US20060072543A1 - Methods of and systems for remote outbound control - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
- This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of the co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/609,062, filed on Sep. 9, 2004, and titled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE OUTBOUND CONTROL, SECURITY STRAWMAN,” which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- This invention is related to network routing systems. More specifically, this invention is related to systems for and methods of determining combinations of resources for routing data over wide area networks such as the Internet.
- Most Internet routing systems are configured to ensure that routes are optimized for performance, such as speed, cost, load, and the performance of the applications that use them. These routing devices measure the performance along particular routes and then select the route with the best performance.
- In prior art systems, the performance of a route is determined by transmitting data between a remote host and a central location. In some of these prior art systems, the central location generates data packets, which are transmitted to the remote host and responded to with a reply packet. The round trip time of this communication is halved to get an approximation of the one-way travel time from the remote host to the central location. These approximations often do not reflect the true performance of the route from the remote host to the central location. In other prior art systems, the remote host determines when and how to generate these data packets. The generation and control of these data packets are thus distributed across multiple remote hosts, which may not communicate with one another or, if they do, do so slowly. Accordingly, these systems are often difficult to configure and thus are inefficient in determining optimal routes based on performance. In addition, the duplication of systems to monitor and direct communication to each of many remote sites is expensive in terms of capital and, potentially, performance.
- In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a logical path is selected to transmit data from a remote site to a destination site. During a measurement process to determine this logical path, data is transmitted from the remote site to a regional site where measurements are controlled. At this regional site, a list of combinations of resources for transmitting data from the remote site to the destination site is generated. At the regional site, statistics are determined for transmitting data from the remote site to the regional site using each combination of resources from the list. Using these statistics, a combination of resources is selected for transmitting data from the source site to the destination site. By controlling performance measurements and the selection of network resources from a regional location, performance data is able to be determined quickly and to be coordinated. Moreover, network information is able to be updated quickly, since it need not be propagated to remote sites individually. Other benefits will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
- The logical path is selected to best fit the application at hand. For example, if the remote site contains an Internet Protocol (IP) enabled telephone, the logical path is selected to transmit the data so that the corresponding data packets have the smallest jitter, ensuring that the data packets are received in order, a requirement for voice data. If the remote is site contains a personal computer used to transmit confidential data, the logical path is selected to include a virtual private network (VPN) to ensure that the data is encrypted and thus cannot be read while in transit.
- As used herein, “site” refers to a geographic location that contains one or more hosts. A non-exhaustive list of geographic locations includes a company branch office or research campus, one or more dormitories, and neighboring buildings, to name a few locations. The hosts at a site are generally able to be reached through or to transmit data from one or more common routers, though this is not a requirement of a site. A non-exhaustive list of hosts at a site include personal computers, personal digital assistants, Internet-enabled telephones, pagers, media gateways, Linux servers, application servers, video conferencing endpoints, and branch gateways, to name a few hosts. In some of the discussion that follows, a reference to a site will also refer to the hosts that reside at the site.
- It will also be appreciated that one or more regional sites are able to be implemented in accordance with the present invention, each used to determine optimal routes for a subset of remote sites.
- In accordance with the present invention, statistics are generated for data transmission from the remote site to the regional site so that the remote site is able to be configured to optimally transmit data from the remote site to a destination site. In some embodiments, the destination site is the regional site, though this need not be the case. In this way, embodiments of the present invention are able to measure performances for traffic close to a site that is being affected. For example, if a regional site is a proxy for a destination site (e.g., contains a proxy server), statistics related to the traffic flows into the regional site are a good indication of statistics for traffic flows into the destination site.
- Traffic flowing into and out of a remote site includes traffic exchanged between hosts within the remote site (remote hosts) and hosts within the regional site and the destination site. Traffic flowing into and out of a regional site includes traffic for the regional site as well as traffic for other sites downstream from the regional site. The traffic being optimized in the present invention is typically the traffic flowing out of the remote site and destined for sites downstream from the regional site, though this is not necessarily the case.
- Many different combinations of resources that define a logical path in accordance with the present invention are able to be used. Resources include large bandwidth links, such as optical fiber links and T4 links; generic routers; specially configured routers, such as multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) routers and routers configured to route data based on a type-of-service (ToS) tag or a differentiated services tag; and tunnels, such as virtual private networks (VPNs), Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels, Internet Protocol to Internet Protocol (IP-IP) tunnels, and tunnels using the
Layer 2 Protocol (L2TP), to name a few resources. A combination of resources can be a single resource (e.g., a single optical fiber link) or any combination of them (e.g., a single optical fiber link combined with a VPN). - A selection criterion is chosen to determine how data is to be transmitted from the remote site to the destination site. As one example, the remote site transmits time-critical data to the destination site, such as voice data, and is to be configured to transmit data to the destination site so that the transmission time is minimal. Thus, the selection criterion is that data be transmitted using the shortest delay. To determine a combination of resources that best meets the selection criterion, measurement data packets are transmitted from the remote site to the regional site using the various combinations of resources available, to determine which combination provides the shortest transmission delay. When the regional site receives a specific measurement packet, it calculates a metric that indicates the time it took the measurement packet to travel from the remote site to the regional site. By comparing the calculated metrics for measurement packets corresponding to each combination of resources, the combination of resources that results in the shortest transmission time is selected, and the remote site is configured to transmit data to the destination site using that selected combination of resources.
- In accordance with the present invention, selection criteria can be tailored to fit the application at hand. For example, selection criteria include, but are not limited to, ensuring security, minimizing transmission costs, maximizing speed, and any combination of these, such as a weighted combination of maximizing speed and minimizing transmission costs.
- Remote sites are able to contain any type of remote hosts capable of transmitting data to a destination site and also to a regional site and include, but are not limited to, a personal computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a pager, an Internet-enabled telephone, and an Internet-enabled appliance, such as defined below. These remote hosts are able to have many different types of applications executing on them, which can all benefit from the present invention. Indeed, a single remote host can use several different combinations of resources, each used to transmit data from a different application executing on the remote host to the central host.
- Preferably, in operation a regional site accesses a list of resources available to the remote site for transmitting data to the regional site and also to the destination site. The regional site generates combinations of these resources and transmits information corresponding to these combinations to the remote site in one or more combination packets. The remote site receives the one or more combination packets and transmits data packets, called measurement packets, to the regional site using each combination of resources. The regional site receives each measurement packet, recognizes the combination of resources used to transmit it, and calculates a metric used to select a combination of resources. Once the regional site has received all of the measurement packets and calculated the corresponding metrics, it compares the metrics using a selection criterion and selects a combination of resources. The regional site then transmits information indicating the selected combination of resources to the remote site in a decision packet. The remote site is then configured to transmit data to the destination site, which in some embodiments is the regional site, using the selected combination of resources.
- Metrics are computed using any one or more statistics such as delay, jitter, loss, mean time between failures, reliability, bandwidth estimations, and availability scores. Other statistics based on these statistics are also able to be used in accordance with the present invention, and include averages, standard deviations, and variances. It will be appreciated that many statistics are able to be used to determine a preferred combination of resources selected to fit the application at hand.
- In addition to information identifying a combination of resources, combination packets are also able to contain codes for instructing the remote site to take a particular action. For example, one code instructs the remote site to change the size of the measurement packets, thereby testing the available bandwidth from the remote site to the regional site; another code instructs the remote site to change the version of the protocol for transmitting data packets to the regional site (e.g., from Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) to version 6 (IPv6)); and another code instructs the remote site to vary the time between sending multiple measurement packets to the regional site. Indeed, different codes can be used to instruct the remote site to take any number of actions.
- Preferably, the remote site and the regional site are coupled by the Internet. In one embodiment, the remote site and the regional site are coupled to one another by a plurality of Internet Service Providers.
- Regional sites use various means to learn the identities of the remote sites (e.g., an access point at the remote site, such as a hub router, or individual hosts at the remote sites) to be configured in accordance with the present invention. As one example, a static list of the remote sites is stored on or made accessible to a regional site. As another example, an identifier (e.g., an IP address) for a remote site is registered at a registration server. The regional site queries this registration server to learn the IP addresses of the remote site. In yet another example, the regional site monitors traffic from the remote sites to the registration server to learn the identifiers.
- The present invention is also able to configure remote hosts at a remote site, located behind network address translation routers (NATs). This is accomplished by using an identifier for the remote host that corresponds to the combination of an IP address and a dynamically allocated user datagram protocol (UDP) port.
- Remote sites are able to be configured at pre-determined times, to ensure that the selected combination of resources is the most up-to-date, accounting for changes in the network or in available system resources.
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FIG. 1 shows a regional site coupled over the Internet to a remote site containing an Internet enabled telephone, configured to route data to the regional site in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 shows a table containing a list of remote hosts at one or more remote sites and configured to transmit data to a destination site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 3 shows a network used to explain how to configure a remote site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B show, respectively, the transmission of a first combination packet from the regional site to the remote site ofFIG. 3 and the transmission of a corresponding reply measurement packet from the remote site to the regional site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 5A and 5B show, respectively, the transmission of a second combination packet from the regional site to the remote site ofFIG. 3 and the transmission of a corresponding measurement packet from the remote site to the regional site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 6 shows the transmission of a decision packet from the regional site to the remote site ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 7 shows a sequence of steps for configuring a remote site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 8 shows a sequence of steps for generating and transmitting combination packets from a regional site to a remote site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 9 shows a sequence of steps for processing the measurement packets ofFIG. 8 on the remote site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 10 shows a sequence of steps for processing a decision packet ofFIG. 8 on the remote site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 11A is a Resources Combination Table on a regional site, used to store and track combinations of resource parameters for calculating metrics in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 11B is a Statistics Table on a regional site, with entries corresponding to entries in the Resources Combination Table ofFIG. 11A , and used to track metrics in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 12 is a Routing Policy Table at a remote site, generated from a decision packet sent from a regional site and used to route data packets from the remote site to the regional site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 13 shows a sequence of steps for routing data from a remote site using a Routing Policy Table in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 14 shows a data packet formatted using an entry in a Routing Policy Table in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 15 shows a data packet formatted using an entry in a Routing Policy Table in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 16 shows a first data structure for a decision packet in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 17 shows a second data structure for a decision packet in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention -
FIG. 18 shows a remote site, an intermediate site, and a destination site for which a preferred combination of resources is to be determined for communicating data from the remote site to the destination site. -
FIG. 19 shows the components of a regional site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 20 shows the components of a remote site in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 21 shows a registration server coupled to a regional site and multiple remote hosts at corresponding remote sites in accordance with the present invention. - In accordance with the present invention, a preferred combination of resources (also referred to as a logical path) for transmitting data packets from a remote site to a destination site is selected, based on the application at hand. A regional site, which can be different from or the same as the destination site, is used to determine an optimal path from the remote site to the regional site and to then configure the remote site to transmit data packets to the destination site. A company with a destination site (e.g. a branch office) is thus able to tailor communications between remote users and the branch office. As a first example, a system in accordance with the present invention automatically configures a personal computer used by a first traveling salesman (a remote host at a remote site) to transmit sensitive data to the branch office using a secure channel. As a second example, the system automatically configures a personal computer used by a second traveling salesman (another remote host at another remote site) to transmit non-sensitive large-volume data to the branch office using large-bandwidth unsecured channels. The system determines a preferred combination of resources (here, any combination of the secure channel and the high bandwidth channel) for transmitting data from each of the remote hosts to the branch office. As explained in more detail below, measurements are taken from the remote sites, to a regional site, where the measurements are able to be controlled, processed, and coordinated, and from which the remote sites (e.g., the remote hosts at the remote sites) are able to be configured.
- The selection criterion for determining the preferred combination of resources depends on the application at hand. In the first example above, the selection criterion causes the system to select the combination of resources which provides the most secure communications path. As described in more detail below, a metric corresponding to the security level for communications is computed for each tested combination of resources available from the remote site to the regional site and also to the destination site. This is performed by transmitting data packets from the remote site to the regional site using each tested combination of resources, calculating a set of statistics for each transmission, and generating a metric for each set of statistics. The combination of resources corresponding to the most secure channel is selected for transmitting data from the remote site of the first salesman to the regional site. This combination of resources is selected at the regional site and is then used to transmit data from the first salesman to the branch office.
- In the second example, the selection criterion causes the system to select the combination of resources which provides the highest bandwidth. In this second example, a metric corresponding to the bandwidth is computed for each combination of resources. The combination of resources corresponding to the largest bandwidth communications path from the remote host to the regional site is selected, based on its metric. This combination of resources is selected at the regional site and is then used to transmit data from the second salesman to the branch office.
- Preferably, the metric is a transmission parameter (e.g., delay or bandwidth) or a function of a transmission parameter (e.g., a weighted average of the delay and bandwidth). When two combinations of resources have the same metric for an application, a second metric (e.g., a cost) is used as a tie breaker.
- As explained in more detail below, the regional site generates a list corresponding to multiple combinations of resources, including but not limited to, (1) media having a specified bandwidth, (2) an intermediate router (e.g., a multi-protocol label switch (MPLS) router or type-of-service (ToS) enabled router) that routes data packets based on an MPLS tag or a ToS label, (3) a generic router (4) a virtual private network (VPN) tunnel, (5) one or more source routing enabled routers, which together route a data packet so that it traverses a specified list of routers, either in a specific sequence (strict source routing) or not (loose source routing), or (6) any combination of these resources. The central host regional site transmits information corresponding to one of these combinations in a combination packet. The remote site receives the combination packet and, in reply, transmits a measurement packet to the regional site using one of the combination of resources. The regional site receives the measurement packet, calculates statistics based on it (e.g., delay, jitter, mean time between failures), and generates metrics based on the statistics. This is done for each combination of resources. Using a selection criterion, the regional site then determines a preferred metric, and thus the corresponding preferred combination of resources, for routing data from the remote site to the destination site. The regional site transmits a decision packet containing information indicating the preferred combination of resources to the remote site. When the remote site receives the decision packet, it is configured to transmit data to the destination site using these preferred combination of resources. The remote site is also able to notify the regional site in an acknowledgment packet that it received the decision packet.
- In addition to information corresponding to a particular combination of resources, the combination packet can also contain a code corresponding to a measurement action. A measurement action specifies other steps that the remote site must take, including, but not limited to, changing the size of measurement packets transmitted to the regional site and also the destination site, transmitting multiple measurement packets of varying size, transmitting multiple measurement packets at pre-determined time intervals, formatting measurement packets using a specified version number of the Internet Protocol (IP), and allocating memory on a host at the remote site. By changing the size and number of measurement packets, for example, a bandwidth or throughput is able to be determined for a transmission from a remote host to a destination site. Other measurement actions are taught in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/070,338, titled “Method and Apparatus for Characterizing the Quality of a Network Path,” published Aug. 28, 2003; and PCT International Application No. PCT/US01/32309, titled “Method and Apparatus for Communicating Data Within Measurement Traffic,” published Apr. 25, 2002, both of which are incorporated by reference.
- A measurement packet can also include optional tracking information such as an identifier corresponding to the regional site, a version number of the measurement packet; information identifying the combination of resources, so that the regional site is able to recognize and correctly process the measurement packet; an identifier for the remote site, in case the regional site is used in accordance with the present invention to receive data packets from multiple remote sites; a time stamp generated on the remote site, used to calculate delay and other statistics; and a sequence number to identify multiple measurement packets transmitted using the selected combination of resources. To simplify the discussion that follows, references to one data packet also refer to multiple data packets.
- The decision packet can be formatted to contain compressed information, thereby saving space. In these embodiments, rather than listing an entire combination of resources, the decision packet contains a control action code denoting the combination of resources. Thus, when the remote site receives the decision packet, it reads the control action code, compares it to stored control action codes, and is then configured to transmit data to the destination site using a combination of resources that corresponds to the control action code. Preferably, the control action code corresponds to an entry in a table containing the preferred combination of resources. In these embodiments, the decision packet contains information corresponding to an identifier for the remote site of for remote hosts and the remote site, a path identifier indicating the path that data packets from the remote site to the destination site must take, a set of users for which the preferred combination of resources applies, a group identifier, and the control action code. In these embodiments, the control action codes correspond to enforcing next-hop addressing, ToS routing, loose source routing, and strict source routing, to name a few actions.
- The present invention is also useful in determining traffic flows in areas near either a regional site or a remote site and then configuring other sites based on those traffic flows. As one example, traffic into or out of a first set of sites is measured, a second set of sites is configured based on statistics generated from those measurements, and a third set of sites has traffic flows that are affected by combinations of resources selected at the regional site. Thus, for example, a first set of sites contains a file server (a server site) and the third set of sites contains a proxy server (a proxy site), which is affected by the traffic to and from the server site. The proxy site is generally close to the server site, but this is not necessarily so. Thus, traffic to and from the server site is able to be measured and metrics computed. A combination of resources is then able to be selected to configure the server site, the proxy site, or both. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, sites other than the one for which measurements are made are able to be configured.
- The above description is of a general embodiment. In one embodiment, the first and second sets of sites are the same; that is the sites whose traffic flows are measured are the same sites that are configured. In another embodiment, the first and third sets of sites are the same; that is the sites whose traffic flows are measured are the same sites affected by the traffic flows. And in yet a third embodiment, the second and third sets of sites are the same; that is the sites that are configured are the same sites whose traffic flows are affected.
- Referring to
FIG. 1 , anenvironment 100 comprises aregional site 101 that is also a destination site (e.g., a branch office) coupled to aremote site 120 over theInternet 115. Theregional site 101 includes aregional host 102 and theremote site 120 includes aremote host 122. In this embodiment, the exemplaryremote host 122 is an Internet-enabled telephone, configured to communicate with theregional host 102 over theInternet 115. In other embodiments, theremote host 122 is a different host such as, but not limited to, a personal computer, a personal digital assistant, an IP-enabled appliance, or a pager. As used herein, an Internet appliance is any product that accesses services over the Internet and is dedicated to one or more tasks, and includes dedicated products such as intelligent kitchen appliances, intelligent phones, and home networked computers, to name a few. - The
regional host 102 is coupled to first andsecond routers first router 104 is coupled to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 108 and thesecond router 106 is coupled to theISP 110. TheISP 108 is coupled by theInternet 115 to theISP 117. TheISP 117 is coupled to therouter 124 and theISP 119 is coupled to therouter 126. TheISP 110 is coupled to theISP 119. Therouters remote site 120 and are coupled to the Internet-enabledtelephone 122. - The
ISPs Internet 115 all contain different resources for transmitting data from theremote host 122 to theregional host 102. The resources are able to be used in many different combinations to transmit data from theremote host 122 to theregional host 102. For example, theremote host 102 is able to communicate with theregional host 102 using a first combination of resources that includes therouter 124, theISP 117, theInternet 115, theISP 108, and therouter 104. TheInternet 115 also contains resources such as MPLS enabled routers, VPNs, and high-bandwidth links, to name a few, which are not shown in detail inFIG. 1 . Theremote host 122 is also able to communicate with theregional host 102 using a second combination of resources that includes therouter 126, theISP 119, theInternet 115, theISP 110, and therouter 106. - In different embodiments, the
remote host 122 performs different applications, such as transferring to theregional host 102 time-sensitive data, large-volume data, confidential data and non-critical data that should be transmitted cheaply. In the example shown inFIG. 1 , theremote host 122 is an IP-enabled telephone and theregional site 101 containing theregional host 102 comprises a voice gateway. In this example, the IP-enabledtelephone 122 transmits time-sensitive data. Data received by the voice gateway late or out of sequence is generally dropped. - Many types of remote hosts are able to be used in accordance with the present invention, each performing one or more applications that benefit from communicating with a destination site containing destination hosts using a preferred combination of resources.
FIG. 2 shows a Table 140, listing several Internet Protocol (IP) enabled remote hosts used in accordance with the present invention: Remote Host W, an IP-enabled telephone (row 141); Remote Host X, a personal computer (row 142); Remote Host Y, a personal digital assistant (PDA) (row 143); and Remote Host Z, an interactive pager (row 144). In some embodiments, Table 140 is stored on a regional host at a regional site to keep track of the remote hosts that are configured to communicate with the destination host (which here is also the regional host) in accordance with the present invention. It will be appreciated that the names of the remote hosts (e.g., Remote Host W) will be replaced by their IP address, by a combination of an IP address and port number, such as when used with the Network Address Translation (NAT) devices described below, or by some other identifier. -
FIG. 3 shows anetworked environment 150 used to describe how a preferred combination of resources is determined and a system configured to route data using that combination of resources in accordance with the present invention. Thenetworked environment 150 comprises a regional site (RGS) 151 and a remote site (RMS) 155. To simplify the following explanation, theregional site 151 is also the destination site for data packets transmitted from theremote site 155. Theregional site 151 is coupled to therouter A 152 and therouter C 154. Therouter A 152 is coupled to therouter C 154 and therouter B 153. Therouter B 153 is coupled to therouter C 154 and theremote site 155, which is also coupled to therouter C 154. In this example, the capabilities and capacities of the links are shown by the labels on each link. For example, the link RGS-A is a T1 line, the link A-B is an optical fiber link, the link B-RMS is a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), the links RMS-C and C-RGS form a virtual private network (VPN) for transmitting encrypted data, the link B-C is a T4 line, and the link C-A is a T1 line. It will be appreciated that resources such as optical fiber links, T1 and T4 links, encrypted tunnels, and DSL lines are merely illustrative and not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments use other resources such as MPLS routers, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) routers, private networks, private lines, Integrated Services Digital Networks, wireless components (such as those for communicating using Bluetooth or the IEEE 802.11g standard), Internet Protocol to Internet Protocol (IP-IP) tunnels,Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol tunnels, and Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels, to name a few structures. - According to one selection criterion in accordance with the present invention, if the
remote site 155 requires secure transmission to theregional site 151, then the path RMS-C-RGS is preferred since it ensures secure, encrypted transmissions. If the remote sitel 55 contains a pager that requires the cheapest transmission, then the path RMS-B-C-A-RGS is preferred, since it traverses non-encrypted paths (which are cheaper in this example) and T1 lines rather than the more expensive optical fiber link. As explained in more detail below, measurement packets are transmitted along each combination of resources (e.g., RMS-B-A-RGS, RMS-B-C-A-RGS, etc.), statistics are generated, metrics are computed, and a preferred combination of resources is selected to fit the application at hand. - FIGS. 4A-B and 5A-B show a simplified example of the operation of one embodiment of the present invention, using the same
networked environment 150 ofFIG. 3 . First, the regional site 151 (e.g., a host at the regional site, also called a regional host) generates a list of combinations of resources, here the paths RMS-B-C-RGS and RMS-B-C-A-RGS. As shown inFIG. 4A , theregional site 151 sends afirst combination packet 147A, specifying a first combination of resources (RMS-B-C-RGS, simplified as BC). Thefirst combination packet 147A travels along the path RGS (regional site 151) to A (router 152) to B (router 153) to RMS (remote host 155). Thefirst combination packet 147A contains the path (combination of resources) BC, specifying that a measurement packet from theremote site 155 to theregional site 151 must take the path BC so that statistics for this path are generated and, from these statistics, a metric is calculated. It will be appreciated that thefirst combination packet 147A is able to take any path from theregional site 151 to theremote site 155, which is generally different from the path BC. - As shown in
FIG. 4B , theremote site 155 replies with acorresponding measurement packet 147B that takes the path RMS-B-C-RGS, which includes the specified path BC, as required. Theregional site 151 calculates statistics and, from them, a corresponding metric associated with the transmission of themeasurement packet 147B. As explained above, the metric is able to be calculated from any function of the statistics, depending on what is to be optimized: cost, security, and bandwidth, to name a few. - As shown in
FIG. 5A , theregional site 151 next chooses the second combination of resources (the path RMS-B-C-A-RGS, simplified as BCA) and transmits asecond combination packet 148A to theremote site 155. This second combination of resources specifies the data path BCA. Thissecond combination packet 148A travels along the route RGS-C-A-B-RMS. As shown inFIG. 5B , theremote site 155 responds with thesecond measurement packet 148B that travels along the route RMS-B-C-A-RGS, which includes the specified path BCA. Theregional site 151 calculates statistics and a corresponding metric associated with this second measurement data packet. In this example, the metric associated with the second measurement data packet is preferred (e.g., has a higher or lower value, depending on how the metric is computed and used). Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 6 , theregional site 151 transmits to the remote site 155 adecision packet 149 specifying that data packets transmitted from theremote site 155 to theregional site 151 must travel along the path (i.e., use the combination of resources) BCA. Thus, data transmissions from theremote site 155 to the destination site, which in this example is also theregional site 151 will take the path shown inFIG. 5B . - It will be appreciated that the embodiments shown in FIGS. 4A-B and 5A-B are able to be implemented in different ways in accordance with the present invention. For example, in another embodiment, the
regional site 151 transmits a list of combinations of resources in a single combination packet, as part of a single transmission, rather than in two separate combination packets such as shown inFIGS. 4A and 5A . Alternatively, the combination packet, the decision packet, or both also include an integer that uniquely identifies a combination of resources recognizable by theremote site 155, thereby reducing the amount of information transmitted from theregional site 151 to theremote site 155. - It will also be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention are able to be used with networked environments much more complex than that shown in
FIG. 3 . For example, generally one or more of the routers 152-154 is replaced by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or other portion of the Internet and comprises multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) edge routers, MPLS interior routers, and the like. -
FIGS. 7-10 are used to illustrate sequences of steps for configuring theremote site 122 ofFIG. 1 , using theregional site 102. In this example, theregional site 102 is also the destination site and, accordingly, is referred to as the regional site during the measurement process and as thedestination site 102 for transmitting data packets during general operation. In other words, theregional site 102 not only selects an optimal combination of resources such as described above but also is a destination for receiving data using the selected combination of resources. This configuration is used to simplify the following discussion. In other embodiments, the destination site and the regional site are different. -
FIG. 7 shows high-level steps 200 illustrating the direction of data packets transmitted between theregional site 102 and theremote site 122. The high-level steps 200 show only a portion of the steps taken on theregional site 102 and theremote site 122.FIG. 8 shows moredetailed steps 220 taken on theregional site 102 during the transmission and reception of data packets illustrated inFIG. 7 .FIG. 9 shows moredetailed steps 250 taken on theremote site 122 during the transmission and reception of data packets illustrated inFIG. 7 . - Referring first to
FIGS. 7 and 8 , in the start step 221 (FIG. 8 ) parameters used by the process, such as data variables, are initialized. In this step, for example, a user is able to specify a list of remote sites or even remote hosts at a remote site (e.g., Table 140 inFIG. 2 ). Also in thestart step 221, the list of resources is selected. This list can contain the resources available to a company, such as dedicated links, high-capacity links, MPLS routers available to the company, and VPN tunnels. It is from this list that the combinations of resources are determined. Next, in the step 222 (FIG. 8 ), the next remote site in the list (on the first iteration of this process, the next remote site is the first remote site in the list of remote sites) is selected and in the step 223 a first combination of resources is determined. Thus, the process is able to configure multiple remote sites to transmit data packets to thedestination site 102, each using different selection criterion and thus metrics. The selection criterion is able to be based, for example, on the type of a host at the destination site, on the applications that run on a remote host, or the particular user. Next, in the step 224, a combination packet containing information specifying this first combination of resources is formatted. In some embodiments, the combination packet also contains a value corresponding to a measurement action, such as described above. In thestep 225, the combination packet is transmitted from theregional site 102 to the next remote site. Step 225 is also shown in theFIG. 7 , used to show the flow of data packets between a remote site and theregional site 102. - Referring now to
FIGS. 7 and 9 , in thestep 251 the first combination packet is received at theremote site 122. In the step 253 (FIG. 9 ), the first combination packet is parsed to determine the combination of resources and any measurement action to be taken. In thestep 254, any measurement action specified is taken. In thestep 255, a measurement packet is formatted and transmitted to theregional site 102 using the specified combination of resources. It will be appreciated that a measurement action is able to be taken in the step 254 (e.g., allocating memory at a remote host at the remote site for generating measurement packets), in the step 255 (e.g., changing the size of one or more measurement packets), in other steps, or in none of the steps. The process on the remote site stops in thestep 256. - Measurement packets are any one of several types of data packets including, but not limited to, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets, user datagram protocol (UDP) packets, and transmission control protocol (TCP) packets. Furthermore, combination packets are the same or a different type of packet as the measurement packets. In one embodiment, combination packets are generated using traceprobe, with the
remote site 122 replying using ICMP ERROR messages. - Measurement packets can contain a regional site identification number (corresponding to an identification number sent as part of the combination packet), a remote path identifier (specifying a path that the measurement packet traveled from the remote site to the regional site), a next hop IP address, a measurement packet version number, a measurement type (e.g., ICMP, UDP, or TCP), a sender timestamp, and a sequence number.
- Referring now to
FIGS. 7 and 8 , in thestep 226 the measurement packet is received on theregional site 102. In thestep 227, statistics for this measurement packet are calculated and in the step 228 a metric based on these statistics is calculated. As described below, more than one metric is able to be calculated in thestep 228, each corresponding to a particular selection criterion. In thestep 229, it is determined whether there is another combination of resources for which statistics are to be computed. If there are more combinations of resources, the process loops back to the step 223 (FIG. 8 ), where the process is repeated for the next combination of resources. Otherwise, the process continues to thestep 230, where the preferred combination of resources is determined for the particular remote site, based on a comparison of the computed metrics. Once the preferred combination of resources is determined, it is transmitted to theremote site 122 in a decision packet in thestep 231. When theremote site 122 receives the decision packet in thestep 258, it is configured so that its transmissions to a destination site (here, destination site 102) uses the preferred combination of resources. Next, in thestep 232, it is determined whether the process must be performed for other remote sites, such as those remote sites that contain the hosts stored in Table 140 inFIG. 2 . If there are more remote sites, the process loops back to thestep 222; otherwise, the process ends in the step 233. - Decision packets are also able to be transmitted to the
remote site 122 using many different methods. As one example, the decision packet is transmitted from a regional site to a remote site using a dedicated channel, where the protocol for transmitting data across the dedicated channel is UDP, TCP, or any other suitable transmission protocol. -
FIG. 10 shows a sequence ofsteps 258 described inFIG. 7 in accordance with the present invention. In thestep 301, theremote site 122 receives the decision packet containing information specifying the selected (preferred) combination of resources. Next, in thestep 303, it is determined whether there is already an entry in a routing policy table, for transmitting data to the destination site (here the destination site 102). As described in more detail below, in relation toFIG. 12 , the routing policy table is used to format data packets so that they travel from a remote site to a destination site using a selected combination of resources. If there is an entry in the routing policy table, the process continues to thestep 305, in which the entry is replaced. The process stops in thestep 309. If there is no entry in the routing policy table for thedestination site 102, the information specifying the combination is stored in the routing policy table in thestep 307 and the process ends in thestep 309. - As explained above, in one embodiment the regional site 102 (
FIG. 1 ) generates a list of combinations of resources and, preferably, stores the list in a data structure.FIG. 11A shows one such data structure, a Resources Combination Table 350, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, having exemplary rows 351-354. Each row 351-354 contains entries corresponding to a Host-Group ID (column 1), available resources (columns 2-8), and an index (column 9). The Host-Group ID corresponds to either a single remote host (e.g., entries 351-353, with the remote host having the Internet Protocol (IP) address 200.8.10.7, hereremote host 122 inFIG. 1 ) or a group of remote hosts or users addressable by the Group ID (e.g.,entry 354 with the remote hosts addressable using the prefix or aggregate IP address 210.10/20, which can correspond to an entire destination site). Therow 351 contains an entry for a first combination of resources for transmitting data from theremote site 122 to theregional site 102. The first combination of resources includes a route (column 3), indicating that a measurement packet must travel along the routers with the IP addresses 178.50.0.0 and 208.7.6.200, and anMPLS label 8 8 (column 6). Entries with ‘X’ indicate don't care values: resources that are not used to transmit packets from a remote site to thedestination site 102. While labels are not necessarily considered a resource—a router that uses the labels is—labels are referred to as resources to simplify parts of the discussion that follow. - The
entry 352 corresponds to a second combination of resources for transmitting data from theremote site 122 to theregional site 102. The second combination of resources includes a Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel (column 8) sent on the interface 10.0.8.0 on a specified host at theremote site 122. And theentry 353 corresponds to a third combination of resources for transmitting data from theremote site 122 to theregional site 102. The second combination of resources includes a router that the data packets must traverse (column 3), having the IP address 152.20.8.8, and a type of service marker (6 16), which is used to mark the data packets so that they are handled accordingly by routers transmitting the data packets from theremote site 122 to thedestination site 102. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a data packet is able to be marked so that intermediate routers treat it is as high priority data, in the case of time-sensitive data, or as low priority, or as other priorities. - The Resources Combination Table 350 also shows an
entry 354 corresponding to data packets transmitted from a group of hosts (210.10/20) to thedestination site 102. An entry for a group of hosts is used when a preferred combination of resources is to be determined for multiple remote sites. A subset of remote sites is thus able to be configured in accordance with the present invention. - Each of the rows 351-354 also has an entry for an index (column 9), used to link the Resources Combination Table 350 with a corresponding Statistics Table (370,
FIG. 11B ) also stored at theregional site 102. Each row in the Resources Combination Table 350 has a corresponding row in the Statistics Table 370, sharing the same index. The Resources Combination Table 350 and the Statistics Table 370 thus form part of a relational database system, though it will be appreciated that the information contained in them are able to be included in a single table or in some other data structure. - The Statistics Table 370 in
FIG. 11B contains rows 371-373, each containing entries under the columns labeled 1-9. Referring to thefirst row 371, the first entry (column 1) indicates that the row corresponds to the entry inFIG. 11A having the index A (row 351). Referring toFIGS. 1, 11A , and 11B,row 371 indicates that for the measurement packet transmitted from the remote site122 to theregional site 102 with the combination of resources indicated in the row 351 (i.e., the path 178.50.0.0 and 208.7.6.200 and tagged with theMPLS label 8 8), the measurement packet had a delay of 5 ms (column 2), 0 ms of jitter (column 3), 0.001 percentage of lost packets (column 4), no failures (column 5, where the “X” entry specifies no failures), a reliability score of 1.0 (column 6), an available bandwidth of 10 Mbps (column 7), an availability score of 1.0 (column 8), and a computed metric of 0.97 (column 9). Entries in the columns 2-8 contain statistics for the combination of resources in the corresponding row, and the entry in thecorresponding column 9 contains a value for the metric based on the particular selection criterion. The remainingrows - As shown in
FIG. 11B , the entries 371-373 are all for transmissions from theremote site 122 to theregional site 102. The entry 371 (for a first combination of resources as shown in therow 351 inFIG. 11A ) has the metric 0.97; the entry 372 (for a second combination of resources as shown in therow 352 inFIG. 11A ) has the metric 0.95; and the entry 373 (for a third combination of resources as shown in therow 353 inFIG. 11A ) has the metric 0.99. Because the metric for the entry with the index C is larger than the metrics for the entries for the indexes A and B, the combination using the third combination of resources is the preferred combination of resources. Information corresponding to this third combination of resources is transmitted to theremote site 122 in a decision packet. Theremote site 122 is then configured to transmit data packets to thedestination site 102 using the third combination of resources, specified in therow 353 inFIG. 11A : using the route containing the router 152.20.8.8 and using the type-of-service marker 6 16. - It will be appreciated that the metrics in the
column 9 in the Statistics Table 370 are able to be computed in many ways, depending on the application at hand. For example, for time sensitive applications, the metric is computed as merely a normalized value for the delay subtracted from 1, so that larger values of the metric indicate a smaller delay. Alternatively, the metric is computed as 1 minus a normalized value of the weighted value of jitter and mean time between failure. Indeed, the metric is able to be computed as a function of any of the parameters (statistics) shown in the Statistics Table 370: the delay, the jitter, the loss, the mean time between failures, the reliability, the bandwidth, and the availability. It will be appreciated that other statistics are able to be generated and used in accordance with the present invention, including statistics derived from those listed in the Statistics Table 370, such as variance, standard deviation, and average, to name a few. It will be appreciated that the Statistics Table 370 shows parameters in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Other embodiments are able to use many other parameters and combinations of them. Systems for and methods of calculating metrics are taught in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/070,515, titled “Method and Apparatus for the Assessment and Optimization of Network Traffic,” and filed Jul. 25, 2002; U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/070,338, titled “Method and Apparatus for Characterizing the Quality of a Network Path, and published Aug. 28, 2003; and PCT International Application No. PCT/US03/03297, titled “Load Optimization,” and published Aug. 14, 2003, all of which are incorporated by reference. - It will also be appreciated that a preferred metric is able to be defined in various ways. While the examples discussed above define the largest metric as the preferred one, in other examples the smallest metric is preferred. For example, if for the application at hand a minimum delay time is preferred, then the metric is a normalized delay time and the selection criterion corresponds to selecting the combination of resources corresponding to the smallest metric.
- Multiple metrics are able to be computed and stored for each combination of resources, where each metric is used for a specific selection criterion. Thus, for example, referring to
FIG. 11B , rather than a single metric for each row stored incolumn 9, other metrics are able to be stored in additional columns. For example, a first metric corresponding to speed as the selection criterion is stored in a first additional column, a second metric corresponding to mean time between failures is stored in a second additional column, and a third metric corresponding to a weighted average of these is stored in a third additional column. - It will also be appreciated than some parameters, such as jitter, require the transmission of multiple measurement packets from a remote site to a regional site. Furthermore, while
FIGS. 11A and 11B show two tables, it will be appreciated that the information in both Tables 11A and 11B is able to be stored in a single table. Statistics and other information are spread over two tables inFIGS. 11A and 11B merely to simplify the drawings. It will further be appreciated that many other different types of data structures are able to be used to store information for determining combinations of resources, calculating metrics, and selecting a preferred combination of resources based on a selection criterion. - As explained above, once the preferred combination of resources is determined, the combination is transmitted to the remote site, which is then configured to transmit data packets to the destination site using the selected (preferred) combination of resources. In one embodiment, the remote site stores information corresponding to the preferred combination of resources in a Routing Policy Table 380, shown in
FIG. 12 . The Routing Policy Table 380 contains arow 381. Therow 380 contains incolumn 1 the entry Regional Site an identifier for the regional site102. In accordance with other embodiments, the Routing Policy Table 380 has additional entries in the event that the remote site also transmits data to multiple regional sites in accordance with the present invention. It will also be appreciated that the entry “Regional Site” will normally be replaced with an IP address or other unique identifier for the regional site. Entries in the columns containing an “X” refer to don't care values, indicating that the corresponding resource is not used to route data packets. Therow 381 indicates that the data packets transmitted to the regional site must traverse the router with the IP address 152.20.8.8 (column 3) and be formatted to contain the type-of-service marker 6 16 (column 4). -
FIG. 13 contains a flow chart showing a sequence ofsteps 400 performed on a remote site using the Routing Policy Table 380 inFIG. 12 . Referring toFIG. 13 , in thestep 401 the process receives a data packet from an application executing on the remote site, for transmission to a destination site, which in one embodiment is a destination host in accordance with the present invention. Alternatively, the data packet is for a host that does not receive data packets in accordance with the present invention. In thestep 403, a routing table on the remote site is parsed to determine whether an entry exists for the address of the destination host computer and in thestep 405 the data packet is formatted accordingly. Routing tables are well known to those skilled in the art. In thestep 405, a data packet (such as an IP data packet) is formatted based on the entry in the routing table for forwarding the data packet. In thestep 407, the process parses the Routing Policy Table 380 (FIG. 12 ), to determine whether the address of the destination host computer matches an entry incolumn 1 of the Routing Policy Table 380 (FIG. 12 ). If the address of the destination host computer matches an entry incolumn 1 of the Routing Policy Table 380 (i.e., the transmission is to a destination host in accordance with the present invention), then the formatted data packet is reformatted accordingly in thestep 409 and the data packet is forwarded to an interface on the remote site in thestep 411. After thestep 411, the process stops at thestep 413. If, in thestep 407, the address of the destination host is not in the Routing Policy Table 380, the process proceeds to thestep 411. - In the
step 409 ofFIG. 13 , a data packet is able to be formatted in many ways. As one example, when the selected combination of resources requires that the data packet be immediately forwarded to a specific next-hop address, the data packet is reformatted by rewriting the Layer-2 destination address of the data packet to contain the specific next-hop address. As another example, when the preferred combination of resources requires that a data packet is formatted with a type-of-service marker, the data packet is reformatted so that it resembles theIP data packet 420 inFIG. 14 . TheIP data packet 420 has the type-of-service field 422 formatted to contain thevalue 6 16. Those skilled in the art will recognize that theIP data packet 420 also contains aversion length field 421, afield 423 containing the IP address of the remote host at the remote site, afield 424 containing the IP address of the destination host at a destination site, and adata field 425. - In another embodiment, the preferred combination of resources requires that the data packet transmitted from the remote site to the destination site traverses a router. This embodiment may be used for security, forcing the data packets to traverse only trusted routers. Again referring to
FIG. 13 , in this embodiment in thestep 409, the data packets are reformatted so that the IP header contains a code indicating source routing, as described above. A reformatteddata packet 450 in accordance the present invention is illustrated inFIG. 15 . The reformatteddata packet 450 contains thevalue 131 in thecode field 451, indicating loose source routing. The reformatteddata packet 450 also contains alength field 452, apointer field 453, a first address field 457 (containing the address 178.50.0.0 of a first router that must be traversed in accordance with source routing), and a second address field 459 (containing the address 208.7.6.200 of a second router that must be traversed). Alternatively, if the preferred combination of resources required the use of strict source routing, the value 137 is used in thecode field 451. -
FIG. 16 shows a Clanguage data structure 460 that forms part of a decision packet in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Thedata structure 460 contains anelement 460A for the host or group identification in dotted decimal notation, anelement 460B for the bandwidth of a medium, andelement 460C for any routers that must be traversed using source routing, anelement 460D for a type-of-service, anelement 460E for a differentiated service, anelement 460F for a multi-protocol label switching value, anelement 460G for a VPN tunnel value, and anelement 460H for a GRE tunnel value. It will be appreciated that thedata structure 460 is exemplary only. Data structures having more, different, or fewer elements than are shown inFIG. 16 are also within the scope of the present invention. -
FIG. 17 , for example, shows a Clanguage data structure 467 that forms part of a decision packet in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. Thedata structure 467 contains anelement 467A for an identifier for a destination site, anelement 467B for an identifier for a path used to transmit data from a remote site to the destination site, anelement 467C for a set of users that are bound by the decision action (described below), anelement 467D for a group of users that the decision packet is to be transmitted to (e.g., users specified by a prefix, such as incolumn 1,row 354, ofFIG. 11A ), and anelement 467E for a decision action to be taken at the remote site, such as described below. - In still another embodiment, a decision packet comprises an object created using an object oriented programming language. The object contains a data object that identifies the selected combination of resources. The data object is thus able to identify the selected combination of resources without using extra data fields for parameters that are not used, as required in pre-defined data structures.
- In one embodiment of the present invention, the remote site contains a Remote Resources table (not shown) storing information similar to columns 2-8 of the Resources Combination Table 350 in
FIG. 11A . Similar to the Resources Combination Table 350, each row in the Remote Resources table contains entries corresponding to a single combination of resources. The value for the decision action corresponds to the row in the Remote Resources table that contains the preferred combination of resources. When the remote site receives the decision packet, it reads the decision action (which is more compact than including information detailing an entire combination of resources) and is then configured so that it transmits data to the destination site using the combination of resources stored in the corresponding entry in the Remote Resources table. - Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to merely computing preferred combinations of resources for transmitting data from remote site to destination sites; other embodiments of the present invention are used to determine a preferred combination of resources for transmitting data packets from one remote sites to another remote site. For example, referring to
FIG. 18 , an environment 461 contains aremote host 464 at a remote site coupled to aremote host 463 at a remote site by a first set of resources shown by thecloud 491 and to aregional site 462 by a second set of resources shown by thecloud 492. Theremote host 463 is also coupled to theregional site 462 by a third combination of resources shown by thecloud 493. As one example, theremote host 464 is a lap top, a personal digital assistant, an Internet-enabled telephone, or any other mobile devices, to name a few hosts, and theremote host 463 is a ricochet device, such as a microcell used to transmit data signals from a remote host to a wired access point, and theregional host 463 comprises a wired access point. Ricochet devices are sold, for example, Ricochet Networks, Inc., of Denver, Colo. In this example, an optimal combination of resources is selected so that the system is able to select whether to route data from theremote host 464 to (1) thericochet device 463 using a combination of resources selected from the set ofresources 491 and then from thericochet device 463 to theregional site 462 using a combination of resources selected from the set ofresources 493 or (2) directly to theregional site 462 using a combination of resources selected from the set ofresources 492. In this example, as in the examples above, a combination of resources is able to be selected based on metrics such as described above, as well as other criteria such as a wireless signal strength between thericochet device 463 and theregional site 462. -
FIG. 19 shows components on acentral site 470 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Similarly labeled elements inFIGS. 11A, 11B , and 18 refer to similar elements. Thecentral site 470 comprises aCombination Generator 471 coupled to both aCombination Packet Formatter 472 and the Resources Combination Table 370. The Resources Combination Table 350 is coupled to both aTable Updater 474 and the Statistics Table 370. The Statistics Table 370 is coupled to both aDecision Packet Formatter 475 and aMetric Calculator 477. ASelector 479 is coupled to the Statistics Table 370. Preferably, the elements shown inFIG. 19 are stored on a single device, such as a personal computer, though this is not required. - In operation, the
Combination Generator 471 generates information corresponding to one or more combinations of resources. The information corresponding to the combinations of resources is coupled to theCombination Packet Formatter 472, which formats and transmits a combination packet for each combination or, alternatively, a combination packet containing information for all of the combinations of resources. TheCombination Generator 471 also stores information corresponding to each combination of resources in the Resources Combination Table 350, and generates corresponding entries in the Statistics Table 370. The corresponding measurement packets (from the remote site) are received by theTable Updater 474, which populates the Statistics Table 370 with the statistics, such as listed in the Statistics Table 370 ofFIG. 11B . TheMetrics Calculator 477 then calculates the metric for each measurement packet. TheSelector 479 then uses a selection criterion to select the preferred combination of resources and then transmits the preferred combination of resources to theDecision Packet Formatter 475, which formats a decision packet and transmits it to the remote site. -
FIG. 20 shows the components of aremote site 480 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Theremote site 480 comprises (1) aCombination Packet Processor 481 coupled to aMeasurement Packet Formatter 482, (2) a Decision Packet Processor coupled to the Routing Policy Table 380 (FIG. 12 ), and (3) a Routing Table 485. In operation, theCombination Packet Processor 481 receives a combination packet from the regional site and parses the resources combination information contained in it. TheMeasurement Packet Formatter 482 uses the resources combination data to transmit measurement packets to the regional site using the combination of resources. TheDecision Packet Processor 483 receives decision packets from the regional site and uses the data corresponding to the preferred combination of resources to populate the Routing Policy Table 380. Preferably, the elements shown inFIG. 20 are stored on a single device, such as a personal computer, though this is not required. - It will be appreciated that the components described in
FIGS. 19 and 20 are for illustration only. Other components are able to be used in addition to or as a replacement for these components. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the functions described here are performed by a single component and also by multiple components. - The list of remote hosts (i.e., table 140 in
FIG. 2 ) is entered by a user and is thus referred to as a static list. Alternatively, such as illustrated inFIG. 21 , the list of remote hosts (or remote sites) is determined dynamically, without user intervention. -
FIG. 21 shows anetworked environment 500 for determining preferred combinations of resources in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 21 is used to show how a regional site learns the IP addresses of the remote sites or remote hosts at these sites in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Theenvironment 500 comprises networkedenvironments environments environments registration server 505. Theenvironment 510 is also coupled to aregional site 525 and to theenvironment 515, theenvironment 515 is coupled to theremote host 527 and theenvironment 520, and theenvironment 520 is coupled to theremote host 529. - In one embodiment, both of the
remote hosts registration server 505, allowing theregistration server 505 to store the IP addresses of theremote hosts registration server 505 then transmits these IP addresses to theregional site 525, which will then generate or update a table of remote hosts, such as the Table 140 inFIG. 2 . In an alternative embodiment, theregional site 525 monitors traffic to theregistration server 505 to learn the IP addresses of theremote hosts registration server 505 must traverse theregional site 525, which is then able to read the IP addresses. - Having remote hosts register with the
regional site 525 has advantages. For example, when a remote host registers with theregional site 525, it is able to specify dynamically allocated ports used to communicate with theregional site 525. Knowing the IP address and port number of a remote host allowsregional site 525 to recognize and communicate with a remote host behind a network address translation (NAT) router. Accordingly, a regional site in accordance with the present invention is able to determine a preferred combination of resources for a remote host located behind a NAT router to transmit data to the destination site. - In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a preferred combination of resources is determined at specified time intervals, to account for periodic changes in the network environment. The specified time intervals are able to be set to fit the application at hand. For example, in critical applications, the preferred combination of resources is determined every minute. For less critical applications, the preferred combination of resources are determined less frequently, such as once an hour or even once a day. In one embodiment, when network failures occur, the combination of resources is set to default values.
- The system is able to be configured so that the preferred combination of resources expires after a pre-determined time, such as when communication between a remote host and a regional site is partially or completely interrupted. This ensures that the preferred combination of resources is up-to-date.
- Embodiments of the present invention are used on many types of networks including, but not limited to, private networks, public networks, and a combination of both. Regional sites, destination sites, and remote sites are able to be on any combination of private networks and public networks.
- Metrics calculated in accordance with the present invention and thus the functions that compute them are able to be selected in any number of ways. For example, some embodiments of the present invention generate an interface, such as a graphical user interface (GUI), that allows users to select how traffic from a remote site to a destination site is to be optimized. The GUI allows the selection criterion (e.g., the metric that is generated and used) to be based on (1) a type of a device (e.g., Internet-enabled telephones are to transmit data using the combination of resources that results in the lowest cost), (2) an identity of a user using the remote host (e.g., the company president must transmit data using only secure transmissions), (3) the type of application running on the remote host at a remote site (e.g., applications transmitting large non-confidential data are to use high-bandwidth links), (4) a normalized weighting of criteria so that several factors (e.g., security and cost) are taken into account, (5) any other criterion to fit the application at hand, or (6) any combination of these. A combination includes weighted combinations, used, for example, when a company wishes to find a preferred logical path that gives 80% weight to speed and 20% weight to cost. A function that takes these weights into account and generates a corresponding metric is accordingly used.
- Using a GUI in accordance with the present invention, a user is also able to select interfaces to end points of known VPN or GRE tunnels. When a user specifies that security is to be used as part of a selection criterion, systems and methods in accordance with the present invention thus use these known endpoints when generating combinations of resources.
- It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (47)
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Also Published As
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EP1790127B1 (en) | 2012-01-04 |
JP2011065653A (en) | 2011-03-31 |
US7596811B2 (en) | 2009-09-29 |
EP1790131A2 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
EP1790131A4 (en) | 2010-07-07 |
JP4634457B2 (en) | 2011-02-16 |
KR20070061762A (en) | 2007-06-14 |
WO2006029400A3 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
US20100325272A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
US7818805B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 |
WO2006029399A3 (en) | 2007-12-21 |
KR20070049599A (en) | 2007-05-11 |
CA2549578A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US20060092841A1 (en) | 2006-05-04 |
EP1790127A4 (en) | 2010-08-04 |
JP2008512971A (en) | 2008-04-24 |
EP1790131B1 (en) | 2012-12-05 |
KR101148900B1 (en) | 2012-05-29 |
US20090031420A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
US8051481B2 (en) | 2011-11-01 |
EP1790127A2 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
JP2008512970A (en) | 2008-04-24 |
WO2006029400A2 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
CA2549577A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
JP4634456B2 (en) | 2011-02-16 |
KR101111099B1 (en) | 2012-02-17 |
WO2006029399A2 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
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