US20050129599A1 - Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control - Google Patents
Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050129599A1 US20050129599A1 US11/046,042 US4604205A US2005129599A1 US 20050129599 A1 US20050129599 A1 US 20050129599A1 US 4604205 A US4604205 A US 4604205A US 2005129599 A1 US2005129599 A1 US 2005129599A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- water
- container
- mixture
- engine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 200
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/56—Nitrogen oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/90—Injecting reactants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
- B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/06—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being in the gaseous form
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- ammonia Another way for storing ammonia is to store it as urea (H 2 NCO NH 2 ) as in a solution with water, and inject it into the exhaust gas stream.
- urea H 2 NCO NH 2
- ammonia Since the temperature of the exhaust gas stream very rapidly drops as the exhaust gasses move through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere, it is desirable that the reactions occur very rapidly so they can occur at the high temperatures that exist in and near the exhaust gas manifold so that a high proportion of the injected material (ammonia or urea) can react with the nitrogen oxides.
- a system for storing and injecting ammonia into the exhaust gasses of an engine, which enables safe storage of the ammonia and the injection of ammonia into the exhaust gasses for rapid reaction with nitrogen oxides.
- the ammonia is stored as a liquid mixture of ammonia and water.
- the ammonia is preferably stored as a mixture of between 30 and 70 grams of ammonia per 100 grams of water.
- the liquid mixture is drawn off through a tube leading from the container. In one system, the tube is heated by the exhaust gasses and the mixture of ammonia and water is injected directly into the exhaust gasses.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic view of an engine, with pollution reduction apparatus of the present invention installed therein.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing variation of the saturation mass of ammonia in water as a function of temperature.
- FIG. 3 is a graph similar to that of FIG. 2 , but showing variation of the saturation percent (by mass) of ammonia in a mixture of ammonia and water, as a function of temperature.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion of the system of FIG. 1 , showing separation of a liquid mixture of ammonia and water into gaseous ammonia and water vapor.
- FIG. 5 is a sectional-view showing a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic view of a system of another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a system 10 of the present invention, wherein an engine 12 has cylinders in which fuel and air are combusted to turn a crankshaft 14 .
- the combustion produces hot exhaust gasses that are passed through an exhaust conduit 16 into the atmosphere.
- the exhaust conduit includes a manifold 20 that is connected to a few cylinders to collect the exhaust gasses therefrom.
- a catalytic convertor 22 that lies along the exhaust conduit, is widely used in vehicle engines to reduce pollution.
- FIG. 1 shows an ammonia injection system 30 that includes a source 32 of ammonia.
- An injector apparatus 33 includes a metering valve 34 , tube 36 with tube portion 62 , and an injection nozzle at 40 .
- the metering valve 34 passes ammonia from the source through a tube 36 to an ammonia injection location 40 where ammonia is injected into the exhaust conduit 16 to mix with hot exhaust gasses.
- the location 40 lies in or close to the exhaust gas manifold 20 , so the ammonia encounters very hot exhaust gasses (usually over 1100° F. at high engine loads) to promote the reaction of ammonia and the exhaust gasses and thereby reduce nitrogen oxides.
- the source 32 for ammonia is a container 50 that contains a mixture 70 of ammonia in water.
- FIG. 2 includes a graph 52 showing the mass of ammonia, at saturation in a solution that contains 100 grams of water, at different temperatures.
- FIG. 3 contains a similar graph 54 that shows the saturation percent, by mass, of ammonia in a solution of ammonia and water. It can be seen that the percent ammonia (by mass), ranges from about 47% at 32° F. through 33% ammonia at 72° F., down to 0% at 212° F.
- the container is kept away from the engine and is cooled by air, to avoid heating the container. If the container should be heated so that gaseous ammonia begins to accumulate under pressure and the pressure exceeds a certain limit (e.g. 2 psi), a relief valve 60 ( FIG. 1 ) will slowly vent the gaseous ammonia into the atmosphere. The rate of ammonia vented is very small, so it is not dangerous.
- a check valve 61 ( FIG. 1 ) can admit air to avoid a vacuum above the liquid when the liquid is withdrawn.
- the tube 36 that carries the ammonia-water mixture has a portion 62 that is wrapped about the exhaust conduit 16 , to rapidly heat the ammonia-water mixture that passes through the tube 36 to the injection location 40 .
- FIG. 4 indicates how the ammonia may be separated from the water at a separation station 68 , before injection of the ammonia into the exhaust conduit.
- the mixture 70 at a temperature such as 75° F. passes through the tube 36 , to the tube portion 62 that is in a heat-exchange relationship with the exhaust conduit, so material within the tube portion 62 is rapidly heated.
- the initial percent of ammonia being about 25%, the ammonia is not released as a gas until the mixture reaches the location 72 which is at about 105° F. Progressively more ammonia is released as the temperature of the mixture progressively increases.
- the mixture has a temperature of about 200° F., and only a few percent of ammonia remains in the mixture.
- the rest of the ammonia continues along a tube end portion 82 , that carries the ammonia along a path 83 to an injector shown at 84 in FIG. 4 .
- the injector can be of the type described in our earlier U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,141, which results in rapid heating of the gaseous ammonia prior to its injection into the very high temperature exhaust gasses, to activate the ammonia (break down some of the ammonia into its constituents) for injection into the exhaust gas stream.
- the liquid 90 shown in FIG. 4 which moves along a path 91 , contains only a very small percent of ammonia, and is disposed of.
- One way to dispose of it, indicated in FIG. 1 is to carry the liquid with a very small percent of ammonia along a tube 92 for injection at 94 into the exhaust pipe.
- the location 94 is a location where the temperature of the exhaust gasses have been reduced to perhaps 250° F., in which case the small quantity of injected water will evaporate and become part of the exhaust gas stream that is admitted into the atmosphere.
- small pumps may be located in the injection system 30 where pressure increases are required. In FIG.
- the metering valve 34 is controlled by a circuit 100 that also controls a fuel injector 102 that injects fuel from a fuel line 104 into the engine cylinders. As discussed in my earlier U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,141, this varies the amount of ammonia in accordance with the load on the engine, to more effectively neutralize nitrogen oxides.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a system 110 which includes a container 112 that contains the mixture 70 of ammonia (NH 3 ) and water (HO 2 ). Other ingredients can be added to the mixture 70 , but applicant prefers that most of the mixture be water and ammonia.
- the ammonia is required to reduce nitrogen oxides and the water is useful to retain the ammonia and is a liquid that is easily disposed of because of its benign characteristics.
- applicant passes the mixture 70 , which may have perhaps 25% ammonia by weight, and water, directly through a nozzle 84 that lies in the exhaust gas conduits 16 , at an upstream location near or in the exhaust manifold.
- This system has the disadvantage that water is injected with the ammonia into the hot exhaust gasses, and tends to cool the exhaust gasses more rapidly. However, the amount of water and ammonia is very small, so the cooling effect of the water is very small.
- This system also has the disadvantage that the ammonia is heated only moderately by the hot nozzle prior to injection into the exhaust gas stream, so only a low percent of the ammonia is activated to break down the ammonia into its components (NH 2 and NH) prior to injection.
- the simplicity of the system 110 can make it useful even if its effectiveness in reducing nitrogen oxides is not as great.
- the invention provides a system for reducing nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gasses of an engine by the injection of ammonia into the exhaust gasses, which facilitates storage of the ammonia.
- the ammonia is stored as a mixture of ammonia and water (other liquids can be present), with the percent of ammonia preferably being between about 15% and 50% to avoid the generation of pressured ammonia gas.
- the mixture is heated to convert most of the ammonia into its gaseous state and separate it from the water that still remains liquid, and with the gaseous ammonia being further heated to activate at least a portion of it and then being injected into the hot exhaust gasses near or in the exhaust gas manifold.
- the ammonia and water mixture 15 flowed towards the exhaust gas conduit and both ammonia and water are injected into the exhaust conduit.
Abstract
A system is described for storing ammonia and injecting it into the exhaust gas stream of an engine to reduce nitrogen oxides. The ammonia is stored as a liquid mixture (70) of ammonia and water in a container (50). In one system, the mixture passes through a hot nozzle and is injected into an upstream portion of the exhaust gas pipe.
Description
- This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/132,552 filed Apr. 24, 2002.
- In our earlier U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,224,346 and 5,992,141, we described experiments which showed that the amount of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), or NOx in engine exhaust gasses can be reduced by injecting ammonia (NH3) which reacts with nitrogen oxides to produce nitrogen and water. One practical problem is how to store ammonia that is to be injected into the exhaust gas stream. Ammonia can be stored as a liquid, at a pressure of about 150 psi, with the ammonia turning into gas when removed from the container and its pressure reduced. It is often undesirable to store ammonia under considerable pressure because of the danger of an explosion and the possibility of rapid leakage of ammonia. Another way for storing ammonia is to store it as urea (H2 NCO NH2) as in a solution with water, and inject it into the exhaust gas stream. However, it can take a longer time for urea to react with nitrogen oxides and turn them into nitrogen and water, than ammonia. Since the temperature of the exhaust gas stream very rapidly drops as the exhaust gasses move through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere, it is desirable that the reactions occur very rapidly so they can occur at the high temperatures that exist in and near the exhaust gas manifold so that a high proportion of the injected material (ammonia or urea) can react with the nitrogen oxides. A system that enabled the storage of ammonia (NH3) without requiring storage under high pressure, so that the ammonia could be directly injected into hot exhaust gasses and rapidly react with nitrogen oxides, would be of value.
- In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided for storing and injecting ammonia into the exhaust gasses of an engine, which enables safe storage of the ammonia and the injection of ammonia into the exhaust gasses for rapid reaction with nitrogen oxides. The ammonia is stored as a liquid mixture of ammonia and water. The ammonia is preferably stored as a mixture of between 30 and 70 grams of ammonia per 100 grams of water. The liquid mixture is drawn off through a tube leading from the container. In one system, the tube is heated by the exhaust gasses and the mixture of ammonia and water is injected directly into the exhaust gasses.
- The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will be best understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic view of an engine, with pollution reduction apparatus of the present invention installed therein. -
FIG. 2 is a graph showing variation of the saturation mass of ammonia in water as a function of temperature. -
FIG. 3 is a graph similar to that ofFIG. 2 , but showing variation of the saturation percent (by mass) of ammonia in a mixture of ammonia and water, as a function of temperature. -
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion of the system ofFIG. 1 , showing separation of a liquid mixture of ammonia and water into gaseous ammonia and water vapor. -
FIG. 5 is a sectional-view showing a portion of the apparatus ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic view of a system of another embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 1 illustrates asystem 10 of the present invention, wherein an engine 12 has cylinders in which fuel and air are combusted to turn acrankshaft 14. The combustion produces hot exhaust gasses that are passed through anexhaust conduit 16 into the atmosphere. The exhaust conduit includes amanifold 20 that is connected to a few cylinders to collect the exhaust gasses therefrom. Acatalytic convertor 22 that lies along the exhaust conduit, is widely used in vehicle engines to reduce pollution. -
FIG. 1 shows anammonia injection system 30 that includes asource 32 of ammonia. Aninjector apparatus 33 includes ametering valve 34,tube 36 withtube portion 62, and an injection nozzle at 40. Themetering valve 34 passes ammonia from the source through atube 36 to anammonia injection location 40 where ammonia is injected into theexhaust conduit 16 to mix with hot exhaust gasses. Thelocation 40 lies in or close to theexhaust gas manifold 20, so the ammonia encounters very hot exhaust gasses (usually over 1100° F. at high engine loads) to promote the reaction of ammonia and the exhaust gasses and thereby reduce nitrogen oxides. - In accordance with the present invention, the
source 32 for ammonia is acontainer 50 that contains amixture 70 of ammonia in water.FIG. 2 includes agraph 52 showing the mass of ammonia, at saturation in a solution that contains 100 grams of water, at different temperatures.FIG. 3 contains asimilar graph 54 that shows the saturation percent, by mass, of ammonia in a solution of ammonia and water. It can be seen that the percent ammonia (by mass), ranges from about 47% at 32° F. through 33% ammonia at 72° F., down to 0% at 212° F. As a practical matter, applicant can vary the percent ammonia according to the weather, but prefers to establish about 25% ammonia, so the ammonia will not go out of the mixture unless the temperature of the mixture increases beyond about 105° F. Also, the container is kept away from the engine and is cooled by air, to avoid heating the container. If the container should be heated so that gaseous ammonia begins to accumulate under pressure and the pressure exceeds a certain limit (e.g. 2 psi), a relief valve 60 (FIG. 1 ) will slowly vent the gaseous ammonia into the atmosphere. The rate of ammonia vented is very small, so it is not dangerous. A check valve 61 (FIG. 1 ) can admit air to avoid a vacuum above the liquid when the liquid is withdrawn. - The
tube 36 that carries the ammonia-water mixture has aportion 62 that is wrapped about theexhaust conduit 16, to rapidly heat the ammonia-water mixture that passes through thetube 36 to theinjection location 40. -
FIG. 4 indicates how the ammonia may be separated from the water at aseparation station 68, before injection of the ammonia into the exhaust conduit. Initially, themixture 70 at a temperature such as 75° F. passes through thetube 36, to thetube portion 62 that is in a heat-exchange relationship with the exhaust conduit, so material within thetube portion 62 is rapidly heated. With the initial percent of ammonia being about 25%, the ammonia is not released as a gas until the mixture reaches thelocation 72 which is at about 105° F. Progressively more ammonia is released as the temperature of the mixture progressively increases. At thelocation 74, the mixture has a temperature of about 200° F., and only a few percent of ammonia remains in the mixture. The rest of the ammonia, indicated at 80, continues along atube end portion 82, that carries the ammonia along apath 83 to an injector shown at 84 inFIG. 4 . The injector can be of the type described in our earlier U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,141, which results in rapid heating of the gaseous ammonia prior to its injection into the very high temperature exhaust gasses, to activate the ammonia (break down some of the ammonia into its constituents) for injection into the exhaust gas stream. - The
liquid 90 shown inFIG. 4 which moves along apath 91, contains only a very small percent of ammonia, and is disposed of. One way to dispose of it, indicated inFIG. 1 , is to carry the liquid with a very small percent of ammonia along atube 92 for injection at 94 into the exhaust pipe. Thelocation 94 is a location where the temperature of the exhaust gasses have been reduced to perhaps 250° F., in which case the small quantity of injected water will evaporate and become part of the exhaust gas stream that is admitted into the atmosphere. It should be noted that small pumps may be located in theinjection system 30 where pressure increases are required. InFIG. 1 , themetering valve 34 is controlled by acircuit 100 that also controls afuel injector 102 that injects fuel from afuel line 104 into the engine cylinders. As discussed in my earlier U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,141, this varies the amount of ammonia in accordance with the load on the engine, to more effectively neutralize nitrogen oxides. -
FIG. 6 illustrates asystem 110 which includes a container 112 that contains themixture 70 of ammonia (NH3) and water (HO2). Other ingredients can be added to themixture 70, but applicant prefers that most of the mixture be water and ammonia. The ammonia is required to reduce nitrogen oxides and the water is useful to retain the ammonia and is a liquid that is easily disposed of because of its benign characteristics. In thesystem 110 ofFIG. 6 , applicant passes themixture 70, which may have perhaps 25% ammonia by weight, and water, directly through anozzle 84 that lies in theexhaust gas conduits 16, at an upstream location near or in the exhaust manifold. This system has the disadvantage that water is injected with the ammonia into the hot exhaust gasses, and tends to cool the exhaust gasses more rapidly. However, the amount of water and ammonia is very small, so the cooling effect of the water is very small. This system also has the disadvantage that the ammonia is heated only moderately by the hot nozzle prior to injection into the exhaust gas stream, so only a low percent of the ammonia is activated to break down the ammonia into its components (NH2 and NH) prior to injection. However, the simplicity of thesystem 110 can make it useful even if its effectiveness in reducing nitrogen oxides is not as great. - Thus, the invention provides a system for reducing nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gasses of an engine by the injection of ammonia into the exhaust gasses, which facilitates storage of the ammonia. The ammonia is stored as a mixture of ammonia and water (other liquids can be present), with the percent of ammonia preferably being between about 15% and 50% to avoid the generation of pressured ammonia gas. In one system, the mixture is heated to convert most of the ammonia into its gaseous state and separate it from the water that still remains liquid, and with the gaseous ammonia being further heated to activate at least a portion of it and then being injected into the hot exhaust gasses near or in the exhaust gas manifold. In a simpler system, the ammonia and water mixture 15 flowed towards the exhaust gas conduit and both ammonia and water are injected into the exhaust conduit.
- Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated herein, it is recognized that modifications and variations may readily occur to those skilled in the art, and consequently, it is intended that the claims be interpreted to cover such modifications and equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. In an engine which includes means for combusting hydrocarbons in air to produce work wherein said means also produces a stream of exhaust gasses that contain nitrogen oxides, with the engine having an exhaust conduit through which the exhaust gasses are passed before being emitted into the atmosphere, the improvement comprising:
a container;
a liquid mixture of ammonia and water in said container, said container being stored away from said means for combusting to minimize heating;
an injector apparatus coupled to said liquid in said container and to said exhaust conduit, said injector apparatus being constructed to inject at least ammonia of said mixture into said exhaust conduit.
2. The engine described in claim 1 wherein:
said mixture of ammonia and water in said container includes about 25% ammonia and about 75% water.
3. The engine described in claim 1 wherein:
said injector apparatus includes a tube that carries said liquid mixture, said tube lying in a heat-exchange relationship with said exhaust conduit to use the heat of the exhaust gasses to heat the liquid mixture of ammonia and water.
4. The engine described in claim 1 wherein:
said injector apparatus includes a tube that carries said mixture of ammonia and water from said source, and a nozzle coupled to said tube, said injector apparatus being constructed to inject said mixture of ammonia and water through said nozzle into said exhaust conduit.
5. In an engine which has an engine block with cylinders where hydrocarbons are combusted in air to produce work, and which has an exhaust conduit that carries away a stream of exhaust gasses that contain nitrogen oxides, a source of ammonia and an injection apparatus that is coupled to said source and that injects ammonia into the conduit to reduce nitrogen oxides, the improvement wherein:
said source of ammonia comprises a container and a liquid mixture of ammonia and water in said container, said container being thermally isolated from said engine block and said exhaust conduit.
said injection apparatus is constructed to inject ammonia and at least some of the water into said exhaust conduit.
6. The engine described in claim 5 wherein:
said injector apparatus includes a tube that carries said liquid mixture and that lies in a heat-exchange relationship with said exhaust conduit to use the heat of the exhaust gasses to heat the mixture of ammonia and water.
7. The engine described in claim 5 wherein:
said mixture of ammonia and water in said container includes about 25% ammonia and 75% water.
8. A method for reducing nitrogen oxide emission from an engine that has an engine block with cylinders where hydrocarbons are combusted in air to produce work, and which has an exhaust conduit that carries away a stream of exhaust gasses that contain nitrogen oxides, comprising:
storing a liquid mixture of ammonia and water in a container while thermally isolating the container from said engine block and said exhaust conduit;
passing said mixture from said container to an injector apparatus, and injecting ammonia and water into said exhaust conduit at a location downstream of said engine block.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/046,042 US20050129599A1 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2005-01-28 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/132,552 US6852292B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
US11/046,042 US20050129599A1 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2005-01-28 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/132,552 Continuation-In-Part US6852292B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050129599A1 true US20050129599A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
Family
ID=29248801
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/132,552 Expired - Fee Related US6852292B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
US11/046,042 Abandoned US20050129599A1 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2005-01-28 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/132,552 Expired - Fee Related US6852292B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6852292B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1497225B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005524012A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100422073C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE382418T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003224871A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60318420D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003091155A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070212287A1 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2007-09-13 | Urea Casale S.A. | Method for the Treatment of Combustion Flue Gas |
US20080066452A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Christopher Oberski | Engine-Off Ammonia Vapor Management System and Method |
US20080066453A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Christopher Oberski | Management of a Plurality of Reductants for Selective Catalytic Reduction |
US20080069750A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Christopher Oberski | Ammonia Vapor Storage and Purge System and Method |
US20080223021A1 (en) * | 2007-03-15 | 2008-09-18 | Furqan Shaikh | Ammonia vapor management system and method |
US8206470B1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2012-06-26 | Jacobson William O | Combustion emission-reducing method |
WO2013162526A1 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2013-10-31 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Biasing of ammonia lines to facilitate canister removal and insertion |
US8677736B2 (en) | 2010-03-05 | 2014-03-25 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust gas purification apparatus of an internal combustion engine |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6852292B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2005-02-08 | Kleenair Systems, Inc. | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
TR200803199T1 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2008-12-22 | The Babcock & Wilcox Company | SNCR distribution grid. |
JP4845012B2 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2011-12-28 | Udトラックス株式会社 | Breather device for liquid tank and exhaust purification device for engine |
WO2010039683A2 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc. | Urea injector nozzle |
JP5564989B2 (en) * | 2010-02-26 | 2014-08-06 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Breather pipe structure of liquid reductant storage tank |
JP5581790B2 (en) * | 2010-04-22 | 2014-09-03 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Ammonia supply system to SCR equipment |
JP5751165B2 (en) * | 2011-12-28 | 2015-07-22 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Ammonia supply system to SCR converter |
KR101527719B1 (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2015-06-11 | 한국기계연구원 | An ammonia gas generator by using solid ammonium salt |
CN104088690A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2014-10-08 | 刘磊 | SCR system urea box adopting exhaust gas for heating |
EP3333386B1 (en) | 2016-12-12 | 2019-08-28 | Perkins Engines Company Limited | Injector deposit dissolution system and method |
JP7063016B2 (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2022-05-09 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Post-processing equipment |
US10920645B2 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2021-02-16 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Systems and methods for on-board monitoring of a passive NOx adsorption catalyst |
FR3117161A1 (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-06-10 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Exhaust gas post-treatment device |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3834359A (en) * | 1971-04-30 | 1974-09-10 | Safer Co Ltd | Noxious gas minimizing method and apparatus for an internal-combustion engine |
US4314345A (en) * | 1978-01-23 | 1982-02-02 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaishi | Controlling the injection of ammonia in a dry type exhaust gas denitration process |
US4328020A (en) * | 1980-11-24 | 1982-05-04 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Melting glass with reduced NOx emissions |
US5992141A (en) * | 1996-04-02 | 1999-11-30 | Kleen Air Systems, Inc. | Ammonia injection in NOx control |
US6093380A (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-07-25 | Siirtec Nigi, S.P.A. | Method and apparatus for pollution control in exhaust gas streams from fossil fuel burning facilities |
US6146605A (en) * | 1999-07-26 | 2000-11-14 | Hera, Llc | Combined SCR/SNCR process |
US6852292B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2005-02-08 | Kleenair Systems, Inc. | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3785359A (en) * | 1970-03-28 | 1974-01-15 | T Whittaker | Windshield wash water heater |
JPS5636971B2 (en) * | 1974-05-08 | 1981-08-27 | ||
US4409931A (en) * | 1976-02-13 | 1983-10-18 | Owen, Wickersham & Erickson | Combustion and pollution control system |
US4274390A (en) * | 1979-03-19 | 1981-06-23 | Shinsuke Azuma | Automotive hot water heater |
DE3872536D1 (en) * | 1987-02-11 | 1992-08-13 | Babcock Anlagen Gmbh | METHOD FOR MIXING AMMONIA IN A FLUE OF FLUE. |
DE3910241C1 (en) * | 1989-03-30 | 1990-10-04 | Webasto Ag Fahrzeugtechnik, 8035 Stockdorf, De | |
US5224346A (en) * | 1991-05-16 | 1993-07-06 | James W. Davis | Engine NOx reduction system |
EP0585458B1 (en) * | 1992-03-19 | 1997-11-05 | The Nippon Signal Co. Ltd. | Device for sensing aircraft |
DE19713136A1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-01 | Abb Patent Gmbh | Non-catalytic process and assembly converts oxides ofnitrogen and ammonia |
US6048510A (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 2000-04-11 | Coal Tech Corporation | Method for reducing nitrogen oxides in combustion effluents |
EP1085939B1 (en) * | 1998-05-11 | 2003-08-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method and device for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in a gaseous medium containing oxygen |
-
2002
- 2002-04-24 US US10/132,552 patent/US6852292B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-04-08 WO PCT/US2003/010701 patent/WO2003091155A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-04-08 CN CNB038127164A patent/CN100422073C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-04-08 DE DE60318420T patent/DE60318420D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-08 AT AT03721564T patent/ATE382418T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-04-08 JP JP2003587729A patent/JP2005524012A/en active Pending
- 2003-04-08 EP EP03721564A patent/EP1497225B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-08 AU AU2003224871A patent/AU2003224871A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-01-28 US US11/046,042 patent/US20050129599A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3834359A (en) * | 1971-04-30 | 1974-09-10 | Safer Co Ltd | Noxious gas minimizing method and apparatus for an internal-combustion engine |
US4314345A (en) * | 1978-01-23 | 1982-02-02 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaishi | Controlling the injection of ammonia in a dry type exhaust gas denitration process |
US4328020A (en) * | 1980-11-24 | 1982-05-04 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Melting glass with reduced NOx emissions |
US5992141A (en) * | 1996-04-02 | 1999-11-30 | Kleen Air Systems, Inc. | Ammonia injection in NOx control |
US6093380A (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-07-25 | Siirtec Nigi, S.P.A. | Method and apparatus for pollution control in exhaust gas streams from fossil fuel burning facilities |
US6146605A (en) * | 1999-07-26 | 2000-11-14 | Hera, Llc | Combined SCR/SNCR process |
US6852292B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2005-02-08 | Kleenair Systems, Inc. | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070212287A1 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2007-09-13 | Urea Casale S.A. | Method for the Treatment of Combustion Flue Gas |
US7566431B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2009-07-28 | Urea Casale S.A. | Method for the treatment of combustion flue gas |
US8206470B1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2012-06-26 | Jacobson William O | Combustion emission-reducing method |
US7726118B2 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2010-06-01 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Engine-off ammonia vapor management system and method |
US20080069750A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Christopher Oberski | Ammonia Vapor Storage and Purge System and Method |
US20080066453A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Christopher Oberski | Management of a Plurality of Reductants for Selective Catalytic Reduction |
US8132404B2 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2012-03-13 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor storage and purge system and method |
US7770384B2 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2010-08-10 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor storage and purge system and method |
US20100236219A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2010-09-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Engine-off ammonia vapor management system and method |
US20100319317A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2010-12-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor storage and purge system and method |
US8209961B2 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2012-07-03 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Engine-off ammonia vapor management system and method |
US8015801B2 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2011-09-13 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Management of a plurality of reductants for selective catalytic reduction |
US20080066452A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Christopher Oberski | Engine-Off Ammonia Vapor Management System and Method |
US20080223021A1 (en) * | 2007-03-15 | 2008-09-18 | Furqan Shaikh | Ammonia vapor management system and method |
US20110232611A1 (en) * | 2007-03-15 | 2011-09-29 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor management system and method |
US7954311B2 (en) | 2007-03-15 | 2011-06-07 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor management system and method |
US8621848B2 (en) | 2007-03-15 | 2014-01-07 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor management system and method |
US8677736B2 (en) | 2010-03-05 | 2014-03-25 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust gas purification apparatus of an internal combustion engine |
WO2013162526A1 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2013-10-31 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Biasing of ammonia lines to facilitate canister removal and insertion |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6852292B2 (en) | 2005-02-08 |
CN100422073C (en) | 2008-10-01 |
US20030200743A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
CN1659100A (en) | 2005-08-24 |
EP1497225A1 (en) | 2005-01-19 |
ATE382418T1 (en) | 2008-01-15 |
EP1497225B1 (en) | 2008-01-02 |
EP1497225A4 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
AU2003224871A1 (en) | 2003-11-10 |
DE60318420D1 (en) | 2008-02-14 |
WO2003091155A1 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
JP2005524012A (en) | 2005-08-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20050129599A1 (en) | Ammonia storage and injection in NOx control | |
US6810661B2 (en) | Method and system for freeze protecting liquid NOx reductants for vehicle application | |
KR101260083B1 (en) | System for storing an additive and for injecting it into engine exhaust gases | |
US20080279732A1 (en) | Exhaust as Treatment | |
US6110435A (en) | Method and device for nitric oxide reduction in exhaust fumes | |
US8397491B2 (en) | Device for introducing a liquid reducing agent into an exhaust gas of a combustion system | |
US20070048204A1 (en) | Flash injector for NH3-SCR NOx aftertreatment | |
EP2472077B1 (en) | Vehicle system to separate and store carbon dioxide from engine exhaust | |
US7131265B2 (en) | Motor vehicle with a cryotank | |
CN103080523B (en) | Engine arrangement comprising a heat recovery circuit and an exhaust gases after-treatment system | |
US11421629B2 (en) | Reforming system and engine system | |
CN103221652A (en) | Arrangement for injecting a reductant into an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine | |
SE529400C2 (en) | Arrangement of an internal combustion engine | |
WO1993021432A1 (en) | ENGINE NOx REDUCTION SYSTEM | |
KR102172440B1 (en) | A Reactor for A System for Purification of NOx Emissions and A System for Purification of NOx Emissions | |
EP0363684A1 (en) | Exhaust gas denitrification apparatus | |
WO2005066471A1 (en) | Arrangement for supply of reducing agent | |
US10947896B1 (en) | Internal cleaning of an internal combustion engine after-treatment system | |
US4993225A (en) | Two cycle engine vapor emission control | |
JP2005105909A (en) | Engine system | |
JP3281674B2 (en) | Denitration equipment | |
KR20170112672A (en) | Reducing agent supply apparatus and low pressure selective catalytic reduction system with thereof | |
EP2042722A2 (en) | Method for increasing the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, supply system for an internal combustion engine implementing said method and perfected internal combustion engine | |
KR20200078015A (en) | A System for Purification of NOx Emissions | |
KR20200058852A (en) | Gas heating system |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: KLEENAIR SYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BERRIMAN, LESTER P.;ZABSKY, JOHN M.;SIMONS, LIONEL;REEL/FRAME:016238/0842;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050111 TO 20050125 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: KLEENAIR SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL PLC, UNITED KINGDOM Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KLEENAIR SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:018268/0635 Effective date: 20060908 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |