US20040188059A1 - Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems - Google Patents
Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems Download PDFInfo
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- US20040188059A1 US20040188059A1 US10/702,968 US70296803A US2004188059A1 US 20040188059 A1 US20040188059 A1 US 20040188059A1 US 70296803 A US70296803 A US 70296803A US 2004188059 A1 US2004188059 A1 US 2004188059A1
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- Prior art keywords
- heat pipe
- condenser
- canister
- evaporator
- heat
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/04—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure
- F28D15/046—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure characterised by the material or the construction of the capillary structure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B23/00—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect
- F25B23/006—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect boiling cooling systems
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/0275—Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. with base blocks; Heat pipe cores
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/01—Geometry problems, e.g. for reducing size
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
- H02K7/02—Additional mass for increasing inertia, e.g. flywheels
- H02K7/025—Additional mass for increasing inertia, e.g. flywheels for power storage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
Definitions
- the present invention relates to cooling systems generally, and more specifically to heat pipe systems.
- Flywheel systems are used for energy storage in backup power supplies (e.g., for telecommunication systems, server farms, etc.). Energy is stored in the angular momentum of the flywheel.
- the flywheel systems are typically stored inside silo canisters, and these canisters can be located above or below ground. Typical prior-art flywheel systems dissipated a sufficiently small amount of waste heat that the canister could be cooled by passive conduction from the canister to the exterior.
- the present invention is a cooling system 100 that brings heat from inside a flywheel 140 to the exterior where it is dissipated by one or more means.
- the cooling system 100 comprises one or more heat pipes that transfer the heat to the exterior of the flywheel and those heat pipes dissipated the heat to various heat sinks.
- Another aspect of the invention is a system comprising: a first heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser.
- the first heat pipe is mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser outside the canister.
- a second heat pipe has an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe.
- the second heat pipe has a condenser. Means are provided for dissipating heat from the condenser of the second heat pipe.
- Another aspect of the invention is a system comprising: a flywheel stored within a canister; and a heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser.
- the heat pipe is mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser abutting a wall of the canister.
- a system for cooling a canister, the system comprising first, second and third heat pipes.
- the first heat pipe has an evaporator and a condenser.
- the first heat pipe is mounted with its evaporator inside the canister and its condenser outside the canister.
- the second heat pipe has an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe.
- the second heat pipe has a condenser.
- the third heat pipe has an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the second heat pipe.
- the third heat pipe has a condenser with a heat dissipation mechanism thereon.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of an exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail of the thermocoupling device shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the thermocoupling shown in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of a second exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of a third exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of a fourth exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- the present invention is a system 100 for cooling a canister 130 .
- the canister 130 is the silo of a flywheel energy storage system 200 that is partially buried or completely buried about 60 to 240 centimeters below the surface 160 of the ground.
- Canister 130 is a vacuum housing.
- Canister 130 has an energy storage flywheel having a motor housing 140 mounted inside the canister. It is contemplated that system 100 may be used for cooling other types of canisters that have internal heat sources. It is also contemplated that system 100 may be used for cooling canisters that are located above the surface 160 of the ground.
- the system 100 includes a first heat pipe 10 , a second heat pipe 20 and a third heat pipe 30 .
- the first heat pipe 10 has an evaporator 12 and a condenser 14 .
- the first heat pipe 10 is mounted with its evaporator 12 inside the canister 200 and its condenser 14 outside the canister.
- the first heat pipe 10 is mounted to the motor housing 140 within the canister 130 .
- the first heat pipe 10 is positioned entirely below the ground surface 160 , but it is contemplated that the first heat pipe 10 could be positioned partially above the ground surface 160 , or entirely above the ground surface.
- the second heat pipe 20 has an evaporator 22 conductively coupled to the condenser 14 of the first heat pipe 10 .
- the second heat pipe 20 has a condenser 24 .
- the exemplary second heat pipe 20 is a thermosyphon.
- a thermosyphon is a heat pipe that uses gravity to return fluid from the condenser 24 to the evaporator 22 thereof.
- the exemplary second heat pipe 20 is partially buried below the ground surface 160 , and partly above the ground surface. It is contemplated that the second heat pipe 20 could be positioned entirely below the ground surface 160 , or entirely above the ground surface.
- the third heat pipe 30 has an evaporator 32 conductively coupled to the condenser 24 of the second heat pipe 20 .
- the third heat pipe 30 has a condenser 34 with a plurality of fins 36 thereon.
- the exemplary fins 36 are thirty-four circular aluminum plate fins arranged in a fin stack 38 . Fins having other shapes and/or number of fins are contemplated.
- the exemplary third heat pipe 30 is completely above the ground surface 160 , but it is contemplated that the evaporator 32 of heat pipe 30 could be located at or below ground level.
- the evaporator 32 of the exemplary third heat pipe 30 is oriented substantially vertically, and the condenser 34 of the third heat pipe is at a substantial angle (90- ⁇ ) away from vertical.
- the angle ⁇ of the condenser 34 of the third heat pipe 30 is at least about 5 degrees from horizontal.
- an extruded heat sink (not shown) may be mounted on the condenser 34 of the third heat pipe 30 .
- the heat may be rejected by finstack 38 to the atmosphere by natural convection.
- forced convection may be used.
- An exemplary system transports 60 Watts of power from the flywheel system, with a temperature difference of about 10-12 degrees Centigrade between the canister 130 and the ambient temperature. Other power levels and/or temperature differences are also contemplated.
- all three of the heat pipes 10 , 20 and 30 have wicks formed of sintered metal, such as copper, for example.
- the wick 13 In heat pipe 10 , the wick 13 only is present in the evaporator section 12 . The wick does not extend beyond the evaporator 12 into the condenser 14 .
- FIG. 1 only shows the wick 13 of heat pipe 10 , but the wicks of heat pipes 20 and 30 may be configured similarly.
- the wick 13 may have a cross section in the shape of an I-beam, or other wick shapes may be used.
- heat pipe 10 is vertical, heat pipe 20 rises continuously without any local maximum, and the condenser 34 of heat pipe 30 is at least 5 degrees from the horizontal, gravity returns the condensed fluid to the evaporators 12 , 22 , 32 without the need for wicks in the condensers 14 , 24 , 34 .
- all three of the heat pipes use methanol as the working fluid.
- Other known working fluids may be used.
- the first heat pipe 10 is mounted within a block 150 of metal having a hole therethrough to receive the heat pipe.
- the block 150 is mounted to the flywheel system 140 .
- the block 150 may have a cylindrical bore 151 sized to receive the heat pipe 10 .
- the block 150 can be cut in half, along a plane passing through the center of the bore 151 , to easily mount the heat pipe 10 within the bore.
- a conventional thermal interface material e.g., thermal grease, or thermally conductive adhesive
- the two halves of the block 150 may be fastened together by conventional fastening means.
- FIG. 2 shows a seal 40 where the first heat pipe 10 passes through the dome 120 of canister 130 .
- the seal is a “CONFLAT®” style flange, such as those manufactured by Varian, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. This type of flange provides a reliable, all-metal, leak-free seal over a wide range of temperatures. Alternatively, similar flanges made by other manufacturers, or other types of seals known to those of ordinary skill may be used.
- System 100 includes two thermocoupling devices 50 and 60 .
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show the couplings 50 , 60 in detail.
- each coupling 50 , 60 comprises a metal block (e.g., copper or aluminum) having a pair of cylindrical bores therethrough.
- the first bore of thermocoupling 50 receives the condenser 14 of heat pipe 10
- the second bore of thermocoupling 50 receives the evaporator 22 of heat pipe 20 .
- the block 50 is split into two pieces 50 a, 50 b, with one of the bores split in half across the two pieces.
- a thermal interface material e.g., solder, thermal grease or thermally conductive adhesive is applied to provide good conduction between the heat pipe 10 and the thermocoupling 50 .
- the second heat pipe 20 is soldered into thermocoupling 50 .
- Clamping fasteners (e.g., screws) 52 hold the two portions 50 a, 50 b of coupling 50 together.
- the block 50 may be split along a plane of symmetry into two halves, so that each bore is divided in half.
- thermocoupling 60 receives the condenser 24 of heat pipe 20
- the second bore of thermocoupling 60 receives the evaporator 32 of heat pipe 30
- the block 60 is split in two portions, with one (or each) bore divided in half.
- a thermal interface material e.g., thermal grease or thermally conductive adhesive is applied to provide good conduction between the heat pipe 20 and the thermocoupling 60 .
- Heat pipe 30 is soldered to the bore of thermocoupling 60 .
- Clamping fasteners 62 hold the two portions of coupling 60 together.
- the coupling 60 may be split as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, or split along the axis of symmetry through both bores.
- thermocouplings 50 , 60 are cylindrical, thermocouplings 50 and 60 may have other shapes, such as a parallelepiped (block) shape.
- Thermocouplings 50 , 60 have a sufficient length to achieve a desired temperature difference ( ⁇ T). For example, experiments have indicated that a ⁇ T of about 3.25 degrees centigrade is achieved between the condenser of heat pipe 10 and the evaporator of heat pipe 20 using a thermocoupling 50 about 10 centimeters long. Thus, the ⁇ T from the two thermocouplings 50 , 60 combined accounted for about 50% of the total ⁇ T between the motor housing 140 and the ambient. Other thermocoupling lengths are contemplated, ranging from about 5 centimeters to about 20 centimeters.
- the second heat pipe 20 passes through a cabinet 70 , which may be a flywheel electronics module (FEM) cabinet.
- the cabinet 70 can provide support for the second heat pipe 20 , if heat pipe 20 extends a long distance above the ground.
- Alternative support structures for heat pipe 20 are also contemplated.
- the heat pipe system 100 operates passively, eliminating maintenance and reliability concerns. This makes the exemplary system 100 advantageous for use in areas that are remote from maintenance workers.
- the exemplary heat pipe system has three heat pipes a similar design may include only a single heat pipe.
- the evaporator of the single heat pipe would penetrate the canister below ground and a condenser with a fin stack or extrusion would be positioned above ground.
- systems may be constructed with any number of two or more heat pipes.
- there may be a single thermocoupling which may be positioned above or below ground.
- additional heat pipes and thermocouplings may be interposed between the first and second (or second and third) heat pipes.
- an additional thermocoupling and fourth heat pipe may be used to thermally couple the second and third heat pipes.
- configurations including four, five or more heat pipes are also contemplated.
- the exemplary embodiment includes a finstack
- further variations of the exemplary embodiment are contemplated. These may include, for example, use of heat pipes to bring the heat inside the flywheel to the exterior of the canister, to be dissipated by interfacing to one or more heat dissipating means.
- the heat dissipating means may include heat sinks such as the ambient air, a pumped water loop, the surrounding ground, a phase change energy storage material, or the like.
- the various heat sinks could be ambient air, the ground 160 (if the canister 200 is buried) or some other cooling medium such as pumped water-cooling or energy storage medium for example.
- the heat pipe(s) are the conduit to transfer the heat to the heat sink.
- the selection of the appropriate cooling method is dependent upon many parameters such as geographical location, surrounding temperatures, availability of water, and whether the canister 200 is above or below ground.
- one exterior cooling approach uses heat pipes in a spider like array leading away from the canister 200 which dissipates the heat to surrounding soil/aggregate. Separate heat storage mediums can be substituted without changing the cooling system. These heat storage mediums can be below ground or above ground. When the heat is brought to the surface for dissipation, one or more heat pipes can be used as described above.
- FIG. 5 shows a second exemplary system 500 .
- the system has two heat pipes 10 and 30 .
- Heat pipe 10 has its evaporator inside the canister 200 , and its condenser outside of the cabinet.
- Heat pipe 30 has a condenser with a heat dissipation means, such as a fin stack.
- Thermocoupling 60 may be below or above ground.
- Other items in system 500 are the same as system 100 , and a description thereof is not repeated.
- FIG. 6 shows a third exemplary system 600 .
- the system has one heat pipe 10 .
- Heat pipe 10 has its evaporator inside the canister 200 , and its condenser outside of the cabinet.
- Heat pipe 10 has a condenser with a heat dissipation means, such as a fin stack.
- Other items in system 600 are the same as system 100 , and a description thereof is not repeated.
- FIG. 7 shows a fourth exemplary system 700 .
- one or more heat pipes 730 transfer heat from the flywheel 740 to a wall 710 of the canister.
- the canister wall 710 spreads the heat and conducts heat to the surroundings (which may be ground, air, or both).
- the heat pipe 730 abuts the inside wall 710 of the canister, as shown in FIG. 7.
- the heat pipe 730 may penetrate the wall 710 or dome 720 of the canister and abut the outside of the wall or dome (not shown).
- additional heat pipes 730 may be added to maintain a desired flywheel temperature.
- the dimension of the heat pipes 730 may be increased to provide more heat transfer.
- heat pipes 730 are relatively short, it is not necessary to use thermosyphon return of fluid to the evaporator.
- heat pipes 730 may be of any configuration, and may include wicks to transport liquid from the condenser to the evaporator.
- One or more heat sinks 736 may be mounted to the exterior of canister wall 710 to enhance dissipation of heat from the canister 710 .
- the heat sink 736 may be of any design, including folded fins or any other extended heat transfer surface.
Abstract
A system for cooling a canister has first, second and third heat pipes. The first heat pipe has an evaporator and a condenser. The first heat pipe is mounted with its evaporator inside the canister and its condenser outside the canister. The second heat pipe has an evaporator conductively coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe. The second heat pipe has a condenser. The third heat pipe has an evaporator conductively coupled to the condenser of the second heat pipe. The third heat pipe has a condenser with a plurality of fins on the condenser of the third heat pipe.
Description
- The present invention relates to cooling systems generally, and more specifically to heat pipe systems.
- Flywheel systems are used for energy storage in backup power supplies (e.g., for telecommunication systems, server farms, etc.). Energy is stored in the angular momentum of the flywheel. The flywheel systems are typically stored inside silo canisters, and these canisters can be located above or below ground. Typical prior-art flywheel systems dissipated a sufficiently small amount of waste heat that the canister could be cooled by passive conduction from the canister to the exterior.
- Newer flywheel systems dissipate too much power in the form of heat to cool the flywheels by conduction alone.
- The present invention is a
cooling system 100 that brings heat from inside aflywheel 140 to the exterior where it is dissipated by one or more means. Thecooling system 100 comprises one or more heat pipes that transfer the heat to the exterior of the flywheel and those heat pipes dissipated the heat to various heat sinks. - Another aspect of the invention is a system comprising: a first heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser. The first heat pipe is mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser outside the canister. A second heat pipe has an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe. The second heat pipe has a condenser. Means are provided for dissipating heat from the condenser of the second heat pipe.
- Another aspect of the invention is a system comprising: a flywheel stored within a canister; and a heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser. The heat pipe is mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser abutting a wall of the canister.
- According to another aspect of the invention, a system is provided for cooling a canister, the system comprising first, second and third heat pipes. The first heat pipe has an evaporator and a condenser. The first heat pipe is mounted with its evaporator inside the canister and its condenser outside the canister. The second heat pipe has an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe. The second heat pipe has a condenser. The third heat pipe has an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the second heat pipe. The third heat pipe has a condenser with a heat dissipation mechanism thereon.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of an exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of a flywheel energy storage system including the cooling system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail of the thermocoupling device shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the thermocoupling shown in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of a second exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of a third exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of a fourth exemplary cooling system according to the present invention.
- The present invention is a
system 100 for cooling acanister 130. In the exemplary embodiment, thecanister 130 is the silo of a flywheelenergy storage system 200 that is partially buried or completely buried about 60 to 240 centimeters below thesurface 160 of the ground. Canister 130 is a vacuum housing. Canister 130 has an energy storage flywheel having amotor housing 140 mounted inside the canister. It is contemplated thatsystem 100 may be used for cooling other types of canisters that have internal heat sources. It is also contemplated thatsystem 100 may be used for cooling canisters that are located above thesurface 160 of the ground. - The
system 100 includes afirst heat pipe 10, asecond heat pipe 20 and athird heat pipe 30. Thefirst heat pipe 10 has anevaporator 12 and acondenser 14. Thefirst heat pipe 10 is mounted with itsevaporator 12 inside thecanister 200 and itscondenser 14 outside the canister. Thefirst heat pipe 10 is mounted to themotor housing 140 within thecanister 130. In theexemplary system 100, thefirst heat pipe 10 is positioned entirely below theground surface 160, but it is contemplated that thefirst heat pipe 10 could be positioned partially above theground surface 160, or entirely above the ground surface. - The
second heat pipe 20 has anevaporator 22 conductively coupled to thecondenser 14 of thefirst heat pipe 10. Thesecond heat pipe 20 has acondenser 24. The exemplarysecond heat pipe 20 is a thermosyphon. A thermosyphon is a heat pipe that uses gravity to return fluid from thecondenser 24 to theevaporator 22 thereof. The exemplarysecond heat pipe 20 is partially buried below theground surface 160, and partly above the ground surface. It is contemplated that thesecond heat pipe 20 could be positioned entirely below theground surface 160, or entirely above the ground surface. - The
third heat pipe 30 has anevaporator 32 conductively coupled to thecondenser 24 of thesecond heat pipe 20. Thethird heat pipe 30 has acondenser 34 with a plurality offins 36 thereon. The exemplary fins 36 are thirty-four circular aluminum plate fins arranged in afin stack 38. Fins having other shapes and/or number of fins are contemplated. The exemplarythird heat pipe 30 is completely above theground surface 160, but it is contemplated that theevaporator 32 ofheat pipe 30 could be located at or below ground level. Theevaporator 32 of the exemplarythird heat pipe 30 is oriented substantially vertically, and thecondenser 34 of the third heat pipe is at a substantial angle (90-α) away from vertical. The angle α of thecondenser 34 of thethird heat pipe 30 is at least about 5 degrees from horizontal. As an alternative tofins 36, an extruded heat sink (not shown) may be mounted on thecondenser 34 of thethird heat pipe 30. - The heat may be rejected by finstack38 to the atmosphere by natural convection. Alternatively, forced convection may be used. An exemplary system transports 60 Watts of power from the flywheel system, with a temperature difference of about 10-12 degrees Centigrade between the
canister 130 and the ambient temperature. Other power levels and/or temperature differences are also contemplated. - In the exemplary embodiment, all three of the
heat pipes heat pipe 10, thewick 13 only is present in theevaporator section 12. The wick does not extend beyond theevaporator 12 into thecondenser 14. FIG. 1 only shows thewick 13 ofheat pipe 10, but the wicks ofheat pipes wick 13 may have a cross section in the shape of an I-beam, or other wick shapes may be used. Becauseheat pipe 10 is vertical,heat pipe 20 rises continuously without any local maximum, and thecondenser 34 ofheat pipe 30 is at least 5 degrees from the horizontal, gravity returns the condensed fluid to theevaporators condensers - In the exemplary embodiment, all three of the heat pipes use methanol as the working fluid. Other known working fluids may be used.
- As shown in FIG. 2, the
first heat pipe 10 is mounted within ablock 150 of metal having a hole therethrough to receive the heat pipe. Theblock 150 is mounted to theflywheel system 140. For example, theblock 150 may have acylindrical bore 151 sized to receive theheat pipe 10. Theblock 150 can be cut in half, along a plane passing through the center of thebore 151, to easily mount theheat pipe 10 within the bore. A conventional thermal interface material (e.g., thermal grease, or thermally conductive adhesive) may be placed on the inner surface of thebore 151 to ensure good conduction betweenblock 150 andheat pipe 10 throughout the surface of thebore 151. The two halves of theblock 150 may be fastened together by conventional fastening means. - FIG. 2 shows a
seal 40 where thefirst heat pipe 10 passes through thedome 120 ofcanister 130. In the exemplary embodiment, the seal is a “CONFLAT®” style flange, such as those manufactured by Varian, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. This type of flange provides a reliable, all-metal, leak-free seal over a wide range of temperatures. Alternatively, similar flanges made by other manufacturers, or other types of seals known to those of ordinary skill may be used. -
System 100 includes twothermocoupling devices couplings coupling thermocoupling 50 receives thecondenser 14 ofheat pipe 10, and the second bore ofthermocoupling 50 receives theevaporator 22 ofheat pipe 20. Theblock 50 is split into twopieces heat pipe 10 and thethermocoupling 50. In the exemplary embodiment, thesecond heat pipe 20 is soldered intothermocoupling 50. Clamping fasteners (e.g., screws) 52 hold the twoportions coupling 50 together. Alternatively, theblock 50 may be split along a plane of symmetry into two halves, so that each bore is divided in half. - Similarly, the first bore of
thermocoupling 60 receives thecondenser 24 ofheat pipe 20, and the second bore ofthermocoupling 60 receives theevaporator 32 ofheat pipe 30. Theblock 60 is split in two portions, with one (or each) bore divided in half. A thermal interface material (e.g., thermal grease or thermally conductive adhesive is applied to provide good conduction between theheat pipe 20 and thethermocoupling 60.Heat pipe 30 is soldered to the bore ofthermocoupling 60. Clampingfasteners 62 hold the two portions ofcoupling 60 together. Thecoupling 60 may be split as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, or split along the axis of symmetry through both bores. - Although the
exemplary thermocouplings - Thermocouplings50, 60 have a sufficient length to achieve a desired temperature difference (ΔT). For example, experiments have indicated that a ΔT of about 3.25 degrees centigrade is achieved between the condenser of
heat pipe 10 and the evaporator ofheat pipe 20 using athermocoupling 50 about 10 centimeters long. Thus, the ΔT from the twothermocouplings motor housing 140 and the ambient. Other thermocoupling lengths are contemplated, ranging from about 5 centimeters to about 20 centimeters. - In the exemplary embodiment, the
second heat pipe 20 passes through acabinet 70, which may be a flywheel electronics module (FEM) cabinet. Thecabinet 70 can provide support for thesecond heat pipe 20, ifheat pipe 20 extends a long distance above the ground. Alternative support structures forheat pipe 20 are also contemplated. - The
heat pipe system 100 operates passively, eliminating maintenance and reliability concerns. This makes theexemplary system 100 advantageous for use in areas that are remote from maintenance workers. - Although the exemplary heat pipe system has three heat pipes a similar design may include only a single heat pipe. The evaporator of the single heat pipe would penetrate the canister below ground and a condenser with a fin stack or extrusion would be positioned above ground.
- It is also contemplated that systems may be constructed with any number of two or more heat pipes. For example, there may be a single thermocoupling, which may be positioned above or below ground. Alternatively, additional heat pipes and thermocouplings may be interposed between the first and second (or second and third) heat pipes. For example, an additional thermocoupling and fourth heat pipe may be used to thermally couple the second and third heat pipes. Thus, configurations including four, five or more heat pipes are also contemplated.
- Although the exemplary embodiment includes a finstack, further variations of the exemplary embodiment are contemplated. These may include, for example, use of heat pipes to bring the heat inside the flywheel to the exterior of the canister, to be dissipated by interfacing to one or more heat dissipating means. The heat dissipating means may include heat sinks such as the ambient air, a pumped water loop, the surrounding ground, a phase change energy storage material, or the like.
- For example, the various heat sinks could be ambient air, the ground160 (if the
canister 200 is buried) or some other cooling medium such as pumped water-cooling or energy storage medium for example. Either way, the heat pipe(s) are the conduit to transfer the heat to the heat sink. After the heat is transferred to the exterior to thecanister 200, the selection of the appropriate cooling method is dependent upon many parameters such as geographical location, surrounding temperatures, availability of water, and whether thecanister 200 is above or below ground. When below ground, one exterior cooling approach uses heat pipes in a spider like array leading away from thecanister 200 which dissipates the heat to surrounding soil/aggregate. Separate heat storage mediums can be substituted without changing the cooling system. These heat storage mediums can be below ground or above ground. When the heat is brought to the surface for dissipation, one or more heat pipes can be used as described above. - FIG. 5 shows a second
exemplary system 500. The system has twoheat pipes Heat pipe 10 has its evaporator inside thecanister 200, and its condenser outside of the cabinet.Heat pipe 30 has a condenser with a heat dissipation means, such as a fin stack. There is asingle thermocoupling 60 connectingheat pipes Thermocoupling 60 may be below or above ground. Other items insystem 500 are the same assystem 100, and a description thereof is not repeated. - FIG. 6 shows a third
exemplary system 600. The system has oneheat pipe 10.Heat pipe 10 has its evaporator inside thecanister 200, and its condenser outside of the cabinet.Heat pipe 10 has a condenser with a heat dissipation means, such as a fin stack. Other items insystem 600 are the same assystem 100, and a description thereof is not repeated. - FIG. 7 shows a fourth
exemplary system 700. Insystem 700, one ormore heat pipes 730 transfer heat from theflywheel 740 to awall 710 of the canister. Thecanister wall 710 spreads the heat and conducts heat to the surroundings (which may be ground, air, or both). Preferably, theheat pipe 730 abuts theinside wall 710 of the canister, as shown in FIG. 7. Alternatively, theheat pipe 730 may penetrate thewall 710 ordome 720 of the canister and abut the outside of the wall or dome (not shown). To increase the heat transfer capacity,additional heat pipes 730 may be added to maintain a desired flywheel temperature. Alternatively, the dimension of theheat pipes 730 may be increased to provide more heat transfer. Becauseheat pipes 730 are relatively short, it is not necessary to use thermosyphon return of fluid to the evaporator. Thus,heat pipes 730 may be of any configuration, and may include wicks to transport liquid from the condenser to the evaporator. One ormore heat sinks 736 may be mounted to the exterior ofcanister wall 710 to enhance dissipation of heat from thecanister 710. Theheat sink 736 may be of any design, including folded fins or any other extended heat transfer surface. - Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claim should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the invention, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.
Claims (24)
1. A system comprising:
a flywheel stored within a canister; and
a heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser, the heat pipe being mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser outside the canister; and
means for dissipating heat from the condenser of the heat pipe.
2. A system comprising:
a first heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser, the first heat pipe being mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser outside the canister;
a second heat pipe having an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe, the second heat pipe having a condenser; and
means for dissipating heat from the condenser of the second heat pipe.
3. A system comprising:
a flywheel stored within a canister; and
a heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser, the heat pipe being mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser abutting a wall of the canister.
4. A system for cooling a canister, comprising:
a first heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser, the first heat pipe being mounted with the evaporator inside the canister and the condenser outside the canister;
a second heat pipe having an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe, the second heat pipe having a condenser;
a third heat pipe having an evaporator thermally coupled to the condenser of the second heat pipe, the third heat pipe having a condenser; and
means for dissipating heat from the condenser of the third heat pipe.
5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the canister is at least partially buried below ground, and the first heat pipe is positioned entirely below a ground surface.
6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the second heat pipe is partially buried below the ground surface, and partly above the ground surface.
7. The system of claim 4 , wherein the third heat pipe is completely above the ground surface.
8. The system of claim 4 , wherein the second heat pipe is a thermosyphon.
9. The system of claim 4 , wherein the evaporator of the third heat pipe is oriented substantially vertically, and the condenser of the third heat pipe is at a substantial angle away from vertical.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the angle of the condenser of the third heat pipe is at least about 5 degrees from horizontal.
11. The system of claim 4 , wherein the first heat pipe is mounted to a motor housing of a flywheel system within the canister.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first heat pipe is mounted within a block of metal having a hole therethrough to receive the heat pipe, the block being mounted to the flywheel system.
13. The system of claim 4 , wherein the canister is a vacuum housing.
14. The system of claim 4 , wherein the heat dissipating means including a plurality of circular fins arranged in a fin stack.
15. The system of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the heat pipes has a wick in the evaporator thereof that does not extend into the condenser thereof.
16. The system of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the heat pipes has a wick formed of sintered metal.
17. An energy storage system, comprising:
a canister;
an energy storage flywheel having a motor housing mounted inside the canister;
a first heat pipe having an evaporator and a condenser, the evaporator of the first heat pipe being mounted to the motor housing, the condenser of the first heat pipe outside the canister;
a second heat pipe having an evaporator conductively coupled to the condenser of the first heat pipe, the second heat pipe having a condenser;
a third heat pipe having an evaporator conductively coupled to the condenser of the second heat pipe, the third heat pipe having a condenser interfacing to a heat dissipating means.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the second heat pipe is a thermosyphon.
19. The system of claim 17 , wherein the evaporator of the third heat pipe is oriented substantially vertically, and the condenser of the third heat pipe is at a substantial angle away from vertical.
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein the angle of the condenser of the third heat pipe is at least about 5 degrees from horizontal.
21. The system of claim 17 , wherein the canister is a vacuum housing.
22. The system of claim 17 , wherein the heat dissipating means include circular fins arranged in a fin stack.
23. The system of claim 17 , wherein at least one of the heat pipes has a wick in the evaporator thereof that does not extend into the condenser thereof.
24. The system of claim 17 , wherein at least one of the heat pipes has a wick formed of sintered metal.
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/702,968 US20040188059A1 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2003-11-06 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/964,303 US6808011B2 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2001-09-26 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
US10/702,968 US20040188059A1 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2003-11-06 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
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US09/964,303 Division US6808011B2 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2001-09-26 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
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US20040188059A1 true US20040188059A1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
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US09/964,303 Expired - Fee Related US6808011B2 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2001-09-26 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
US10/702,968 Abandoned US20040188059A1 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2003-11-06 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
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US09/964,303 Expired - Fee Related US6808011B2 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2001-09-26 | Heat pipe system for cooling flywheel energy storage systems |
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US (2) | US6808011B2 (en) |
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Also Published As
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US20030056936A1 (en) | 2003-03-27 |
US6808011B2 (en) | 2004-10-26 |
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