US20040183606A1 - Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics - Google Patents
Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics Download PDFInfo
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- US20040183606A1 US20040183606A1 US10/644,865 US64486503A US2004183606A1 US 20040183606 A1 US20040183606 A1 US 20040183606A1 US 64486503 A US64486503 A US 64486503A US 2004183606 A1 US2004183606 A1 US 2004183606A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/18—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/18—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/1841—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance the frequency-determining element being a strip line resonator
- H03B5/1847—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance the frequency-determining element being a strip line resonator the active element in the amplifier being a semiconductor device
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
- H03B5/1206—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification
- H03B5/1212—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification the amplifier comprising a pair of transistors, wherein an output terminal of each being connected to an input terminal of the other, e.g. a cross coupled pair
- H03B5/1215—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification the amplifier comprising a pair of transistors, wherein an output terminal of each being connected to an input terminal of the other, e.g. a cross coupled pair the current source or degeneration circuit being in common to both transistors of the pair, e.g. a cross-coupled long-tailed pair
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
- H03B5/1228—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device the amplifier comprising one or more field effect transistors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
- H03B5/1237—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator
- H03B5/124—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising a voltage dependent capacitance
- H03B5/1243—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising a voltage dependent capacitance the means comprising voltage variable capacitance diodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
- H03B5/1237—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator
- H03B5/1256—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising a variable inductance
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
- H03B5/1237—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator
- H03B5/1262—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising switched elements
- H03B5/1265—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising switched elements switched capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
- H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
- H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
- H03B5/1237—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator
- H03B5/1262—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising switched elements
- H03B5/1268—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising switched elements switched inductors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an oscillator circuit and an L load differential circuit, and particularly to an oscillator circuit using an LC resonant circuit as well as an L load differential circuit mountable on the oscillator circuit.
- a local oscillator circuit is used for frequency conversion of received signals into low-frequency signals allowing demodulation and for frequency conversion of send signals (i.e., signals to be sent) into high-frequency signals, and is required to have a wide oscillation frequency range and can lower noises (phase noises) at and around an oscillation frequency.
- a Voltage Control Oscillator which is a kind of local oscillator circuit, utilizes an oscillation phenomenon caused by positive feedback of the circuit, and can control the oscillation frequency by a control signal.
- the VCO employs a resonant circuit or utilizes a delay time of a circuit.
- a negative conductance LC oscillator circuit is known as an oscillator circuit utilizing negative resistance characteristics of a positive feedback circuit formed of transistors, as disclosed, e.g., in A. Yamagishi et al., “A Low-Voltage 6-GHz-Band CMOS Monolithic LC-Tank VCO Using a Tuning-Range Switching Technique”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol. E84-A, No. 2, February 2001. Since this oscillator circuit uses the LC resonant circuit including an inductor element and a capacitor element, it can achieve good phase noise characteristics, and application to VCOs for portable cordless devices has been expected.
- a conventional VCO is formed of an LC resonant circuit formed of two inductor elements and two diode elements, and a positive feedback circuit formed of two transistors each having a gate connected to a drain of the other.
- oscillation frequency f osc can be controlled in accordance with junction capacitance C var varied by the control voltage connected to the diode element.
- An oscillation amplitude A osc of the VCO is expressed by the following formula (2), and takes the value proportional to oscillation frequency f osc .
- the LC resonant circuit included in the VCO having the above differential structure is to be used for 1 to 2 GHz, an LC type using a lumped constant is predominantly employed because it can reduce an area of an integrated structure.
- a variable capacitance (varactor diode) is predominantly used as the capacity element.
- the inductor element is formed of a spiral inductance, which is formed of a spiral interconnection and a leader interconnection, and is generally formed on the same substrate as the transistor elements.
- the inductance of the inductor element is uniquely determined in accordance with the form of the spiral, and cannot be adjusted unless a mask design is changed.
- the transistor elements formed on the same substrate do not necessarily exhibit designed characteristics due to variations in manufacturing steps. Therefore, inductance mismatching occurs between the inductor elements, which reduces yield.
- the inductance-variable element disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 7-142258 includes a spiral electrode formed on a semiconductor substrate with an insulating film therebetween and switch circuits for short-circuiting various turn portions of the spiral electrode.
- oscillation frequency f osc in the conventional VCO is controlled by variable capacitance C var .
- the equivalent parallel resistance of the LC resonant circuit lowers with increase in variable capacitance C var . Therefore, VCO may deviate from an oscillation state if the capacitance value is high. Accordingly, it is difficult to achieve a wide oscillation frequency range.
- oscillation amplitude A osc of the VCO is proportional to oscillation frequency f osc .
- oscillation amplitude A osc is low, and a signal-to-noise ratio of the oscillation signal is low so that the phase noise characteristics are impaired.
- the foregoing inductance-variable element suffers from such a problem that the Q value lowers due to an on-resistance of a switch circuit connected in series to the inductor element. This results in deterioration of the phase noise characteristics of the oscillator circuit formed of the inductor element.
- An object of the invention is to provide an oscillator circuit having a wide oscillation frequency range and characteristics achieving low phase noises.
- Another object of the invention is to provide an L load differential circuit, which is mounted on the oscillator circuit, and achieves the above performance.
- an oscillator circuit performs oscillation by positive feedback of an LC resonant circuit
- the LC resonant circuit includes a parallel resonant circuit that is formed of an inductance-variable portion allowing variation of an inductance by a switch circuit and a capacitor element.
- an oscillator circuit is formed of a pair of transistors cross-coupled to each other, and an LC resonant circuit of a differential type coupled to the pair of transistors in a feedback manner.
- the LC resonant circuit includes first and second inductance-variable portions including first and second input/output terminals, commonly connected at their second terminals to a fixed node and being capable of varying inductances, and a first switch circuit coupled between the first input/output terminals of the first and second inductance-variable portions.
- Each of the first and second inductance-variable portions has a spiral interconnection layer starting from the first input/output terminal and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and a plurality of second switch circuits having first terminals connected to arbitrary positions on the interconnection layer and second terminals commonly connected to the second input/output terminal, respectively.
- the oscillator circuit electrically couples the connection position of the turned-on second switch circuit on the interconnection layer to the second input/output terminal.
- the first switch circuit When the first switch circuit is turned on in response to the turn-on of the second switch circuit, the first switch circuit electrically couples the first and second inductance-variable portions.
- the oscillation frequency of the oscillator circuit is controlled by varying the inductance of the LC resonant circuit, it is possible to achieve the oscillator circuit, which can prevent deterioration of the phase noise characteristics in a low oscillation frequency range, and can achieve a wide oscillation frequency range and characteristics ensuring low phase noises.
- the two inductance-variable portions included in the differential LC resonant circuit are electrically coupled to form an inductor pair by the switch circuit arranged between the inductance-variable portions.
- the switch circuit arranged between the inductance-variable portions.
- FIG. 1 shows by way of example an oscillator circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows by way of example a structure of an inductance-variable portion.
- FIG. 3 shows by way of example a structure of a switch circuit.
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the inductance-variable portion in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 5 shows a circuit structure of the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 1 having inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 each formed of the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 .
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a structure of a first modification of the inductance-variable portion in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- FIGS. 7 to 9 are circuit diagrams showing structures of second, third and fourth modifications of the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, respectively.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram showing by way of example a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing by way of example a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram schematically showing a structure of a switch circuit group 1 in a voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram of switch circuit group 1 in FIG. 12.
- FIG. 14 is an equivalent circuit diagram of switch circuit group 1 changed from ⁇ -connection to Y-connection shown in FIG. 13.
- FIG. 15 shows a specific layout structure of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 shown in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram showing by way of example a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a modification of the third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- a voltage control oscillator circuit will be described as an example of the oscillator circuit.
- a voltage control oscillator circuit is formed of a differential type LC resonant circuit, which is formed of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 having variable inductances and a capacitor element C 1 , and a positive feedback circuit formed of N-channel MOS transistors M 1 and M 2 .
- Each of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 has first and second input/output terminals, and the second input/output terminal is commonly connected to an external power supply node Vdd.
- the first input/output terminals are connected to output nodes OUT and OUTB, respectively.
- Capacitor element C 1 is connected between the first input/output terminals of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 .
- An oscillation frequency f osc of the voltage control oscillator circuit can be determined based on the inductance values of the inductance-variable portions and the capacitance value.
- the positive feedback circuit includes N-channel MOS transistor M 1 electrically coupled between inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 and a constant current supply Ibias, and N-channel MOS transistor M 2 electrically coupled between inductance-variable portion Lvar 2 and constant current supply Ibias.
- N-channel MOS transistors M 1 and M 2 have gates each coupled to a drain of the other, and thus provide a cross-coupled structure.
- oscillation frequency f osc changes in accordance with inductance value L.
- oscillation frequency f osc lowers with increase in inductance value L.
- oscillation frequency f osc is lowered in accordance with increase in inductance value L, deterioration of oscillation amplitude A osc expressed in FIG. ( 4 ) is prevented. Therefore, it is possible to avoid deterioration of the phase noise characteristics, which occurs due to lowering of the oscillation amplitude in a conventional VCO when the oscillation frequency is in a low range.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows by of example a structure of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 . Since inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 have the same structure, FIG. 2 representatively shows only inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 .
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes a spiral interconnection layer formed on a semiconductor substrate (not shown) with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 .
- the spiral interconnection layer is made of a metal material such as aluminum or copper, and the configuration thereof is not restricted to a square, and may be another form such as a polygon or a circle.
- Switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 have first terminals, which are connected to respective turns of the spiral interconnection layer, and second terminals connected to an input/output terminal of the inductor element. Switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 receive control signals for controlling the turning-on/off thereof.
- FIG. 3 shows by way of example a structure of switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 .
- switch circuit SWn may be formed of an N-channel MOS transistor 10 .
- N-channel MOS transistor 10 When N-channel MOS transistor 10 is supplied with a control voltage Vsw as a control signal Sn on its gate, it is turned on or off depending on the voltage level of control voltage Vsw.
- control voltage Vsw When control voltage Vsw is at a H-level (high potential level), N-channel MOS transistor 10 is turned on so that the corresponding portion of the spiral interconnection layer is electrically coupled to the input/output terminal of the inductor element.
- control voltage Vsw When control voltage Vsw is at a L-level (low potential level), N-channel MOS transistor 10 is turned off. Thereby, the corresponding portion of the spiral interconnection layer is electrically isolated from the input/output terminal of the inductor element.
- one of the switch circuits is selected to receive control voltage Vsw at the H-level, and the other switch circuits are supplied with control voltage Vsw at L-level so that an intended inductance value can be obtained.
- switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 are provided for the respective turns of the spiral interconnection layer, discrete inductance values can be obtained.
- the N-channel MOS transistor is used as the switch circuit.
- a bipolar transistor or a GaAs MESFET Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
- GaAs MESFET Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 in FIG. 2.
- the inductance-variable portion is divided into three inductor elements L 1 , L 2 and L 3 by switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 arranged for the respective turns. It is assumed that inductor elements L 1 , L 2 and L 3 have inductance values of L 1 , L 2 and L 3 , respectively.
- switch circuit SW 1 when switch circuit SW 1 is on, the whole inductor elements have the inductance value of L 1 .
- switch circuit SW 2 When switch circuit SW 2 is on, the whole inductor elements have the inductance value of (L 1 +L 2 ).
- one of switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 is turned on so that the inductance can selectively take the discrete values within a variable range from L 1 to (L 1 +L 2 +L 3 ).
- FIG. 5 shows a circuit structure, in which each of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 in the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1 employs the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 .
- inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 in the LC resonant circuit shown in FIG. 1 are expressed as the equivalent circuits shown in FIG. 4, and switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 and SW 1 d -SW 3 d are arranged for the respective turns.
- Capacitor element C 1 in the LC resonant circuit and the circuit structure of the positive feedback circuit are similar to those of the VCO in FIG. 1, and therefore, description thereof is not repeated.
- Switch circuits SW 1 and SW 1 d form one switch circuit group.
- switch circuits SW 2 and SW 2 d form one switch circuit group, and switch circuits SW 3 and SW 3 d form one switch circuit group.
- one switch circuit group is selected from the three switch circuit groups, and switch circuits SWn and SWnd in the selected group are turned on.
- the switch circuits in the other switch circuit groups are kept off.
- each of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 takes the inductance value of L 1 .
- the inductance of the inductance-variable portion can be discretely varied within the variable range from L 1 to (L 1 +L 2 +L 3 ), as already described.
- variable range of oscillation frequency f osc of the voltage control oscillator circuit can be expressed by the following formula (5): 1 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( L 1 + L 2 + L 3 ) ⁇ ⁇ C ⁇ f osc ⁇ 1 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ L ⁇ 1 ⁇ C ( 5 )
- oscillation amplitude A osc does not deteriorate owing to increase in inductance L so that deterioration of phase noises does not occur.
- the first embodiment of the invention can achieve the voltage control oscillator circuit having a wide oscillation frequency range and low-phase-noise characteristics, i.e., characteristics ensuring low phase noises.
- the oscillator circuit of the first embodiment includes the LC resonant circuit employing the inductance-variable portion for improving the trade-off relationship between the variable oscillation frequency range and the phase noise characteristics.
- the inductance-variable portion can easily provide various inductance values by switching the plurality of switch circuits provided for the spiral interconnection layer of the inductor element. A modification of the structure of the inductance-variable portion will now be described.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a structure of a first modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- Inductance-variable portion Lvar 2 has the sane structure as inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 , and therefore description thereof is not repeated.
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes switch circuits SW 1 -SW 4 arranged for quarters of the turn of the spiral interconnection layer, respectively, and thus has a structure achieved by adding a switch circuit to the inductor element in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- an intended inductance can be likewise achieved by turning on one of switch circuits SW 1 -SW 4 . Further, by increasing the number of the switch circuits, it is possible to widen the variable range of the inductance value and to perform the control more finely.
- FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a structure of a second modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes switch circuits SW 4 and SW 5 in addition to switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 arranged for respective turns in the equivalent circuit of the inductance-variable portion shown in FIG. 4.
- Switch circuit SW 4 is arranged between input/output terminals 1 and 2 , and is connected in parallel with inductor elements L 1 -L 3 .
- Switch circuit SW 5 is arranged between input/output terminal 1 and the terminal of switch circuit SW 2 , and is connected in parallel with inductor elements L 1 and L 2 .
- switch circuits SW 1 -SW 5 are selectively turned on so that the inductance can be varied more finely in stepwise fashion. For example, when only switch circuit SW 1 is turned on, the inductance value of L 1 is achieved. When only switch circuit SW 2 is turned on, the inductance value is equal to (L 1 +L 2 ). Likewise, when switch circuit SW 3 is turned on, the inductance value is equal to (L 1 +L 2 +L 3 ).
- the inductance can be finely varied by variously combining the on and off states of the plurality of switch circuits. Therefore, by employing the inductance-variable portion in FIG. 7 in the LC resonant circuit of the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to widen the variable frequency range of oscillation frequency f osc and to perform the control more finely.
- FIG. 8 shows a structure of a third modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes switch circuits SW 4 -SW 9 in addition to switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 provided for the respective turns in the equivalent circuit of the inductor element shown in FIG. 2.
- Switch circuits SW 4 -SW 6 are connected in parallel with inductor elements L 1 -L 3 , respectively.
- Switch circuit SW 7 is connected between one end of inductor element L 2 and one end of inductor element L 3 , and is arranged in parallel with inductor elements L 2 and L 3 .
- Switch circuit SW 8 is connected between one end of inductor element L 1 and one end of inductor element L 2 , and is arranged in parallel with inductor elements L 1 and L 2 .
- Switch circuit SW 9 is connected between one end of inductor element L 1 and one end of inductor element L 3 , and is arranged in parallel with inductor elements L 1 , L 2 and L 3 .
- switch circuits SW 1 -SW 9 are selectively turned on so that the inductance can be controlled more finely that the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 and 7.
- the inductance can be determined more finely in the variation range by combining the on/off states of the plurality of switch circuits. Therefore, by employing the inductance-variable portion shown in FIG. 8 in the LC resonant circuit of the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 1, it is possible to widen the variable frequency range of oscillation frequency f osc , and the control can be performed more finely.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing a structure of a fourth modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 shown in FIG. 2.
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes a plurality of inductor elements L 1 -L 3 having different inductances, respectively, and switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 each coupled between one end of the spiral interconnection layer (not shown) of corresponding inductor element L 1 , L 2 or L 3 and the input/output terminal.
- the inductance-variable portion in FIG. 2 has the plurality of switch circuits arranged for the one spiral interconnection layer.
- the inductor element shown in FIG. 9 includes the switch circuits provided for the respective spiral interconnection layers in a one-to-one relationship. In the inductance-variable portion shown in FIG. 9, therefore, the inductance can be varied by turning on only the switch circuit, which corresponds to the inductor element having an intended inductance.
- the inductance-variable portion having the above structure, the plurality of spiral interconnection layers are arranged in parallel, and therefore the circuit scale is large.
- the switch circuit per one inductor element is small in number so that the circuit structure can be simple.
- FIG. 10 shows by way of example an oscillator circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention. Similarly to the first embodiment, a voltage control oscillator circuit will be described as an example of the oscillator circuit.
- the voltage control oscillator circuit differs from the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1 only in that the capacitor element forming the LC resonant circuit has a variable capacitance. Description of the same or corresponding portions is not repeated.
- the LC resonant circuit is formed of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 each connected between external power supply node Vdd and output node OUT or OUTB, and a variable capacitor element Cvar connected between first input/output terminals of inductor elements Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 .
- each passive element has an inductance of L and a capacitance value of C.
- oscillation frequency f osc of the voltage control oscillator circuit is expressed by the following formula (6), in which parasitic capacitances and others of each passive element, interconnection and others are ignored.
- f osc 1 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ L ⁇ ⁇ C ( 6 )
- Oscillation amplitude A osc is expressed by the following formula (7).
- oscillation frequency f osc depends on a combination of two variables, i.e., inductance L and capacitance value C. Therefore, the variable range of the oscillation frequency can be wider than that in the voltage control oscillator circuit of the first embodiment, in which only the inductance is variable.
- the oscillation frequency can be lowered by increasing inductance L similarly to the first embodiment, deterioration of oscillation amplitude A osc can be suppressed even in the low oscillation frequency range. Thereby, deterioration of the phase noise characteristics at the low oscillation frequencies can be suppressed so that the trade-off relationship between the variable range of the oscillation frequency and the phase noises can be improved.
- FIG. 11 shows a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- a voltage control oscillator circuit will now be described as an example of an oscillator circuit.
- the voltage control oscillator circuit includes switch circuits SW 1 dd -SW 3 dd arranged between inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 of the differential LC resonant circuit, in addition to the components of the voltage control oscillator circuit of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5. Description of the same or corresponding portions is not repeated.
- Inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 include switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 or SW 1 d -SW 3 d arranged corresponding to the respective turns, similarly to inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 shown in FIG. 2.
- a switch circuit SW 1 dd is arranged between switch circuits SW 1 and SW 1 d .
- a switch circuit SW 2 dd is arranged between switch circuits SW 2 and SW 2 d .
- a switch circuit SW 3 dd is arranged between switch circuits SW 3 and SW 3 d .
- Switch circuits SW 1 , SW 1 d and SW 1 dd form one switch circuit group 1
- switch circuits SW 2 , SW 2 d and SW 2 dd form a switch circuit group 2
- switch circuits SW 3 , SW 3 d and SW 3 dd form one switch circuit group 3 .
- FIG. 12 schematically shows a structure of switch circuit group 1 , 2 or 3 in the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 11. Since the switch circuit groups 1 - 3 have the same structure, the structure of switch circuit group 1 will now be representatively described.
- switch circuits SW 1 and SW 1 d are connected in parallel between external power supply node Vdd and inductor element L 1 . Further, switch circuit SW 1 dd is coupled between switch circuits SW 1 and SW 1 d.
- one of the switch circuit groups is selected and turned on.
- switch circuit group 1 when switch circuit group 1 is selected, switch circuits SW 1 , SW 1 d and SW 1 dd are turned on.
- the inductance equal to L 1 is set in each of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 arranged between external power supply node Vdd and respective output nodes OUT and OUTB.
- inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 are in the state, where these portions are electrically coupled via switch circuit SW 1 dd .
- An equivalent circuit of only switch circuit group 1 in this state is shown in FIG. 13.
- a resistance element R is an on-resistance of each switch circuit.
- each of the three resistance elements forming the equivalent circuit has a resistance value of R/3. Therefore, a resistance component, which is connected in series to each of the inductor elements included in inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 in FIG. 11, has a resistance value of R/3.
- a resistance component connected in series to the inductor element has the resistance value of R equal to the on-resistance of switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 and SW 1 d -SW 3 d .
- interposition of switch circuits SW 1 dd -SW 3 dd reduces the resistance values of resistance components to 1 ⁇ 3.
- the Q value of the LC resonant circuit has such characteristics that the Q value of the LC resonant circuit rises with decrease in resistance component connected in series to the inductor element, and lowers with increase in resistance component. Therefore, the resonant circuit in the voltage control oscillator circuit of this embodiment can have a higher Q value than the LC resonant circuit in FIG. 5 owing to the reduction in resistance component by switch circuits SW 1 dd -SW 3 dd . This results in low-phase-noise characteristics of the voltage control oscillator.
- the differential LC resonant circuit thus constructed can be applied not only to the voltage control oscillator circuit of this embodiment, but also can be applied to an RF circuit such as a differential amplifier and a mixer, which has a differential LC resonant circuit as a load for achieving high-gain characteristics and low-noise characteristics owing to a high Q value.
- the circuit may be used merely as an L load differential circuit in the RF circuit or the like, in which case a circuit having a variable gain can be achieved owing to the feature that the inductance value is variable.
- FIG. 15 shows a specific layout structure of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 in the differential LC resonant circuit included in the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 11.
- inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 form a differential inductance including a combination of two spiral interconnection layers.
- Input/output terminal 1 common to the two inductance-variable portions is connected to external power supply node Vdd (not shown in FIG. 15).
- Other input/output terminals 2 and 3 of the inductance-variable portions are connected to output nodes OUT and OUTB of the voltage control oscillator circuit (not shown in FIG. 15), respectively.
- switch circuits SW 1 dd -SW 3 dd can be interposed without increasing the circuit scale, and thus the structure can be compact.
- the two inductance-variable portions are electrically coupled by the switch circuits arranged therebetween to form the one inductor pair, and thereby the resistance component connected in series to the inductor element can be reduced so that deterioration of the Q value of the differential LC resonant circuit can be suppressed, and the voltage control oscillator circuit can have the characteristics ensuring low phase noises.
- the inductor pair is formed of the differential type inductors. Thereby, it is possible to suppress increase in circuit scale, which may be caused by interposition of the switch circuits, and the voltage control oscillator circuit can be compact in layout.
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram showing a structure of a voltage control oscillator circuit, which is an oscillator circuit according to a modification of the third embodiment of the invention.
- the voltage control oscillator circuit differs from the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 11 in that the inductor pair included in the differential LC resonant circuit is formed of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 , each of which is formed of a plurality of inductor elements, and switch circuits SW 1 dd -SW 3 dd . Therefore, description of the portions corresponding to those of the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 11 is not repeated.
- the inductor pair is formed of two inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 , which are arranged in parallel and are connected to external power supply node Vdd, and switch circuits SW 1 dd -SW 3 dd arranged between inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 .
- Inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 have the same structures as those shown in FIG. 9.
- Inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes a plurality of inductor elements L 1 -L 3 , which are connected in parallel between external power supply node Vdd and output node OUT of the voltage control oscillator circuit, and have different inductances, respectively.
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 1 includes switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 coupled between respective inductor elements L 1 -L 3 and external power supply node Vdd.
- inductance-variable portion Lvar 2 includes a plurality of inductor elements L 1 -L 3 , which are connected in parallel between external power supply node Vdd and output node OUTB of the voltage control oscillator circuit, and have different inductances, respectively, and switch circuits SW 1 d -SW 3 d coupled between respective inductor elements L 1 -L 3 and external power supply node Vdd.
- an intended inductance can be achieved in each of inductance-variable portions Lvar 1 and Lvar 2 by turning on one of the plurality of switch circuits SW 1 -SW 3 or SW 1 d -SW 3 d.
- the differential LC resonant circuit thus constructed can also be applied to an RF circuit such as a differential amplifier and a mixer, and thereby high-gain characteristics and low-noise characteristics can be achieved owing to the high Q value.
- the circuit may be used merely as an L load differential circuit in the RF circuit or the like, in which case a circuit having a variable gain can be achieved owing to the feature that the inductance value is variable.
- the oscillator circuit according to the invention can improve the trade-off relationship between the variable frequency range and the phase noise characteristics owing to the LC resonant circuit, which is configured to perform the control by the switch circuits arranged corresponding to the portions of the spiral interconnection layer, and thereby to provide the variable inductance values for controlling the oscillation frequency.
- the differential LC resonant circuit includes the two inductance-variable portions, which are electrically coupled via the switch circuits to provide the inductor pair.
- the resistance element connected in series to the inductor element is reduced, and the high Q value can be achieved.
- the switch circuit may be formed of a transistor such as a Depletion-layer-Extended Transistor (which may be referred to as a “DTE”, hereinafter) capable of reducing an insertion loss, whereby the phase noise characteristics can be further improved.
- a transistor such as a Depletion-layer-Extended Transistor (which may be referred to as a “DTE”, hereinafter) capable of reducing an insertion loss, whereby the phase noise characteristics can be further improved.
- DTE Depletion-layer-Extended Transistor
- the DTE has an element structure, which can be formed by removing a P-type well, P + -isolation layer and a punch-through stopper layer from a conventional CMOS transistor, and achieves a low junction capacitance of source/drain electrodes and a high ground resistance so that a low insertion loss can be achieved.
- Specific element structures of the DTE are disclosed, e.g., in “A 1.4 dB Insertion-Loss, 5 GHz Transmit/Receive Switch Utilizing Novel Depletion-Layer-Extended Transistors (DETs) in 0.18 ⁇ m CMOS Process”, T. Ohnakado, et al., IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Tech. Papers, 16.4, June 2002.
Abstract
An oscillator circuit is formed of a differential LC resonant circuit formed of an L load differential circuit including inductance-variable portions and a capacitor element, and a positive feedback circuit formed of N-channel MOS transistors. The inductance-variable portion is configured to vary the inductance by selecting a plurality of switch circuits arranged between a plurality of arbitrary positions on a spiral interconnection layer and the input/output terminal, and thereby can control an oscillation frequency. The inductance-variable portions form an inductor pair when the switch circuit among the switch circuits coupled between the first input/output terminals is turned on together with the switch circuit.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to an oscillator circuit and an L load differential circuit, and particularly to an oscillator circuit using an LC resonant circuit as well as an L load differential circuit mountable on the oscillator circuit.
- 2. Description of the Background Art
- In wireless devices such as a cellular phone, a local oscillator circuit is used for frequency conversion of received signals into low-frequency signals allowing demodulation and for frequency conversion of send signals (i.e., signals to be sent) into high-frequency signals, and is required to have a wide oscillation frequency range and can lower noises (phase noises) at and around an oscillation frequency.
- A Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO), which is a kind of local oscillator circuit, utilizes an oscillation phenomenon caused by positive feedback of the circuit, and can control the oscillation frequency by a control signal. In general, the VCO employs a resonant circuit or utilizes a delay time of a circuit.
- In connection with the VCO utilizing the resonant circuit, a negative conductance LC oscillator circuit is known as an oscillator circuit utilizing negative resistance characteristics of a positive feedback circuit formed of transistors, as disclosed, e.g., in A. Yamagishi et al., “A Low-Voltage 6-GHz-Band CMOS Monolithic LC-Tank VCO Using a Tuning-Range Switching Technique”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol. E84-A, No. 2, February 2001. Since this oscillator circuit uses the LC resonant circuit including an inductor element and a capacitor element, it can achieve good phase noise characteristics, and application to VCOs for portable cordless devices has been expected.
- A structure and an operation of a conventional VCO will now be described in connection with, e.g., a negative conductance LC oscillator circuit.
- A conventional VCO is formed of an LC resonant circuit formed of two inductor elements and two diode elements, and a positive feedback circuit formed of two transistors each having a gate connected to a drain of the other.
-
- Accordingly, oscillation frequency fosc can be controlled in accordance with junction capacitance Cvar varied by the control voltage connected to the diode element.
- An oscillation amplitude Aosc of the VCO is expressed by the following formula (2), and takes the value proportional to oscillation frequency fosc.
- A osc∝2πf osc L (2)
- When the LC resonant circuit included in the VCO having the above differential structure is to be used for 1 to 2 GHz, an LC type using a lumped constant is predominantly employed because it can reduce an area of an integrated structure. A variable capacitance (varactor diode) is predominantly used as the capacity element. The inductor element is formed of a spiral inductance, which is formed of a spiral interconnection and a leader interconnection, and is generally formed on the same substrate as the transistor elements.
- Accordingly, the inductance of the inductor element is uniquely determined in accordance with the form of the spiral, and cannot be adjusted unless a mask design is changed.
- Meanwhile, the transistor elements formed on the same substrate do not necessarily exhibit designed characteristics due to variations in manufacturing steps. Therefore, inductance mismatching occurs between the inductor elements, which reduces yield.
- Recently, many kinds of inductance-variable elements, of which inductance can be varied even after the inductor elements are assembled in circuits, have been proposed, e.g., in Japanese Patent Laying-Open Nos. 7-142258 and 8-162331.
- For example, the inductance-variable element disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 7-142258 includes a spiral electrode formed on a semiconductor substrate with an insulating film therebetween and switch circuits for short-circuiting various turn portions of the spiral electrode.
- In this structure, when the switch circuit is turned on in response to a predetermined applied voltage, the corresponding turn portion of the spiral electrode is locally short-circuited. This changes the number of turns of the inductance-variable element so that the inductance-variable element changes its inductance as a whole.
- As already described, oscillation frequency fosc in the conventional VCO is controlled by variable capacitance Cvar. However, the equivalent parallel resistance of the LC resonant circuit lowers with increase in variable capacitance Cvar. Therefore, VCO may deviate from an oscillation state if the capacitance value is high. Accordingly, it is difficult to achieve a wide oscillation frequency range.
- Further, oscillation amplitude Aosc of the VCO is proportional to oscillation frequency fosc. In a low frequency range, therefore, oscillation amplitude Aosc is low, and a signal-to-noise ratio of the oscillation signal is low so that the phase noise characteristics are impaired.
- The foregoing inductance-variable element suffers from such a problem that the Q value lowers due to an on-resistance of a switch circuit connected in series to the inductor element. This results in deterioration of the phase noise characteristics of the oscillator circuit formed of the inductor element.
- An object of the invention is to provide an oscillator circuit having a wide oscillation frequency range and characteristics achieving low phase noises.
- Another object of the invention is to provide an L load differential circuit, which is mounted on the oscillator circuit, and achieves the above performance.
- According to an aspect of the invention, an oscillator circuit performs oscillation by positive feedback of an LC resonant circuit, and the LC resonant circuit includes a parallel resonant circuit that is formed of an inductance-variable portion allowing variation of an inductance by a switch circuit and a capacitor element.
- According to another aspect of the invention, an oscillator circuit is formed of a pair of transistors cross-coupled to each other, and an LC resonant circuit of a differential type coupled to the pair of transistors in a feedback manner. The LC resonant circuit includes first and second inductance-variable portions including first and second input/output terminals, commonly connected at their second terminals to a fixed node and being capable of varying inductances, and a first switch circuit coupled between the first input/output terminals of the first and second inductance-variable portions. Each of the first and second inductance-variable portions has a spiral interconnection layer starting from the first input/output terminal and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and a plurality of second switch circuits having first terminals connected to arbitrary positions on the interconnection layer and second terminals commonly connected to the second input/output terminal, respectively. When one of the second switch circuits is turned on, the oscillator circuit electrically couples the connection position of the turned-on second switch circuit on the interconnection layer to the second input/output terminal. When the first switch circuit is turned on in response to the turn-on of the second switch circuit, the first switch circuit electrically couples the first and second inductance-variable portions.
- According to the invention described above, since the oscillation frequency of the oscillator circuit is controlled by varying the inductance of the LC resonant circuit, it is possible to achieve the oscillator circuit, which can prevent deterioration of the phase noise characteristics in a low oscillation frequency range, and can achieve a wide oscillation frequency range and characteristics ensuring low phase noises.
- Further, the two inductance-variable portions included in the differential LC resonant circuit are electrically coupled to form an inductor pair by the switch circuit arranged between the inductance-variable portions. Thereby, it is possible to suppress deterioration of a Q value of the resonant circuit, and the voltage control oscillator circuit can have characteristics ensuring low phase noises. If the differential LC resonant circuit is configured not to connect a capacitor element thereto, it can be used as an L load differential circuit having a high Q value and a variable inductance.
- The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1 shows by way of example an oscillator circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows by way of example a structure of an inductance-variable portion.
- FIG. 3 shows by way of example a structure of a switch circuit.
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the inductance-variable portion in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 5 shows a circuit structure of the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 1 having inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 each formed of the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 to 4.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a structure of a first modification of the inductance-variable portion in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- FIGS.7 to 9 are circuit diagrams showing structures of second, third and fourth modifications of the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, respectively.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram showing by way of example a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing by way of example a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram schematically showing a structure of a
switch circuit group 1 in a voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 11. - FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram of
switch circuit group 1 in FIG. 12. - FIG. 14 is an equivalent circuit diagram of
switch circuit group 1 changed from Δ-connection to Y-connection shown in FIG. 13. - FIG. 15 shows a specific layout structure of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 shown in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram showing by way of example a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a modification of the third embodiment of the invention.
- Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. In the figures, the same reference numbers indicate the same or corresponding portions.
- [First Embodiment]
- FIG. 1 shows a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention. In the following description of the embodiment, a voltage control oscillator circuit will be described as an example of the oscillator circuit.
- Referring to FIG. 1, a voltage control oscillator circuit is formed of a differential type LC resonant circuit, which is formed of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 having variable inductances and a capacitor element C1, and a positive feedback circuit formed of N-channel MOS transistors M1 and M2.
- Each of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 has first and second input/output terminals, and the second input/output terminal is commonly connected to an external power supply node Vdd. The first input/output terminals are connected to output nodes OUT and OUTB, respectively. Capacitor element C1 is connected between the first input/output terminals of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2. An oscillation frequency fosc of the voltage control oscillator circuit can be determined based on the inductance values of the inductance-variable portions and the capacitance value.
- The positive feedback circuit includes N-channel MOS transistor M1 electrically coupled between inductance-variable portion Lvar1 and a constant current supply Ibias, and N-channel MOS transistor M2 electrically coupled between inductance-variable portion Lvar2 and constant current supply Ibias.
- N-channel MOS transistors M1 and M2 have gates each coupled to a drain of the other, and thus provide a cross-coupled structure.
- An operation of the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1 will now be described.
- Referring to FIG. 1, since the positive feedback circuit of the voltage control oscillator circuit can be deemed as a two-terminal circuit, an input impedance Rin viewed from the drains of N-channel MOS transistors M1 and M2 can be expressed as Rin=−2/gm, where gm is a mutual conductance of each N-channel MOS transistor. Therefore, this circuit oscillates when an absolute value |Rin| of input impedance Rin is equal to or lower than a value of an equivalent parallel resistance of the LC resonant circuit. This circuit may be referred to as a “negative conductance LC oscillator circuit”.
-
- An oscillation amplitude Aosc is expressed by the following formula (4):
- A osc∝2πf osc L (4)
- As can be seen from the formula (3), oscillation frequency fosc changes in accordance with inductance value L. For example, oscillation frequency fosc lowers with increase in inductance value L. In this case, since oscillation frequency fosc is lowered in accordance with increase in inductance value L, deterioration of oscillation amplitude Aosc expressed in FIG. (4) is prevented. Therefore, it is possible to avoid deterioration of the phase noise characteristics, which occurs due to lowering of the oscillation amplitude in a conventional VCO when the oscillation frequency is in a low range.
- Then, description will be given on a specific example of the structures of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 forming the LC resonant circuit in the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows by of example a structure of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2. Since inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 have the same structure, FIG. 2 representatively shows only inductance-variable portion Lvar1.
- Referring to FIG. 2, inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes a spiral interconnection layer formed on a semiconductor substrate (not shown) with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and switch circuits SW1-SW3.
- The spiral interconnection layer is made of a metal material such as aluminum or copper, and the configuration thereof is not restricted to a square, and may be another form such as a polygon or a circle.
- Switch circuits SW1-SW3 have first terminals, which are connected to respective turns of the spiral interconnection layer, and second terminals connected to an input/output terminal of the inductor element. Switch circuits SW1-SW3 receive control signals for controlling the turning-on/off thereof.
- FIG. 3 shows by way of example a structure of switch circuits SW1-SW3.
- Referring to FIG. 3, switch circuit SWn (n=1, 2 or 3) may be formed of an N-
channel MOS transistor 10. When N-channel MOS transistor 10 is supplied with a control voltage Vsw as a control signal Sn on its gate, it is turned on or off depending on the voltage level of control voltage Vsw. When control voltage Vsw is at a H-level (high potential level), N-channel MOS transistor 10 is turned on so that the corresponding portion of the spiral interconnection layer is electrically coupled to the input/output terminal of the inductor element. When control voltage Vsw is at a L-level (low potential level), N-channel MOS transistor 10 is turned off. Thereby, the corresponding portion of the spiral interconnection layer is electrically isolated from the input/output terminal of the inductor element. - Accordingly, one of the switch circuits is selected to receive control voltage Vsw at the H-level, and the other switch circuits are supplied with control voltage Vsw at L-level so that an intended inductance value can be obtained.
- In the inductance-variable portion of the structure shown in FIG. 2, since switch circuits SW1-SW3 are provided for the respective turns of the spiral interconnection layer, discrete inductance values can be obtained.
- In FIG. 3, the N-channel MOS transistor is used as the switch circuit. However, a bipolar transistor or a GaAs MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) may be used instead of the N-channel MOS transistor.
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of inductance-variable portion Lvar1 in FIG. 2.
- Referring to FIG. 4, the inductance-variable portion is divided into three inductor elements L1, L2 and L3 by switch circuits SW1-SW3 arranged for the respective turns. It is assumed that inductor elements L1, L2 and L3 have inductance values of L1, L2 and L3, respectively.
- For example, when switch circuit SW1 is on, the whole inductor elements have the inductance value of L1. When switch circuit SW2 is on, the whole inductor elements have the inductance value of (L1+L2). In this manner, one of switch circuits SW1-SW3 is turned on so that the inductance can selectively take the discrete values within a variable range from L1 to (L1+L2+L3).
- FIG. 5 shows a circuit structure, in which each of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 in the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1 employs the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 to 4.
- In the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 5, inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 in the LC resonant circuit shown in FIG. 1 are expressed as the equivalent circuits shown in FIG. 4, and switch circuits SW1-SW3 and SW1 d-SW3 d are arranged for the respective turns. Capacitor element C1 in the LC resonant circuit and the circuit structure of the positive feedback circuit are similar to those of the VCO in FIG. 1, and therefore, description thereof is not repeated.
- Switch circuits SW1 and SW1 d form one switch circuit group. Likewise, switch circuits SW2 and SW2 d form one switch circuit group, and switch circuits SW3 and SW3 d form one switch circuit group.
-
- Even in the low frequency range within the variable oscillation frequency range, oscillation amplitude Aosc does not deteriorate owing to increase in inductance L so that deterioration of phase noises does not occur.
- Therefore, the first embodiment of the invention can achieve the voltage control oscillator circuit having a wide oscillation frequency range and low-phase-noise characteristics, i.e., characteristics ensuring low phase noises.
- [Modification of First Embodiment]
- As described above, the oscillator circuit of the first embodiment includes the LC resonant circuit employing the inductance-variable portion for improving the trade-off relationship between the variable oscillation frequency range and the phase noise characteristics. The inductance-variable portion can easily provide various inductance values by switching the plurality of switch circuits provided for the spiral interconnection layer of the inductor element. A modification of the structure of the inductance-variable portion will now be described.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a structure of a first modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar1 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4. Inductance-variable portion Lvar2 has the sane structure as inductance-variable portion Lvar1, and therefore description thereof is not repeated.
- Referring to FIG. 6, inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes switch circuits SW1-SW4 arranged for quarters of the turn of the spiral interconnection layer, respectively, and thus has a structure achieved by adding a switch circuit to the inductor element in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- In this structure, an intended inductance can be likewise achieved by turning on one of switch circuits SW1-SW4. Further, by increasing the number of the switch circuits, it is possible to widen the variable range of the inductance value and to perform the control more finely.
- Therefore, by mounting the inductance varying portion in FIG. 6 on the LC resonant circuit of the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to widen the variable range of oscillator frequency fosc and to perform the control more finely. The number of the switch circuits and the positions of connection to the spiral interconnection layer are not restricted to those of this embodiment, and can be arbitrarily changed so that an intended oscillation frequency can be achieved.
- Further, lowering of oscillation amplitude Aosc can be suppressed owing to a large inductance even in the low frequency range within the variable frequency range, and therefore deterioration of the phase noise characteristics can be avoided.
- [Second Modification of the First Embodiment]
- FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a structure of a second modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar1 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- Referring to FIG. 7, inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes switch circuits SW4 and SW5 in addition to switch circuits SW1-SW3 arranged for respective turns in the equivalent circuit of the inductance-variable portion shown in FIG. 4.
- Switch circuit SW4 is arranged between input/
output terminals output terminal 1 and the terminal of switch circuit SW2, and is connected in parallel with inductor elements L1 and L2. - In this structure, switch circuits SW1-SW5 are selectively turned on so that the inductance can be varied more finely in stepwise fashion. For example, when only switch circuit SW1 is turned on, the inductance value of L1 is achieved. When only switch circuit SW2 is turned on, the inductance value is equal to (L1+L2). Likewise, when switch circuit SW3 is turned on, the inductance value is equal to (L1+L2+L3).
- When switch circuits SW4 and SW5 are turned on, the inductance value is substantially equal to zero. When switch circuits SW5 and SW3 are turned on, the inductance value is equal to L3.
- As described above, the inductance can be finely varied by variously combining the on and off states of the plurality of switch circuits. Therefore, by employing the inductance-variable portion in FIG. 7 in the LC resonant circuit of the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to widen the variable frequency range of oscillation frequency fosc and to perform the control more finely.
- [Third Modification of the First Embodiment]
- FIG. 8 shows a structure of a third modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar1 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- Referring to FIG. 8, inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes switch circuits SW4-SW9 in addition to switch circuits SW1-SW3 provided for the respective turns in the equivalent circuit of the inductor element shown in FIG. 2.
- Switch circuits SW4-SW6 are connected in parallel with inductor elements L1-L3, respectively. Switch circuit SW7 is connected between one end of inductor element L2 and one end of inductor element L3, and is arranged in parallel with inductor elements L2 and L3. Switch circuit SW8 is connected between one end of inductor element L1 and one end of inductor element L2, and is arranged in parallel with inductor elements L1 and L2. Switch circuit SW9 is connected between one end of inductor element L1 and one end of inductor element L3, and is arranged in parallel with inductor elements L1, L2 and L3.
- In this structure, switch circuits SW1-SW9 are selectively turned on so that the inductance can be controlled more finely that the inductance-variable portion shown in FIGS. 2 and 7.
- For example, when switch circuits SW2 and SW4 are turned on, the inductance value of L2 is obtained. When switch circuits SW3 and SW8 are turned on, the inductance value of L3 is obtained. When switch circuits SW3 and SW4 are turned on, the inductance value of (L2+L3) is obtained.
- As described above, the inductance can be determined more finely in the variation range by combining the on/off states of the plurality of switch circuits. Therefore, by employing the inductance-variable portion shown in FIG. 8 in the LC resonant circuit of the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 1, it is possible to widen the variable frequency range of oscillation frequency fosc, and the control can be performed more finely.
- [Fourth Modification of the First Embodiment]
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing a structure of a fourth modification of inductance-variable portion Lvar1 shown in FIG. 2.
- Referring to FIG. 9, inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes a plurality of inductor elements L1-L3 having different inductances, respectively, and switch circuits SW1-SW3 each coupled between one end of the spiral interconnection layer (not shown) of corresponding inductor element L1, L2 or L3 and the input/output terminal.
- The inductance-variable portion in FIG. 2 has the plurality of switch circuits arranged for the one spiral interconnection layer. In contrast to this, the inductor element shown in FIG. 9 includes the switch circuits provided for the respective spiral interconnection layers in a one-to-one relationship. In the inductance-variable portion shown in FIG. 9, therefore, the inductance can be varied by turning on only the switch circuit, which corresponds to the inductor element having an intended inductance.
- According to the inductance-variable portion having the above structure, the plurality of spiral interconnection layers are arranged in parallel, and therefore the circuit scale is large. However, the switch circuit per one inductor element is small in number so that the circuit structure can be simple.
- [Second Embodiment]
- FIG. 10 shows by way of example an oscillator circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention. Similarly to the first embodiment, a voltage control oscillator circuit will be described as an example of the oscillator circuit.
- Referring to FIG. 10, the voltage control oscillator circuit differs from the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 1 only in that the capacitor element forming the LC resonant circuit has a variable capacitance. Description of the same or corresponding portions is not repeated.
- The LC resonant circuit is formed of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 each connected between external power supply node Vdd and output node OUT or OUTB, and a variable capacitor element Cvar connected between first input/output terminals of inductor elements Lvar1 and Lvar2. In the following description, it is assumed that each passive element has an inductance of L and a capacitance value of C.
-
- Oscillation amplitude Aosc is expressed by the following formula (7).
- A osc∝2πf osc ·L (7)
- As can be seen from the formula (6), oscillation frequency fosc depends on a combination of two variables, i.e., inductance L and capacitance value C. Therefore, the variable range of the oscillation frequency can be wider than that in the voltage control oscillator circuit of the first embodiment, in which only the inductance is variable.
- Since the oscillation frequency can be lowered by increasing inductance L similarly to the first embodiment, deterioration of oscillation amplitude Aosc can be suppressed even in the low oscillation frequency range. Thereby, deterioration of the phase noise characteristics at the low oscillation frequencies can be suppressed so that the trade-off relationship between the variable range of the oscillation frequency and the phase noises can be improved.
- [Third Embodiment]
- FIG. 11 shows a structure of an oscillator circuit according to a third embodiment of the invention. A voltage control oscillator circuit will now be described as an example of an oscillator circuit.
- Referring to FIG. 11, the voltage control oscillator circuit includes switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd arranged between inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 of the differential LC resonant circuit, in addition to the components of the voltage control oscillator circuit of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5. Description of the same or corresponding portions is not repeated.
- Inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 include switch circuits SW1-SW3 or SW1 d-SW3 d arranged corresponding to the respective turns, similarly to inductance-variable portion Lvar1 shown in FIG. 2.
- Further, a switch circuit SW1 dd is arranged between switch circuits SW1 and SW1 d. A switch circuit SW2 dd is arranged between switch circuits SW2 and SW2 d. A switch circuit SW3 dd is arranged between switch circuits SW3 and SW3 d. Switch circuits SW1, SW1 d and SW1 dd form one
switch circuit group 1, switch circuits SW2, SW2 d and SW2 dd form aswitch circuit group 2, and switch circuits SW3, SW3 d and SW3 dd form oneswitch circuit group 3. - By selecting one of switch circuit groups1-3, switch circuits SWn, SWnd and SWndd (n=1, 2 or 3) forming the selected switch circuit group are all turned on. Consequently, inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 are electrically coupled to form an inductor pair.
- FIG. 12 schematically shows a structure of
switch circuit group switch circuit group 1 will now be representatively described. - As shown in FIG. 12, switch circuits SW1 and SW1 d are connected in parallel between external power supply node Vdd and inductor element L1. Further, switch circuit SW1 dd is coupled between switch circuits SW1 and SW1 d.
- Effects by switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd are as follows.
- In the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 11, one of the switch circuit groups is selected and turned on. For example, when
switch circuit group 1 is selected, switch circuits SW1, SW1 d and SW1 dd are turned on. Thereby, the inductance equal to L1 is set in each of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 arranged between external power supply node Vdd and respective output nodes OUT and OUTB. - Further, inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 are in the state, where these portions are electrically coupled via switch circuit SW1 dd. An equivalent circuit of only
switch circuit group 1 in this state is shown in FIG. 13. A resistance element R is an on-resistance of each switch circuit. - In the equivalent circuit formed of three resistance elements R shown in FIG. 13, Δ-connection of resistance elements R may be changed into Y-connection, whereby
switch circuit group 1 changes into an equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 14. As shown in FIG. 14, each of the three resistance elements forming the equivalent circuit has a resistance value of R/3. Therefore, a resistance component, which is connected in series to each of the inductor elements included in inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 in FIG. 11, has a resistance value of R/3. - Meanwhile, in each of the inductance-variable portions of the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 5, a resistance component connected in series to the inductor element has the resistance value of R equal to the on-resistance of switch circuits SW1-SW3 and SW1 d-SW3 d. Thus, interposition of switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd reduces the resistance values of resistance components to ⅓.
- The Q value of the LC resonant circuit has such characteristics that the Q value of the LC resonant circuit rises with decrease in resistance component connected in series to the inductor element, and lowers with increase in resistance component. Therefore, the resonant circuit in the voltage control oscillator circuit of this embodiment can have a higher Q value than the LC resonant circuit in FIG. 5 owing to the reduction in resistance component by switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd. This results in low-phase-noise characteristics of the voltage control oscillator.
- The differential LC resonant circuit thus constructed can be applied not only to the voltage control oscillator circuit of this embodiment, but also can be applied to an RF circuit such as a differential amplifier and a mixer, which has a differential LC resonant circuit as a load for achieving high-gain characteristics and low-noise characteristics owing to a high Q value. Without connecting a capacitor element, the circuit may be used merely as an L load differential circuit in the RF circuit or the like, in which case a circuit having a variable gain can be achieved owing to the feature that the inductance value is variable.
- FIG. 15 shows a specific layout structure of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 in the differential LC resonant circuit included in the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 11.
- Referring to FIG. 15, inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 form a differential inductance including a combination of two spiral interconnection layers. Input/
output terminal 1 common to the two inductance-variable portions is connected to external power supply node Vdd (not shown in FIG. 15). Other input/output terminals - By providing the two inductance-variable portions formed of the differential type inductors as shown in FIG. 15, switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd can be interposed without increasing the circuit scale, and thus the structure can be compact.
- According to the third embodiment of the invention, as described above, the two inductance-variable portions are electrically coupled by the switch circuits arranged therebetween to form the one inductor pair, and thereby the resistance component connected in series to the inductor element can be reduced so that deterioration of the Q value of the differential LC resonant circuit can be suppressed, and the voltage control oscillator circuit can have the characteristics ensuring low phase noises.
- In the differential LC resonant circuit, the inductor pair is formed of the differential type inductors. Thereby, it is possible to suppress increase in circuit scale, which may be caused by interposition of the switch circuits, and the voltage control oscillator circuit can be compact in layout.
- [Modification of the Third Embodiment]
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram showing a structure of a voltage control oscillator circuit, which is an oscillator circuit according to a modification of the third embodiment of the invention.
- Referring to FIG. 16, the voltage control oscillator circuit differs from the voltage control oscillator circuit shown in FIG. 11 in that the inductor pair included in the differential LC resonant circuit is formed of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2, each of which is formed of a plurality of inductor elements, and switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd. Therefore, description of the portions corresponding to those of the voltage control oscillator circuit in FIG. 11 is not repeated.
- The inductor pair is formed of two inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2, which are arranged in parallel and are connected to external power supply node Vdd, and switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd arranged between inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2.
- Inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 have the same structures as those shown in FIG. 9. Inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes a plurality of inductor elements L1-L3, which are connected in parallel between external power supply node Vdd and output node OUT of the voltage control oscillator circuit, and have different inductances, respectively. Also, inductance-variable portion Lvar1 includes switch circuits SW1-SW3 coupled between respective inductor elements L1-L3 and external power supply node Vdd. Likewise, inductance-variable portion Lvar2 includes a plurality of inductor elements L1-L3, which are connected in parallel between external power supply node Vdd and output node OUTB of the voltage control oscillator circuit, and have different inductances, respectively, and switch circuits SW1 d-SW3 d coupled between respective inductor elements L1-L3 and external power supply node Vdd.
- In this structure, an intended inductance can be achieved in each of inductance-variable portions Lvar1 and Lvar2 by turning on one of the plurality of switch circuits SW1-SW3 or SW1 d-SW3 d.
- At the same time as the turn-on of switch circuits SWn and SWnd, corresponding one of switch circuits SW1 dd-SW3 dd arranged between the inductance-variable portions is turned on to form the inductor pair. Therefore, a resistance component, which is connected in series to each of the inductor elements, is reduced to R/3, as is done in the third embodiment. Thereby, a high Q value is achieved in the differential LC resonant circuit so that the voltage control oscillator circuit can have the characteristics ensuring the low-phase noises.
- Similarly to the third embodiment, the differential LC resonant circuit thus constructed can also be applied to an RF circuit such as a differential amplifier and a mixer, and thereby high-gain characteristics and low-noise characteristics can be achieved owing to the high Q value. Without connecting the capacitor element, the circuit may be used merely as an L load differential circuit in the RF circuit or the like, in which case a circuit having a variable gain can be achieved owing to the feature that the inductance value is variable.
- As already described in connection with the first to third embodiments, the oscillator circuit according to the invention can improve the trade-off relationship between the variable frequency range and the phase noise characteristics owing to the LC resonant circuit, which is configured to perform the control by the switch circuits arranged corresponding to the portions of the spiral interconnection layer, and thereby to provide the variable inductance values for controlling the oscillation frequency.
- Further, according to the third embodiment, the differential LC resonant circuit includes the two inductance-variable portions, which are electrically coupled via the switch circuits to provide the inductor pair. Thereby, the resistance element connected in series to the inductor element is reduced, and the high Q value can be achieved. By arranging the resonant circuit thus constructed in the voltage control oscillator circuit, low-phase-noise characteristics can be achieved.
- Since the insertion loss caused by the switch circuits still exerts a large influence on the Q value of the resonant circuit and the phase noise characteristics of the voltage control oscillator circuit, it is desired to lower further the insertion loss.
- Accordingly, the switch circuit may be formed of a transistor such as a Depletion-layer-Extended Transistor (which may be referred to as a “DTE”, hereinafter) capable of reducing an insertion loss, whereby the phase noise characteristics can be further improved.
- The DTE has an element structure, which can be formed by removing a P-type well, P+-isolation layer and a punch-through stopper layer from a conventional CMOS transistor, and achieves a low junction capacitance of source/drain electrodes and a high ground resistance so that a low insertion loss can be achieved. Specific element structures of the DTE are disclosed, e.g., in “A 1.4 dB Insertion-Loss, 5 GHz Transmit/Receive Switch Utilizing Novel Depletion-Layer-Extended Transistors (DETs) in 0.18 μm CMOS Process”, T. Ohnakado, et al., IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Tech. Papers, 16.4, June 2002.
- Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.
Claims (13)
1. An oscillator circuit for performing oscillation by positive feedback of an LC resonant circuit, wherein
said LC resonant circuit includes a parallel resonant circuit formed of an inductance-variable portion allowing variation of an inductance by a switch circuit and a capacitor element.
2. The oscillator circuit according to claim 1 , wherein
said inductance-variable portion includes
first and second input/output terminals,
a spiral interconnection layer starting from said first input/output terminal, and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and
a plurality of switch circuits having first terminals connected to arbitrary positions on said interconnection layer, and having second terminals commonly connected to said second input/output terminal, and
when one of said plurality of switch circuits is turned on, the position on said interconnection layer connected to said turned-on switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal.
3. The oscillator circuit according to claim 2 , wherein
said inductance-variable portion further includes a plurality of second switch circuits each having a first terminal connected to the first terminal of one of said plurality of switch circuits, and having a second terminal connected to the first terminal of another one of said plurality of switch circuits, and
when one of said plurality of switch circuits and one of said plurality of second switch circuits are turned on, the position on said interconnection layer connected to said turned-on switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal.
4. The oscillator circuit according to claim 1 , wherein
said inductance-variable portion includes
first and second input/output terminals,
a plurality of spiral interconnection layers starting from said first input/output terminal, and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and
said plurality of switch circuits connected between trailing ends of said plurality of interconnection layers and said second input/output terminal, respectively, and
when one of said plurality of switch circuits is turned on, the trailing end of said interconnection layer included in said plurality of interconnection layers and connected to said turned-on switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal.
5. The oscillator circuit according to claim 3 , wherein
said switch circuit includes a transistor element to be turned on/off in accordance with a voltage level of a control voltage.
6. The oscillator circuit according to claim 1 , wherein
said capacitor element in said LC resonant circuit has a variable capacitance value.
7. An oscillator circuit, comprising:
a pair of transistors cross-coupled to each other; and
an LC resonant circuit of a differential type coupled to said pair of transistors in a feedback manner; wherein
said LC resonant circuit includes
first and second inductance-variable portions including first and second input/output terminals, said second input/output terminals being commonly connected to a fixed node, and said first and second inductance-variable portions being capable of varying inductances, and
a first switch circuit coupled between the first input/output terminals of said first and second inductance-variable portions,
each of said first and second inductance-variable portions has
a spiral interconnection layer starting from said first input/output terminal and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and
a plurality of second switch circuits having first terminals connected to arbitrary positions on said interconnection layer and second terminals commonly connected to said second input/output terminal, respectively,
when one of said plurality of second switch circuits is turned on, the position on said interconnection layer connected to said turned-on second switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal, and
when said first switch circuit is turned on in response to the turn-on of said second switch circuit, said first switch circuit electrically couples said first and second inductance-variable portions.
8. An oscillator circuit, comprising:
a pair of transistors cross-coupled to each other; and
an LC resonant circuit of a differential type coupled to said pair of transistors in a feedback manner; wherein
said LC resonant circuit includes
first and second inductance-variable portions including first and second input/output terminals, said second input/output terminals being commonly connected to a fixed node, and said first and second inductance-variable portions being capable of varying inductances, and
a first switch circuit coupled between the first input/output terminals of said first and second inductance-variable portions,
each of said first and second inductance-variable portions has
a plurality of spiral interconnection layers starting from said first input/output terminal and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and
a plurality of second switch circuits coupled between trailing ends of said plurality of interconnection layers and said second input/output terminal, respectively,
when one of said plurality of second switch circuits is turned on, the trailing end of said interconnection layer included in said plurality of interconnection layers and connected to said turned-on second switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal, and
when said first switch circuit is turned on in response to the turn-on of said second switch circuit, said first switch circuit electrically couples said first and second inductance-variable portions.
9. The oscillator circuit according to claim 7 , wherein
said first and second inductance-variable portions form a differential inductor element.
10. The oscillator circuit according to claim 7 , wherein
each of said first and second switch circuits includes a transistor element to be turned on/off in accordance with a voltage level of a control voltage.
11. The oscillator circuit according to claim 7 , wherein
said capacitor element in said LC resonant circuit has a variable capacitance value.
12. An L load differential circuit, comprising an inductor pair including first and second inductance-variable portions having second input/output terminals commonly connected to a fixed node and being capable of varying inductances, and a first switch circuit coupled between first input/output terminals of said first and second inductance-variable portions, wherein
each of said first and second inductance-variable portions has
a spiral interconnection layer starting from said first input/output terminal and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and
a plurality of second switch circuits having first terminals connected to arbitrary positions on said interconnection layer and second terminals commonly connected to said second input/output terminal, respectively,
when one of said plurality of second switch circuits is turned on, the position on said interconnection layer connected to said turned-on second switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal, and
when said first switch circuit is turned on in response to the turn-on of said second switch circuit, said first switch circuit electrically couples said first and second inductance-variable portions.
13. An L load differential circuit, comprising an inductor pair including first and second inductance-variable portions having second input/output terminals commonly connected to a fixed node and being capable of varying inductances, and a first switch circuit coupled between first input/output terminals of said first and second inductance-variable portions, wherein
each of said first and second inductance-variable portions has
a plurality of spiral interconnection layers starting from said first input/output terminal and formed on a semiconductor substrate with an interlayer insulating film therebetween, and
a plurality of second switch circuits coupled between trailing ends of said plurality of interconnection layers and said second input/output terminal, respectively,
when one of said plurality of second switch circuits is turned on, the trailing end of said interconnection layer included in said plurality of interconnection layers and connected to said turned-on second switch circuit is electrically coupled to said second input/output terminal, and
when said first switch circuit is turned on in response to said turn-on of said second switch circuit, said first switch circuit electrically couples said first and second inductance-variable portions.
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US11/280,410 US7202754B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2005-11-17 | Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics |
US11/707,937 US7362194B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2007-02-20 | Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics |
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JP2003-056952(P) | 2003-03-04 | ||
JP2003056952A JP4458754B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2003-03-04 | L load differential circuit |
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US10/644,865 Abandoned US20040183606A1 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2003-08-21 | Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics |
US11/280,410 Expired - Fee Related US7202754B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2005-11-17 | Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics |
US11/707,937 Expired - Fee Related US7362194B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2007-02-20 | Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics |
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US11/707,937 Expired - Fee Related US7362194B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2007-02-20 | Oscillator circuit and L load differential circuit achieving a wide oscillation frequency range and low phase noise characteristics |
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JP (1) | JP4458754B2 (en) |
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- 2003-08-21 US US10/644,865 patent/US20040183606A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-29 DE DE10350512A patent/DE10350512A1/en not_active Ceased
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Cited By (31)
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US20060139114A1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2006-06-29 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Voltage controlled oscillator |
US7088195B2 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2006-08-08 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Voltage controlled oscillator having varactor and transistor regions underlying spiral conductors |
US20040251978A1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-16 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Voltage controlled oscillator |
US7547970B2 (en) | 2003-06-13 | 2009-06-16 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Semiconductor device |
US20090243110A1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2009-10-01 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Voltage controlled oscillator |
US7902934B2 (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2011-03-08 | Renesas Electronics Corporation | Variable inductor, and oscillator and communication system using the same |
US20060097811A1 (en) * | 2004-11-09 | 2006-05-11 | Takahiro Nakamura | Variable inductor, and oscillator and communication system using the same |
US20110105053A1 (en) * | 2004-11-09 | 2011-05-05 | Renesas Electronics Corporation | Variable inductor, and oscillator and communication system using the same |
US8502614B2 (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2013-08-06 | Renesas Electronics Corporation | Variable inductor, and oscillator and communication system using the same |
US20060232348A1 (en) * | 2005-04-19 | 2006-10-19 | Takuo Hino | Inductor unit and oscillator using the inductor unit |
US20060255872A1 (en) * | 2005-05-12 | 2006-11-16 | Takuo Hino | Oscillator and a PLL circuit using the oscillator |
US7342464B2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2008-03-11 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Oscillator and a PLL circuit using the oscillator |
US20070132522A1 (en) * | 2005-12-08 | 2007-06-14 | Lee Ja Y | Multi-band LC resonance voltage-controlled oscillator with adjustable negative resistance cell |
US7554416B2 (en) * | 2005-12-08 | 2009-06-30 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Multi-band LC resonance voltage-controlled oscillator with adjustable negative resistance cell |
US20110210799A1 (en) * | 2007-04-26 | 2011-09-01 | Mediatek Inc. | Frequency Synthesizer |
US20100295625A1 (en) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-11-25 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Variable inductor |
US8390386B2 (en) * | 2009-05-25 | 2013-03-05 | Renesas Electronics Corporation | Variable inductor |
US9812251B2 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2017-11-07 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Varainductor and operation method thereof based on mutual capacitance |
US20150263671A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | LOW NOISE AND LOW POWER VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO) USING TRANSCONDUCTANCE (gm) DEGENERATION |
WO2015138105A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | LOW NOISE AND LOW POWER VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO) USING TRANSCONDUCTANCE (gm) DEGENERATION |
US10050586B2 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2018-08-14 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Low noise and low power voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using transconductance (gm) degeneration |
US9634607B2 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2017-04-25 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Low noise and low power voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using transconductance (gm) degeneration |
US20170163214A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2017-06-08 | Qualcomm Incorporated | LOW NOISE AND LOW POWER VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO) USING TRANSCONDUCTANCE (gm) DEGENERATION |
US20160065130A1 (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2016-03-03 | Soongsil University Research Consortium Techno-Park | Oscillator with differential structure |
US9374035B2 (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2016-06-21 | Soongsil University Research Consortium Techno-Park | Oscillator with differential structure |
CN111238544A (en) * | 2020-03-12 | 2020-06-05 | 江苏林洋能源股份有限公司 | Microwave sensor based on LC type resonator and applied to temperature/humidity environment detection |
US11025231B1 (en) * | 2020-04-16 | 2021-06-01 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Providing a programmable inductor to enable wide tuning range |
US11374555B2 (en) | 2020-04-16 | 2022-06-28 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Providing a programmable inductor to enable wide tuning range |
WO2021097493A1 (en) * | 2020-09-28 | 2021-05-20 | Futurewei Technologies, Inc. | Wideband low phase noise digitally controlled oscillator using switched inductors |
US11646705B2 (en) | 2021-06-30 | 2023-05-09 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Dual-mode power amplifier for wireless communication |
CN115498962A (en) * | 2022-11-16 | 2022-12-20 | 成都世源频控技术股份有限公司 | Low-phase-noise crystal oscillator circuit and implementation method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004266718A (en) | 2004-09-24 |
US7202754B2 (en) | 2007-04-10 |
TW200418260A (en) | 2004-09-16 |
DE10350512A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
JP4458754B2 (en) | 2010-04-28 |
CN1527476A (en) | 2004-09-08 |
KR100582796B1 (en) | 2006-05-23 |
TWI229975B (en) | 2005-03-21 |
US20060071732A1 (en) | 2006-04-06 |
CN100539396C (en) | 2009-09-09 |
KR20040078533A (en) | 2004-09-10 |
US7362194B2 (en) | 2008-04-22 |
US20070146089A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
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