US20060002704A1 - Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path - Google Patents
Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path Download PDFInfo
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- US20060002704A1 US20060002704A1 US11/214,535 US21453505A US2006002704A1 US 20060002704 A1 US20060002704 A1 US 20060002704A1 US 21453505 A US21453505 A US 21453505A US 2006002704 A1 US2006002704 A1 US 2006002704A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/03—Arrangements for fault recovery
- H04B10/032—Arrangements for fault recovery using working and protection systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
- G02B6/2852—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using tapping light guides arranged sidewardly, e.g. in a non-parallel relationship with respect to the bus light guides (light extraction or launching through cladding, with or without surface discontinuities, bent structures)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4214—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms the intermediate optical element having redirecting reflective means, e.g. mirrors, prisms for deflecting the radiation from horizontal to down- or upward direction toward a device
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to optical switches, and more particularly to an optical switch that restores optical traffic from a secondary optical transmission path to a primary optical transmission path after a fault in the primary optical transmission path has been repaired.
- transmission systems employed in the cable television (CATV) industry provide two-way transmission of information; e.g., video, audio, multimedia and/or data; between a head end and a plurality of subscribers.
- the head end transmits the information destined for individual subscribers (“downstream information”) in an optical format, via one or more fiber optic links, to one or more optical nodes.
- Each node converts the optically-formatted downstream information into electrical signals for distribution, typically via a coaxial cable plant having a tree and branch architecture, to individual subscribers.
- each individual subscriber may generate information in the form of voice, video, data, or any combination thereof, destined for the bead end.
- the subscriber- generated information (“upstream information”) is aggregated by the coaxial cable plant and passes to the node for conversion into an optical format for transmission to the head end.
- CATV service providers and their subscribers are accustomed to high reliability service.
- One way in which high reliability is achieved is by providing two optical paths between the head end and each optical node, one of which serves as a primary optical path and the other of which serves as a secondary or backup optical path.
- An optical switch switches the optical information signals from the primary path to the secondary path in the event of an unanticipated failure in the primary path.
- the optical switches are often located in the head end and the optical nodes.
- the aforementioned optical switches generally employ an optomechanical switching component that switches between the primary path and the secondary path based on the electrical voltage that is applied to it. A portion of the optical signal in the primary and secondary paths is tapped off and converted to an electrical voltage. The voltages are monitored and if a threshold condition is violated, indicating a failure in the primary path, the switch is activated so that traffic is transferred to the secondary path.
- the optical switch does not include any arrangement for switching back from the secondary to the primary path after the primary path has been restored. Rather, an operator or technician must perform a manual power cycle to restart the optical switches in both the head end and the optical node so that the switches return to the primary path.
- Restoration in this manner can be difficult because the head end and the optical node may be located 50 to 100 km apart from one another. Also, there may be many such optical switches in both the head end and the nodes, thus requiring the operator to take proper care to ensure that the correct combination of switches are power cycled so that there is no interference with traffic on the other paths.
- optical switches are provided in an optical transmission system having at least two optical nodes in optical communication over a primary optical path and a backup optical path.
- An optical switch is located in each of the optical nodes.
- Each of the optical switches includes a switching element having an input port and a plurality of output ports coupled to the primary and backup optical paths, respectively.
- the switching element has a first state optically coupling an optical signal from the input port to the primary path and a second state optically coupling an optical signal from the input port to the backup path.
- First and second optical taps are located in the primary optical path.
- Third and fourth optical taps are located in the backup optical path.
- a first photodetector is optically coupled to the second optical tap for receiving a portion of the optical signal traveling in the primary optical path.
- a second photodetector is optically coupled to the third optical tap for receiving a portion of the optical signal traveling in the secondary optical path.
- a first optical path optically couples the first optical tap to the fourth optical tap such that a portion of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path is coupled onto the primary path.
- a controller is electrically coupled to each of the optical switches. The controller is configured so that when each of the switching elements are in the second state and the first photodetector in each of the optical switches detects an optical signal, the controller returns the switching elements to the first state.
- the two optical nodes respectively comprise a head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system.
- the switching element is an optomechanical switching element.
- the first and second photodetectors are photodiodes.
- the primary and secondary optical paths are unidirectional paths.
- the primary and secondary optical paths may be bi-directional paths.
- a method for switching optical traffic from a secondary optical path to a primary optical path, each of which establish an optical communication path between first and second optical nodes.
- the method begins by: detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the primary path through the first optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the primary path through the second optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path through the first optical node; and detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path through the second optical node.
- a portion of an optical signal traveling in the first optical node is coupled from the secondary path to the primary path.
- a switching element is switched in each of the first and second optical nodes from a second state to a first state so that the optical traffic traverses the primary optical path when an optical signal is detected traveling in the primary path through both the first and second optical nodes.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a conventional arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system.
- FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of an arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a conventional arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system.
- Optical switches 110 and 120 are located in the head end and the optical node, respectively.
- Optical transmission path 112 serves as the primary path while optical transmission path 114 serves as the secondary or backup optical path. Traffic along the primary path 112 and the secondary path 114 may be unidirectional or bidirectional.
- Optical switch 110 includes an optomechanical switching element 116 , tap couplers 117 and 118 and photodiode 121 and 122 .
- optical switch 120 includes an optomechanical switching element 124 , tap couplers 125 and 126 and photodiodes 127 and 128 .
- a switch controller 127 controls the operation of switches 110 and 120 .
- tap couplers 118 and 121 respectively couple a small portion of the optical signals traveling in paths 112 and 114 to photodiodes 121 and 122 .
- Controller 123 receives the electrical signals from the photodiodes 121 and 122 and determines the position of the optomechanical switching element 124 .
- switch 120 is configured in a manner similar to switch 110 .
- switches 110 and 120 are initially in states A and B, respectively. That is, the switches 110 and 120 provide a continuous optical path to points A and B on the primary path so that the signals are transmitted along the primary path 112 . If transmission along the primary path 112 is now lost because of a fiber break, the controller 127 will respectively force the optomechanical switching elements 116 and 124 to switch from positions A and B to positions A′ and B′, respectively. As a result, traffic is now transported along the secondary path 114 . As previously mentioned, transmission will continue along the secondary path 114 even after the primary path 112 has been restored.
- the only way to restore switches 110 and 120 to states A and B, respectively, is to perform a manual power cycling in which the optomechanical switching elements 116 and 124 return to their initial states. This limitation is overcome with the inventive optical switches depicted in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of an arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system in accordance with the present invention.
- Optical switches 210 and 220 which are located in the head end and the optical node, respectively, switch optical traffic between primary transmission path 212 and secondary transmission path 214 .
- Optical switch 210 includes an optomechanical switching element 216 , tap couplers 217 , 218 , 230 and 232 and photodetectors 221 and 222 .
- optical switch 220 includes an optomechanical switching element 224 , tap couplers 225 , 226 , 240 and 242 and photodetectors 227 and 228 .
- a switch controller 227 controls the operation of switches 210 and 220 .
- Each switch 210 and 220 has its own controller because the switches are often located 50-100 km apart.
- Optomechanical switching elements 216 may be any arrangement that employs physical motion of one or more optical elements to perform optical switching. In this way, a spatial displacement of a reflected beam is affected.
- Photodetectors 221 , 222 , 227 and 228 may be any component that converts an optical signal received from the tap couplers to an electrical signal such as a photodiode, for example.
- tap couplers 218 and 221 respectively couple a small portion of the optical signals traveling in paths 212 and 214 to photodiodes 221 and 222 .
- tap couplers 230 and 232 are also located in the primary path 212 and the secondary path 214 , respectively.
- Tap coupler 230 couples a small portion of the optical traffic traveling along the primary path 212 and directs it along optical fiber 234 to tap coupler 232 .
- Tap coupler 232 couples the portion of the optical traffic received from primary path 212 onto the secondary path 214 . That is, a portion of the traffic traveling along the primary path 212 is placed on the secondary path 214 .
- tap coupler 232 couples a small portion of the optical traffic traveling along the secondary path 214 and directs it along optical fiber 234 to tap coupler 230 .
- Tap coupler 230 couples the portion of the optical traffic from the secondary path 214 onto the primary path 212 . That is, a portion of the traffic traveling along the secondary path 214 is placed on the primary path 212 .
- switch 220 is configured in a manner similar to switch 210 .
- switches 210 and 220 are in states A′ and B′, respectively, as a result of a fiber break along the primary path 212 .
- a small portion of the optical signal traveling in the secondary path 214 is coupled to the primary path 212 .
- Photodetector 222 in switch 210 detects the signal but, because of the fiber break, photodetector 228 in switch 220 will not detect the portion of the signal tapped from the secondary transmission path 214 . However, when the primary path 212 has been restored, both photodetectors 222 and 228 will detect the portion of the signal tapped from the secondary transmission path 214 .
- controller 227 activates the optomechanical switching elements 216 and 224 so that the switches 210 and 220 are returned to state A and B. That is, the transmission is automatically restored to the primary state. Power cycling is not required at either the head end or the optical node.
- the state of the optomechanical switching elements 216 and 224 is determined by the voltage that is applied to them via electrical boards incorporated into the switches 216 and 224 .
- a threshold condition is established for the switches 216 and 224 in software that determine the value of the voltage pulse (or current pulse) that changes their state.
- the threshold condition can be adjusted either by the operator or can be factory-set based on the distance over which the signal is transmitted and customer requirements.
- the analog voltages generated by the photodetectors are directed to the controller 227 via logarithmic amplifiers, which are used by firmware to determine the appropriate state of the optomechanical switching elements.
- the firmware then sends a voltage pulse (or current pulse) to the optomechanical switching elements 216 and 224 to switch them from the primary path to the secondary path, or visa versa.
- optical switch that provides a secondary or backup path in a CATV system
- optical switch more generally may be employed in any optical transmission system in which a backup path is to be provided.
Abstract
Optical switches are provided in an optical transmission system having at least two optical nodes in optical communication over a primary optical path and a backup optical path. An optical switch is located in each of the optical nodes. Each of the optical switches includes a switching element having an input port and a plurality of output ports coupled to the primary and backup optical paths, respectively. The switching element has a first state optically coupling an optical signal from the input port to the primary path and a second state optically coupling an optical signal from the input port to the backup path. First and second optical taps are located in the primary optical path. Third and fourth optical taps are located in the backup optical path. A first photodetector is optically coupled to the second optical tap for receiving a portion of the optical signal traveling in the primary optical path. A second photodetector is optically coupled to the third optical tap for receiving a portion of the optical signal traveling in the secondary optical path. A first optical path optically couples the first optical tap to the fourth optical tap such that a portion of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path is coupled onto the primary path. Finally, a controller is electrically coupled to each of the optical switches. The controller is configured so that when each of the switching elements are in the second state and the first photodetector in each of the optical switches detects an optical signal, the controller returns the switching elements to the first state.
Description
- This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/364,825 filed on Feb. 11, 2003.
- The present invention relates generally to optical switches, and more particularly to an optical switch that restores optical traffic from a secondary optical transmission path to a primary optical transmission path after a fault in the primary optical transmission path has been repaired.
- Currently, transmission systems employed in the cable television (CATV) industry provide two-way transmission of information; e.g., video, audio, multimedia and/or data; between a head end and a plurality of subscribers. Typically, the head end transmits the information destined for individual subscribers (“downstream information”) in an optical format, via one or more fiber optic links, to one or more optical nodes. Each node converts the optically-formatted downstream information into electrical signals for distribution, typically via a coaxial cable plant having a tree and branch architecture, to individual subscribers. In addition to receiving the downstream information, each individual subscriber may generate information in the form of voice, video, data, or any combination thereof, destined for the bead end. The subscriber- generated information (“upstream information”) is aggregated by the coaxial cable plant and passes to the node for conversion into an optical format for transmission to the head end.
- CATV service providers and their subscribers are accustomed to high reliability service. One way in which high reliability is achieved is by providing two optical paths between the head end and each optical node, one of which serves as a primary optical path and the other of which serves as a secondary or backup optical path. An optical switch switches the optical information signals from the primary path to the secondary path in the event of an unanticipated failure in the primary path. The optical switches are often located in the head end and the optical nodes.
- The aforementioned optical switches generally employ an optomechanical switching component that switches between the primary path and the secondary path based on the electrical voltage that is applied to it. A portion of the optical signal in the primary and secondary paths is tapped off and converted to an electrical voltage. The voltages are monitored and if a threshold condition is violated, indicating a failure in the primary path, the switch is activated so that traffic is transferred to the secondary path. Unfortunately, the optical switch does not include any arrangement for switching back from the secondary to the primary path after the primary path has been restored. Rather, an operator or technician must perform a manual power cycle to restart the optical switches in both the head end and the optical node so that the switches return to the primary path. Restoration in this manner can be difficult because the head end and the optical node may be located 50 to 100 km apart from one another. Also, there may be many such optical switches in both the head end and the nodes, thus requiring the operator to take proper care to ensure that the correct combination of switches are power cycled so that there is no interference with traffic on the other paths.
- Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a method and apparatus for automatically restoring optical traffic from a secondary optical transmission path to a primary optical transmission path after a fault in the primary optical transmission path has been repaired without the need to perform a manual power cycle.
- In accordance with the present invention, optical switches are provided in an optical transmission system having at least two optical nodes in optical communication over a primary optical path and a backup optical path. An optical switch is located in each of the optical nodes. Each of the optical switches includes a switching element having an input port and a plurality of output ports coupled to the primary and backup optical paths, respectively. The switching element has a first state optically coupling an optical signal from the input port to the primary path and a second state optically coupling an optical signal from the input port to the backup path. First and second optical taps are located in the primary optical path. Third and fourth optical taps are located in the backup optical path. A first photodetector is optically coupled to the second optical tap for receiving a portion of the optical signal traveling in the primary optical path. A second photodetector is optically coupled to the third optical tap for receiving a portion of the optical signal traveling in the secondary optical path. A first optical path optically couples the first optical tap to the fourth optical tap such that a portion of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path is coupled onto the primary path. Finally, a controller is electrically coupled to each of the optical switches. The controller is configured so that when each of the switching elements are in the second state and the first photodetector in each of the optical switches detects an optical signal, the controller returns the switching elements to the first state.
- In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the two optical nodes respectively comprise a head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system.
- In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the switching element is an optomechanical switching element.
- In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, the first and second photodetectors are photodiodes.
- In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the primary and secondary optical paths are unidirectional paths. Alternatively, the primary and secondary optical paths may be bi-directional paths.
- In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for switching optical traffic from a secondary optical path to a primary optical path, each of which establish an optical communication path between first and second optical nodes. The method begins by: detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the primary path through the first optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the primary path through the second optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path through the first optical node; and detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path through the second optical node. A portion of an optical signal traveling in the first optical node is coupled from the secondary path to the primary path. A switching element is switched in each of the first and second optical nodes from a second state to a first state so that the optical traffic traverses the primary optical path when an optical signal is detected traveling in the primary path through both the first and second optical nodes.
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FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a conventional arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system. -
FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of an arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a conventional arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system.Optical switches Optical transmission path 112 serves as the primary path whileoptical transmission path 114 serves as the secondary or backup optical path. Traffic along theprimary path 112 and thesecondary path 114 may be unidirectional or bidirectional.Optical switch 110 includes anoptomechanical switching element 116,tap couplers photodiode optical switch 120 includes anoptomechanical switching element 124,tap couplers 125 and 126 andphotodiodes 127 and 128. Aswitch controller 127 controls the operation ofswitches - Referring to switch 110,
tap couplers paths photodiodes Controller 123 receives the electrical signals from thephotodiodes optomechanical switching element 124. As shown,switch 120 is configured in a manner similar to switch 110. - In operation,
switches switches primary path 112. If transmission along theprimary path 112 is now lost because of a fiber break, thecontroller 127 will respectively force theoptomechanical switching elements secondary path 114. As previously mentioned, transmission will continue along thesecondary path 114 even after theprimary path 112 has been restored. The only way to restoreswitches optomechanical switching elements FIG. 2 . -
FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of an arrangement for providing a primary and second optical path between the head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system in accordance with the present invention.Optical switches primary transmission path 212 andsecondary transmission path 214.Optical switch 210 includes anoptomechanical switching element 216,tap couplers photodetectors optical switch 220 includes anoptomechanical switching element 224,tap couplers photodetectors switch controller 227 controls the operation ofswitches switch -
Optomechanical switching elements 216 may be any arrangement that employs physical motion of one or more optical elements to perform optical switching. In this way, a spatial displacement of a reflected beam is affected.Photodetectors - Referring to switch 210 in more detail,
tap couplers paths photodiodes tap couplers primary path 212 and thesecondary path 214, respectively.Tap coupler 230 couples a small portion of the optical traffic traveling along theprimary path 212 and directs it alongoptical fiber 234 to tapcoupler 232.Tap coupler 232, in turn, couples the portion of the optical traffic received fromprimary path 212 onto thesecondary path 214. That is, a portion of the traffic traveling along theprimary path 212 is placed on thesecondary path 214. Likewise,tap coupler 232 couples a small portion of the optical traffic traveling along thesecondary path 214 and directs it alongoptical fiber 234 to tapcoupler 230.Tap coupler 230, in turn, couples the portion of the optical traffic from thesecondary path 214 onto theprimary path 212. That is, a portion of the traffic traveling along thesecondary path 214 is placed on theprimary path 212. As shown,switch 220 is configured in a manner similar to switch 210. - In operation, assume
switches primary path 212. A small portion of the optical signal traveling in thesecondary path 214 is coupled to theprimary path 212.Photodetector 222 inswitch 210 detects the signal but, because of the fiber break,photodetector 228 inswitch 220 will not detect the portion of the signal tapped from thesecondary transmission path 214. However, when theprimary path 212 has been restored, bothphotodetectors secondary transmission path 214. In response to the signals detected by bothphotodetectors controller 227 activates theoptomechanical switching elements switches - The state of the
optomechanical switching elements switches switches - The analog voltages generated by the photodetectors are directed to the
controller 227 via logarithmic amplifiers, which are used by firmware to determine the appropriate state of the optomechanical switching elements. The firmware then sends a voltage pulse (or current pulse) to theoptomechanical switching elements - Although various embodiments are specifically illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and are within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention. For example, while the invention has been described in terms of an optical switch that provides a secondary or backup path in a CATV system, the optical switch more generally may be employed in any optical transmission system in which a backup path is to be provided.
Claims (6)
1. A method for switching optical traffic from a secondary optical path to a primary optical path, each of which establish an optical communication path between first and second optical nodes, said method comprising the steps of: detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the primary path through the first optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the primary path through the second optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path through the first optical node; detecting a presence or absence of an optical signal traveling in the secondary path through the second optical node; coupling a portion of an optical signal traveling in the first optical node from the secondary path to the primary path; and switching a switching element in each of the first and second optical nodes from a second state to a first state so that the optical traffic traverses the primary optical path when an optical signal is detected traveling in the primary path through both the first and second optical nodes.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said two optical nodes comprise a head end and an optical node in a CATV transmission system.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said switching element is an optomechanical switching element.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detecting steps are performed by photodiodes.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the primary and secondary optical paths are unidirectional paths.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the primary and secondary optical paths are bi-directional paths.
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US11/214,535 US20060002704A1 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2005-08-29 | Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
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US10/364,825 US6944362B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2003-02-11 | Optical switch having a autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
US11/214,535 US20060002704A1 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2005-08-29 | Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
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US10/364,825 Division US6944362B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2003-02-11 | Optical switch having a autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
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US10/364,825 Expired - Lifetime US6944362B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2003-02-11 | Optical switch having a autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
US11/186,467 Expired - Lifetime US7024110B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2005-07-21 | Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
US11/214,535 Abandoned US20060002704A1 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2005-08-29 | Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
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US11/186,467 Expired - Lifetime US7024110B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2005-07-21 | Optical switch having an autorestoration feature for switching from a backup optical path to a primary optical path |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7024110B2 (en) | 2006-04-04 |
US20050254748A1 (en) | 2005-11-17 |
WO2004072690A3 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
US6944362B2 (en) | 2005-09-13 |
WO2004072690A2 (en) | 2004-08-26 |
US20040156579A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
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