US20050051420A1 - Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with insulated driver electrodes - Google Patents
Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with insulated driver electrodes Download PDFInfo
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- US20050051420A1 US20050051420A1 US10/717,420 US71742003A US2005051420A1 US 20050051420 A1 US20050051420 A1 US 20050051420A1 US 71742003 A US71742003 A US 71742003A US 2005051420 A1 US2005051420 A1 US 2005051420A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
- B03C3/45—Collecting-electrodes
- B03C3/47—Collecting-electrodes flat, e.g. plates, discs, gratings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
- B03C3/04—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type
- B03C3/08—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type characterised by presence of stationary flat electrodes arranged with their flat surfaces parallel to the gas stream
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/14—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation the gas being moved electro-kinetically
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Abstract
Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner systems and methods are provided. A system includes at least one emitter electrode and at least a one collector (and likely, at least a pair of collector electrodes) that are downstream from the emitter electrode. An insulated driver electrode is located adjacent a collector electrode, and where there is at least a pair of collector electrodes, between each pair of collector electrodes. A high voltage source provides a voltage potential to the at least one of the emitter electrode and the collector electrode(s), to thereby provide a potential different therebetween. The insulated driver electrode(s) may or may not be at a same voltage potential as the emitter electrode, but should be at a different voltage potential than the collector electrode(s).
Description
- The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/500,437, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled “Electro-Kinetic Air Transporter and Conditioner Devices with Insulated Driver Electrodes.”
- The present invention is related to the following patent applications and patent, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/074,207, filed Feb. 12, 2002, entitled “Electro-Kinetic Air Transporter-Conditioner Devices with Interstitial Electrode”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/074,827, filed Feb. 12, 2002, “Electro-Kinetic Air Transporter-Conditioner with Non-Equidistant Collector Electrodes”; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,977, entitled “Electro-Kinetic Air Transporter-Conditioner”.
- The present invention relates generally to devices that electro-kinetically transport and/or condition air.
- It is known in the art to produce an airflow using electro-kinetic techniques, by which electrical power is converted into a flow of air without mechanically moving components. One such system was described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,801 to Lee (1988), depicted herein in simplified form as
FIG. 1 .System 100 includes afirst array 110 ofemitter electrodes 112 that are spaced-apart symmetrically from asecond array 120 ofcollector electrodes 122. The positive terminal of a highvoltage pulse generator 140 that outputs a train of high voltage pulses (e.g., 0 to perhaps +5 KV) is coupled to thefirst array 110, and the negative pulse generator terminal is coupled to thesecond array 120 in this example. - The high voltage pulses ionize the air between
arrays airflow 150 from thefirst array 110 toward thesecond array 120, without requiring any moving parts.Particulate matter 160 in the air is entrained within theairflow 150 and also moves towards thecollector electrodes 122. Some of the particulate matter is electrostatically attracted to the surfaces of thecollector electrodes 122, where it remains, thus conditioning the flow ofair exiting system 100. Further, the corona discharge produced between the electrode arrays can release ozone into the ambient environment, which can eliminate odors that are entrained in the airflow, but is generally undesirable in excess quantities. - In a further embodiment of Lee shown herein as
FIG. 2 , athird array 230 includespassive collector electrodes 232 that are positioned midway between each pair ofcollector electrodes 122. According to Lee, thesepassive collector electrodes 232, which were described as being grounded, increase precipitation efficiency. However, because the grounded passive collector electrodes 232 (also referred to hereafter as driver electrodes) are located close to adjacent negativelycharged collector electrodes 122, undesirable arcing (also known as breakdown or sparking) will occur betweencollector electrodes 122 anddriver electrodes 232 if the potential difference therebetween is too high, or if a carbon path is produced between anelectrode 122 and an electrode 232 (e.g., due to a moth or other insect that got stuck between anelectrode 122 and electrode 232). It is also noted that driver electrodes are sometimes referred to as interstitial electrodes because they are situated between other (i.e., collector) electrodes. - Increasing the voltage difference between the
emitter electrodes 112 and thecollector electrodes 122 is one way to further increase particle collecting efficiency and air flow rate. However, the extent that the voltage difference can be increased is limited because arcing will eventually occur between thecollector electrodes 122 and thedriver electrodes 232. Such arcing will typically decrease the collecting efficiency of the system, as well as produce an unpleasant odor. - Accordingly, there is a desire to improve upon existing electro-kinetic techniques. More specifically there is a desire to increase particle collecting efficiency and airflow rate, and to reduce arcing between electrodes.
- Embodiments of the present invention are related to electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner systems and methods. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a system includes at least one emitter electrode and at least one collector electrode that is downstream from the emitter electrode. An insulated driver electrode is located adjacent the collector electrode. A high voltage source provides a voltage potential to at least one of the emitter electrode and the collector electrode to thereby provide a potential different therebetween. The insulated driver electrode(s) may or may not be at a same voltage potential as the emitter electrode, but should be at a different voltage potential than the collector electrode.
- The insulation (i.e., dielectric material) on the driver electrodes allows the voltage potential to be increased between the driver and collector electrodes, to a voltage potential that would otherwise cause arcing if the insulation were not present. This increased voltage potential increases particle collection efficiency. Additionally, the insulation will reduce, and likely prevent, any arcing from occurring if a carbon path is formed between the collector and driver electrodes, e.g., due to an insect getting caught therebetween.
- In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the emitter electrode(s) and the insulated driver electrode(s) are grounded, while the high voltage source is used to provide a high voltage potential to the collector electrode(s) (e.g., −16 KV). This is a relatively easy embodiment to implement since the high voltage source need only provide one polarity.
- In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the emitter electrode(s) is at a first voltage potential, the collector electrode(s) is at a second voltage potential different than the first voltage potential, and the insulated driver electrode is at a third voltage potential different than the first and second voltage potentials. One of the first, second and third voltage potentials can be ground, but need not be. Other variations, such as the emitter and driver electrodes being at the same potential (ground or otherwise) are within the scope of the invention.
- In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the emitter electrode(s) may be generally equidistant from the upstream ends of the closest pair of collector electrodes. In other embodiments, certain emitter electrodes are moved outward to thereby adjust the electric fields produced between the emitter electrodes and the collector electrodes, and thus establish a non-equidistant relationship.
- In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an the upstream end of each insulated driver electrode is set back a distance from the upstream end of the collector electrode(s).
- Each insulated driver electrode includes an underlying electrically conductive electrode that is covered with, for example, a dielectric material. The dielectric material can be, for example, a heat shrink tubing material or an insulating varnish type material. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the dielectric material is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the dielectric material includes or is an ozone reducing catalyst.
- The embodiments as describe above have some or all of the advantages of increasing the particle collection efficiency, increasing the rate and/or volume of airflow, reducing arcing, and/or reducing the amount of ozone generated. Further, ions generated using many of the embodiments of the present invention will be more of the negative variety as opposed to the positive variety.
- In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an insulated driver electrode includes generally flat elongated sides that are generally parallel with the adjacent collector electrode(s). Alternatively, an insulated driver electrode can include one, or preferably a row of, insulated wire-shaped electrodes.
- Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments have been set forth in detail, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.
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FIG. 1 illustrates schematically, a prior art electro-kinetic conditioner system. -
FIG. 2 illustrates schematically, a further prior art electro-kinetic conditioner system. -
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 4 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to another embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 5 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary electrostatic field lines produced using embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 7 illustrates the relative distances between various electrodes of the electro-kinetic conditioner systems of the present invention. -
FIG. 8 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to a further embodiment of the present invention where additional emitter electrodes are used. -
FIG. 9 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the location of the emitter electrodes are adjusted to change the electric field distribution. -
FIG. 10 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the location of the collector electrodes are adjusted to change the electric field distribution. -
FIG. 11 illustrates the use of a ozone reducing catalyst over the insulation of the insulating driver electrodes of the present invention. -
FIG. 12 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the insulated driver electrodes are wire-like. -
FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrates an electro-kinetic conditioner system, according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the collector electrodes are U-shaped. -
FIG. 14 illustrates a perspective view of an electro-kinetic conditioner unit, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 15 is block diagram showing an exemplary implementation of a high voltage source that can be used with embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 16 is graph that is useful for showing how embodiments of the present invention can be used to increase particle collection efficiency. -
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system 300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The system includes a first array 310 (i.e., emitter array) ofemitter electrodes 312, a second array 320 (i.e. collector array) ofcollector electrodes 322 and athird array 330 ofinsulated driver electrodes 330. In this embodiment, thefirst array 310 is shown as being connected to a positive terminal of ahigh voltage source 340, and thesecond array 320 is shown as being connected to a negative terminal of thehigh voltage source 340. Thethird array 330 ofinsulated driver electrodes 332 are shown as being grounded. - Each
insulated driver electrode 332 includes an electricallyconductive electrode 334 that is covered by adielectric material 336. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, thedielectric material 336 is heat shrink tubing. During manufacture, the heat shrink tubing is placed over thedriver electrodes 334 and then heated, which causes the tubing to shrink to the shape of thedriver electrodes 334. An exemplary heat shrinkable tubing is type FP-301 flexible polyolefin tubing available from 3M of St. Paul, Minn. - In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the
dielectric material 336 is an insulating varnish, lacquer or resin. For example, a varnish, after being applied to the surface of thedriver electrodes 334, dries and forms an insulating coat or film a few mil (thousands of an inch) in thickness covering theelectrodes 334. The dielectric strength of the varnish or lacquer can be, for example, above 1000 V/mil (one thousands of an inch). Such insulating varnishes, lacquer and resins are commercially available from various sources, such as from John C. Dolph Company of Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, and Ranbar Electrical Materials Inc. of Manor, Pennsylvania. - Other possible dielectric materials that can be used to insulate the driver electrodes include ceramic or porcelain enamel or fiberglass. These are just a few examples of dielectric materials that can be used to insulate the
driver electrodes 334. It is within the spirit and scope of the present invention that other insulating dielectric materials can be used to insulate the driver electrodes. - During operation of
system 300, thehigh voltage source 340 positively charges the emitter electrodes 312 (of the first array 310) and negatively charges the collector electrodes 322 (of the second array 320). For example, the voltage on theemitter electrodes 312 can be +6 KV, while the voltage on thecollector electrodes 322 can be −10 KV, resulting in a 16 KV potential difference between theemitter electrodes 312 andcollector electrodes 322. This potential difference will produces a high intensity electric field the is highly concentrated around theemitter electrodes 312. More specifically, a corona discharge takes place from theemitter electrodes 312 to thecollector electrodes 322, producing positively charged ions. Particles (e.g., dust particles) in the vicinity of theemitter electrodes 312 are positively charged by the ions. The positively charged ions are repelled by the positively chargedemitter electrodes 312, and are attracted to and deposited on the negatively chargedcollector electrodes 322. - Further electric fields are produced between the
insulates driver electrodes 332 andcollector electrodes 322, which further push the positively charged particles toward thecollector electrodes 322. Generally, the greater this electric field between the driver electrodes and collector electrodes, the greater the particle collection efficiency. In the prior art, the extent that this voltage difference (and thus, the electric field) could be increased was limited because arcing would occur between the collector electrodes and un-insulated driver electrodes beyond a certain voltage potential difference. However, with the present invention, theinsulation 336 coveringelectrodes 334 significantly increases the voltage potential difference that can be obtained between thecollector electrodes 322 and thedriver electrodes 332 without arcing. The increased potential difference results in an increase electric field, which significantly increases particle collecting efficiency. By analogy, theinsulation 336 works much the same way as a dielectric material works in a parallel plate capacitor. That is, even though a parallel plate capacitor can be created with only an air gap between a pair of differently charged conductive plates, the electric field can be significantly increased by placing a dielectric material between the plates. - As will be described in further detail below, a system such as
system 300 will likely be included within a freestanding housing the is meant to be placed in a room (e.g., near a corner of a room) to thereby clean the air in the room, circulate the air in the room, and increase the concentration of negative ions in the room. Such a housing will likely include a side having one or more inlet vents and an opposing side having one or more outlet vents, with the side having the outlet vent(s) intended not to face any wall. Thus, the side of the housing having the inlet vent(s) will often be placed close to wall. Accordingly, it is likely that the positively chargedemitter electrodes 312 will be in close proximity to the floor and/or wall(s) of a room. The floor or walls of a room can generally be thought of as having a grounded voltage potential. Accordingly, withsystem 300 there will be a potential difference, and thus electric field, between the positively chargeemitter electrodes 312 and any nearby floor and/or wall(s), or even furniture, in a room. The effect of this is that a portion of the positively charged ions (and positively charge particles) produced in the vicinity of theemitter electrodes 312 may travel backward, i.e., in a direction opposite or away from thecollector electrodes 322. This can cause the undesirable effects of reducing cleaning efficiency, increasing positive ions in a room, and causing particles to stick to the floor and/or walls in the room. Many of the following embodiments of the present invention overcome these just mentioned deficiencies. -
FIG. 4 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system 400 according to another embodiment of the present invention. The arrangement ofsystem 400 is similar to that of system 300 (and thus, is numbered in the same manner), except that theemitter electrodes 312 are grounded insystem 400, rather than being connected to the positive output terminal of ahigh voltage source 340. Thecollector electrodes 322 are still negatively charged. Further, theinsulated driver electrodes 332 are still grounded. - The electro-
kinetic conditioner system 400 operates in a similar manner tosystem 300. More specifically, during operation ofsystem 400, thehigh voltage source 340 negatively charges the collector electrodes 322 (of the collector array 320). For example, the voltage on thecollector electrodes 322 can be −16 KV, resulting in a 16 KV potential difference between the groundedemitter electrodes 312 and thecollector electrodes 322. This potential difference will produces a high intensity electric field that is highly concentrated around theemitter electrodes 312. More specifically, a corona discharge takes place from theemitter electrodes 312 to thecollector electrodes 322, producing positive ions. This causes particles (e.g., dust particles) in the vicinity of theemitter electrodes 312 become positively charged relative to thecollector electrodes 322. The particles are attracted to and deposited on the negatively chargedcollector electrodes 322. Additionally, there will be a 16 KV potential difference between theinsulated driver electrodes 332 and thecollector electrodes 322, which pushes particles toward thecollector electrodes 322. Advantageously, in this embodiment theemitter electrodes 312 will be generally at the same potential as the floor and walls of a room within whichsystem 400 is placed. This will significantly reduce, and possibly prevent, any charged particles from flowing backward, i.e., away from the collector electrodes. - Another advantage of
system 400 is that it requires only a single polarity voltage supply (e.g.,voltage source 340 need only provide a −16 KV potential, without requiring any positive supply potential). Thus,system 400 is relatively simple to design, build and manufacture, making it a very cost effective system. -
FIG. 5 illustrates schematically, an electro-kinetic conditioner system 500 according to another embodiment of the present invention. The arrangement ofsystem 500 is similar to that of system 400 (and thus, is numbered in the same manner), except that theinsulated driver electrodes 332 are connected to the positive output terminal of thehigh voltage source 340, rather than being grounded as insystem 300. Thecollector electrodes 322 are still negatively charged. Further, theemitter electrodes 312 are still grounded. Positively charging theinsulated drivers 332 can be used to increase the potential difference between theinsulated driver array 330 and thecollector array 320, thereby increasing the particle collecting efficiency. For example, the voltage on thecollector electrodes 322 can be −16 KV, while the voltage on theinsulated drivers 332 can be +5 KV, resulting in a 21 KV potential difference between thecollector electrodes 322 and theinsulated driver electrodes 332, while keeping the voltage potential difference between theemitter electrodes 312 andcollector electrodes 322 at 16 KV. - The electro-
kinetic conditioner system 500 operates in a similar manner tosystem 400. Advantageously, as insystem 400, in this embodiment theemitter electrodes 312 will be generally at the same potential as the floor and walls of a room within whichsystem 500 is placed, which will significantly reduce, and possibly prevent, any charged particles from flowing backward, i.e., away from thecollector electrodes 322. Whilesystem 500 will be quite effective, it will require a slightly morecomplex voltage source 340, sincevoltage source 340 must provide both a positive and negative voltage potential. - In addition to those described above, there are other voltage potential variations that can be used to drive an electro-kinetic system including an insulated driver electrode(s) 332. To summarize, in
system 300 shown inFIG. 3 , theemitter electrodes 312 were positive, thecollector electrodes 322 were negative, and theinsulated driver electrodes 332 were grounded. Insystem 400 shown inFIG. 4 , theemitter electrodes 312 and theinsulated driver electrodes 332 were grounded, and thecollector electrodes 322 were negative. It would also be possible to modify thesystem 400 to make theinsulated driver electrodes 332 slightly negative (e.g., −1 KV) so long as thecollector electrodes 322 were significantly more negative (e.g., −16 KV). Insystem 400, theemitter electrodes 312 were grounded, thecollector electrodes 322 were negative, and theinsulated driver electrodes 332 were positive.System 400 can be modified, for example, by making theemitter electrodes 312 slightly negative or slightly positive. Other variations are also possible while still being within the spirit as scope of the present invention. For example, theemitter electrodes 312 andinsulated driver electrodes 332 can be grounded, while thecollector electrodes 322 have a high negative voltage potential or a high positive voltage potential. It is also possible that the instead of grounding certain portions of the electrode arrangement, the entire arrangement can float (e.g., theinsulated driver electrodes 332 and theemitter electrodes 312 can be at a floating voltage potential, with thecollector electrodes 322 offset from the floating voltage potential). - An important feature according to an embodiment of the present invention is that, if desired, the voltage potential of the
emitter electrodes 312 andinsulated driver electrodes 332 can be independently adjusted. This allows for corona current adjustment (produced by the electric field between theemitter electrodes 312 and collector electrodes 322) to be performed independently of the adjustments to the electric fields between theinsulated driver electrodes 332 andcollector electrodes 322. More specifically, this allows the voltage potential between theemitter electrodes 312 andcollector electrodes 322 to be kept below arcing levels, while still being able to independently increase the voltage potential between theinsulated driver electrodes 332 andcollector electrodes 322 to a higher voltage potential difference than would be possible between theemitters 312 andcollectors 322. - The electric fields produced between the
emitter electrodes 312 and collector electrodes 322 (also referred to as the ionization regions), and the electric fields produced between theinsulated driver electrodes 332 and collector electrodes 322 (also referred to as the collector regions), are show as exemplary dashed lines inFIG. 6 . The ionization regions produce ions and cause air movement in a downstream direction from theemitter electrodes 312 toward thecollector electrodes 322. The collector regions increase particle capture by pushing charged particles in the air flow toward thecollector electrodes 322. - It is preferably that the electric fields produced between the insulated driver electrode(s) 332 and collector electrodes 322 (i.e. the collecting regions) do not interfere with the electric fields between the emitter electrode(s) 312 and the collector electrodes 322 (i.e., the ionization regions). If this were to occur, the collecting regions will reduce the intensity of the ionization regions, thereby reducing the production of ions and slowing down air movement. Accordingly, the leading ends of the
driver electrodes 332 are preferably set back (i.e., downstream) from the leading ends of thecollector electrodes 322 by about the same distance that theemitter electrodes 312 are from thecollector electrodes 322. This is shown inFIG. 7 , where the setback distance X of aninsulated driver electrodes 332 is approximately equal to the distance Z between anemitter electrode 312 and theclosest collector electrodes 322. Still referring toFIG. 7 , it is also desirable to have the distance Y between a pair ofadjacent emitter electrodes 312 about equal to the setback distance X. However, other set back distances are within the spirit and scope of the present invention. - As explained above, the
emitter electrodes 312 andinsulated driver electrodes 332 may or may not be at the same voltage potential, depending on which embodiment of the present invention is practiced. When at the same voltage potential, there will be no problem of arcing occurring between theemitter electrodes 312 andinsulated driver electrodes 332. Further, even when at different potentials, because theinsulated driver electrodes 332 are setback as described above, thecollector electrodes 322 will shield theinsulated driver electrodes 332, as can be appreciated from the electric field lines shown inFIG. 6 . Thus, as shown inFIG. 6 , there is generally no electric field produced between theemitter electrodes 312 and theinsulated driver electrodes 332. Accordingly, arcing should not occur therebetween. - Referring back to
FIG. 6 , it can be appreciated that the outermost surfaces of theouter collector electrodes emitter electrodes 312, resulting in a lower electric field at these surfaces. This will reduce the particle collecting efficiency of the outermost surfaces of theouter collector electrodes FIG. 8 . While the extra emitters will increase particle collection efficiency, they may also add to the overall size of the system, potentially increase ozone production, and increase the power consumption of the system. - An scheme for producing a more uniform airflow, is to move the outer emitter electrodes outward, as shown in
FIG. 9 . - Referring back to
FIG. 6 , it can be appreciated that the strength of the electric field generated at the leading or upstream ends of the innermost collector electrodes most collector electrodes collector electrode outer collector electrodes inner collector electrodes FIG. 10 . - In addition to producing ions, the systems described above will also produce ozone (O3). While limited amounts of ozone are useful for eliminating odors, concentrations of ozone beyond recommended levels are generally undesirable. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, ozone production is reduced by coating the
insulated driver electrodes 332 with an ozone reducing catalyst. Exemplary ozone reducing catalysts include manganese dioxide and activated carbon. Commercially available ozone reducing catalysts such as PremAir™ manufactured by Englehard Corporation of Iselin, New Jersey, can also be used. - Some ozone reducing catalysts, such as manganese dioxide are not electrically conductive, while others, such as activated carbon are electrically conductive. When using a catalyst that is not electrically conductive, the
insulation 334 can be coated in any available manner because the catalyst will act as an additional insulator, and thus not defeat the purpose of adding theinsulator 334. However, when using a catalyst that is electrically conductive, it is important that the electrically conductive catalyst does not interfere with the benefits of insulating the driver. This will be described with reference toFIG. 11 - Referring now to
FIG. 11 , anunderlying driver electrode 334 is covered bydielectric insulation 336 to produce aninsulated driver electrode 332. Theunderlying driver electrode 334 is shown as being connected by a wire 1102 (or other conductor) to a voltage potential (ground in this example). Anozone reducing catalyst 1104 covers most of theinsulation 336. If the ozone reducing catalyst does not conduct electricity, then theozone reducing catalyst 1104 may contact the wire orother conductor 1102 without negating the advantages provided by insulating theunderlying driver electrodes 334. However, if theozone reducing catalyst 1104 is electrically conductive, then care must be taken so that the electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst 1104 (covering the insulation 336) does not touch the wire orother conductor 1102 that connects theunderlying driver electrode 334 to a voltage potential (e.g., ground, a positive voltage, or a negative voltage). So long as an electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst does not touch thewire 1104 that connects thedriver electrode 334 to a voltage potential, then the potential of the electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst will remain floating, thereby still allowing an increased voltage potential betweeninsulated driver electrode 332 andadjacent collector electrodes 322. Other example of electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst include, but are not limited to, noble metals. - In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, if the ozone reducing catalyst is not electrically conductive, then the ozone reducing catalyst can be included in, or used as, the
insulation 336. Preferably the ozone reducing catalysts should have a dielectric strength of at least 1000 V/mil (one-hundredth of an inch) in this embodiment. - The positively charged particles that travel from the regions near the
emitter electrodes 312 toward thecollector electrodes 322 are missing electrons. In order to clean the air, it is desirable that the particles stick to the collector electrodes 322 (which can later be cleaned). Accordingly, it is desirable that the exposed surfaces of thecollector electrodes 322 are electrically conductive so that thecollector electrodes 322 can give up a charge (i.e., an electron), thereby causing the particles to stick to thecollector electrodes 322. Accordingly, if an ozone reducing catalyst is electrically conductive, thecollector electrodes 322 can be coated with the catalyst. However, it is preferably to coat theinsulated driver electrodes 332 with an ozone reducing catalyst, rather than thecollector electrodes 322. This is because as particles collect on thecollector electrodes 322, the surfaces of thecollector electrodes 322 become covered with the particles, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the ozone reducing catalyst. Theinsulated driver electrodes 332, on the other hand, do not collect particles. Thus, the ozone reducing effectiveness of a catalyst coating theinsulated driver electrodes 332 will not diminish due to being covered by particles. - In the previous FIGS., the
insulated driver electrodes 332 have been shown as including a generally plate like electricallyconductive electrode 334 covered by adielectric insulator 336. In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the insulated driver electrodes can take other forms. For example, referring toFIG. 12 , the driver electrodes can be include a wire or rod-likeelectrical conductor 334′ covered bydielectric insulation 336′. Although a single suchinsulated driver electrode 332′ can be used, it is preferably to use a row of suchinsulated drivers electrodes 332′, as shown inFIG. 12 . The electric field between such a row ofinsulated driver electrodes 332′ and thecollector electrodes 322 will look similar to the corresponding electric field shown inFIG. 6 . - In the various electrode arrangements described herein, emitter electrode(s) 312 in the
first electrode array 310 can be fabricated, for example, from tungsten. Tungsten is sufficiently robust in order to withstand cleaning, has a high melting point to retard breakdown due to ionization, and has a rough exterior surface that seems to promote efficient ionization. Theemitter electrodes 312 are likely wire-shaped, and are likely manufactured from a wire or, if thicker than a typical wire, still has the general appearance of a wire or rod. Alternatively, as in known in the art, other types of ionizers, such as pin or needle shaped electrodes can be used in place of a wire. For example, an elongated saw-toothed edge can be used, with each edge functioning as a corona discharge point. A column of tapered pins or needles would function similarly. As another alternative, a plate with a sharp downstream edge can be used as an emitter electrode. These are just a few examples of the emitter electrodes that can be used with embodiments of the present invention. Further, other materials besides tungsten can be used to produce theemitter electrodes 312. -
Collector electrodes 322 in thesecond electrode array 320 can have a highly polished exterior surface to minimize unwanted point-to-point radiation. As such,collector electrodes 322 can be fabricated, for example, from stainless steel and/or brass, among other materials. The polished surface ofcollector electrodes 322 also promotes ease of electrode cleaning. Thecollector electrodes 322 are preferably lightweight, easy to fabricate, and lend themselves to mass production. Accordingly, even though the collector electrodes can be solid, it is more practical that the collector electrodes be manufactured from sheet metal. When made from sheet metal, the sheet metal can be readily configured to define side regions and a bulbous nose region, forming a hollow, elongated “U”-shaped electrode, for example, as shown inFIG. 13A . Each “U”-shaped electrode has a nose and two trailing sides. Similarly, in embodiments including plate likeinsulated driver electrodes 332, the underlying driver electrodes can be made of a similar material and in a similar shape (e.g., “U” shaped) as thecollector electrodes 322.FIG. 13B shows a perspective view of the electrode assembly shown inFIG. 13A . The corresponding perspective views for the electrode configurations discussed in the previous FIGS. will look similar. It is within the spirit and scope of the invention that theemitter electrodes 312 andcollector electrodes 322, as well as theinsulated driver electrodes 332, can have other shapes besides those specifically mentioned herein. - In the FIGS. discussed above, four
collector electrodes 322 and threeinsulated driver electrodes 332 were shown, with either threeemitter electrodes 312, or fiveemitter electrodes 312. These numbers of electrodes have been shown for example, and can be changed. Preferably there is at least a pair of collector electrodes with an insulated driver electrode therebetween to push charged particles toward the collector electrodes. However, it is possible to have embodiments with only one collector electrode, and one or more emitter electrodes. In such embodiments, the insulated driver electrode should be generally parallel to the collector electrode. - Preferably, there is at least one
emitter electrode 312 for each pair ofcollector electrodes 322. In the embodiment depicted, each theemitter electrode 312 is preferably equidistant from the noses or leading edges of the twoclosest collector electrodes 322, as shown, for example, inFIG. 6 . However, in certain embodiments, such as the one discussed with reference toFIG. 9 , the location of theoutermost emitter electrodes 312 may be change to alter the resulting electric fields in a desired manner. As discussed with reference toFIG. 8 , adding emitterelectrodes 312 may also be useful. - It may also be practical to add insulated driver electrodes an either sides of the outer collector electrodes (e.g., on either side of
collector electrodes FIG. 8 ). This would push any charged particles passing adjacent to the outer surfaces of the outer collector electrodes (e.g., 322 a and 322 d inFIG. 8 ) toward the outer surfaces of the outer collector electrodes. - In some embodiments, the number N1 of
emitter electrodes 312 in theemitter array 310 can differ by one relative to the number N2 ofcollector electrodes 322 in thecollector array 320. In many of the embodiments shown, N2>N1. However, if desired, additional emitter electrodes could be added at the outer ends ofarray 310 such that N1>N2, e.g., fiveemitter electrodes 312 compared to fourcollector electrodes 322, as inFIG. 8 . - Referring now to
FIG. 14 , the above described electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner systems are likely within or include ahousing 1402. The housing likely includes rear-locatedintake vents 1404 and front located exhaust oroutlet vents 1406, and abase pedestal 1408. Preferably, thehousing 1402 is free standing and/or upstandingly vertical and/or elongated. Thebase 1408, which may be pivotally mounted to the remainder of the housing, allows thehousing 1402 to remain in a vertical position. - Internal to the
transporter housing 1402 is one of the electro-kinetic transporter and conditioner systems described above. The electro-kinetic transporter and conditioner system is likely powered by an AC-DC power supply that is energizable or excitable using switch S1. Switch S1, along with the other user operated switches such as acontrol dial 1410, are preferably located on or near a top 1403 of thehousing 1402. The whole system is self-contained in that other than ambient air, nothing is required from beyond thetransporter housing 1402, except perhaps an external operating voltage, for operation of the present invention. - A user-
liftable handle member 1412 is preferably affixed thecollector array 320 ofcollector electrodes 322, which normally rests within thehousing 1402. Thehousing 1402 also encloses thearray 310 ofemitter electrodes 312 and thearray 330 ofinsulated driver electrodes 332. In the embodiment shown, thehandle member 1412 can be used to lift thecollector array 310 upward causing thecollector electrodes 322 to telescope out of the top of thehousing 1402 and, if desired, out of thehousing 1402 for cleaning, while theemitter electrode array 310 and insulateddriver electrodes array 330 remain within thehousing 1402. As is evident fromFIG. 14 , thecollector array 310 can be lifted vertically out from the top 1403 of the housing along the longitudinal axis or direction of theelongated housing 1402. This arrangement with thecollector electrodes 322 removable through a top portion of thehousing 1402, makes it easy for a user to pull thecollector electrodes 322 out for cleaning, and to return thecollector electrodes 322, with the assistance of gravity, back to their resting position within thehousing 1402. If desired, theemitter array 310 and/or theinsulated driver array 330 may be made similarly removable. - There need be no real distinction between
vents housing 1402. - The above described embodiments do not specifically include a germicidal (e.g., ultra-violate) lamp. However, a germicidal lamp can be included with the above configurations. Where the insulated driver electrodes are coated with an ozone reducing catalyst, the ultra-violate radiation from such a lamp may increase the effectiveness of the catalyst. The inclusion of a germicidal lamp is shown in
FIG. 15 . Additional details of the inclusion of a germicidal lamp are included in U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,485, entitled “Electro-Kinetic Device with Enhanced Anti-Microorganism Capability,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/074,347, entitled “Electro-Kinetic Air Transporter and Conditioner Device with Enhanced Housing Configuration and Enhanced Anti-Microorganism Capability,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference. -
FIG. 15 is an electrical block diagram showing an exemplary implementation of thehigh voltage source 340 the can be used to power the various embodiments of the present invention discussed above. Anelectrical power cord 1502 that plugs into a common electrical wall socket can be used to accept a nominal 110VAC. An electromagnetic interference (EMI)filter 1510 is placed across the incoming nominal 110VAC line to reduce and/or eliminate high frequencies generated by the various circuits. In embodiments including agermicidal lamp 1590, anelectronic ballast 1512 is electrically connected to thegermicidal lamp 1590 to regulate, or control, the flow of current through thelamp 1590. Electrical components such as theEMI Filter 1510 andelectronic ballast 1512 are well known in the art and do not require a further description. - A DC Power Supply 1514, which is well known, is designed to receive the incoming nominal 110VAC and to output a first DC voltage (e.g., 160VDC). The first DC voltage (e.g., 160VDC) is shown as being stepped down through a resistor network to a second DC voltage (e.g., about 12VDC) that a micro-controller unit (MCU) 1530 can monitor without being damaged. The
MCU 1530 can be, for example, a Motorola 68HC908 series micro-controller, available from Motorola. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, theMCU 1530 monitors the stepped down voltage (e.g., about 12VDC), which is labeled the AC voltage sense signal inFIG. 15 , to determine if the AC line voltage is above or below the nominal 110VAC, and to sense changes in the AC line voltage. For example, if a nominal 110VAC increases by 10% to 121VAC, then the stepped down DC voltage will also increase by 10%. TheMCU 1530 can sense this increase and then reduce the pulse width, duty cycle and/or frequency of the low voltage pulses it outputs to maintain the output power of thehigh voltage source 340 to be the same as when the line voltage is at 110VAC. Conversely, when the line voltage drops, theMCU 1530 can sense this decrease and appropriately increase the pulse width, duty cycle and/or frequency of the low voltage pulses to maintain a constant output power. Such voltage adjustment features also enable the same unit to be used in different countries that have different nominal voltages than in the United States (e.g., in Japan the nominal AC voltage is 100VAC). - Output voltage potentials of the
high voltage source 340 can be provided to theemitter array 310, thecollector array 320 and/or theinsulated driver array 330, depending upon which embodiment of the present invention discussed above is being practiced. Thehigh voltage source 340 can be implemented in many ways. In the exemplary embodiment shown, thehigh voltage source 340 includes anelectronic switch 1526, a step-uptransformer 1516 and avoltage multiplier 1518. The primary side of the step-uptransformer 1516 receives the first DC voltage (e.g., 160VDC) from the DC power supply. An electronic switch receives low voltage pulses (of perhaps 20-25 KHz frequency) from theMCU 1530. Such a switch is shown as an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) 1526. TheIGBT 1526, or other appropriate switch, couples the low voltage pulses from theMCU 1530 to the input winding of the step-uptransformer 1516. The secondary winding of thetransformer 1516 is coupled to thevoltage multiplier 1518, which outputs high voltage pulses that can be provided to thearrays IGBT 1526 operates as an electronic on/off switch. Such a transistor is well known in the art and does not require a further description. When driven, thehigh voltage source 340 receives the low input DC voltage (e.g., 160VDC) from the DC power supply 1514 and the low voltage pulses from theMCU 1530, and generates high voltage pulses of, for example, 10 KV peak-to-peak, with a repetition rate of, for example, about 20 to 25 KHz. - Referring back to the embodiment of
FIG. 3 , thevoltage multiplier 1518 can output, for example, +4 KV to theemitter array 310, and about −6 KV to thecollector array 320. In this embodiment, theinsulated driver array 330 is grounded. Thus, in this example there is a 10 KV voltage potential difference between theemitter array 310 and thecollector array 320, and a 6 KV voltage potential difference between theinsulated driver array 330 and thecollector array 320. - Referring back to the embodiment of
FIG. 4 , thevoltage multiplier 1518 can output, for example, −10 KV to thecollector array 320, while both theemitter array 310 and theinsulated driver array 330 are grounded. In this example, there is a 10 KV voltage potential difference between theemitter array 310 and thecollector array 320, and a 10 KV difference between theinsulated driver array 330 and thecollector array 320. - Referring back to the embodiment of
FIG. 5 , thevoltage multiplier 1518 can output, for example, −10 KV to thecollector array 320, and +5 KV to theinsulated driver array 330. In this embodiment theemitter array 310 is grounded. Thus, in this example there is a 10 KV voltage potential difference between theemitter array 310 and thecollector array 320, and a 15 KV difference between theinsulated driver array 330 and thecollector array 320. - These are just a few examples of the various voltages the can be provided for a few of the embodiments discussed above. It is within the scope of the present invention for the
voltage multiplier 1518 to produce greater or smaller voltages. The high voltage pulses can have a duty cycle of, for example, about 10%-15%, but may have other duty cycles, including a 100% duty cycle. - The
MCU 1530 can receive an indication of whether thecontrol dial 1410 is set to the LOW, MEDIUM or HIGH airflow setting. TheMCU 1530 controls the pulse width, duty cycle and/or frequency of the low voltage pulse signal provided to switch 1526, to thereby control the airflow output, based on the setting of thecontrol dial 1410. To increase the airflow output, theMCU 1530 can increase the pulse width, frequency and/or duty cycle. Conversely, to decrease the airflow output rate, theMCU 1530 can reduce the pulse width, frequency and/or duty cycle. In accordance with an embodiment, the low voltage pulse signal (provided from theMCU 1530 to the high voltage source 340) can have a fixed pulse width, frequency and duty cycle for the LOW setting, another fixed pulse width, frequency and duty cycle for the MEDIUM setting, and a further fixed pulse width, frequency and duty cycle for the HIGH setting. However, depending on the setting of thecontrol dial 1410, the above described embodiment may produce too much ozone (e.g., at the HIGH setting) or too little airflow output (e.g., at the LOW setting). According, a more elegant solution, described below, can be used. - In accordance with an embodiment, the low voltage pulse signal created by the
MCU 1530 modulates between a “high” airflow signal and a “low” airflow signal, with the control dial setting specifying the durations of the “high” airflow signal and/or the “low” airflow signal. This will produce an acceptable airflow output, while limiting ozone production to acceptable levels, regardless of whether thecontrol dial 1410 is set to HIGH, MEDIUM or LOW. For example, the “high” airflow signal can have a pulse width of 5 microseconds and a period of 40 microseconds (i.e., a 12.5% duty cycle), and the “low” airflow signal can have a pulse width of 4 microseconds and a period of 40 microseconds (i.e., a 10% duty cycle). When thecontrol dial 1410 is set to HIGH, theMCU 1530 outputs a low voltage pulse signal that modulates between the “low” airflow signal and the “high” airflow signal, with, for example, the “high” airflow signal being output for 2.0 seconds, followed by the “low” airflow signal being output for 8.0 second. When thecontrol dial 1410 is set to MEDIUM, the “low” airflow signal can be increased to, for example, 16 seconds (e.g., the low voltage pulse signal will include the “high” airflow signal for 2.0 seconds, followed by the “low” airflow signal for 16 seconds). When thecontrol dial 1410 is set to LOW, the “low” airflow signal can be further increased to, for example, 24 seconds (e.g., the low voltage pulse signal will include a “high” airflow signal for 2.0 seconds, followed by the “low” airflow signal for 24 seconds). Alternatively, or additionally, the frequency of the low voltage pulse signal (used to drive the transformer 1516) can be adjusted to distinguish between the LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH settings. These are just a few examples of how air flow can be controlled based on a control dial setting. - In practice, an electro-kinetic transporter-conditioner unit is placed in a room and connected to an appropriate source of operating potential, typically 110 VAC. The energized electro-kinetic transporter conditioner emits ionized air and small amounts of ozone via outlet vents 1460. The airflow is indeed electro-kinetically produced, in that there are no intentionally moving parts within unit. (Some mechanical vibration may occur within the electrodes). Additionally, because particles are collected on the
collector electrodes 322, the air in the room is cleaned. It would also be possible, if desired, to further increase airflow by adding a fan. Even with a fan, the insulated driver electrode(s) 332 can be used to increase particle collecting efficiency by allowing the electrical field between the driver electrode(s) and collector electrodes to be increased beyond what would be allowable without the insulation. - Experiments have shown that insulating the driver electrodes have allowed the voltage potential between the collectors and driver(s) to be increased, thereby increasing particle collection efficiency. These experiments were performed using a test system including a single grounded
emitter wire 312, a pair ofcollector electrodes 322, and a single driver electrode. In a first test it was determined that the voltage potential between thecollector electrodes 322 and a non-insulated driver electrode (located between the collector electrodes 322) should be no more than 9.4 KV, with any higher voltage potential being very susceptible to arcing between the collectors and driver. Specifically, thecollector electrodes 322 were placed at −15 KV, the non-insulated driver was placed at −5.6 KV, and theemitter wire 312 was grounded. The particle collecting efficiency was then measured for various particle sizes ranging. The results are shown asline 1602 in the graph ofFIG. 16 . As shown inFIG. 16 , the collecting efficiency for small particles of about 0.3 μm was only about 50%. - The non-insulated driver electrode was then replaced with an
insulated driver electrode 332 having the same dimensions. It was then determined that the voltage potential difference between thecollector electrode 322 and theinsulated driver electrode 332 could be increased to 15 KV without being highly susceptible to arcing between thecollectors 322 andinsulated driver 332. By increasing the voltage potential difference from 9.4 KV to 15 KV the electric field between the collector and drivers increased from about 750 V/mm to about 1200 V/mm. Specifically, thecollector electrodes 322 were placed at 15 KV and theemitter electrode 312 and theinsulated driver electrode 332 were both grounded. The results are shown asline 1604 in the graph ofFIG. 16 . As shown inFIG. 16 , the collecting efficiency for small particles of about 0.3 μm increased to about 60%. - Experiments have also shown that particle collecting efficiency can be further increased by increasing the width (the dimension in the downstream direction) of the
collector electrodes 322. However, this would also increase the cost and weight of a system, and thus, is a design tradeoff. But for given width of collector electrodes and driver electrodes, insulating the drivers will allow the electric field between the collectors and drivers to be increased (as compared to if the drivers were not insulated), thereby increasing particle collection efficiency. - The foregoing descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art. Modifications and variations may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the subject and spirit of the invention as defined by the following claims. Embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention, the various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims (56)
1. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter electrode;
a pair of collector electrodes that are downstream from said emitter electrode;
an insulated driver electrode located between said pair of collector electrodes; and
a high voltage source that provides a voltage potential to at least one of said emitter electrode and said pair of collector electrodes to thereby provide a potential different therebetween.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
said emitter electrode is grounded;
said pair of collector electrodes are negatively charged by said high voltage source; and
said insulated driver electrode is grounded.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein said emitter electrode and said insulated driver electrode are at a same voltage potential.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
said emitter electrode is at a first voltage potential;
said pair of collector electrodes are at a second voltage potential different than said first voltage potential; and
said insulated driver electrode is at a third voltage potential different than said first and second voltage potentials.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein said emitter electrode is generally equidistant from a upstream end of each of said collector electrodes.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein said pair of collector electrodes and said insulated driver electrode each includes a corresponding upstream end closest to said emitter electrode and a downstream end farthest from said emitter electrode; and wherein the upstream end of the insulated driver electrode is set back a distance X from the upstream ends of the collector electrodes, the distance X being generally equal to a distance Y between said pair of collector electrodes.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the insulated driver electrode is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the insulated driver includes an electrically conductive electrode covered by a dielectric material.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the dielectric material is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the dielectric material comprises a non-electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electrically conductive electrode of the insulated driver electrode includes generally flat elongated sides that are generally parallel with said collector electrodes.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein said insulated driver electrode includes at least one wire or rod shaped electrode covered by a dielectric material.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the driver electrode includes a row of wire or rod shaped electrodes each covered by a dielectric material, said row being generally parallel to said collector electrodes.
14. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter array including at least one emitter electrode;
a collector array including at least two collector electrodes;
a driver array including an insulated driver electrode located between each pair of adjacent collector electrodes in said collector array; and
a high voltage source that provides a voltage potential difference between said emitter array and said collector array.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein a further voltage potential difference exists between said collector array and said driver array, said further voltage potential difference causing charged particles produced near said emitter electrodes to be pushed toward said collector electrodes as the charged particles pass between air gaps between an insulated driver electrode and adjacent collector electrodes.
16. The system of claim 14 , wherein:
said emitter array is grounded;
said collector array is negatively charged by said high voltage source; and
said driver array is grounded.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein said emitter array and said driver array are at a same voltage potential.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein:
said emitter array is at a first voltage potential;
said collector array is a second voltage potential different than said first voltage potential; and
said driver array is at a third voltage potential different than said first and second voltage potentials.
19. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter array including at least one emitter electrode;
a collector array including at least two collector electrodes;
a driver array including an insulated driver electrode located between each pair of adjacent collector electrodes in said collector array; and
a high voltage source that provides a first voltage potential difference between said emitter array and said collector array, and a second voltage potential between said collector array and said driver array.
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein said emitter array is grounded.
21. The system of claim 19 , wherein said emitter array and said driver array are grounded, and wherein said collector array is receives a negative voltage potential from said high voltage source.
22. The system of claim 19 , wherein each emitter electrode is generally equidistant from upstream ends of a closest pair of said collector electrodes.
23. The system of claim 19 , wherein each collector electrode and each insulated driver electrode each includes a corresponding upstream end closest to said emitter array and a downstream end farthest from said emitter array; and wherein the upstream end of each insulated driver electrode is set back a distance X from the upstream ends of said collector electrodes, the distance X being generally equal to a distance Y between each pair of adjacent collector electrodes.
24. The system of claim 19 , wherein at least one insulated driver electrode is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst.
25. The system of claim 19 , wherein each insulated driver include an electrically conductive electrode covered by a dielectric material.
26. The system of claim 25 , wherein the dielectric material is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst.
27. The system of claim 25 , wherein the dielectric material comprises a non-electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst.
28. The system of claim 25 , wherein the electrically conductive electrode of each insulated driver electrode includes generally flat elongated sides that are generally parallel with said collector electrodes.
29. The system of claim 19 , wherein each insulated driver electrode includes at least one wire or rod shaped electrode covered by a dielectric material.
30. The system of claim 19 , wherein each driver electrode includes a row of wire or rod shaped electrodes each covered by a dielectric material, said row being generally parallel to said collector electrodes.
31. A method for providing an electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system with increased particle collecting efficiency, comprising:
providing an emitter electrode;
providing at least a pair of collector electrodes downstream from said emitter electrode;
providing a driver electrode between each pair of adjacent collector electrodes;
insulating each driver electrode with a dielectric; and
proving a voltage potential difference between each driver electrode and said collector electrodes that is greater than a voltage potential difference that could have been obtained, without arcing, if each driver electrode were not insulated.
32. A method for providing an electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system with increased particle collecting efficiency, comprising:
providing an emitter electrode;
providing at least a pair of collector electrodes downstream from said emitter electrode;
providing an insulated driver electrode between each pair of adjacent collector electrodes; and
proving a voltage potential difference between each driver electrode and said collector electrodes that is greater than a voltage potential difference that could have been obtained, without arcing, if each driver electrode were not insulated.
33. The method of claim 32 , further comprising:
coating at least one said insulated driver electrode with an ozone reducing catalyst.
34. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter electrode;
a collector electrode that is downstream from said emitter electrode;
an insulated driver electrode generally adjacent said a collector electrode; and
a high voltage source that provides a voltage potential to at least one of said emitter electrode and said collector electrode to thereby provide a potential different therebetween.
35. The system of claim 34 , wherein:
said emitter electrode is grounded;
said collector electrode is negatively charged by said high voltage source; and
said insulated driver electrode is grounded.
36. The system of claim 34 , wherein said emitter electrode and said insulated driver electrode are at a same voltage potential.
37. The system of claim 34 , wherein:
said emitter electrode is at a first voltage potential;
said collector electrode is at a second voltage potential different than said first voltage potential; and
said insulated driver electrode is at a third voltage potential different than said first and second voltage potentials.
38. The system of claim 34 , wherein the insulated driver electrode is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst.
39. The system of claim 34 , wherein the insulated driver includes an electrically conductive electrode covered by a dielectric material.
40. The system of claim 39 , wherein the dielectric material is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst.
41. The system of claim 39 , wherein the dielectric material comprises a non-electrically conductive ozone reducing catalyst.
42. The system of claim 39 , wherein the electrically conductive electrode of the insulated driver electrode includes generally flat elongated sides that are generally parallel with said collector electrodes.
43. The system of claim 34 , wherein said insulated driver electrode includes at least one wire or rod shaped electrode covered by a dielectric material.
44. The system of claim 34 , wherein the driver electrode includes a row of wire or rod shaped electrodes each covered by a dielectric material, said row being generally parallel to said collector electrode.
45. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter electrode that is grounded or floating;
a pair of collector electrodes that are downstream from said emitter electrode, said collector electrodes having a high negative voltage potential; and
an insulated driver electrode located between said pair of collector electrodes.
46. The system of claim 45 , wherein said insulated driver electrode is grounded or floating.
47. The system of claim 45 , wherein said insulated driver electrode has a negative voltage potential that is less than said high negative voltage potential of said collector electrodes.
48. The system of claim 45 , wherein said insulated driver electrode is has a positive voltage potential.
49. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter electrode;
a pair of collector electrodes that are downstream from said emitter electrode;
an insulated driver electrode located between said pair of collector, wherein the insulated driver electrode is coated with an ozone reducing catalyst;
a high voltage source that provides a voltage potential to at least one of said emitter electrode and said pair of collector electrodes to thereby provide a potential different therebetween; and
a lamp that can emit radiation in order to reduce the amount of microorganisms in air passing through said system, the radiation also irradiating the ozone reducing catalyst.
50. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter electrode;
a pair of collector electrodes that are downstream from said emitter electrode;
an insulated driver electrode located between said pair of collector electrodes, said insulated driver including an electrically conductive electrode covered by a ceramic or porcelain insulating layer; and
a high voltage source that provides a voltage potential to at least one of said emitter electrode and said pair of collector electrodes to thereby provide a potential different therebetween.
51. The system of claim 50 , wherein:
said emitter electrode is grounded;
said pair of collector electrodes are negatively charged by said high voltage source; and
said insulated driver electrode is grounded.
52. The system of claim 50 , wherein said emitter electrode and said insulated driver electrode are at a same voltage potential.
53. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, comprising:
an emitter array including N emitter electrodes, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2;
a collector array including N+1 collector electrodes located downstream from said emitter array;
a driver array including an insulated driver electrode located between each pair of adjacent collector electrodes in said collector array; and
a high voltage source that provides a voltage potential difference between said emitter array and said collector array;
wherein each of a pair of outermost emitter electrodes is located closer to a corresponding outermost collector electrode, than to a next closest collector electrode.
54. The system of claim 53 , where N is an integer greater than or equal to 3, and wherein each emitter electrode, that is not one of the pair of outermost emitter electrodes, is substantially equidistant from a closest pair of said collector electrodes.
55. The system of claim 53 , wherein:
said emitter electrode is grounded;
said pair of collector electrodes are negatively charged by said high voltage source; and
said insulated driver electrode is grounded.
56. The system of claim 53 , wherein said emitter electrode and said insulated driver electrode are at a same voltage potential.
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US10/717,420 US20050051420A1 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2003-11-19 | Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with insulated driver electrodes |
US10/774,579 US7077890B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-02-09 | Electrostatic precipitators with insulated driver electrodes |
PCT/US2004/029228 WO2005023410A2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-09-07 | Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices wth insulated driver electrodes |
US11/007,734 US7517505B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-12-08 | Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with 3/2 configuration having driver electrodes |
US11/781,078 US7724492B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2007-07-20 | Emitter electrode having a strip shape |
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US10/717,420 US20050051420A1 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2003-11-19 | Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with insulated driver electrodes |
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US11/781,078 Continuation US7724492B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2007-07-20 | Emitter electrode having a strip shape |
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US11/007,734 Expired - Fee Related US7517505B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-12-08 | Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with 3/2 configuration having driver electrodes |
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Also Published As
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US20050152818A1 (en) | 2005-07-14 |
WO2005023410A3 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
WO2005023410A2 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
US7517505B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 |
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