that for the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y , for example. It should be noted that the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b are exemplary ‘signal wiring’ according to the present embodiment.
- an angle ⁇ 1 of the signal wiring 4 a relative to the second side 2 b of the function block 2 or the intra-block wiring 4 x extending direction is set to 45 degrees.
- Obliquely arranging the signal wiring 4 a as a signal wiring as such allows the signal wiring 4 a length to be shortened to approximately 1/ ⁇ square root ⁇ square root over (2) ⁇ rather than when bypassing along the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b as indicated by a dotted wiring in FIG. 2.
- an angle ⁇ 2 of the signal wiring 4 b relative to the second side 2 b of the function block 2 or the intra-block wirings 4 x extending direction is set to 45 degrees.
- the signal wiring 4 b may also have its length shortened to approximately 1/ ⁇ square root ⁇ square root over (2) ⁇ .
- the wiring length that the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c can drive has a limit. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange at least two buffering cells in between the buffering cell 3 a and the buffering cell 3 c , when the wiring length that the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c can drive is larger than 2 times of the sum of length in the case of the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b bypassing the circuit block 2 .
- the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b are oblique wiring, the sum of wiring length of the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b is shortened, and as a result, the number of buffering cell can be reduced.
- an insertion pitch for the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c to be electrically inserted in series for every constant wiring length may also be shortened to approximately 1/ ⁇ square root ⁇ fraction (2) ⁇ along with the shortening of the lengths of the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b .
- the lengths of the respective signal wirings 4 a and 4 b become equivalent to the insertion pitch for the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c .
- the lengths of the respective signal wirings 4 a and 4 b may be set to 2 mm
- the insertion pitch for the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c may be set to 2 mm.
- the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c are arranged outside of the function block 2 .
- Basic cells not shown in the drawing that can configure a specific basic circuit such as an inverter circuit or a NAND circuit are arranged outside of this function block 2 in the design phase of the CAD system, and the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c are configured with those basic cells.
- the detailed structure of the buffering cells 3 a to 3 c is described later.
- the buffering cells 3 a and 3 b are arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the adjacent first side 2 a and the second side 2 b of the function block 2 , respectively, and the signal wiring 4 a , which is connected to these buffering cells 3 a and 3 b so as to pass obliquely over the function block 2 , is arranged; thus, the wiring length of the signal wiring 4 a may be shortened, and the wiring capacitance may be reduced. Moreover, the driving capability of the buffering cell 3 a may be relatively increased as the wiring capacitance reduces.
- the buffering cells 3 b and 3 c are arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the adjacent second side 2 b and the third side 2 c of the function block 2 , respectively, and the signal wiring 4 b , which is connected to these buffering cells 3 b and 3 c so as to pass obliquely over the function block 2 , is arranged; thus, the wiring length of the signal wiring 4 b may be shortened, and the wiring capacitance may be reduced. Moreover, the driving capability of the buffering cell 3 b may be relatively increased as the wiring capacitance reduces. Accordingly, since the global signal wiring that bypasses the function block 2 may be reduced, and signal delay may be prevented, a semiconductor integrated circuit with excellent operating capability that is optimum for high integration can be obtained.
- both the angle ⁇ 1 of the signal wiring 4 a and the angle ⁇ 2 of the signal wiring 4 b are set to 45 degrees and those signal wirings pass over the function block 2 , however, the present embodiment is not limited to this angle.
- the present embodiment may set the angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 to 30 degrees or 60 degrees, for example.
- the angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 may be appropriately selected considering that they are manageable angles in the CAD system, the sufficient fabrication process yield of the semiconductor integrated circuit can be ensured, and such above-mentioned sufficient results can be obtained.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , the first buffering cell 3 a , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the first side 2 a of the function block 2 , the second buffering cell 3 b , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b adjacent to the first side 2 a , and the signal wiring 4 a , which passes obliquely over the function block 2 relative to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b , connecting the first buffering cell 3 a and the second buffering cell 3 b.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , the third buffering cell 3 c , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b of the function block 2 , a fourth buffering cell 3 d , which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the third side 2 c adjacent to the second side 2 b , and a signal wiring 4 c , which passes obliquely over the function block 2 relative to the second side 2 b and the third side 2 c , connecting the third buffering cell 3 c and the fourth buffering cell 3 d.
- the function block 2 with the second basic structure has either a larger planar size than that of the function block 2 with the first basic structure, or an oblong planar form with the second side 2 b longer than the first side 2 a .
- the function block 2 having at least the second side 2 b sufficiently longer than the length of each of the signal wirings 4 a to 4 c , which are global signal wirings, is arranged in the semiconductor integrated circuit.
- the signal wiring 4 a which is the same as signal wiring 4 a with the first basic structure
- the signal wiring 4 c which is the same as signal wiring 4 b with the first basic structure
- the signal wiring 4 b is arranged outside of the function block 2 substantially parallel to the second side 2 b
- the signal wiring 4 b connects the buffering cells 3 b and 3 c , which are arranged along the second side 2 b apart from each other.
- each of the signal wirings 4 a , 4 b and 4 c may be arranged in a separate wiring layer.
- arranging the signal wirings 4 a and 4 c in the same wiring layer, and the signal wiring 4 b in a separate wiring layer from the signal wirings 4 a and 4 c is also possible.
- a third basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment is for describing an example where the signal wirings 4 a and 4 b with the first basic structure are bus signal wiring.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , first buffering cells 30 a to 32 a , which are arranged in the vicinity of the first side 2 a of the function block 2 , second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b , which are arranged in the vicinity of the second side 2 b adjacent to the first side 2 a , and signal wirings 40 a to 42 a , which pass obliquely over the function block 2 relative to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b , connecting the first buffering cells 30 a to 32 a and the second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b , respectively.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , the second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b , which are arranged in the vicinity of the second side 2 b of the function block 2 , third buffering cells 30 c to 32 c , which are arranged in the vicinity of the third side 2 c adjacent to the second side 2 b , and signal wirings 40 b to 42 b , which pass obliquely over the function block 2 relative to the second side 2 b and the third side 2 c , connecting the second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b and the third buffering cells 30 c to 32 c , respectively.
- the planar shape of the function block 2 with the third basic structure is the same shape as that of the function block 2 with the first basic structure.
- Part of the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and 40 b to 42 b of the global signal wirings such as data buses and address buses pass over the function block 2 .
- the fourth basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment is for describing an example where the second and third basic structures are combined.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , the first buffering cells 30 a to 32 a , which are arranged in the vicinity of the first side 2 a of the function block 2 , the second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b , which are arranged in the vicinity of the second side 2 b adjacent to the first side 2 a , and the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a , which pass obliquely over the function block 2 relative to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b , connecting the first buffering cells 30 a to 32 a and the second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b , respectively.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the function block 2 upon the substrate 1 , the third buffering cells 30 c to 32 c , which are arranged in the vicinity of the second side 2 b of the function block 2 , fourth buffering cells 30 d to 32 d , which are arranged in the vicinity of the third side 2 c adjacent to the second side 2 b , and signal wirings 40 c to 42 c , which pass obliquely over the function block 2 relative to the second side 2 b and the third side 2 c , connecting the third buffering cells 30 c to 32 c and the fourth buffering cells 30 d to 32 d , respectively.
- the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and 40 c to 42 c are bus signal wirings and are global signal wirings like the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and 40 b to 42 b with the third basic structure.
- the function block 2 with the fourth basic structure has either a large planar size or an oblong planar shape in the same way as the function block 2 with the aforementioned second basic structure.
- the signal wirings 40 b to 42 b are arranged outside of the function block 2 substantially parallel along the second side 2 b thereof. Furthermore, on the outside of the function block 2 , the signal wirings 40 b to 42 b connect the buffering cells 30 b to 32 b and 30 c to 32 c arranged along the second side 2 b apart from each other, respectively.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit is one that employs standard cell method.
- a semiconductor integrated circuit 10 includes a substrate 1 , a plurality of input/output buffering cells 5 , which are aligned along each side of the surrounding areas upon the substrate 1 , and function blocks 20 to 22 and random logic rows 6 , which are arranged in the central area upon the substrate 1 .
- the input/output buffering cells 5 are interface circuits between the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 interior and the exterior thereof.
- the input/output buffering cells 5 comprise a plurality of semiconductor devices that can configure input interface circuits, output interface circuits, input/output interface circuits and the like (a layout structure thereof is not shown in the drawing.)
- the input/output buffering cells 5 comprise semiconductor devices including at least transistors, resistors, and capacitors and the like that can configure input protection circuits and output protection circuits and the like.
- the input/output buffering cells 5 comprise external terminals (bonding pads) not shown in the drawing.
- the function blocks 20 to 22 have a function equivalent to that of the function block 2 of the above-mentioned semiconductor integrated circuit described in the first basic structure, and correspond to mega cells or the like.
- the random logic rows 6 are configured with a plurality of basic cells evenly aligned in the X direction. Each of these basic cells is arranged between wiring areas in the Y direction. Each basic cell includes a plurality of semiconductor devices that can configure logic circuits such as an inverter circuit or a NAND circuit by reconfiguring the intra-block wirings 4 x and 4 y.
- the buffering cell 3 with the first basic structure is configured by two-step structure inverter circuits 301 and 302 , which are electrically connected in series between a signal input terminal S 1 and a signal output terminal S 2 .
- the inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S 1 .
- This inverter circuit 301 is configured with an n-channel insulated gate field-effect transistor (hereafter, simply referred to as IGFET) Q 11 and a p-channel IGFET Q 21 , which form a complementary IGFET structure.
- IGFET n-channel insulated gate field-effect transistor
- the IGFET denotes at least a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and a metal insulator semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET).
- the n-channel IGFET Q 11 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , the source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and the drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 .
- the reference power supply V ss is a ground potential, for example 0V, for the circuit.
- the p-channel IGFET Q 21 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and the source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the operating power supply V dd is an operating voltage, for example 1.7V to 3.3 V, for the circuit.
- the inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit (a following circuit) connected directly to the signal input terminal S 2 .
- This inverter circuit 302 is a complementary IGFET including an n-channel IGFET Q 12 and a p-channel IGFET Q 22 as with the inverter circuit 301 .
- the n-channel IGFET Q 12 has a gate electrode connected to the drain electrode of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 , the source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and the drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q 22 .
- the p-channel IGFET Q 22 has a gate electrode connected to the drain electrode of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 , and the source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 12 and the p-channel IGFET Q 22 are connected to the signal output terminal S 2 .
- the aforementioned buffering cells 3 are configured with, for example, the basic cells of the random logic rows 6 shown in FIG. 6.
- the inverter circuit 301 to configure the buffering cell 3 is described, and since the device structure of the inverter circuit 302 is the same as that of the inverter circuit 301 , description thereof is omitted.
- the n-channel IGFET Q 11 of the inverter circuit 301 is arranged in a p-well region 101 formed in the substrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by an isolation insulating film 111 .
- the n-channel IGFET Q 11 includes the p-well region 101 , which is used as an active region, a gate insulator (not shown in the drawing) arranged on this p-well region 101 , a gate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 113 , which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of the gate electrode 112 .
- a single layer film made from either a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride film or an oxynitride film, or a compound film thereof may be practically used as the gate insulator.
- a single layer film made from either a silicon polycrystalwiring film, a refractory metal film, or a refractory metal silicide film, or a compound film layered with a refractory metal film, or a refractory metal silicide film upon a silicon polycrystalwiring film may be practically used as the gate electrode 112 .
- a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure may be practically used for the n-type semiconductor region 113 .
- the p-channel IGFET Q 21 is arranged in an n-well region 102 formed in the substrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by the isolation insulating film 111 .
- the n-channel IGFET Q 21 includes the n-well region 102 , which is used as an active region, a gate insulator not shown in the drawing arranged on this n-well region 102 , a gate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of p-type semiconductor regions 114 , which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of the gate electrode 112 .
- the practical materials for the gate insulator and the gate electrode and the practical structure of the p-type semiconductor region 114 are the same as with the n-channel IGGET Q 11 .
- an intra-cell power supply wiring (V ss ) 401 and an intra-cell operating power supply wiring (V dd ) 402 are arranged extending in the X direction.
- the intra-cell power supply wiring (V ss ) 401 is connected to the n-type semiconductor region (source region) 113 of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 through an intra-cell wiring 403 .
- the intra-cell operating power supply wiring 402 is connected to the p-type semiconductor region (source region) 114 of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 through an intra-cell wiring 403 .
- the gate electrodes 112 of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 are connected, respectively, to the signal input terminal S 1 through an intra-cell wiring 403 , and the drain region is connected to the subsequent circuit 302 .
- the intra-cell power supply wiring 401 , the intra-cell operating power supply wiring 402 and the intra-cell wirings 403 are arranged in the first wiring layer and are made of, for example, an aluminum alloy (Al—Si, Al—Cu, Al—Cu—Si or the like).
- a buffering cell 3 with a second basic structure is one with double the driving capability of the buffering cell 3 with the first basic structure.
- the buffering cell 3 with the second basic structure is configured by two-step structure inverter circuits 301 and 302 , which are electrically connected in series between the signal input terminal S 1 and the signal output terminal S 2 .
- the inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S 1 .
- This inverter circuit 301 has a two-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 12 and the p-channel IGFET Q 22 are electrically connected, respectively.
- Each of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and Q 12 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , the source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and the drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 .
- Each of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and the source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit connected directly to the signal output terminal S 2 .
- This inverter circuit 302 similar to the inverter circuit 301 , has a two-step structure where the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q 13 and a p-channel IGFET Q 23 and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q 14 and a p-channel IGFET Q 24 are electrically connected, respectively.
- Each of the n-channel IGFET Q 13 and Q 14 has a gate electrode connected to the inverter circuit 301 (the drain electrodes of IGFET Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 21 , and Q 22 ), a source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrodes of the p-channel IGFET Q 23 and Q 24 .
- Each of the p-channel IGFET Q 23 and Q 24 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 13 and Q 14 and the p-channel IGFET Q 23 and Q 24 are connected to the signal output terminal S 2 .
- the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and Q 12 of the inverter circuit 301 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other.
- the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and Q 12 are both arranged in the p-well region 101 formed in the substrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by the isolation insulating film 111 .
- each of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and Q 12 includes the p-well region 101 , which is used as an active region, a gate insulator (not shown in the drawing) arranged on this p-well region 101 , a gate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 113 , which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of the gate electrode 112 .
- the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other.
- the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 are both arranged in the n-well region 102 formed in the substrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by the isolation insulating film 111 .
- each of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 includes the n-well region 102 , which is used as an active region, a gate insulator (not shown in the drawing) arranged on this n-well region 102 , a gate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 114 , which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of the gate electrode 112 .
- the practical materials for the gate insulator and gate electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and Q 12 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 , as well as the practical structure of the n-type semiconductor region 113 and the p-type semiconductor region 114 are the same as for the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 with the first basic structure.
- the intra-cell power supply wiring 401 , the intra-cell operating power supply wiring 402 and the intra-cell wirings 403 are similar to the intra-cell reference power supply wiring 401 with the first basic structure, only differing in their wire connection patterns.
- a buffering cell 3 with a third basic structure is one with triple the driving capability of the buffering cell 3 with the first basic structure.
- the buffering cell 3 with the third basic structure is configured by the two-step structure inverter circuits 301 and 302 , which are electrically connected in series between the signal input terminal S 1 and the signal output terminal S 2 .
- the inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S 1 , and basically has the same structure as the inverter circuit 301 of the buffering cell 3 with the second basic structure. Namely, the inverter circuit 301 has a two-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 12 and the p-channel IGFET Q 22 are electrically connected, respectively.
- Each of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and Q 12 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , a source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 .
- Each of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 and Q 22 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit connected directly to the signal output terminal S 2 .
- This inverter circuit 302 has a three-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 113 and the p-channel IGFET Q 23 , the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 14 and the p-channel IGFET Q 24 , and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q 15 and a p-channel IGFET Q 25 are electrically connected, respectively.
- Each of the n-channel IGFET Q 13 , Q 14 and Q 15 has a gate electrode connected to the inverter circuit 301 (the drain electrode of IGFET Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 21 , and Q 22 ), a source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q 23 and Q 24 .
- Each of the p-channel IGFET Q 23 , Q 24 and Q 25 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 13 to Q 15 and the p-channel IGFET Q 23 to Q 25 are connected to the signal output terminal S 2 .
- inverter circuit 301 of the buffering cell 3 is the same as that of the inverter circuits 301 and 302 of the buffering cell 3 with the second basic structure, and thus only the inverter circuit 302 of the buffering cell 3 is described here, and description of the inverter circuit 301 is omitted.
- the n-channel IGFET Q 13 , Q 14 and Q 15 of the inverter circuit 302 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other.
- the n-channel IGFET Q 13 , Q 14 and Q 15 are all arranged in the p-well region 101 formed in the substrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by the isolation insulating film 111 .
- the n-channel IGFET Q 13 , Q 14 and Q 15 include the p-well region 101 , which is used as an active region, a gate insulator not shown in the drawing arranged on this p-well region 1 , a gate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 113 , which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of the gate electrode 112 .
- the p-channel IGFET Q 23 , Q 24 and Q 25 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, and the n-channel IGFET Q 13 , Q 14 and Q 15 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other, respectively.
- the p-channel IGFET Q 23 , Q 24 and Q 25 are all arranged in the n-well region 102 formed in the substrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by the isolation insulating film 111 .
- the p-channel IGFET Q 23 , Q 24 and Q 25 include the n-well region 102 , which is used as an active region, a gate insulator not shown in the drawing arranged on this p-well region 1 , a gate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of p-type semiconductor regions 113 , which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of the gate electrode 112 .
- the practical materials for the gate insulator and gate electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 13 , Q 14 and Q 15 and the p-channel IGFET Q 23 , Q 24 and Q 25 , as well as the practical structure of the n-type semiconductor region 113 and the p-type semiconductor region 114 are the same as with the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 having the first basic structure.
- the intra-cell power supply wiring (V ss ) 401 , the intra-cell operating power supply wiring (V dd ) 402 and the intra-cell wirings 403 are similar to intra-cell reference power supply wiring 401 with the first basic structure only differing in their wire connection patterns.
- a buffering cell 3 with a fourth basic structure has triple the driving capabilities of both the inverter circuits 301 and 302 in the buffering cell 3 with the first basic structure.
- the buffering cell 3 with the fourth basic structure, as shown in FIG. 10, is configured by the two-step structure inverter circuits 301 and 302 , which are electrically connected in series between the signal input terminal S 1 and the signal output terminal S 2 .
- the inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S 1 , and basically has the same structure as the inverter circuit 302 of the buffering cell 3 with the third basic structure. Namely, the inverter circuit 301 has a three-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 and the p-channel IGFET Q 21 , the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 12 and the p-channel IGFET Q 22 , and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q 13 and a p-channel IGFET Q 23 are electrically connected, respectively.
- Each of the n-channel IGFET Q 11 , Q 12 and Q 13 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , a source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrodes of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 , Q 22 and Q 23 .
- Each of the p-channel IGFET Q 21 , Q 22 and Q 23 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S 2 , and basically has the same structure as the inverter circuit 302 of the buffering cell 3 with the third basic structure.
- the inverter circuit 302 has a three-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 14 and the p-channel IGFET Q 24 , the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 15 and the p-channel IGFET Q 25 , and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q 16 and a p-channel IGFET Q 26 are electrically connected, respectively.
- Each of the n-channel IGFET Q 14 , Q 15 and Q 16 has a gate electrode connected to the inverter circuit 301 (the drain electrode of IGFET Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 13 , Q 21 , Q 22 and Q 23 ), a source electrode connected to a reference power supply V ss , and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrodes of the p-channel IGFET Q 24 , Q 25 and Q 26 .
- Each of the p-channel IGFET Q 24 , Q 25 and Q 26 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S 1 , and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply V dd .
- the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q 14 to Q 16 and the p-channel IGFET Q 24 to Q 26 are connected to the signal output terminal S 2 .
- the basic structure of inverter circuits 301 and 302 of the buffering cell 3 is the same as that of the inverter circuit 302 of the buffering cell 3 with the third basic structure, and thus description of the device structure thereof is omitted.
- the structure of the buffering cell 3 can be appropriately modified.
- at least the inverter circuit 302 of the buffering cell 3 can be configured by a four- or more step structure.
- at least the IGFET Q gate width of the final output phase of the inverter circuit 302 may be longer than the other IGFET Q gate width.
- FIG. 11 a first exemplary layout of global signal wirings in a semiconductor integrated circuit 10 is shown in FIG. 11.
- an example of two global signal wirings 4 A and 4 B being conveniently arranged is described.
- the function blocks 23 and 24 are arranged upon the substrate 1 of the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 .
- the global signal wiring 4 A which extends from an input/output buffering cell 5 A arranged on the left side of the substrate 1 , passes obliquely over the function block 23 , and extends across an extensive range until reaching close to the right side of the substrate 1 .
- a part of a signal wiring 4 a of the global signal wiring 4 A passing over the function block 23 is arranged obliquely relative to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b of the function block 23 .
- a buffering cell 3 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the first side 2 a of the function block 23 , and a buffering cell 3 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b .
- One end of the signal wiring 4 a is electrically connected to the buffering cell 3 a , and the other end is electrically connected to the buffering cell 3 b.
- the global signal wiring 4 B which extends from an input/output buffering cell 5 B arranged on the left side of the substrate 1 , passes over the function block 24 at an angle, and extends across an extensive range until reaching close to the right side of the substrate 1 .
- a part of the signal wiring 4 a of the global signal wiring 4 B passing over the function block 24 is arranged obliquely relative to the first side 2 a and the second side 2 b of the function block 24 .
- a buffering cell 3 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the first side 2 a of the function block 24
- a buffering cell 3 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b .
- One end of the signal wiring 4 a is electrically connected to the buffering cell 3 a , and the other end is electrically connected to the buffering cell 3 b.
- the wiring length of the global signal wirings 4 A and 4 B can be shortened, and the wiring capacitance can be reduced due to the signal wiring 4 a passing over the function blocks 23 and 24 .
- the number of necessary buffering cells can be reduced in the global signal wiring 4 A by shortening the wiring length of global signal wiring 4 A.
- the number of necessary buffering cells can be reduced in the global signal wiring 4 B by shortening the wiring length of global signal wiring 4 B.
- structure of buffering cell 3 can be optimized depending on wiring capacitance, and electricity composed and an area of a buffering cell can be reduced.
- the driving capability of the buffering cell 3 a may be relatively increased as the wiring capacitance reduces. Accordingly, since the frequency of the global signal wiring 4 A bypassing the function block 23 may be reduced, the frequency of the global signal wiring 4 B bypassing the function block 24 may be reduced, and signal delay may be prevented, the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 with excellent operating capability that is optimum for high integration can be provided.
- FIG. 12 a second exemplary layout of global signal wiring in the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 is shown in FIG. 12.
- the second layout is one for describing an example that moderates or disperses signal wiring hotspots between function blocks.
- a ‘hotspot’ is an area where signal wiring is crowded. It should be noted that the second layout is not limited to only global signal wiring, and may be applied to the layout for signal wiring and power supply wiring arranged between function blocks.
- a function block 25 is arranged at the lower left of the substrate 1 , a function block 26 is arranged at the upper left, a function block 27 is arranged at the upper right, and a function block 28 is arranged at the lower right. It should be noted that the case of four function blocks 25 to 28 being conveniently arranged is described; however, the number of function blocks to be arranged is not limited thereto.
- the function block 25 outputs a predetermined signal to the function block 27 , which is arranged at the upper right as viewed from the function block 25 , through signal wirings 4 C and 4 D.
- the signal wiring 4 C extends from the function block 25 to the right side (X direction), passes obliquely over the function block 28 , which is arranged on the right side as viewed from the function block 25 , and then extends to the upper side (Y direction), connecting to the function block 27 .
- a buffering cell 30 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the first side 2 a of the function block 28
- a buffering cell 30 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b .
- One end of the signal wiring 40 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 C and passes over the function block 28 , is connected to the buffering cell 30 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 30 b .
- the signal wiring 4 D extends from the function block 25 to the right side, passes obliquely over the function block 28 , and extends to the upper side, connecting to the function block 27 .
- a buffering cell 31 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the first side 2 a of the function block 28
- a buffering cell 31 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to the second side 2 b .
- One end of the signal wiring 41 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 D and passes over the function block 28 , is connected to the buffering cell 31 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 31 b.
- the function block 27 outputs a predetermined signal to the function block 25 through signal wirings 4 E, 4 F, 4 G and 4 H.
- the signal wirings 4 E and 4 F pass between the four function blocks 25 to 28 , namely hotspots that easily become congested with signal wiring.
- the signal wiring 4 G extends from the function block 27 to the left side (X direction), passes obliquely over the function block 26 , which is arranged on the left side as viewed from the function block 27 , and then extends to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to the function block 25 .
- a buffering cell 30 a is arranged in the vicinity of the third side 2 c of the function block 26
- a buffering cell 30 b is arranged in the vicinity of the fourth side 2 d .
- One end of the signal wiring 40 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 G and which passes over the function block 26 , is connected to the buffering cell 30 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 30 b .
- the signal wiring 4 H extends from the function block 27 to the left side, passes obliquely over the function block 26 , and then extends to the lower side, connecting to the function block 25 .
- a buffering cell 31 a is arranged in the vicinity of the third side 2 c of the function block 28
- a buffering cell 31 b is arranged in the vicinity of the fourth side 2 d .
- the signal wiring 41 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 H and passes over the function block 26 , is connected to one end of the buffering cell 31 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 31 b.
- the function block 25 and the function block 26 which is arranged on the upper side as viewed from the function block 25 , are directly connected through signal wirings 41 and 4 J.
- a buffering cell 3 need not be arranged in between the signal wirings 41 and 4 J.
- the function block 26 outputs a predetermined signal to the function block 28 , which is arranged at the lower right as viewed from the function block 26 , through signal wirings 4 K, 4 L and 4 M.
- the signal wiring 4 K extends from the function block 26 to the right side (X direction), passes obliquely over the function block 27 , which is arranged on the right side as viewed from the function block 26 , and then extends to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to the function block 28 .
- a buffering cell 30 a is arranged in the vicinity of the first side 2 a of the function block 27
- a buffering cell 30 b is arranged in the vicinity of the fourth side 2 d .
- One end of the signal wiring 40 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 K and passes over the function block 27 , is connected to the buffering cell 30 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 30 b .
- the signal wiring 4 L extends from the function block 26 to the right side, passes obliquely over the function block 27 , and then extends to the lower side, connecting to the function block 28 .
- a buffering cell 31 a is arranged in the vicinity of the first side 2 a of the function block 27
- a buffering cell 31 b is arranged in the vicinity of the fourth side 2 d .
- One end of the signal wiring 41 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 L and passes over the function block 27 , is connected to the buffering cell 31 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 31 b .
- the signal wiring 4 M extends from the function block 26 to the right side, passes obliquely over the function block 27 , and then extends to the lower side, connecting to the function block 28 .
- a buffering cell 32 a is arranged in the vicinity of the first side 2 a of the function block 27 , and a buffering cell 32 b is arranged in the vicinity of the fourth side 2 d .
- One end of the signal wiring 42 a which is a part of the signal wiring 4 M and passes over the function block 27 , is connected to the buffering cell 32 a , and the other end is connected to the buffering cell 32 b.
- the signal wirings 40 a and 41 a which are part of the signal wirings 4 C and 4 D, respectively, pass obliquely over the function block 28
- the signal wirings 40 a and 41 a which are part of the signal wirings 4 G and 4 H, respectively, pass obliquely over the function block 26
- the signal wirings 40 a , 41 a and 42 a which are part of the signal wirings 4 K, 4 L and 4 M, respectively, pass obliquely over the function block 27 , allowing reduction or dispersion of signal wiring hotspots between function blocks.
- bypassing signal wirings which are routed around the perimeter of the function blocks 25 to 28 , while dispersing hotspots is possible, thereby allowing control of signal transmission delay and implementation of high-speed circuit operation.
- buffering cell numerical reduction is possible by reducing the length of the bypassing signal wiring. Electricity consumption and an area of a buffering cell can be reduced because a structure of a buffering cell can be optimized according to the decrease in wiring capacitance.
- arrangement regions for the signal wirings may be utilized effectively due to the dispersion of the hotspots, thereby improving integration.
- FIG. 13 a third exemplary layout of global signal wirings in the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 is shown in FIG. 13.
- the third layout is one for describing an example that has various global signal wirings pass obliquely over a single function block as long as the wiring length limitation allows. It should be noted that the third layout, as with the second layout, is not limited to only global signal wiring, and may be applied to a layout for signal wiring and power supply wiring arranged between function blocks.
- a function block 2 is arranged in the upper left corner upon the substrate 1 , and input/output buffering cells 5 are arranged along the first side (left side) 2 a and the second side (upper side) 2 b of the function block 2 .
- Signal wirings 4 O and 4 P which extend to the lower side, pass obliquely over the function block 2 from upper left to lower right, and then extend to the right side, are connected to an input/output buffering cell 5 C arranged on the upper side. Since the driving capability of the output circuit of the input/output buffering cell 5 C is typically higher than that of the output of a logic circuit in the function block 2 not shown in the drawing, a buffering cell 3 is not particularly necessary near the second side 2 b of the function block 2 when passing over the function block 2 directly from the input/output buffering cell 5 C.
- the signal wiring 40 a of the signal wiring 40 that passes over the function block 2 is arranged obliquely from the second side 2 b towards the third side 2 c , connecting to the buffering cell 30 a .
- the signal wiring 41 a of the signal wiring 4 P that passes over the function block 2 is arranged obliquely from the second side 2 b towards the third side 2 c , connecting to the buffering cell 31 a.
- signal wirings 4 Q, 4 R and 4 S which extend to the right side, pass obliquely over the same function block 2 from upper left to lower right, and then extend to the lower side, are connected to an input/output buffering cell 5 D arranged on the left side.
- a buffering cell 3 is not particularly necessary near the first side 2 a of the function block 2 .
- the signal wiring 40 a of the signal wiring 4 Q that passes over the function block 2 is arranged obliquely from the first side 2 a towards the fourth side 2 d , connecting to the buffering cell 30 a .
- the signal wiring 41 a of the signal wiring 4 R that passes over the function block 2 is arranged obliquely from the first side 2 a towards the fourth side 2 d , connecting to the buffering cell 31 a .
- the signal wiring 42 a of the signal wiring 4 S that passes over the function block 2 is arranged obliquely from the first side 2 a towards the fourth side 2 d , connecting to the buffering cell 32 a.
- a signal wiring (or global signal wiring) 4 T extends towards the right side from an input/output buffering cell 5 F arranged on the upper side
- a signal wiring (or global signal wiring) 4 U extends toward the lower side from an input/output buffering cell 5 E arranged on the left side.
- These signal wirings 4 T and 4 U are orthogonal wirings, but however do not pass obliquely over the function block 2 so as to satisfy the constraint for the wiring length.
- the same results as with the second layout may be obtained, as well as arranging multiple types of global signal wirings including the signal wirings 40 and 4 P, which pass obliquely over the upper right corner of the function block 2 , and the signal wirings 4 Q, 4 R, and 4 S, which pass obliquely over the lower left corner.
- FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 An example of a fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 , particularly a fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 , which includes a global signal wiring fabrication method using a CAD system, is described referencing the flowcharts shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, and a configuration of the CAD system shown in FIG. 16.
- the CAD system shown in FIG. 16 includes a CPU 500 , a database unit 600 , a main memory unit 700 , an input unit 810 , and an output unit 820 .
- the CPU 500 includes an input data module 501 , a circuit arrangement module 502 , a clock signal wiring module 503 , a power supply wiring module 504 , a global wiring module 505 , a block extraction module 506 , an evaluation module 507 , a buffering cell module 508 , and an inspection module 509 .
- the input data module 501 creates input files by reading out necessary data from the database unit 600 and the main memory unit 700 in order for the CAD system to make a photo mask (reticle).
- the circuit arrangement module 502 arranges function blocks and the like based on the input file information.
- the clock signal wiring module 503 arranges clock signal wiring.
- the power supply wiring module 504 arranges power supply wiring.
- the global wiring module 505 arranges global signal wiring.
- the block extraction module 506 extracts circuit blocks existing along a global signal wiring route.
- the evaluation module 507 evaluates the global signal wiring based on a predetermined design rule.
- the buffering cell module 508 determines whether or not to arrange a buffering cell along a global signal wiring route.
- the inspection module 509 inspects electrical characteristics of global signal wiring.
- the database unit 600 includes a parts data memory domain 601 and a design rule memory domain 602 .
- the parts data memory domain 601 stores parts data information for circuit blocks and the like.
- the design rule memory domain 602 stores predetermined design rules for circuit arrangement and wiring.
- the main memory unit 700 includes a circuit data memory domain 701 , an arrangement data memory domain 702 , and a mask data memory domain 703 .
- the circuit data memory domain 701 stores information for designing semiconductor integrated circuits.
- the arrangement data memory domain 702 stores arrangement information for semiconductor integrated circuit being designed.
- the mask data memory domain 703 stores information for circuit arrangements and wiring and the like generated by the CAD system.
- the circuit arrangement module 502 reads circuit information stored in the arrangement data memory domain 702 , arranging a function block 2 upon the substrate 1 (see the layout for the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 shown in FIG. 6).
- a function block includes at least a mega cell, as mentioned earlier.
- the circuit arrangement module 502 uses as the random logic rows 6 a region in which the function block 2 is not arranged upon the substrate 1 , arranging a logic circuit in these random logic rows 6 (S 12 ).
- the clock signal wiring module 503 reads out the circuit information stored in the arrangement data memory domain 702 , arranging a clock signal wiring upon the substrate 1 (S 13 ).
- the clock signal wiring is arranged prior to power supply wiring and signal wiring in order to allow the system to operate at a high speed. It is practical to arrange the clock signal wiring using the top wiring layer, which cannot be easily restricted by the layout.
- the power supply wiring module 504 reads the circuit information stored in the arrangement data memory domain 702 , arranging a power supply wiring upon the substrate 1 (S 14 ).
- the power supply wiring is typically arranged with one set of a reference power supply wiring V ss , which supplies a circuit reference power supply of 0V, for example, and an operating power supply wiring V dd , which supplies a circuit operating power supply of 3.3V to 5V, for example.
- the power supply wiring is arranged, for example, in the second wiring layer as a fixed pattern extending along the outer edge of the substrate 1 on the input/output buffering cells 5 .
- the power supply wiring is arranged, for example, in the second wiring layer on the random logic rows 6 in the basic cell arranging direction.
- the power supply wiring is arranged in a large area, which includes the areas on the function block 2 and the random logic rows 6 in the substrate 1 , and which is arranged in a relatively higher wiring layer which is a lower than the clock signal wiring layer.
- the global wiring module 505 reads the circuit information stored in the arrangement data memory domain 702 , arranging a global signal wiring (S 15 ).
- Global signal wiring arrangement begins with the design of a global signal wiring route including at least the arrangement of orthogonal signal wiring typically arranged in either the X direction or the Y direction, arrangement of oblique signal wiring 4 , and arrangement of buffering cells 3 (S 16 ).
- a function block 2 with minimum signal loss is extracted by the block extraction module 506 (S 160 ). It is then determined whether or not a function block 2 with minimum signal loss exists (S 161 ).
- this global signal wiring routing design concludes (S 162 ). If a function block 2 with minimum signal loss exists, an arbitrary function block 2 existing near the function block 2 with minimum signal loss is extracted by the block extraction module 506 (S 163 ). The signal loss due to this function block 2 is greater than the minimum signal loss. If a function block 2 does not exist, a function block 2 with minimum signal loss is once again extracted (S 1160 ). If a function block 2 exists, the increased amount of signal loss due to arranging orthogonal signal wirings around this function block 2 , or arranging oblique signal wirings passing over the function block 2 is calculated by the evaluation module 507 , and then added to the arrangement data memory domain 702 (S 165 ).
- the evaluation module 507 then reads from the design rule memory domain 602 the design rule for global signal wiring length, and when a buffering cell 3 is not arranged, determines whether or not the orthogonal signal wirings or the oblique signal wirings exceed the signal wiring length limitation (S 166 ). If the signal wiring length exceeds the limitation, a function block 2 with minimum signal loss is once again extracted (S 160 ). If the signal wiring length does not exceed the limitation, the evaluation module 507 reads the design rule for signal rising/falling times from the design rule memory domain 602 , and determines whether or not the signal rising/falling times on the orthogonal signal wirings or the oblique signal wirings satisfy the design rule, namely whether or not a timing error occurs (S 167 ).
- the buffering cell module 508 determines whether or not a buffering cell 3 can be arranged (S 169 ). If the buffering cell 3 can be arranged, the arrangement position of the buffering cell 3 for the signal wiring route being designed is stored as a final point in the arrangement data memory domain 702 , and this global signal wiring routing design is reset at the same time (S 170 ). A single function block 2 is then extracted again (S 163 ), and the same processing is repeatedly executed until a single function block 2 can no longer be extracted.
- the buffering cell 3 is additionally arranged along the global signal wiring route by the global wiring module 505 (S 17 ).
- the global wiring module 505 designates a route for the global signal wiring including oblique signal wiring created based on the global signal wiring design (S 18 ).
- the final route for this global signal wiring is decided (S 19 ), and the global signal wiring is arranged.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 according to the first embodiment can be completed upon an actual substrate 1 by executing various fabrication processes such as photolithography, etching and film deposition.
- a second embodiment of the present invention is one for describing an example that comprises a buffering cell 3 in a function block 2 and a global signal wiring 4 to pass obliquely over the function block 2 inside of the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 according to the first embodiment.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 comprises a function block 2 upon a substrate 1 , a plurality of buffering cells 3 ( 3 11 - 3 35 ) arranged in the function block 2 regularly inside at an appointed interval, and the global signal wiring 4 at least one part of which extends in the direction oblique to the side of the function block 2 and is connected between adjacent buffering cells 3 .
- the buffering cell 3 is arranged in the function block 2 beforehand, and it is used appropriately when it is necessary for the global signal wiring 4 to pass.
- a broken line is added for convenience to explain intelligibly an arrangement layout of the buffering cell 3 , but there is not a broken line on the function block 2 of the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 of the real product.
- the broken line as grid can be displayed in order to do a design easily.
- the buffering cell 3 is arranged at an interval by an X direction and a Y direction. In other words, the buffering cell 3 is arranged at a crossing (coordinates) of the broken line arranged at intervals of each in an X direction and a Y direction, or in each corner part of a square sectioned in the broken line.
- the buffering cell 3 comprises the first buffering cell 3 A and the second buffering cell 3 B whose drive ability differs from each other, as one set.
- the first buffering cell 3 A comprises the buffering cell 3 having the output inverter circuit 302 of one-step structure shown in FIG. 7A, for example.
- the second buffering cell 3 B comprises the buffering cell 3 having output the inverter circuit 302 of two-step structure shown in FIG. 8A, for example.
- the second drive ability of the buffering cell 3 B is stronger than the first buffering cell 3 A.
- the first buffering cell 3 A may comprise the buffering cell 3 shown in FIG. 8A or FIG. 9A
- the second buffering cell 3 B may comprise the buffering cell 3 shown in FIG. 9A or FIG. 10.
- the number of steps of output inverter circuit 302 are made the same, and by means of changing a gate width of IGFET Q of the inverter circuit 302 , a drive ability may be adjusted.
- the global signal wiring 4 passes the buffering cell 3 11 , 3 22 , 3 33 , and 3 35 respectively, and connects a input terminal S 3 arranged by the second side (appearances) 2 b of the function block 2 and the output terminal S 4 arranged on the fourth side (a lower side) 2 d of the function block 2 .
- the global signal wiring 4 extends from the input terminal S 3 to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to the buffering cell 3 11 at first.
- the first buffering cell 3 A is used for this buffering cell 3 11 because it does not need a strong drive ability so that a distance from the next buffering cell 3 22 can be comparatively short.
- the global signal wiring 4 extends from the buffering cell 3 11 to the lower right side as a signal wiring which is inclined by an angle of 45 degrees relative to the second side 2 b , connecting to the buffering cell 3 22 .
- the first buffering cell 3 A is used for this buffering cell 3 22 because it does not need a strong drive ability so that a distance from the next buffering cell 3 33 can be comparatively short.
- the global signal wiring 4 extends from buffering cell 3 22 to the lower right side as a signal wiring which is inclined by an angle of 45 degrees relative to the second side 2 b , connecting to the buffering cell 3 33 .
- the second buffering cell 3 B is used for this buffering cell 3 33 because it needs a strong drive ability so that a distance from the next buffering cell 3 35 is comparatively long. Furthermore, the global signal wiring 4 extends from the buffering cell 3 33 to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to the buffering cell 3 35 . The second buffering cell 3 B is used for this buffering cell 3 35 because it needs a strong drive ability to drive an outside circuit of function block 2 through the output side S 4 . And, the global signal wiring 4 extends from the buffering cell 335 to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to the output terminal S 4 .
- the global signal wiring 4 can pass over the function block 2 of a huge size more than a limit of wiring length, by using a plurality of buffering cells 3 arranged in the function block 2 regularly as intermediate cells.
- a route of the global signal wiring 4 to pass over the function block 2 can be predicted easily by having cells 3 arranged regularly. Therefore, by arranging the electric shield layer on a route of the global signal wiring 4 to pass the function block 2 beforehand, an electric interference between the function block 2 and the global signal wiring 4 to pass over the function block 2 can be minimized.
- the buffering cells 3 in the function block 2 may be arranged at positions corresponding to each corner part such as in a triangle, hexagon, not only a square sectioned by the broken line which is added in convenience.
- the buffering cells 3 may comprise more than three buffering cells, and are not limited to being the first buffering cell 3 A and the second buffering cell 3 B.
- a third embodiment of the present invention is described using an example that prevents cross talk between global signal wirings passing over the function block 2 in the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 according to the first embodiment.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 according to the third embodiment comprises a wave guide 410 and 411 that are arranged adjacent to a signal wiring 40 a and 40 b passing over the function block 2 obliquely, extending substantially parallel to a signal wiring 40 a and 40 b .
- a fixed power supply is supplied in the wave guide 410 and 411 .
- the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 according to the third embodiment comprises the wave guide 411 and 412 that are arranged adjacent to the signal wiring 41 a and 41 b passing over the function block 2 obliquely, extending substantially parallel to the signal wiring 41 a and 41 b .
- a fixed power supply is supplied in the wave guide 411 and 412 .
- the signal wiring 40 a and 40 b and the signal wiring 41 a and 41 b are global signal wirings and used as a bus, for example.
- the wave guide 410 along one side of signal wiring 40 a and 40 b (bottom in a figure), and arranging wave guide 411 along another side (the upper part in a figure), there can be a layout which arranges signal wiring 40 a and 40 b between wave guide 410 and 411 .
- the signal wiring 40 a and 41 a and the wave guide 410 to 412 which is arranged in parallel to the signal wiring 40 a and 41 a are set in the same wiring layer to reduce electric interference between the signal wiring 40 a and 41 a . And it is desirable for width of the wave guide 410 to 412 not to exceed a thickness of the wave guide 410 to 412 in order to keep down an occupation area to a minimum.
- the signal wiring 40 b and 41 b and the wave guide 410 to 412 arranged in parallel to the signal wiring 40 a and 41 a , are set in the same wiring layer.
- the wiring layer in which the signal wiring 40 a and 41 a is arranged is basically different from the wiring layer in which the signal wiring 40 b and 41 b is arranged.
- the wave guide 410 to 412 are built in beforehand by data of the global signal wiring.
- the wave guide 410 to 412 can be designed at the same time as designing the global signal wiring. It is not necessary to design the wave guide 410 to 412 after designing the global signal wiring. It is practical to supply 0V that has a reference power supply V ss in the wave guide 410 to 412 , for example.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit 10 comprises the function block 2 arranged on substrate 1 (semiconductor wafer, a semiconductor chip, etc) comprising of a silicon single crystal, and the global signal wiring passing over the function block 2 .
- substrate 1 semiconductor wafer, a semiconductor chip, etc
- the semiconductor integrated circuit a system board, a mother board, a logic board, a memory board, etc
- a printed circuit board (PCB) a ceramics substrate, a carbonization silicon substrate, a glass substrate or the like can be used practically for the wiring substrate.
Abstract
A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a function block arranged on a substrate, a first buffering cell arranged adjacent to a first side of the function block, a second buffering cell arranged adjacent to a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block, and signal wiring passing over the function block obliquely relative to the first side and the second side, connecting the first buffering cell and the second buffering cell.
Description
- This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Applications No. P2003-011631, filed on Jan. 20, 2003; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit and the fabrication method, particularly to the semiconductor integrated circuit that comprises a function block and a global signal wiring, and the fabrication method.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- The following design techniques are generalized for high-speed, large scale integrated circuit (LSI) design. To begin with, a circuit employed in a semiconductor integrated circuit is converted into hard macro blocks (function blocks) each corresponding to a function. The function blocks are then automatically arranged upon the semiconductor integrated circuit substrate, and the terminals of each function block are electrically connected to other circuits through wiring. This type of design is executed using a computer aided design (CAD) system.
- Here, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes at least an integrated circuit that employs standard cell method and an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or the like. A wire herein means a signal wiring having a relatively long length passing across the entire substrate, such as a data bus through which transmission/reception of a data signal is performed between function blocks or with another circuit, or an address bus through which transmission/reception of an address signal is performed. Such a signal wiring is typically called a global signal wiring. Furthermore, the substrate during the design phase means a virtual substrate constructed in a memory space of the CAD system, and corresponds to a real semiconductor substrate or a real semiconductor chip of an actual product (a semiconductor integrated circuit).
- Since the number of wiring layers is limited in semiconductor integrated circuit design, when the areas above the function blocks are set as prohibition areas for the global signal wirings, the global signal wirings must bypass the function block perimeter. When the size of the function blocks is extremely large relative to the substrate size, the necessary length of the global signal wirings for bypassing is extremely long. The increased global signal wiring length may cause an operation timing error (a timing violation), requiring redesigning.
- In order to avoid an increase in wiring lengths, a design method of limiting the wiring layers utilized for connecting within the function block to only a few layers from the bottom layer upward, and allocating global signal wirings to the upper wiring layers could be employed. According to this design method, the global signal wirings may pass over the function block.
- However, the following problems are not taken into account in such a semiconductor integrated circuit design method.
- The global signal wirings may pass over the function block with the above design method; however additional buffering cells may not be arranged inside the function block in accordance with the global signal wiring passing route. In this case, the buffering cell is a circuit (intermediate cell) that amplifies a signal (increases driving capability) to be propagated through a global signal wiring.
- Furthermore, since arrangement of buffering cells within the function block is impossible, arrangement of a buffering cell outside of the function block in the vicinity of each facing side of the function block, and connecting these buffering cells by means of the global signal wiring that passes over the function block is needed. Nevertheless, in the case of a function block of a huge size, the length of the global signal wiring that passes over the function block is extremely long, and the wiring capacitance thereof increases. Even if a buffering cell of high drive ability is arranged, the signal rising/falling time falls outside of design rule limitations, and timing error occurs. That is to say, the wiring length that a buffering cell can drive has a limit. So, in the case of a function block of a huge size, since a global signal wiring that passes over the function block cannot be arranged, a global signal wiring that bypasses the function block must be arranged.
- Therefore, as shown in FIG. 1, basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a related art includes a
function block 2 upon asubstrate 1, afirst buffering cell 3 a, which is arranged in the vicinity of afirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2, asecond buffering cell 3b 1 and athird buffering cell 3b 2, which is arranged in the vicinity of asecond side 2 b adjacent to thefirst side 2 a, and afourth buffering cell 3 c, which is arranged in the vicinity of athird side 2 c adjacent to thesecond side 2 b. Thefirst buffering cell 3 a and thesecond buffering cell 3b 1 are connected bysignal wiring 4 a that bypasses thefunction block 2. Thesecond buffering cell 3b 1 and thethird buffering cell 3b 2 are connected bysignal wiring 4 b. Thethird buffering cell 3b 2 and thefourth buffering cell 3 c are connected bysignal wiring 4 c that bypasses thefunction block 2. When global signal wiring to bypass thefunction block 2 is long, by reason of a limit to the wiring length that bufferingcell 3 a to 3 c can drive, it is necessary to arrange a plurality of buffering cells between thefirst buffering cell 3 a and thefourth buffering cell 3 c. - It should be noted that this type of semiconductor integrated circuit design method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,804 B2.
- An aspect of the present invention inheres in a semiconductor integrated circuit including a function block arranged on a substrate; a first buffering cell arranged adjacent to a first side of the function block, a second buffering cell arranged adjacent to a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block; and signal wiring passing over the function block obliquely relative to the first side and the second side, connecting the first buffering cell and the second buffering cell.
- Another aspect of the present invention inheres in a semiconductor integrated circuit including a function block arranged on a substrate; a plurality of signal wirings having a length shorter than a length of a side of the function block on the substrate; a plurality of buffering cells electrically connected in series between each of the signal wirings; and a signal wiring passing obliquely across the corner between a first side and a second side of the function block, which connects the buffering cells arranged adjacent to the first side and adjacent to the second side adjacent to the first side of the function block.
- Still another aspect of the present invention inheres in a semiconductor integrated circuit including a function block arranged on a substrate; a plurality of buffering cells arranged regularly in the function block at an appointed interval; and a signal wiring extending obliquely relative to a side of the function block, which is connected between adjacent buffering cells.
- Yet still another aspect of the present invention inheres in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit, including arranging a function block on a substrate; arranging a signal wiring which passes over the function block obliquely relative to a first side and a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block; and arranging a first buffering cell connected to one end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the first side of the function block and a second buffering cell connected to another end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the second side of the function block.
- Further aspect of the present invention inheres in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit, including arranging a plurality of function blocks on a substrate; extracting a first function block with minimum signal loss in the function blocks in a signal wiring route; extracting a second function block arranged near the first function block; arranging a signal wiring which passes obliquely relative to a first side and a second side adjacent to the first side of the second function block; determining whether a length of the signal wiring exceeds the signal wiring length limitation; determining whether a signal timing satisfies at least a design rule when the length of the signal wiring exceeds the signal wiring length limitation; determining whether a buffering cell can be arranged when the signal timing fails to satisfy the design rule; and arranging a first buffering cell connected to one end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the first side of the second function block and a second buffering cell connected to another end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the second side of the second function block.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit in the prior art;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a first basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a second basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a third basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a fourth basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 6 is a plane view showing an example of a layout of a structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 7A is a circuit diagram of a first basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 7B is a plane view showing the first basic structure of the buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 8A is a circuit diagram of a second basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 8B is a plane view showing the second basic structure of the buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 9A is a circuit diagram of a third basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 9B is a plane view showing the third basic structure of the buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a fourth basic structure of a buffering cell of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 11 is a plane view showing a first exemplary layout of a signal wiring of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 12 is a plane view showing a second exemplary layout of the signal wiring of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 13 is a plane view showing a third exemplary layout of the signal wiring of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 14 is a flowchart for explaining a fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 15 is a flowchart for explaining a substantial part of the fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 16 is a view showing schematic circuit configuration of a CAD system executing the fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention; and
- FIG. 17 is a schematic view showing a configuration of a function block of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 18 is a schematic view showing a basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- Various embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted that the same or similar reference numerals are applied to the same or similar parts and elements throughout the drawings, and the description of the same or similar parts and elements will be omitted or simplified.
- Generally and as it is conventional in the representation of semiconductor devices, it will be appreciated that the various drawings are not drawn to scale from one figure to another nor inside a given figure.
- In the following descriptions, numerous specific details are set fourth such as specific signal values, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits have been shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail.
- First Embodiment
- (First Basic Structure of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit)
- As shown in FIG. 2, a first basic structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes a
function block 2 arranged on asubstrate 1, afirst buffering cell 3 a, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to afirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2, asecond buffering cell 3 b, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to asecond side 2 b adjacent to thefirst side 2 a, and asignal wiring 4 a, which passes over thefunction block 2 obliquely relative to thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b, connecting thefirst buffering cell 3 a and thesecond buffering cell 3 b. - Similarly, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the
function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, thesecond buffering cell 3 b, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2, athird buffering cell 3 c, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to athird side 2 c adjacent to thesecond side 2 b, and asignal wiring 4 b, which passes over thefunction block 2 obliquely relative to thesecond side 2 b and thethird side 2 c, connecting thesecond buffering cell 3 b and thethird buffering cell 3 c. - In other words, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the
function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, a plurality of thesignal wirings sides 2 a through 2 d of thefunction block 2, and a plurality of thebuffering cells 3 a to 3 c, which are electrically connected in series between each of a plurality of thesignal wirings signal wiring 4 a, which connects thebuffering cells first side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b adjacent to thisfirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2, and passes obliquely across the corner between thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2. The arrangement structure for each of thefunction block 2, thebuffering cells signal wiring 4 b is also the same. - The semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment herein is a semiconductor integrated circuit that employs standard cell method and ASIC or the like, which are designed using a CAD system.
- The photo masks are made based on this design data, and a semiconductor integrated circuit is fabricated as an actual product by a semiconductor fabrication process using these photo masks.
- The
substrate 1 is a semiconductor substrate (semiconductor chip) of, for example, a silicon single crystal or a compound semiconductor with an actual product. Thesubstrate 1 is a virtual substrate that is constructed in a memory space of the CAD system during the design phase. - The
function block 2 is a circuit block having one or a plurality of specific functions, a logic function, a calculation function, a memory function or the like, and is a mega cell, a macro cell, a mega block, a macro block or the like. Thefunction block 2, in the CAD system design, is stored in a database as a piece of parts data, and can be freely arranged and rearranged on the substrate. More concretely, a central processing unit (CPU), read only memory (ROM) or random access memory (RAM) or the like corresponds to thefunction block 2. - With this semiconductor integrated circuit,
intra-block wirings 4× and 4 y are typically arranged inside thefunction block 2 and other circuit blocks, but are not limited to being arranged only in this region. Theintra-block wirings function block 2, and may also connect circuits configured with semiconductor devices, and may further be used as power supply wiring, which supply power to the semiconductor devices and circuits. In the multi-level wiring structure employed by the semiconductor integrated circuit, theintra-block wirings substrate 1 side. For example, theintra-block wiring 4 x is allocated to the first wiring layer (and/or the third wiring layer) extending in an X direction substantially parallel to thesecond side 2 b and thefourth side 2 d of thefunction block 2. Theintra-block wiring 4 y is allocated to the second wiring layer (and/or the fourth wiring layer) extending in a Y direction substantially parallel to thefirst side 2 a and thethird side 2 c of thefunction block 2. Theintra-block wirings - The
intra-block wirings intra-block wiring 4 x is exemplary ‘first signal wiring’ according to the present embodiment, and theintra-block wiring 4 y is exemplary ‘second signal wirings’ according to the present embodiment. - The signal wirings4 a and 4 b are arranged across the entire substrate, and are part of the signal wiring that passes over the
function block 2 as the long global signal wiring. Signals to be propagated through thesignal wirings intra-block wirings function block 2. Furthermore, with the first basic structure, thesignal wiring 4 a may be arranged in the third wiring layer (or the fifth wiring layer), and thesignal wiring 4 b may be arranged in the fourth wiring layer (or the sixth wiring layer). Moreover, thesignal wiring 4 a may be arranged in the fourth wiring layer (or the sixth wiring layer), and thesignal wiring 4 b may be arranged in the third wiring layer (or the fifth wiring layer). The wiring material for thesignal wirings intra-block wirings signal wirings - With the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment, an angle θ1 of the
signal wiring 4 a relative to thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2 or theintra-block wiring 4 x extending direction (wiring length direction) is set to 45 degrees. Obliquely arranging thesignal wiring 4 a as a signal wiring as such allows thesignal wiring 4 a length to be shortened to approximately 1/{square root}{square root over (2)} rather than when bypassing along thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b as indicated by a dotted wiring in FIG. 2. Similarly, an angle θ2 of thesignal wiring 4 b relative to thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2 or theintra-block wirings 4 x extending direction is set to 45 degrees. Thesignal wiring 4 b may also have its length shortened to approximately 1/{square root}{square root over (2)}. - As described above, the wiring length that the
buffering cells 3 a to 3 c can drive has a limit. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange at least two buffering cells in between the bufferingcell 3 a and thebuffering cell 3 c, when the wiring length that thebuffering cells 3 a to 3 c can drive is larger than 2 times of the sum of length in the case of thesignal wirings circuit block 2. However, if thesignal wirings signal wirings - Moreover, an insertion pitch for the
buffering cells 3 a to 3 c to be electrically inserted in series for every constant wiring length may also be shortened to approximately 1/{square root}{fraction (2)} along with the shortening of the lengths of thesignal wirings respective signal wirings buffering cells 3 a to 3 c. For example, in the case of the size of thesubstrate 1 being a 10 mm square, the lengths of therespective signal wirings buffering cells 3 a to 3 c may be set to 2 mm. - It should be noted that with the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment, the
buffering cells 3 a to 3 c are arranged outside of thefunction block 2. Basic cells not shown in the drawing that can configure a specific basic circuit such as an inverter circuit or a NAND circuit are arranged outside of thisfunction block 2 in the design phase of the CAD system, and thebuffering cells 3 a to 3 c are configured with those basic cells. The detailed structure of thebuffering cells 3 a to 3 c is described later. - With the first basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment structured in this manner, the
buffering cells first side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2, respectively, and thesignal wiring 4 a, which is connected to thesebuffering cells function block 2, is arranged; thus, the wiring length of thesignal wiring 4 a may be shortened, and the wiring capacitance may be reduced. Moreover, the driving capability of thebuffering cell 3 a may be relatively increased as the wiring capacitance reduces. Similarly, thebuffering cells second side 2 b and thethird side 2 c of thefunction block 2, respectively, and thesignal wiring 4 b, which is connected to thesebuffering cells function block 2, is arranged; thus, the wiring length of thesignal wiring 4 b may be shortened, and the wiring capacitance may be reduced. Moreover, the driving capability of thebuffering cell 3 b may be relatively increased as the wiring capacitance reduces. Accordingly, since the global signal wiring that bypasses thefunction block 2 may be reduced, and signal delay may be prevented, a semiconductor integrated circuit with excellent operating capability that is optimum for high integration can be obtained. - It should be noted that with the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment, both the angle θ1 of the
signal wiring 4 a and the angle θ2 of thesignal wiring 4 b are set to 45 degrees and those signal wirings pass over thefunction block 2, however, the present embodiment is not limited to this angle. The present embodiment may set the angles θ1 and θ2 to 30 degrees or 60 degrees, for example. In any case, the angles θ1 and θ2 may be appropriately selected considering that they are manageable angles in the CAD system, the sufficient fabrication process yield of the semiconductor integrated circuit can be ensured, and such above-mentioned sufficient results can be obtained. - (Second Basic Structure of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit)
- A second basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment will be described using an example including a
function block 2 with a form different than that of thefunction block 2 with the first basic structure. As shown in FIG. 3, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes thefunction block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, thefirst buffering cell 3 a, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2, thesecond buffering cell 3 b, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b adjacent to thefirst side 2 a, and thesignal wiring 4 a, which passes obliquely over thefunction block 2 relative to thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b, connecting thefirst buffering cell 3 a and thesecond buffering cell 3 b. - Similarly, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the
function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, thethird buffering cell 3 c, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2, afourth buffering cell 3 d, which is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thethird side 2 c adjacent to thesecond side 2 b, and asignal wiring 4 c, which passes obliquely over thefunction block 2 relative to thesecond side 2 b and thethird side 2 c, connecting thethird buffering cell 3 c and thefourth buffering cell 3 d. - The
function block 2 with the second basic structure has either a larger planar size than that of thefunction block 2 with the first basic structure, or an oblong planar form with thesecond side 2 b longer than thefirst side 2 a. In other words, thefunction block 2 having at least thesecond side 2 b sufficiently longer than the length of each of thesignal wirings 4 a to 4 c, which are global signal wirings, is arranged in the semiconductor integrated circuit. - With the semiconductor integrated circuit including this
function block 2, thesignal wiring 4 a, which is the same assignal wiring 4 a with the first basic structure, and thesignal wiring 4 c, which is the same assignal wiring 4 b with the first basic structure, pass obliquely over thefunction block 2, and thesignal wiring 4 b is arranged outside of thefunction block 2 substantially parallel to thesecond side 2 b. On the outside of thefunction block 2, thesignal wiring 4 b connects thebuffering cells second side 2 b apart from each other. - It is practical to arrange the
signal wirings signal wirings signal wirings signal wiring 4 b in a separate wiring layer from thesignal wirings - The same results as obtained with the first basic structure can be obtained with the second basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment configured in this manner.
- (Third Basic Structure of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit)
- A third basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment is for describing an example where the
signal wirings function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1,first buffering cells 30 a to 32 a, which are arranged in the vicinity of thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2,second buffering cells 30 b to 32 b, which are arranged in the vicinity of thesecond side 2 b adjacent to thefirst side 2 a, and signal wirings 40 a to 42 a, which pass obliquely over thefunction block 2 relative to thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b, connecting thefirst buffering cells 30 a to 32 a and thesecond buffering cells 30 b to 32 b, respectively. - Similarly, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the
function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, thesecond buffering cells 30 b to 32 b, which are arranged in the vicinity of thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2,third buffering cells 30 c to 32 c, which are arranged in the vicinity of thethird side 2 c adjacent to thesecond side 2 b, and signal wirings 40 b to 42 b, which pass obliquely over thefunction block 2 relative to thesecond side 2 b and thethird side 2 c, connecting thesecond buffering cells 30 b to 32 b and thethird buffering cells 30 c to 32 c, respectively. - The planar shape of the
function block 2 with the third basic structure is the same shape as that of thefunction block 2 with the first basic structure. Part of the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and 40 b to 42 b of the global signal wirings such as data buses and address buses pass over thefunction block 2. - With the third basic structure shown in FIG. 4, since the
buffering cells 30 b to 32 b are aligned in the X direction along thesecond side 2 b, crossing wirings are necessary, and thus it is practical to arrange the signal wirings 40 to 42 a and the signal wirings 40 b to 42 b in different wiring layers. It should be noted that when thebuffering cells 30 b to 32 b are aligned in the Y direction, crossing wiring is not necessary, and thus the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and the signal wirings 40 b to 42 b may be arranged in the same wiring layer. - The same results as obtained with the first basic structure can be obtained with the third basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment configured in this manner.
- It should be noted that three
signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and signal wirings 40 b to 42 b have been described with the third basic structure in order to simplify the description, however, there may be two, four or more signal wirings. This is the same for a fourth basic structure described later. - (Fourth Basic Structure of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit)
- The fourth basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment is for describing an example where the second and third basic structures are combined. As shown in FIG. 5, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the
function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, thefirst buffering cells 30 a to 32 a, which are arranged in the vicinity of thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2, thesecond buffering cells 30 b to 32 b, which are arranged in the vicinity of thesecond side 2 b adjacent to thefirst side 2 a, and the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a, which pass obliquely over thefunction block 2 relative to thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b, connecting thefirst buffering cells 30 a to 32 a and thesecond buffering cells 30 b to 32 b, respectively. - Similarly, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes the
function block 2 upon thesubstrate 1, thethird buffering cells 30 c to 32 c, which are arranged in the vicinity of thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2,fourth buffering cells 30 d to 32 d, which are arranged in the vicinity of thethird side 2 c adjacent to thesecond side 2 b, and signal wirings 40 c to 42 c, which pass obliquely over thefunction block 2 relative to thesecond side 2 b and thethird side 2 c, connecting thethird buffering cells 30 c to 32 c and thefourth buffering cells 30 d to 32 d, respectively. - The signal wirings40 a to 42 a and 40 c to 42 c are bus signal wirings and are global signal wirings like the signal wirings 40 a to 42 a and 40 b to 42 b with the third basic structure.
- The
function block 2 with the fourth basic structure has either a large planar size or an oblong planar shape in the same way as thefunction block 2 with the aforementioned second basic structure. - In the semiconductor integrated circuit including this
function block 2, as with thesignal wiring 4 b with the aforementioned second basic structure, the signal wirings 40 b to 42 b are arranged outside of thefunction block 2 substantially parallel along thesecond side 2 b thereof. Furthermore, on the outside of thefunction block 2, the signal wirings 40 b to 42 b connect thebuffering cells 30 b to 32 b and 30 c to 32 c arranged along thesecond side 2 b apart from each other, respectively. - The same results as obtained with the first basic structure can be obtained with the fourth basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment configured in this manner.
- (A concrete Layout of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit)
- Next, a concrete layout structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit according to the first embodiment is described. In this case, the semiconductor integrated circuit is one that employs standard cell method.
- As shown in FIG. 6, a semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 includes asubstrate 1, a plurality of input/output buffering cells 5, which are aligned along each side of the surrounding areas upon thesubstrate 1, and function blocks 20 to 22 andrandom logic rows 6, which are arranged in the central area upon thesubstrate 1. - The input/
output buffering cells 5 are interface circuits between the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 interior and the exterior thereof. The input/output buffering cells 5 comprise a plurality of semiconductor devices that can configure input interface circuits, output interface circuits, input/output interface circuits and the like (a layout structure thereof is not shown in the drawing.) Moreover, the input/output buffering cells 5 comprise semiconductor devices including at least transistors, resistors, and capacitors and the like that can configure input protection circuits and output protection circuits and the like. Furthermore, the input/output buffering cells 5 comprise external terminals (bonding pads) not shown in the drawing. - The function blocks20 to 22 have a function equivalent to that of the
function block 2 of the above-mentioned semiconductor integrated circuit described in the first basic structure, and correspond to mega cells or the like. - The
random logic rows 6 are configured with a plurality of basic cells evenly aligned in the X direction. Each of these basic cells is arranged between wiring areas in the Y direction. Each basic cell includes a plurality of semiconductor devices that can configure logic circuits such as an inverter circuit or a NAND circuit by reconfiguring theintra-block wirings - (First Basic Structure of a Buffering Cell)
- Next, with the first basic structure of the semiconductor integrated circuit, a concrete structure of the first through
third buffering cells 3 a to 3 c inserted between thesignal wirings 4 a to 4 c, which are global signal wirings, is described. It should be noted that since the structure of thebuffering cells buffering cell 3 a, a generic reference numeral ‘3’ is attached to the buffering cells to avoid complicated reference numerals and simplify description. - <Circuit Structure>
- The
buffering cell 3 with the first basic structure, as shown in FIG. 7A, is configured by two-stepstructure inverter circuits - The
inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S1. Thisinverter circuit 301 is configured with an n-channel insulated gate field-effect transistor (hereafter, simply referred to as IGFET) Q11 and a p-channel IGFET Q21, which form a complementary IGFET structure. Here, the IGFET denotes at least a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and a metal insulator semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET). The n-channel IGFET Q11 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, the source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and the drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q21. The reference power supply Vss is a ground potential, for example 0V, for the circuit. The p-channel IGFET Q21 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and the source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. The operating power supply Vdd is an operating voltage, for example 1.7V to 3.3 V, for the circuit. - The
inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit (a following circuit) connected directly to the signal input terminal S2. Thisinverter circuit 302 is a complementary IGFET including an n-channel IGFET Q12 and a p-channel IGFET Q22 as with theinverter circuit 301. The n-channel IGFET Q12 has a gate electrode connected to the drain electrode of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21, the source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and the drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q22. The p-channel IGFET Q22 has a gate electrode connected to the drain electrode of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21, and the source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. The drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q12 and the p-channel IGFET Q22 are connected to the signal output terminal S2. - <Device Structure>
- The
aforementioned buffering cells 3 are configured with, for example, the basic cells of therandom logic rows 6 shown in FIG. 6. Herein, only theinverter circuit 301 to configure thebuffering cell 3 is described, and since the device structure of theinverter circuit 302 is the same as that of theinverter circuit 301, description thereof is omitted. - As shown in FIG. 7B, the n-channel IGFET Q11 of the
inverter circuit 301 is arranged in a p-well region 101 formed in thesubstrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by anisolation insulating film 111. In other words, the n-channel IGFET Q11 includes the p-well region 101, which is used as an active region, a gate insulator (not shown in the drawing) arranged on this p-well region 101, agate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 113, which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of thegate electrode 112. - A single layer film made from either a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride film or an oxynitride film, or a compound film thereof may be practically used as the gate insulator. A single layer film made from either a silicon polycrystalwiring film, a refractory metal film, or a refractory metal silicide film, or a compound film layered with a refractory metal film, or a refractory metal silicide film upon a silicon polycrystalwiring film may be practically used as the
gate electrode 112. A lightly doped drain (LDD) structure may be practically used for the n-type semiconductor region 113. - The p-channel IGFET Q21 is arranged in an n-
well region 102 formed in thesubstrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by theisolation insulating film 111. In other words, the n-channel IGFET Q21 includes the n-well region 102, which is used as an active region, a gate insulator not shown in the drawing arranged on this n-well region 102, agate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of p-type semiconductor regions 114, which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of thegate electrode 112. The practical materials for the gate insulator and the gate electrode and the practical structure of the p-type semiconductor region 114 are the same as with the n-channel IGGET Q11. - In the
random logic rows 6, an intra-cell power supply wiring (Vss) 401 and an intra-cell operating power supply wiring (Vdd) 402 are arranged extending in the X direction. The intra-cell power supply wiring (Vss) 401 is connected to the n-type semiconductor region (source region) 113 of the n-channel IGFET Q11 through anintra-cell wiring 403. The intra-cell operatingpower supply wiring 402 is connected to the p-type semiconductor region (source region) 114 of the p-channel IGFET Q21 through anintra-cell wiring 403. Furthermore, thegate electrodes 112 of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21 are connected, respectively, to the signal input terminal S1 through anintra-cell wiring 403, and the drain region is connected to thesubsequent circuit 302. The intra-cellpower supply wiring 401, the intra-cell operatingpower supply wiring 402 and theintra-cell wirings 403 are arranged in the first wiring layer and are made of, for example, an aluminum alloy (Al—Si, Al—Cu, Al—Cu—Si or the like). - (Second Basic Structure of a Buffering Cell)
- A
buffering cell 3 with a second basic structure is one with double the driving capability of thebuffering cell 3 with the first basic structure. - <Circuit Structure>
- The
buffering cell 3 with the second basic structure, as shown in FIG. 8A, is configured by two-stepstructure inverter circuits - The
inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S1. Thisinverter circuit 301 has a two-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21 and the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q12 and the p-channel IGFET Q22 are electrically connected, respectively. Each of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and Q12 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, the source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and the drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22. Each of the p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and the source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. - The
inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit connected directly to the signal output terminal S2. Thisinverter circuit 302, similar to theinverter circuit 301, has a two-step structure where the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q13 and a p-channel IGFET Q23 and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q14 and a p-channel IGFET Q24 are electrically connected, respectively. Each of the n-channel IGFET Q13 and Q14 has a gate electrode connected to the inverter circuit 301 (the drain electrodes of IGFET Q11, Q12, Q21, and Q22), a source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrodes of the p-channel IGFET Q23 and Q24. Each of the p-channel IGFET Q23 and Q24 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. The drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q13 and Q14 and the p-channel IGFET Q23 and Q24 are connected to the signal output terminal S2. - <Device Structure>
- Herein, as with the buffering
cell 3 having the first basic structure, only theinverter circuit 301 of thebuffering cell 3 is described, and description of theinverter circuit 302 is omitted. - The n-channel IGFET Q11 and Q12 of the
inverter circuit 301, as shown in FIG. 8B, are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other. The n-channel IGFET Q11 and Q12 are both arranged in the p-well region 101 formed in thesubstrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by theisolation insulating film 111. In other words, each of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and Q12 includes the p-well region 101, which is used as an active region, a gate insulator (not shown in the drawing) arranged on this p-well region 101, agate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 113, which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of thegate electrode 112. - The p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other. The p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22 are both arranged in the n-
well region 102 formed in thesubstrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by theisolation insulating film 111. In other words, each of the p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22 includes the n-well region 102, which is used as an active region, a gate insulator (not shown in the drawing) arranged on this n-well region 102, agate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 114, which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of thegate electrode 112. - It should be noted that the practical materials for the gate insulator and gate electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and Q12 and the p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22, as well as the practical structure of the n-
type semiconductor region 113 and the p-type semiconductor region 114 are the same as for the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21 with the first basic structure. Furthermore, the intra-cellpower supply wiring 401, the intra-cell operatingpower supply wiring 402 and theintra-cell wirings 403 are similar to the intra-cell referencepower supply wiring 401 with the first basic structure, only differing in their wire connection patterns. - (Third Basic Structure of a Buffering Cell)
- A
buffering cell 3 with a third basic structure is one with triple the driving capability of thebuffering cell 3 with the first basic structure. - <Circuit Structure>
- The
buffering cell 3 with the third basic structure, as shown in FIG. 9A, is configured by the two-stepstructure inverter circuits - The
inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S1, and basically has the same structure as theinverter circuit 301 of thebuffering cell 3 with the second basic structure. Namely, theinverter circuit 301 has a two-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21 and the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q12 and the p-channel IGFET Q22 are electrically connected, respectively. Each of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and Q12 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, a source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22. Each of the p-channel IGFET Q21 and Q22 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. - The
inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit connected directly to the signal output terminal S2. Thisinverter circuit 302 has a three-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q113 and the p-channel IGFET Q23, the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q14 and the p-channel IGFET Q24, and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q15 and a p-channel IGFET Q25 are electrically connected, respectively. Each of the n-channel IGFET Q13, Q14 and Q15 has a gate electrode connected to the inverter circuit 301 (the drain electrode of IGFET Q11, Q12, Q21, and Q22), a source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the p-channel IGFET Q23 and Q24. Each of the p-channel IGFET Q23, Q24 and Q25 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. The drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q13 to Q15 and the p-channel IGFET Q23 to Q25 are connected to the signal output terminal S2. - <Device Structure>
- The basic structure of
inverter circuit 301 of thebuffering cell 3 is the same as that of theinverter circuits buffering cell 3 with the second basic structure, and thus only theinverter circuit 302 of thebuffering cell 3 is described here, and description of theinverter circuit 301 is omitted. - The n-channel IGFET Q13, Q14 and Q15 of the
inverter circuit 302, as shown in FIG. 9B, are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other. The n-channel IGFET Q13, Q14 and Q15 are all arranged in the p-well region 101 formed in thesubstrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by theisolation insulating film 111. In other words, the n-channel IGFET Q13, Q14 and Q15 include the p-well region 101, which is used as an active region, a gate insulator not shown in the drawing arranged on this p-well region 1, agate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of n-type semiconductor regions 113, which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of thegate electrode 112. - The p-channel IGFET Q23, Q24 and Q25 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, and the n-channel IGFET Q13, Q14 and Q15 are arranged with their gate width directions in accordance, facing the Y direction adjacent to each other, respectively. The p-channel IGFET Q23, Q24 and Q25 are all arranged in the n-
well region 102 formed in thesubstrate 1 surface, which is enclosed by theisolation insulating film 111. In other words, the p-channel IGFET Q23, Q24 and Q25 include the n-well region 102, which is used as an active region, a gate insulator not shown in the drawing arranged on this p-well region 1, agate electrode 112 arranged on the gate insulator, and a pair of p-type semiconductor regions 113, which are used as the source and drain regions arranged on both sides along the length of thegate electrode 112. - It should be noted that the practical materials for the gate insulator and gate electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q13, Q14 and Q15 and the p-channel IGFET Q23, Q24 and Q25, as well as the practical structure of the n-
type semiconductor region 113 and the p-type semiconductor region 114 are the same as with the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21 having the first basic structure. Furthermore, the intra-cell power supply wiring (Vss) 401, the intra-cell operating power supply wiring (Vdd) 402 and theintra-cell wirings 403 are similar to intra-cell referencepower supply wiring 401 with the first basic structure only differing in their wire connection patterns. - (Fourth Basic Structure of a Buffering Cell)
- A
buffering cell 3 with a fourth basic structure has triple the driving capabilities of both theinverter circuits buffering cell 3 with the first basic structure. - <Circuit Structure>
- The
buffering cell 3 with the fourth basic structure, as shown in FIG. 10, is configured by the two-stepstructure inverter circuits - The
inverter circuit 301 is a front circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S1, and basically has the same structure as theinverter circuit 302 of thebuffering cell 3 with the third basic structure. Namely, theinverter circuit 301 has a three-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q11 and the p-channel IGFET Q21, the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q12 and the p-channel IGFET Q22, and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q13 and a p-channel IGFET Q23 are electrically connected, respectively. Each of the n-channel IGFET Q11, Q12 and Q13 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, a source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrodes of the p-channel IGFET Q21, Q22 and Q23. Each of the p-channel IGFET Q21, Q22 and Q23 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. - The
inverter circuit 302 is a subsequent circuit connected directly to the signal input terminal S2, and basically has the same structure as theinverter circuit 302 of thebuffering cell 3 with the third basic structure. Theinverter circuit 302 has a three-step structure where the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q14 and the p-channel IGFET Q24, the drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q15 and the p-channel IGFET Q25, and the drain electrodes of an n-channel IGFET Q16 and a p-channel IGFET Q26 are electrically connected, respectively. Each of the n-channel IGFET Q14, Q15 and Q16 has a gate electrode connected to the inverter circuit 301 (the drain electrode of IGFET Q11, Q12, Q13, Q21, Q22 and Q23), a source electrode connected to a reference power supply Vss, and a drain electrode connected to the drain electrodes of the p-channel IGFET Q24, Q25 and Q26. Each of the p-channel IGFET Q24, Q25 and Q26 has a gate electrode connected to the signal input terminal S1, and a source electrode connected to an operating power supply Vdd. The drain electrodes of the n-channel IGFET Q14 to Q16 and the p-channel IGFET Q24 to Q26 are connected to the signal output terminal S2. - <Device Structure>
- The basic structure of
inverter circuits buffering cell 3 is the same as that of theinverter circuit 302 of thebuffering cell 3 with the third basic structure, and thus description of the device structure thereof is omitted. - (Another Basic Structure of a Buffering Cell)
- As mentioned before, the structure of the
buffering cell 3 can be appropriately modified. For example, when the global signal wiring is relatively long and the wiring load is large, at least theinverter circuit 302 of thebuffering cell 3 can be configured by a four- or more step structure. Furthermore, in the case of enhancing the driving capability, at least the IGFET Q gate width of the final output phase of theinverter circuit 302 may be longer than the other IGFET Q gate width. - (First Exemplary Layout of Signal Lines)
- Next, a first exemplary layout of global signal wirings in a semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 is shown in FIG. 11. Here, for simplification of description, an example of twoglobal signal wirings - The function blocks23 and 24 are arranged upon the
substrate 1 of the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10. In FIG. 11, theglobal signal wiring 4A, which extends from an input/output buffering cell 5A arranged on the left side of thesubstrate 1, passes obliquely over thefunction block 23, and extends across an extensive range until reaching close to the right side of thesubstrate 1. A part of asignal wiring 4 a of theglobal signal wiring 4A passing over thefunction block 23 is arranged obliquely relative to thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 23. A bufferingcell 3 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 23, and abuffering cell 3 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b. One end of thesignal wiring 4 a is electrically connected to thebuffering cell 3 a, and the other end is electrically connected to thebuffering cell 3 b. - Similarly, the
global signal wiring 4B, which extends from an input/output buffering cell 5B arranged on the left side of thesubstrate 1, passes over thefunction block 24 at an angle, and extends across an extensive range until reaching close to the right side of thesubstrate 1. A part of thesignal wiring 4 a of theglobal signal wiring 4B passing over thefunction block 24 is arranged obliquely relative to thefirst side 2 a and thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 24. A bufferingcell 3 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 24, and abuffering cell 3 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b. One end of thesignal wiring 4 a is electrically connected to thebuffering cell 3 a, and the other end is electrically connected to thebuffering cell 3 b. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10, which includes such a first layout of global signal wiring, the wiring length of theglobal signal wirings signal wiring 4 a passing over the function blocks 23 and 24. The number of necessary buffering cells can be reduced in theglobal signal wiring 4A by shortening the wiring length ofglobal signal wiring 4A. Similarly, the number of necessary buffering cells can be reduced in theglobal signal wiring 4 B by shortening the wiring length ofglobal signal wiring 4B. In addition, structure of bufferingcell 3 can be optimized depending on wiring capacitance, and electricity composed and an area of a buffering cell can be reduced. Moreover, the driving capability of thebuffering cell 3 a may be relatively increased as the wiring capacitance reduces. Accordingly, since the frequency of theglobal signal wiring 4A bypassing thefunction block 23 may be reduced, the frequency of theglobal signal wiring 4B bypassing thefunction block 24 may be reduced, and signal delay may be prevented, the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 with excellent operating capability that is optimum for high integration can be provided. - (Second Exemplary Layout of Signal wirings)
- Next, a second exemplary layout of global signal wiring in the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 is shown in FIG. 12. The second layout is one for describing an example that moderates or disperses signal wiring hotspots between function blocks. In the following description, a ‘hotspot’ is an area where signal wiring is crowded. It should be noted that the second layout is not limited to only global signal wiring, and may be applied to the layout for signal wiring and power supply wiring arranged between function blocks. - In the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10, afunction block 25 is arranged at the lower left of thesubstrate 1, afunction block 26 is arranged at the upper left, afunction block 27 is arranged at the upper right, and afunction block 28 is arranged at the lower right. It should be noted that the case of fourfunction blocks 25 to 28 being conveniently arranged is described; however, the number of function blocks to be arranged is not limited thereto. Thefunction block 25 outputs a predetermined signal to thefunction block 27, which is arranged at the upper right as viewed from thefunction block 25, throughsignal wirings signal wiring 4C extends from thefunction block 25 to the right side (X direction), passes obliquely over thefunction block 28, which is arranged on the right side as viewed from thefunction block 25, and then extends to the upper side (Y direction), connecting to thefunction block 27. A bufferingcell 30 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 28, and a bufferingcell 30 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b. One end of thesignal wiring 40 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4C and passes over thefunction block 28, is connected to the bufferingcell 30 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 30 b. Similarly, thesignal wiring 4D extends from thefunction block 25 to the right side, passes obliquely over thefunction block 28, and extends to the upper side, connecting to thefunction block 27. A bufferingcell 31 a is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 28, and a bufferingcell 31 b is arranged in the vicinity of or adjacent to thesecond side 2 b. One end of thesignal wiring 41 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4D and passes over thefunction block 28, is connected to the bufferingcell 31 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 31 b. - Furthermore, the
function block 27 outputs a predetermined signal to thefunction block 25 throughsignal wirings signal wirings function blocks 25 to 28, namely hotspots that easily become congested with signal wiring. - The
signal wiring 4G extends from thefunction block 27 to the left side (X direction), passes obliquely over thefunction block 26, which is arranged on the left side as viewed from thefunction block 27, and then extends to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to thefunction block 25. A bufferingcell 30 a is arranged in the vicinity of thethird side 2 c of thefunction block 26, and a bufferingcell 30 b is arranged in the vicinity of thefourth side 2 d. One end of thesignal wiring 40 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4G and which passes over thefunction block 26, is connected to the bufferingcell 30 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 30 b. Similarly, thesignal wiring 4H extends from thefunction block 27 to the left side, passes obliquely over thefunction block 26, and then extends to the lower side, connecting to thefunction block 25. A bufferingcell 31 a is arranged in the vicinity of thethird side 2 c of thefunction block 28, and a bufferingcell 31 b is arranged in the vicinity of thefourth side 2 d. Thesignal wiring 41 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4H and passes over thefunction block 26, is connected to one end of the bufferingcell 31 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 31 b. - The
function block 25 and thefunction block 26, which is arranged on the upper side as viewed from thefunction block 25, are directly connected throughsignal wirings 41 and 4J. Here, when the wiring lengths of thesignal wirings 41 and 4J are shorter than those of thesignal wirings buffering cell 3 need not be arranged in between thesignal wirings 41 and 4J. - Moreover, the
function block 26 outputs a predetermined signal to thefunction block 28, which is arranged at the lower right as viewed from thefunction block 26, throughsignal wirings signal wiring 4K extends from thefunction block 26 to the right side (X direction), passes obliquely over thefunction block 27, which is arranged on the right side as viewed from thefunction block 26, and then extends to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to thefunction block 28. A bufferingcell 30 a is arranged in the vicinity of thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 27, and a bufferingcell 30 b is arranged in the vicinity of thefourth side 2 d. One end of thesignal wiring 40 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4K and passes over thefunction block 27, is connected to the bufferingcell 30 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 30 b. Similarly, thesignal wiring 4L extends from thefunction block 26 to the right side, passes obliquely over thefunction block 27, and then extends to the lower side, connecting to thefunction block 28. A bufferingcell 31 a is arranged in the vicinity of thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 27, and a bufferingcell 31 b is arranged in the vicinity of thefourth side 2 d. One end of thesignal wiring 41 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4L and passes over thefunction block 27, is connected to the bufferingcell 31 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 31 b. Thesignal wiring 4M extends from thefunction block 26 to the right side, passes obliquely over thefunction block 27, and then extends to the lower side, connecting to thefunction block 28. A bufferingcell 32 a is arranged in the vicinity of thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 27, and a bufferingcell 32 b is arranged in the vicinity of thefourth side 2 d. One end of thesignal wiring 42 a, which is a part of thesignal wiring 4M and passes over thefunction block 27, is connected to the bufferingcell 32 a, and the other end is connected to the bufferingcell 32 b. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the first embodiment configured in this manner, the signal wirings 40 a and 41 a, which are part of thesignal wirings function block 28, the signal wirings 40 a and 41 a, which are part of thesignal wirings function block 26, and the signal wirings 40 a, 41 a and 42 a, which are part of thesignal wirings function block 27, allowing reduction or dispersion of signal wiring hotspots between function blocks. - Moreover, with the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10, reducing bypassing signal wirings, which are routed around the perimeter of the function blocks 25 to 28, while dispersing hotspots is possible, thereby allowing control of signal transmission delay and implementation of high-speed circuit operation. In addition, buffering cell numerical reduction is possible by reducing the length of the bypassing signal wiring. Electricity consumption and an area of a buffering cell can be reduced because a structure of a buffering cell can be optimized according to the decrease in wiring capacitance. - Furthermore, with the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10, arrangement regions for the signal wirings may be utilized effectively due to the dispersion of the hotspots, thereby improving integration. - (Third Exemplary Layout of Signal Lines)
- Next, a third exemplary layout of global signal wirings in the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 is shown in FIG. 13. The third layout is one for describing an example that has various global signal wirings pass obliquely over a single function block as long as the wiring length limitation allows. It should be noted that the third layout, as with the second layout, is not limited to only global signal wiring, and may be applied to a layout for signal wiring and power supply wiring arranged between function blocks. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 shown in FIG. 13, afunction block 2 is arranged in the upper left corner upon thesubstrate 1, and input/output buffering cells 5 are arranged along the first side (left side) 2 a and the second side (upper side) 2 b of thefunction block 2. - Signal wirings4O and 4P, which extend to the lower side, pass obliquely over the
function block 2 from upper left to lower right, and then extend to the right side, are connected to an input/output buffering cell 5C arranged on the upper side. Since the driving capability of the output circuit of the input/output buffering cell 5C is typically higher than that of the output of a logic circuit in thefunction block 2 not shown in the drawing, abuffering cell 3 is not particularly necessary near thesecond side 2 b of thefunction block 2 when passing over thefunction block 2 directly from the input/output buffering cell 5C. Thesignal wiring 40 a of thesignal wiring 40 that passes over thefunction block 2 is arranged obliquely from thesecond side 2 b towards thethird side 2 c, connecting to the bufferingcell 30 a. Thesignal wiring 41 a of thesignal wiring 4P that passes over thefunction block 2 is arranged obliquely from thesecond side 2 b towards thethird side 2 c, connecting to the bufferingcell 31 a. - Meanwhile,
signal wirings same function block 2 from upper left to lower right, and then extend to the lower side, are connected to an input/output buffering cell 5D arranged on the left side. A bufferingcell 3 is not particularly necessary near thefirst side 2 a of thefunction block 2. Thesignal wiring 40 a of thesignal wiring 4Q that passes over thefunction block 2 is arranged obliquely from thefirst side 2 a towards thefourth side 2 d, connecting to the bufferingcell 30 a. Similarly, thesignal wiring 41 a of thesignal wiring 4R that passes over thefunction block 2 is arranged obliquely from thefirst side 2 a towards thefourth side 2 d, connecting to the bufferingcell 31 a. Thesignal wiring 42 a of thesignal wiring 4S that passes over thefunction block 2 is arranged obliquely from thefirst side 2 a towards thefourth side 2 d, connecting to the bufferingcell 32 a. - It should be noted that in FIG. 13, a signal wiring (or global signal wiring)4T extends towards the right side from an input/
output buffering cell 5F arranged on the upper side, and a signal wiring (or global signal wiring) 4U extends toward the lower side from an input/output buffering cell 5E arranged on the left side. Thesesignal wirings function block 2 so as to satisfy the constraint for the wiring length. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the first embodiment configured in this manner, the same results as with the second layout may be obtained, as well as arranging multiple types of global signal wirings including thesignal wirings function block 2, and thesignal wirings - (Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Fabrication Method)
- An example of a fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10, particularly a fabrication method of the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10, which includes a global signal wiring fabrication method using a CAD system, is described referencing the flowcharts shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, and a configuration of the CAD system shown in FIG. 16. - The CAD system shown in FIG. 16 includes a
CPU 500, adatabase unit 600, amain memory unit 700, aninput unit 810, and anoutput unit 820. Moreover, theCPU 500 includes aninput data module 501, acircuit arrangement module 502, a clocksignal wiring module 503, a powersupply wiring module 504, aglobal wiring module 505, ablock extraction module 506, anevaluation module 507, abuffering cell module 508, and aninspection module 509. Theinput data module 501 creates input files by reading out necessary data from thedatabase unit 600 and themain memory unit 700 in order for the CAD system to make a photo mask (reticle). Thecircuit arrangement module 502 arranges function blocks and the like based on the input file information. The clocksignal wiring module 503 arranges clock signal wiring. The powersupply wiring module 504 arranges power supply wiring. Theglobal wiring module 505 arranges global signal wiring. Theblock extraction module 506 extracts circuit blocks existing along a global signal wiring route. Theevaluation module 507 evaluates the global signal wiring based on a predetermined design rule. The bufferingcell module 508 determines whether or not to arrange a buffering cell along a global signal wiring route. Theinspection module 509 inspects electrical characteristics of global signal wiring. Thedatabase unit 600 includes a partsdata memory domain 601 and a designrule memory domain 602. The partsdata memory domain 601 stores parts data information for circuit blocks and the like. The designrule memory domain 602 stores predetermined design rules for circuit arrangement and wiring. Themain memory unit 700 includes a circuitdata memory domain 701, an arrangementdata memory domain 702, and a maskdata memory domain 703. The circuitdata memory domain 701 stores information for designing semiconductor integrated circuits. The arrangementdata memory domain 702 stores arrangement information for semiconductor integrated circuit being designed. The maskdata memory domain 703 stores information for circuit arrangements and wiring and the like generated by the CAD system. - With the CAD system shown in FIG. 16, information necessary for designing the semiconductor integrated circuit, which is input through the
input unit 810, is stored in thedatabase unit 600 and themain memory unit 700. TheCPU 500 can perform circuit arrangement and wiring that satisfies design rules, store information necessary for making the photo masks (reticles) in themain memory unit 700, and retrieve it through theoutput unit 820. - (1) To begin with, various information stored in the
database unit 600 and themain memory unit 700 through theinput unit 810 necessary for designing the semiconductor integrated circuit is read by theinput data module 501, creating an input file (S10). The created input file is stored in the arrangementdata memory domain 702. - (2) The
circuit arrangement module 502 reads circuit information stored in the arrangementdata memory domain 702, arranging afunction block 2 upon the substrate 1 (see the layout for the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 shown in FIG. 6). In this case, a function block includes at least a mega cell, as mentioned earlier. - (3) Next, the
circuit arrangement module 502 uses as the random logic rows 6 a region in which thefunction block 2 is not arranged upon thesubstrate 1, arranging a logic circuit in these random logic rows 6 (S12). - (4) The clock
signal wiring module 503 reads out the circuit information stored in the arrangementdata memory domain 702, arranging a clock signal wiring upon the substrate 1 (S13). The clock signal wiring is arranged prior to power supply wiring and signal wiring in order to allow the system to operate at a high speed. It is practical to arrange the clock signal wiring using the top wiring layer, which cannot be easily restricted by the layout. - (5) The power
supply wiring module 504 reads the circuit information stored in the arrangementdata memory domain 702, arranging a power supply wiring upon the substrate 1 (S14). The power supply wiring is typically arranged with one set of a reference power supply wiring Vss, which supplies a circuit reference power supply of 0V, for example, and an operating power supply wiring Vdd, which supplies a circuit operating power supply of 3.3V to 5V, for example. The power supply wiring is arranged, for example, in the second wiring layer as a fixed pattern extending along the outer edge of thesubstrate 1 on the input/output buffering cells 5. Furthermore, the power supply wiring is arranged, for example, in the second wiring layer on therandom logic rows 6 in the basic cell arranging direction. Moreover, the power supply wiring is arranged in a large area, which includes the areas on thefunction block 2 and therandom logic rows 6 in thesubstrate 1, and which is arranged in a relatively higher wiring layer which is a lower than the clock signal wiring layer. - (6) Next, the
global wiring module 505 reads the circuit information stored in the arrangementdata memory domain 702, arranging a global signal wiring (S15). Global signal wiring arrangement begins with the design of a global signal wiring route including at least the arrangement of orthogonal signal wiring typically arranged in either the X direction or the Y direction, arrangement ofoblique signal wiring 4, and arrangement of buffering cells 3 (S16). As shown in FIG. 15, to begin with, in the route of the global signal wirings, afunction block 2 with minimum signal loss is extracted by the block extraction module 506 (S160). It is then determined whether or not afunction block 2 with minimum signal loss exists (S161). If afunction block 2 with minimum signal loss does not exist, this global signal wiring routing design concludes (S162). If afunction block 2 with minimum signal loss exists, anarbitrary function block 2 existing near thefunction block 2 with minimum signal loss is extracted by the block extraction module 506 (S163). The signal loss due to thisfunction block 2 is greater than the minimum signal loss. If afunction block 2 does not exist, afunction block 2 with minimum signal loss is once again extracted (S1160). If afunction block 2 exists, the increased amount of signal loss due to arranging orthogonal signal wirings around thisfunction block 2, or arranging oblique signal wirings passing over thefunction block 2 is calculated by theevaluation module 507, and then added to the arrangement data memory domain 702 (S165). Theevaluation module 507 then reads from the designrule memory domain 602 the design rule for global signal wiring length, and when abuffering cell 3 is not arranged, determines whether or not the orthogonal signal wirings or the oblique signal wirings exceed the signal wiring length limitation (S166). If the signal wiring length exceeds the limitation, afunction block 2 with minimum signal loss is once again extracted (S160). If the signal wiring length does not exceed the limitation, theevaluation module 507 reads the design rule for signal rising/falling times from the designrule memory domain 602, and determines whether or not the signal rising/falling times on the orthogonal signal wirings or the oblique signal wirings satisfy the design rule, namely whether or not a timing error occurs (S167). If the design rule is satisfied and a timing error does not occur, the signal wiring route is decided, and this global signal wiring routing design is concluded (S168). If the design rule is not satisfied and a timing error occurs, the bufferingcell module 508 determines whether or not abuffering cell 3 can be arranged (S169). If thebuffering cell 3 can be arranged, the arrangement position of thebuffering cell 3 for the signal wiring route being designed is stored as a final point in the arrangementdata memory domain 702, and this global signal wiring routing design is reset at the same time (S170). Asingle function block 2 is then extracted again (S163), and the same processing is repeatedly executed until asingle function block 2 can no longer be extracted. Meanwhile, if thebuffering cell 3 cannot be arranged, orthogonal signal wirings or oblique signal wirings are added to the current signal wiring route being designed and stored in the arrangement data memory domain 702 (S171). Asingle function block 2 is then extracted again (S163), and the same processing is repeatedly executed. Based on the layout information for thebuffering cell 3 stored in the arrangementdata memory domain 702, as shown in FIG. 14, the bufferingcell 3 is additionally arranged along the global signal wiring route by the global wiring module 505 (S17). Theglobal wiring module 505 designates a route for the global signal wiring including oblique signal wiring created based on the global signal wiring design (S18). The final route for this global signal wiring is decided (S19), and the global signal wiring is arranged. - (7) Electrical characteristics such as a timing error of the arranged global signal wiring are inspected by the inspection module509 (S20).
- (8) If there are no defects as a result of the inspection, arrangement information for
function blocks 2,random logic rows 6, clock signal wiring, power supply wiring, or global signal wiring are stored in the mask data memory domain 703 (S21). - (9) Based on the information created by the CAD system described above and stored in the mask
data memory domain 703, semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 photo masks (reticles) are made. - (10) Using the photo masks, the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the first embodiment can be completed upon anactual substrate 1 by executing various fabrication processes such as photolithography, etching and film deposition. - With the fabrication method of the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the first embodiment described above, since the global signal wiring that pass obliquely over thefunction block 2, and thebuffering cells 3 may be easily configured utilizing the CAD system, the time necessary for development of the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 to product completion may be shortened. - Second Embodiment
- A second embodiment of the present invention is one for describing an example that comprises a
buffering cell 3 in afunction block 2 and aglobal signal wiring 4 to pass obliquely over thefunction block 2 inside of the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 according to the first embodiment. - As shown in FIG. 17, the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the second embodiment comprises afunction block 2 upon asubstrate 1, a plurality of buffering cells 3(3 11-3 35) arranged in thefunction block 2 regularly inside at an appointed interval, and theglobal signal wiring 4 at least one part of which extends in the direction oblique to the side of thefunction block 2 and is connected betweenadjacent buffering cells 3. - The
buffering cell 3 is arranged in thefunction block 2 beforehand, and it is used appropriately when it is necessary for theglobal signal wiring 4 to pass. In FIG. 17, a broken line is added for convenience to explain intelligibly an arrangement layout of thebuffering cell 3, but there is not a broken line on thefunction block 2 of the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 of the real product. On a monitor screen of a CAD system, the broken line as grid can be displayed in order to do a design easily. In the second embodiment, the bufferingcell 3 is arranged at an interval by an X direction and a Y direction. In other words, the bufferingcell 3 is arranged at a crossing (coordinates) of the broken line arranged at intervals of each in an X direction and a Y direction, or in each corner part of a square sectioned in the broken line. - Furthermore, the buffering
cell 3 according to the second embodiment comprises thefirst buffering cell 3A and thesecond buffering cell 3B whose drive ability differs from each other, as one set. Here, thefirst buffering cell 3A comprises thebuffering cell 3 having theoutput inverter circuit 302 of one-step structure shown in FIG. 7A, for example. Thesecond buffering cell 3B comprises thebuffering cell 3 having output theinverter circuit 302 of two-step structure shown in FIG. 8A, for example. In other words, the second drive ability of thebuffering cell 3B is stronger than thefirst buffering cell 3A. - In addition, the
first buffering cell 3A may comprise thebuffering cell 3 shown in FIG. 8A or FIG. 9A, thesecond buffering cell 3B may comprise thebuffering cell 3 shown in FIG. 9A or FIG. 10. Furthermore, in thefirst buffering cell 3A and thesecond buffering cell 3B, the number of steps ofoutput inverter circuit 302 are made the same, and by means of changing a gate width of IGFET Q of theinverter circuit 302, a drive ability may be adjusted. - As shown in FIG. 17, the
global signal wiring 4 passes thebuffering cell function block 2 and the output terminal S4 arranged on the fourth side (a lower side) 2 d of thefunction block 2. In other words, theglobal signal wiring 4 extends from the input terminal S3 to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to thebuffering cell 3 11 at first. Thefirst buffering cell 3A is used for thisbuffering cell 3 11 because it does not need a strong drive ability so that a distance from thenext buffering cell 3 22 can be comparatively short. And, theglobal signal wiring 4 extends from the bufferingcell 3 11 to the lower right side as a signal wiring which is inclined by an angle of 45 degrees relative to thesecond side 2 b, connecting to thebuffering cell 3 22. Thefirst buffering cell 3A is used for thisbuffering cell 3 22 because it does not need a strong drive ability so that a distance from thenext buffering cell 3 33 can be comparatively short. Similarly, theglobal signal wiring 4 extends from bufferingcell 3 22 to the lower right side as a signal wiring which is inclined by an angle of 45 degrees relative to thesecond side 2 b, connecting to thebuffering cell 3 33. Thesecond buffering cell 3B is used for thisbuffering cell 3 33 because it needs a strong drive ability so that a distance from thenext buffering cell 3 35 is comparatively long. Furthermore, theglobal signal wiring 4 extends from the bufferingcell 3 33 to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to thebuffering cell 3 35. Thesecond buffering cell 3B is used for thisbuffering cell 3 35 because it needs a strong drive ability to drive an outside circuit offunction block 2 through the output side S4. And, theglobal signal wiring 4 extends from the bufferingcell 335 to the lower side (Y direction), connecting to the output terminal S4. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the second embodiment configured in this manner, theglobal signal wiring 4 can pass over thefunction block 2 of a huge size more than a limit of wiring length, by using a plurality ofbuffering cells 3 arranged in thefunction block 2 regularly as intermediate cells. - Furthermore, a route of the
global signal wiring 4 to pass over thefunction block 2 can be predicted easily by havingcells 3 arranged regularly. Therefore, by arranging the electric shield layer on a route of theglobal signal wiring 4 to pass thefunction block 2 beforehand, an electric interference between thefunction block 2 and theglobal signal wiring 4 to pass over thefunction block 2 can be minimized. - Furthermore, by using an oblique signal wiring with more than one in connection of the
buffering cells 3 in thefunction block 2, bypassing signal wiring in thefunction block 2 is reduced, and route length of theglobal signal wiring 4 can be shortened. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the second embodiment, thebuffering cells 3 in thefunction block 2 may be arranged at positions corresponding to each corner part such as in a triangle, hexagon, not only a square sectioned by the broken line which is added in convenience. In addition, thebuffering cells 3 may comprise more than three buffering cells, and are not limited to being thefirst buffering cell 3A and thesecond buffering cell 3B. - Third Embodiment
- A third embodiment of the present invention is described using an example that prevents cross talk between global signal wirings passing over the
function block 2 in the semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 according to the first embodiment. - As shown in FIG. 18, the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the third embodiment comprises awave guide signal wiring function block 2 obliquely, extending substantially parallel to asignal wiring wave guide circuit 10 according to the third embodiment comprises thewave guide signal wiring function block 2 obliquely, extending substantially parallel to thesignal wiring wave guide - The
signal wiring signal wiring wave guide 410 along one side ofsignal wiring wave guide 411 along another side (the upper part in a figure), there can be a layout which arrangessignal wiring wave guide wave guide 411 along one side ofsignal wiring wave guide 412 along another side (the upper part in a figure), there can be a layout which arrangessignal wiring wave guide - The
signal wiring wave guide 410 to 412 which is arranged in parallel to thesignal wiring signal wiring wave guide 410 to 412 not to exceed a thickness of thewave guide 410 to 412 in order to keep down an occupation area to a minimum. Similarly, thesignal wiring wave guide 410 to 412, arranged in parallel to thesignal wiring signal wiring signal wiring - In addition, on a database of a CAD system, the
wave guide 410 to 412 are built in beforehand by data of the global signal wiring. In other words, thewave guide 410 to 412 can be designed at the same time as designing the global signal wiring. It is not necessary to design thewave guide 410 to 412 after designing the global signal wiring. It is practical to supply 0V that has a reference power supply Vss in thewave guide 410 to 412, for example. - With the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the third embodiment configured in this manner, since thewave guide 411 is arranged between thesignal wiring signal wiring - Other Embodiments
- As described above, the semiconductor integrated
circuit 10 according to the first through third embodiments comprises thefunction block 2 arranged on substrate 1 (semiconductor wafer, a semiconductor chip, etc) comprising of a silicon single crystal, and the global signal wiring passing over thefunction block 2. These embodiment can be applied to the semiconductor integrated circuit (a system board, a mother board, a logic board, a memory board, etc) which comprises a wiring substrate in which a semiconductor integratedcircuit 10 considered to be thefunction block 2 is included and the global signal wiring passes over the wiring substrate. A printed circuit board (PCB), a ceramics substrate, a carbonization silicon substrate, a glass substrate or the like can be used practically for the wiring substrate. - Various modifications will become possible for those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof.
Claims (13)
1. A semiconductor integrated circuit comprising:
a function block arranged on a substrate;
a first buffering cell arranged adjacent to a first side of the function block;
a second buffering cell arranged adjacent to a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block; and
signal wiring passing over the function block obliquely relative to the first side and the second side, connecting the first buffering cell and the second buffering cell.
2. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first signal wiring extending in an X direction, which extends obliquely relative to the signal wiring; and
a second signal wiring extending in a Y direction, which is perpendicular to the first signal wiring and extends obliquely relative to the signal wiring.
3. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 2 , wherein the signal wiring is arranged in a layer higher than the layer in which the first signal wiring and the second signal wiring are arranged.
4. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 2 , wherein the signal wiring has an intersecting angle either 45 degrees and 135 degree relative to either of the first signal wiring and the second signal wiring.
5. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the signal wiring is a global signal wiring including one of a data bus and an address bus, arranged substantially in the entire area on the substrate.
6. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the first buffering cell and the second buffering cell are arranged outside of the function block.
7. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 1 , further comprising a wave guide arranged adjacent to the signal wiring and extending substantially parallel to the signal.
8. A semiconductor integrated circuit comprising:
a function block arranged on a substrate;
a plurality of signal wirings having a length shorter than a length of a side of the function block on the substrate;
a plurality of buffering cells electrically connected in series between each of the signal wirings; and
a signal wiring passing obliquely across the corner between a first side and a second side of the function block, which connects the buffering cells arranged adjacent to the first side and adjacent to the second side adjacent to the first side of the function block.
9. A semiconductor integrated circuit comprising:
a function block arranged on a substrate;
a plurality of buffering cells arranged regularly in the function block at an appointed interval; and
a signal wiring extending obliquely relative to a side of the function block, which is connected between adjacent buffering cells.
10. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 9 , wherein each of the buffering cells comprises a first buffering cell and a second buffering cell having different drive abilities respectively.
11. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 9 , wherein the signal wiring is a global signal wiring including one of a data bus and an address bus, arranged substantially in the entire area on the substrate and passes over the function block.
12. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit comprising:
arranging a function block on a substrate;
arranging a signal wiring which passes over the function block obliquely relative to a first side and a second side adjacent to the first side of the function block; and
arranging a first buffering cell connected to one end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the first side of the function block and a second buffering cell connected to another end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the second side of the function block.
13. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit comprising:
arranging a plurality of function blocks on a substrate;
extracting a first function block with minimum signal loss in the function blocks in a signal wiring route;
extracting a second function block arranged near the first function block;
arranging a signal wiring which passes obliquely relative to a first side and a second side adjacent to the first side of the second function block;
determining whether a length of the signal wiring exceeds the signal wiring length limitation;
determining whether signal timing satisfies a design rule at least when the length of the signal wiring exceeds the signal wiring length limitation;
determining whether a buffering cell can be arranged when the signal timing fails to satisfy the design rule; and
arranging a first buffering cell connected to one end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the first side of the second function block and a second buffering cell connected to another end of the signal wiring, adjacent to the second side of the second function block.
Priority Applications (1)
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US11/763,432 US8026537B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2007-06-14 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method |
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JP2003011631A JP2004228164A (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2003-01-20 | Semiconductor integrated circuit and method of manufacturing the same |
JPP2003-011631 | 2003-01-20 |
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US11/763,432 Division US8026537B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2007-06-14 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method |
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US20040183103A1 true US20040183103A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
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US10/762,156 Abandoned US20040183103A1 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-20 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method |
US11/763,432 Expired - Fee Related US8026537B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2007-06-14 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method |
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US11/763,432 Expired - Fee Related US8026537B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2007-06-14 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having an oblique global signal wiring and semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method |
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CN112949248A (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2021-06-11 | 广芯微电子(广州)股份有限公司 | Automatic wiring method and device for top-layer long and narrow channel of chip and storage medium |
USRE49821E1 (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2024-01-30 | Sony Group Corporation | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
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JPWO2006049097A1 (en) * | 2004-11-02 | 2008-05-29 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
US7574683B2 (en) * | 2005-08-05 | 2009-08-11 | John Wilson | Automating power domains in electronic design automation |
JP2007081220A (en) * | 2005-09-15 | 2007-03-29 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Semiconductor integrated circuit and layout design method thereof |
JP2009015491A (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2009-01-22 | Nec Electronics Corp | Layout design method for semiconductor integrated circuit |
JP2009176823A (en) * | 2008-01-22 | 2009-08-06 | Oki Semiconductor Co Ltd | Semiconductor integrated circuit device |
US7966598B2 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2011-06-21 | International Business Machines Corporation | Top level hierarchy wiring via 1×N compiler |
JP7198168B2 (en) * | 2019-07-19 | 2022-12-28 | 株式会社 日立パワーデバイス | power semiconductor module |
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JP2693448B2 (en) | 1987-08-08 | 1997-12-24 | 株式会社東芝 | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
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JP3964575B2 (en) | 1998-06-23 | 2007-08-22 | 株式会社東芝 | Semiconductor integrated circuit device, semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method, and cell arrangement method |
JP4386512B2 (en) | 1999-11-16 | 2009-12-16 | 株式会社ルネサステクノロジ | Macroblock and recording medium |
JP3822009B2 (en) | 1999-11-17 | 2006-09-13 | 株式会社東芝 | AUTOMATIC DESIGN METHOD, EXPOSURE MASK SET, SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DEVICE, SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DEVICE MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND RECORDING MEDIUM CONTAINING AUTOMATIC DESIGN PROGRAM |
JP3813863B2 (en) | 2000-12-08 | 2006-08-23 | 富士通株式会社 | Recording medium and program recording program for shield wiring |
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US6262487B1 (en) * | 1998-06-23 | 2001-07-17 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Semiconductor integrated circuit device, semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method, and cell arranging method |
US6436804B2 (en) * | 1998-06-23 | 2002-08-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Semiconductor integrated circuit device, semiconductor integrated circuit wiring method, and cell arranging method |
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USRE49821E1 (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2024-01-30 | Sony Group Corporation | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
CN112949248A (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2021-06-11 | 广芯微电子(广州)股份有限公司 | Automatic wiring method and device for top-layer long and narrow channel of chip and storage medium |
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US20070235766A1 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
US8026537B2 (en) | 2011-09-27 |
JP2004228164A (en) | 2004-08-12 |
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