US20050075297A1 - Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets - Google Patents
Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets Download PDFInfo
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- US20050075297A1 US20050075297A1 US10/765,134 US76513404A US2005075297A1 US 20050075297 A1 US20050075297 A1 US 20050075297A1 US 76513404 A US76513404 A US 76513404A US 2005075297 A1 US2005075297 A1 US 2005075297A1
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- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- ribavirin
- particles
- process according
- excipients
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1682—Processes
- A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
- A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
- A61K31/7056—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing five-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for making oral pharmaceutical dosages of ribavirin. More specifically, the drug ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analog with broad spectrum antiviral activity. Ribavirin is one of a combination of drugs being administered to patients with Hepatitis C and other viral infections.
- Ribavirin is currently manufactured, among other methods, using a process commonly called dry compaction. Dry compaction utilizes high pressure to form a ribbon of ribavirin that is subsequently reduced to a free flowing powder by milling.
- dry compaction utilizes high pressure to form a ribbon of ribavirin that is subsequently reduced to a free flowing powder by milling.
- the undesirable side effects of manufacturing ribavirin by dry compaction include the creation of excessive dust, a potential health hazard, as well as the risk that high pressure, which can produce high heat, could produce polymorphic forms. Different polymorphs or combinations of polymorphs are undesirable because they can sometimes change the manner in which the active drug moiety is absorbed.
- the present invention describes a method for manufacturing ribavirin using a wet granulation process.
- This process forms a free flowing ribavirin by mixing ribavirin with a wetting agent and various excipients to form a granulation that can be extruded and spheronized, producing a pellet.
- This process is not only an alternative method for producing ribavirin, but also offers several advantages over the dry compaction process.
- One advantage of wet granulation is that significantly less dust is produced, which is important from a health and safety standpoint.
- Another advantage of the present invention is that wet granulation allows for greater control of dissolution rates.
- this wet granulation method results in the ribavirin having better flow characteristics, enabling faster encapsulation and lower weight variations.
- the wet granulation method lowers the risk of creating polymorphs and, therefore, allows for greater uniformity of the crystalline structure.
- Excipients are often added to raw drugs in order to create a mixture having improved flow, compaction, or disintegration characteristics. These excipients can add various qualities either to the end product or to some stage of the manufacturing process. Common excipients include disintegrants, lubricants, fillers, binders and wetting agents. Disintegrants absorb water quickly when the dosage form reaches the alimentary canal. Lubricants help with mold release and flow. Fillers provide bulk and, along with binders and wetting agents, add adhesion to the mixture. However, some formulas produce a finished dosage form that is too large or results in disintegration rates which could be slower or faster than is optimal.
- the following three methods are commonly used to mix excipients with raw drugs to produce pharmaceutical capsules: (1) direct blend, (2) dry compaction, and (3) wet granulation.
- direct blend drugs and selected excipients are added to a blender and mixed in the dry state to produce a uniform distribution of the active drug.
- This direct blend method requires an active drug with acceptable flow characteristics.
- dry compaction process drugs and selected excipients are mixed and then compacted into a ribbon and milled to a uniform particle size. This operation often generates heat. The result is a free flowing powder that can be encapsulated.
- the drugs are mixed either in their liquid form or with a wetting agent to produce a wet mass that can be further processed to produce a free flowing material, which in turn can be encapsulated.
- Pat. Nos. 6,051,252, 5,196,594 and 5,914,128 describe a method of producing dosages of ribavirin using high pressures which could generate high temperatures.
- Pat. Nos. 6,051,252 and 5,914,128 both describe the use of compressing forces that range from 50 to 75 kilonewtons of force.
- an object of the present invention to provide an alternative method for preparing pharmaceutical dosages of ribavirin which reduces the amount of ribavirin dust that is produced during the manufacturing process, allows for greater control of dissolution rates, and increases flow rates. This goal is accomplished through a wet granulation process that combines ribavirin with specific disintegrants, binders, fillers, and wetting agents in sufficient quantities to form an extrudable mass.
- extrudable mass is mixed to form a uniform mixture of active drug and excipients, which mixture is subsequently formed into pellets by extrusion and spheronization.
- the present invention is a process for producing ribavirin pellets, comprising the steps of mixing ribavirin with at least one excipient into a uniform mixture; forming said uniform mixture into a granulated mass by adding a wetting agent to said uniform mixture; shaping said granulated mass into flowable particles; and drying said flowable particles, resulting in dried flowable particles.
- FIG. 1 is an electronic photograph of pellets produced by the preferred embodiment enlarged at a ratio of 1:1000.
- the present invention discloses a process for making pharmaceutical dosages of ribavirin through wet granulation.
- ribavirin pellets by wet granulation, preferably with extrusion and spheronization.
- TABLE 1 % Range of Formulation Ingredient Total Formulation Function in the Formulation ribavirin 31-35 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient microcrystalline cellulose 27-35.5 Binder/Diluent croscarmellose sodium 0-3 Disintegrant polyethylene glycol 11-39 Binder/Wetting Agent
- the dry ingredients listed in Table 1 above are mixed together and granulated with the wetting agent, extruded through a screen (0.4 millimeter (“mm”) to 1.0 mm), spheronized, and fluid bed dried. Depending on the dosage required, the resulting pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules sizes “1” to “00.” TABLE 2 % Range of Function in the Formulation Ingredient Total Formulation Formulation ribavirin, U.S.
- USP Active Pharmaceutical Grade
- Ingredient microcrystalline cellulose 24-33 Binder/Diluent croscarmellose sodium 2-6 Disintegrant polyethylene glycol 5-17 Binder/Wetting Agent povidone 1-4.5 Binder water USP 15-30 Wetting Agent (calculated on a wet basis)
- the dry ingredients listed in Table 2 above are mixed together and granulated with the wetting agent, extruded through a screen (0.4 mm to 1.0 mm), spheronized, and fluid bed dried. Depending on the dosage required, the resulting pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules sizes “1” to “00”.
- the dry ingredients listed in the Table 3 above are mixed together and granulated with the wetting agent, extruded through a screen (0.4 mm-1.0 mm), spheronized, and fluid bed dried. Depending on the dosage required, the resulting pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules sizes “1” to “00”.
- One of the preferred embodiments results in a product that is encapsulated in size “1” or “1el” (elongated) capsules to form a 200 milligram (“mg”) dose of active ribavirin.
- the total capsule weight is approximately 270 mg.
- One of the preferred embodiments also calls for a 200 mg pharmaceutical dosage in which at least 90% of the ribavirin dissolves within 30 minutes.
- the following formulation and material quantities are used most preferably: TABLE 4 kilogram (“kg”)/ kg/ kg/ kg/ 10,000 10,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Capsules Capsules Capsules % of mg/ 200 mg 300 mg 200 mg 400 mg
- Ribavirin USP is mixed for 3 to 15 minutes along with microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium and povidone K 27-33 in a suitably sized granulator.
- Purified water USP is added to the mixture at a rate of 2 kg to 50 kg per minute. The wet mass is granulated for an additional 30 seconds to 20 minutes (depending on batch size).
- the wet mass is fed into an extruder at a rate that avoids product stagnation and excessive accumulation.
- the extruded mass is spheronized on an appropriately sized marumerizer or equivalent equipment using typical parameters. Typical parameters used during said spheronization include those listed as follows: Jacket water temperature 45-60° C. Groove plate configuration Medium Marumerizer speed setting 0.5-1.0 Spherionization time 0.5-2 minute/portion
- the pellets are fluid-bed dried.
- Drying is continued until the pellets having a loss on drying (LOD) of not more than 5% and not less than 0.5% is achieved. Following drying, the pellets are sieved by use of a 16 mesh or 18 mesh screen.
- LOD loss on drying
- the pellets can be used to fill a capsule employing standard encapsulators.
- the capsule is a size 1 elongated capsule which will have a desired total capsule fill weight of 270 mg.
- Said preferred embodiment produces a dosage in which at least 90% will dissolve in 30 minutes.
- this invention discloses and claims the addition of coatings to the dried pellets to yield other dissolution profiles. Coatings in common use include polymethacrylic, dyethyl-aminophyl, polyethanene glycols and other excipients well known in the art.
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a process for making oral pharmaceutical dosages of ribavirin. More specifically, the drug ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analog with broad spectrum antiviral activity. Ribavirin is one of a combination of drugs being administered to patients with Hepatitis C and other viral infections.
- Ribavirin is currently manufactured, among other methods, using a process commonly called dry compaction. Dry compaction utilizes high pressure to form a ribbon of ribavirin that is subsequently reduced to a free flowing powder by milling. The undesirable side effects of manufacturing ribavirin by dry compaction include the creation of excessive dust, a potential health hazard, as well as the risk that high pressure, which can produce high heat, could produce polymorphic forms. Different polymorphs or combinations of polymorphs are undesirable because they can sometimes change the manner in which the active drug moiety is absorbed.
- The present invention describes a method for manufacturing ribavirin using a wet granulation process. This process forms a free flowing ribavirin by mixing ribavirin with a wetting agent and various excipients to form a granulation that can be extruded and spheronized, producing a pellet. This process is not only an alternative method for producing ribavirin, but also offers several advantages over the dry compaction process. One advantage of wet granulation is that significantly less dust is produced, which is important from a health and safety standpoint. Another advantage of the present invention is that wet granulation allows for greater control of dissolution rates. In addition, this wet granulation method results in the ribavirin having better flow characteristics, enabling faster encapsulation and lower weight variations. Finally, because there is little heat or excessive pressure, the wet granulation method lowers the risk of creating polymorphs and, therefore, allows for greater uniformity of the crystalline structure.
- 2. Description of the Prior Art
- It is well known in the art that a raw drug often is unsuitable for medicinal purposes because the raw drug has undesirable dissolution profiles and cannot be efficiently encapsulated because of poor flow qualities. For efficient encapsulation, proper flow is vital to producing a uniform, quality pharmaceutical product for a variety of reasons, including that these factors can affect how much active drug is absorbed and when it is absorbed into the human body.
- Excipients are often added to raw drugs in order to create a mixture having improved flow, compaction, or disintegration characteristics. These excipients can add various qualities either to the end product or to some stage of the manufacturing process. Common excipients include disintegrants, lubricants, fillers, binders and wetting agents. Disintegrants absorb water quickly when the dosage form reaches the alimentary canal. Lubricants help with mold release and flow. Fillers provide bulk and, along with binders and wetting agents, add adhesion to the mixture. However, some formulas produce a finished dosage form that is too large or results in disintegration rates which could be slower or faster than is optimal.
- The following three methods are commonly used to mix excipients with raw drugs to produce pharmaceutical capsules: (1) direct blend, (2) dry compaction, and (3) wet granulation. In the direct blend process, drugs and selected excipients are added to a blender and mixed in the dry state to produce a uniform distribution of the active drug. This direct blend method requires an active drug with acceptable flow characteristics. In the dry compaction process, drugs and selected excipients are mixed and then compacted into a ribbon and milled to a uniform particle size. This operation often generates heat. The result is a free flowing powder that can be encapsulated. Finally, in the wet granulation process, the drugs are mixed either in their liquid form or with a wetting agent to produce a wet mass that can be further processed to produce a free flowing material, which in turn can be encapsulated.
- Heretofore, there have been no references in the prior art that demonstrate the successful use of the wet granulation process to manufacture ribavirin capsules. Rather ribavirin is presently made using a dry compaction process as shown in Pat. Nos. 6,051,252, 5,196,594 and 5,914,128. Each of Pat. Nos. 6,051,252, 5,196,594 and 5,914,128 describes a method of producing dosages of ribavirin using high pressures which could generate high temperatures. Specifically, Pat. Nos. 6,051,252 and 5,914,128 both describe the use of compressing forces that range from 50 to 75 kilonewtons of force.
- Although the most common pharmaceutical dosage of ribavirin is 200 mg, other dosages could be manufactured.
- It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an alternative method for preparing pharmaceutical dosages of ribavirin which reduces the amount of ribavirin dust that is produced during the manufacturing process, allows for greater control of dissolution rates, and increases flow rates. This goal is accomplished through a wet granulation process that combines ribavirin with specific disintegrants, binders, fillers, and wetting agents in sufficient quantities to form an extrudable mass.
- One preferred embodiment of the invention teaches that the extrudable mass is mixed to form a uniform mixture of active drug and excipients, which mixture is subsequently formed into pellets by extrusion and spheronization.
- More specifically, the present invention is a process for producing ribavirin pellets, comprising the steps of mixing ribavirin with at least one excipient into a uniform mixture; forming said uniform mixture into a granulated mass by adding a wetting agent to said uniform mixture; shaping said granulated mass into flowable particles; and drying said flowable particles, resulting in dried flowable particles.
- These objects, as well as other objects and advantages of the present invention, will become apparent from the following description, in reference to the illustrations and charts appended hereto.
- For a better understanding of the invention, refer to the accompanying chart in which
FIG. 1 is an electronic photograph of pellets produced by the preferred embodiment enlarged at a ratio of 1:1000. - The present invention discloses a process for making pharmaceutical dosages of ribavirin through wet granulation. There are several formulas that can be utilized to produce ribavirin pellets by wet granulation, preferably with extrusion and spheronization.
TABLE 1 % Range of Formulation Ingredient Total Formulation Function in the Formulation ribavirin 31-35 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient microcrystalline cellulose 27-35.5 Binder/Diluent croscarmellose sodium 0-3 Disintegrant polyethylene glycol 11-39 Binder/Wetting Agent - Under one of the preferred embodiments, the dry ingredients listed in Table 1 above are mixed together and granulated with the wetting agent, extruded through a screen (0.4 millimeter (“mm”) to 1.0 mm), spheronized, and fluid bed dried. Depending on the dosage required, the resulting pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules sizes “1” to “00.”
TABLE 2 % Range of Function in the Formulation Ingredient Total Formulation Formulation ribavirin, U.S. Pharmaceutical 41-67 Active Pharmaceutical Grade (“USP”) Ingredient microcrystalline cellulose 24-33 Binder/Diluent croscarmellose sodium 2-6 Disintegrant polyethylene glycol 5-17 Binder/Wetting Agent povidone 1-4.5 Binder water USP 15-30 Wetting Agent (calculated on a wet basis) - Under another preferred embodiment, the dry ingredients listed in Table 2 above are mixed together and granulated with the wetting agent, extruded through a screen (0.4 mm to 1.0 mm), spheronized, and fluid bed dried. Depending on the dosage required, the resulting pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules sizes “1” to “00”.
TABLE 3 % Range of Formulation Ingredient Total Formulation Function in the Formulation ribavirin USP 41-67 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient microcrystalline cellulose 24-33 Binder/Diluent croscarmellose sodium 2-6 Disintegrant povidone 1-4.5 Binder lactose 5-10 Diluent water USP 15-79 Wetting Agent (calculated on a wet basis) - Under another preferred embodiment, the dry ingredients listed in the Table 3 above are mixed together and granulated with the wetting agent, extruded through a screen (0.4 mm-1.0 mm), spheronized, and fluid bed dried. Depending on the dosage required, the resulting pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules sizes “1” to “00”.
- One of the preferred embodiments results in a product that is encapsulated in size “1” or “1el” (elongated) capsules to form a 200 milligram (“mg”) dose of active ribavirin. The total capsule weight is approximately 270 mg. One of the preferred embodiments also calls for a 200 mg pharmaceutical dosage in which at least 90% of the ribavirin dissolves within 30 minutes. Thus, although the method described in the claims can be used to produce ribavirin in different sized capsules or having different dissolution rates, this disclosure will only provide the detailed weights and other measurements that will result in a capsule containing 200 mg of active ribavirin having the previously mentioned rate of dissolution.
- In the aforesaid preferred embodiment, the following formulation and material quantities are used most preferably:
TABLE 4 kilogram (“kg”)/ kg/ kg/ kg/ 10,000 10,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Capsules Capsules Capsules Capsules % of mg/ 200 mg 300 mg 200 mg 400 mg Ingredient Formulation Capsule (size 1el) (size 0) (size 1el) (size 00) ribavirin USP 74 200 2 3 200 400 microcrystalline 15.6 42 0.42 0.63 42 84 cellulose croscarmellose 3.7 10 0.1 0.15 10 20 sodium povidone 1.1 3 0.03 0.045 3 6 lactose 5.6 15 0.15 0.23 15 30 water USP 1.75 2.63 165 330 Total 100 270 2.7 4.05 270 540 Total with Water USP 4.45 6.68 435 870 % Water USP in 39 39 38 38 the wet granulation - Ribavirin USP is mixed for 3 to 15 minutes along with microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium and povidone K 27-33 in a suitably sized granulator. Purified water USP is added to the mixture at a rate of 2 kg to 50 kg per minute. The wet mass is granulated for an additional 30 seconds to 20 minutes (depending on batch size).
- After granulating, the wet mass is fed into an extruder at a rate that avoids product stagnation and excessive accumulation. The extruded mass is spheronized on an appropriately sized marumerizer or equivalent equipment using typical parameters. Typical parameters used during said spheronization include those listed as follows:
Jacket water temperature 45-60° C. Groove plate configuration Medium Marumerizer speed setting 0.5-1.0 Spherionization time 0.5-2 minute/portion - In the aforesaid preferred embodiment, the pellets are fluid-bed dried.
- Drying is continued until the pellets having a loss on drying (LOD) of not more than 5% and not less than 0.5% is achieved. Following drying, the pellets are sieved by use of a 16 mesh or 18 mesh screen.
- After the pellets are sieved, said pellets can be used to fill a capsule employing standard encapsulators. In this preferred embodiment, the capsule is a size 1 elongated capsule which will have a desired total capsule fill weight of 270 mg.
- Said preferred embodiment produces a dosage in which at least 90% will dissolve in 30 minutes. However, it is anticipated within this application that future uses of ribavirin may lead to a demand for ribavirin dosages having a different dissolution profile. Therefore, this invention discloses and claims the addition of coatings to the dried pellets to yield other dissolution profiles. Coatings in common use include polymethacrylic, dyethyl-aminophyl, polyethanene glycols and other excipients well known in the art.
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/765,134 US20050075297A1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-01-28 | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/812,024 US6720000B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2001-03-19 | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
US10/765,134 US20050075297A1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-01-28 | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US09/812,024 Continuation US6720000B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2001-03-19 | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
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US20050075297A1 true US20050075297A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
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US09/812,024 Expired - Lifetime US6720000B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2001-03-19 | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
US10/765,134 Abandoned US20050075297A1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-01-28 | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
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Cited By (2)
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US20050281872A1 (en) * | 2004-06-16 | 2005-12-22 | Peter Summerville | Enhanced compliance antiviral medicaments and methods of manufacture and use |
WO2010062996A2 (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2010-06-03 | Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Ribavirin composition |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6720000B2 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2004-04-13 | Three Rivers Pharmaceutical, Llc | Process for producing wet ribavirin pellets |
JP2005511587A (en) * | 2001-11-02 | 2005-04-28 | サンド・インコーポレイテツド | A method for the preparation of rapidly soluble highly filled ribavirin compositions |
US7538094B2 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2009-05-26 | Three Rivers Pharmacueticals, Llc | Composition containing ribavirin and use thereof |
WO2004026261A2 (en) * | 2002-09-19 | 2004-04-01 | Three Rivers Pharmaceuticals, Llc | Composition containing ribavirin and use thereof |
CZ298224B6 (en) * | 2003-04-29 | 2007-07-25 | Pliva Istrazivanje I Razvoj D.O.O. | Pharmaceutical composition containing ribavirin as active substance and process for its preparation |
US20070161711A1 (en) * | 2003-12-23 | 2007-07-12 | Temrel Limited | Process for producing pellets for pharmaceutical compositions |
GB0329851D0 (en) * | 2003-12-23 | 2004-01-28 | Temrel Inc | Process for producing particles for pharmaceutical compositions |
US7723310B2 (en) * | 2004-10-18 | 2010-05-25 | Three Rivers Pharmaceuticals, Llc | Large dose ribavirin formulations |
US20070166378A1 (en) * | 2005-06-09 | 2007-07-19 | Flamel Technologies, Inc. | Oral ribavirin pharmaceutical compositions |
USD741402S1 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2015-10-20 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Pen for a printer |
CN106806345B (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2020-10-13 | 北京科信必成医药科技发展有限公司 | Ribavirin taste masking granules and preparation method thereof |
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2001
- 2001-03-19 US US09/812,024 patent/US6720000B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
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- 2002-03-18 WO PCT/US2002/008032 patent/WO2002074317A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20050281872A1 (en) * | 2004-06-16 | 2005-12-22 | Peter Summerville | Enhanced compliance antiviral medicaments and methods of manufacture and use |
WO2010062996A2 (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2010-06-03 | Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Ribavirin composition |
WO2010062996A3 (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2010-09-10 | Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Ribavirin composition |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6720000B2 (en) | 2004-04-13 |
US20030018000A1 (en) | 2003-01-23 |
WO2002074317A1 (en) | 2002-09-26 |
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