US20060229717A1 - Method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation Download PDFInfo
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- US20060229717A1 US20060229717A1 US11/371,642 US37164206A US2006229717A1 US 20060229717 A1 US20060229717 A1 US 20060229717A1 US 37164206 A US37164206 A US 37164206A US 2006229717 A1 US2006229717 A1 US 2006229717A1
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Definitions
- This invention relates to surgical methods and apparatus in general, and more particularly to surgical methods and apparatus for improving mitral valve function.
- Mitral valve repair is the procedure of choice to correct mitral regurgitation of all etiologies. With the use of current surgical techniques, between 70% and 95% of regurgitant mitral valves can be repaired. The advantages of mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement are well documented. These include better preservation of cardiac function and reduced risk of anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, thromboembolism and endocarditis.
- mitral valve surgery requires an extremely invasive approach that includes a chest wall incision, cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac and pulmonary arrest, and an incision on the heart itself to gain access to the mitral valve.
- a procedure is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the risks associated with this procedure, many of the sickest patients are denied the potential benefits of surgical correction of mitral regurgitation. In addition, patients with moderate, symptomatic mitral regurgitation are denied early intervention and undergo surgical correction only after the development of cardiac dysfunction.
- Mitral regurgitation is a common occurrence in patients with heart failure and a source of important morbidity and mortality in these patients. Mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure is caused by changes in the geometric configurations of the left ventricle, papillary muscles and mitral annulus. These geometric alterations result in incomplete coaptation of the mitral leaflets during systole. In this situation, mitral regurgitation is corrected by plicating the mitral valve annulus, either by sutures alone or by sutures in combination with a support ring, so as to reduce the circumference of the distended annulus and restore the original geometry of the mitral valve annulus.
- mitral valve annulus be reduced in radius by surgically opening the left atrium and then fixing sutures, or more commonly sutures in combination with a support ring, to the internal surface of the annulus; this structure is used to pull the annulus back into a smaller radius, thereby reducing mitral regurgitation by improving leaflet coaptation.
- This method of mitral valve repair effectively reduces mitral regurgitation in heart failure patients. This, in turn, reduces symptoms of heart failure, improves quality of life and increases longetivity.
- annuloplasty effectively reduces mitral regurgitation in heart failure patients. This, in turn, reduces symptoms of heart failure, improves quality of life and increases longetivity.
- the invasive nature of mitral valve surgery and the attendant risks render most heart failure patients poor surgical candidates.
- a less invasive means to increase leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce mitral regurgitation in heart failure patients would make this therapy available to a much greater percentage of patients.
- Mitral regurgitation also occurs in approximately 20% of patients suffering acute myocardial infarction.
- mitral regurgitation is the primary cause of cardiogenic shock in approximately 10% of patients who develop severe hemodynamic instability in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.
- Patients with mitral regurgitation and cardiogenic shock have about a 50% hospital mortality. Elimination of mitral regurgitation in these patients would be of significant benefit.
- patients with acute mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction are particularly high-risk surgical candidates, and are therefore not good candidates for a traditional annuloplasty procedure.
- a minimally invasive means to effect a temporary reduction or elimination of mitral regurgitation in these critically ill patients would afford them the time to recover from the myocardial infarction or other acute life-threatening events and make them better candidates for medical, interventional or surgical therapy.
- one object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation which is minimally invasive.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation which can be deployed either permanently (e.g., for patients suffering from heart failure) or temporarily (e.g., for patients suffering from mitral regurgitation with acute myocardial infarction).
- the present invention comprises an improved method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to straighten the natural curvature of at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to move at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve anteriorly, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to reduce the degree of natural curvature of at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to increase the natural radius of curvature of at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus having a distal end, a proximal end and an intermediate portion, the apparatus being configured so that when the apparatus is positioned in the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the distal and proximal ends will apply a posteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus and the intermediate portion will apply an anteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting a substantially straight elongated body into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the substantially straight elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially straight elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting a substantially rigid elongated body into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the substantially rigid elongated body being configured relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a different configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting a straight, substantially rigid elongated body into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a body having a distal end, a proximal end and an intermediate portion, the body being configured so that when the body is positioned in the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the distal and proximal ends will apply a posteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus, and the intermediate portion will apply an anteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus, whereby to move the posterior annulus of the mitral valve anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a substantially straight elongated body adapted to be inserted into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the substantially straight elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially straight elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus, moving it anteriorly, and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a substantially rigid elongated body adapted to be inserted into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a different configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a straight, substantially rigid elongated body adapted to be inserted into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus, moving it anteriorly, and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising deploying matter into a selected one of (i) a mitral valve annulus and (ii) tissue adjacent the mitral valve annulus, to cause conformational change in the annulus, and thereby a posterior leaflet, to increase mitral valve leaflet coaption.
- an assembly for reducing mitral regurgitation including a delivery catheter adapted for insertion into a coronary sinus, a needle for movement through the delivery catheter and adapted to penetrate the coronary sinus and enter tissue between the coronary sinus and a mitral valve annulus adjacent a posterior leaflet, and adapted to enter the mitral valve annulus, and deforming matter adapted to be carried by the needle and deployed in at least one of the tissue and the mitral valve annulus.
- the present invention may be practiced in a minimally invasive manner, either permanently or temporarily, so as to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of portions of the human vascular system
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of portions of the human heart
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a preferred system formed in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 4-7 are a series of views illustrating use of the system of FIG. 3 to reduce mitral regurgitation
- FIG. 8 shows an alternative form of delivery catheter
- FIG. 9 shows an alternative form of flexible push rod
- FIG. 9A shows another alternative form of the present invention.
- FIG. 9B is a diagrammatic side elevational partly sectioned view of a further flexible push rod
- FIGS. 9C and 9D are similar to FIG. 9B and showing alternative embodiments of flexible push rod
- FIG. 9E is a generally side elevational view of a flexible guiding catheter
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show alternative constructions for the straight, substantially rigid elongated body
- FIG. 11A illustrates another aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 12 shows an alternative system formed in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 13 shows use of the system shown in FIG. 12 ;
- FIGS. 14-16 illustrate another aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 16A illustrates another aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 16B illustrates still another aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 17-20 illustrate still other aspects of the present invention.
- FIGS. 21-24 illustrate other aspects of the present invention.
- FIGS. 25-27 illustrate another form of the present invention
- FIGS. 28-32 illustrate the embodiment of FIGS. 25-27 in use
- FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate another aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 32D and 32E illustrate another aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 33 and 34 illustrate another form of the present invention
- FIGS. 35-37 illustrate the embodiment of FIGS. 33 and 34 in use
- FIGS. 37A-37C illustrate another aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 37D and 37E illustrate another aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 37F-37I illustrate another aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 37J and 37K illustrate yet another aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 38 illustrates another form of the present invention
- FIGS. 39 and 40 illustrate the embodiment of FIG. 38 in use
- FIGS. 41 and 42 illustrate yet another form of the present invention
- FIGS. 43 and 44 illustrate still another aspect of the present invention.
- FIGS. 45-47 are a series of views illustrating an alternative method for reducing mitral regurgitation.
- FIGS. 48-51 are a series of views illustrating a further alternative method for reducing mitral regurgitation.
- the coronary sinus is the largest vein in the r human heart. During a large portion of its course in the atrioventricular groove, the coronary sinus typically extends adjacent to the left atrium of the heart for a distance of approximately 5 to 10 centimeters. Significantly, for a portion of its length, e.g., typically approximately 7-9 cm, the coronary sinus extends substantially adjacent to the posterior perimeter of the mitral annulus.
- the present invention takes advantage of this consistent anatomic relationship.
- the natural curvature of the coronary sinus may be modified in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly so as to improve leaflet coaptation and, as a result, reduce mitral regurgitation.
- the novel apparatus comprises a straight, substantially rigid elongated body, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized so that when the straight, substantially rigid body is positioned in the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the straight, substantially rigid elongated body will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is introduced into the patient's vascular system via the jugular vein or via the left subclavian vein, passed down the superior vena cava, passed through the right atrium and then passed into the coronary sinus, where it is deployed.
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body may be introduced into the coronary sinus through a small incision in the heart, or through some other incision into the patient's vascular system.
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is guided into position by (i) passing it through a pre-positioned catheter, or (ii) passing it over a pre-positioned guidewire, or (iii) passing it guide-free (e.g., on the end of a steerable delivery tool) to the surgical site.
- the novel apparatus may be left in position permanently (e.g., in the case of patients suffering from mitral regurgitation associated with heart failure) or the novel apparatus may be left in position only temporarily (e.g., in the case of patients suffering from mitral regurgitation associated with acute myocardial infarction).
- Visualization of the procedure may be obtained by fluoroscopy, echocardiography, intravascular ultrasound, angioscopy, real-time magnetic resonance imaging, etc.
- the efficacy of the procedure may be determined through echocardiography, although other imaging modalities may also be suitable.
- cardiovascular system 3 generally comprises the heart 6 , the superior vena cava 9 ( FIG. 1 ), the right subclavian vein 12 , the left subclavian vein 15 , the jugular vein 18 , and the inferior vena cava 21 .
- Superior vena cava 9 and inferior vena cava 21 communicate with the heart's right atrium 24 ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ).
- the coronary ostium 27 leads to coronary sinus 30 .
- the vascular structure turns into the vertically-descending anterior interventricular vein (“AIV”) 32 ( FIG. 1 ).
- AIV anterior interventricular vein
- mitral valve 36 comprises a posterior leaflet 39 and an anterior leaflet 42 .
- posterior leaflet 39 and anterior leaflet 42 will generally fail to properly coapt at systole, thereby leaving an intervening gap 45 which will permit regurgitation.
- system 100 which comprises one preferred embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, system 100 generally comprises a guidewire 103 , a delivery catheter 106 and a push rod 109 .
- Guidewire 103 comprises a flexible body 112 having a distal end 115 and a proximal end 118 .
- the distal end 115 of guidewire 103 preferably includes a spring tip 121 for allowing the distal end of guidewire 106 to atraumatically traverse vascular structures, i.e., while the guidewire is being passed through the vascular system of a patient.
- Delivery catheter 106 comprises a flexible body 124 having a distal end 127 and a proximal end 130 , preferably with an adjustable valve 133 attached.
- a central lumen 136 extends from distal end 127 to proximal end 130 .
- a balloon 139 may be positioned about the exterior of flexible body 124 , just proximal to distal end 127 , with an inflation lumen 142 extending between balloon 139 and an inflation fitting 145 .
- Push rod 109 comprises a flexible body 148 having a distal end 151 and a proximal end 154 .
- a straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 which may have a variety of different lengths, is formed on flexible body 148 , proximal to distal end 151 .
- a removable proximal stiffener or handle 160 may be placed between straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 and proximal end 154 .
- System 100 may be used as follows to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- distal end 115 of guidewire 103 is passed down the jugular vein 18 (or the left subclavian vein 15 ) of a patient, down superior vena cava 9 , through right atrium 24 of the heart, and then into coronary sinus 30 . See FIG. 4 .
- the guidewire will tend to assume the natural curved shape of the coronary sinus, due to the flexible nature of the guidewire.
- the guidewire's atraumatic spring tip 121 will help ensure minimal damage to vascular structures as guidewire 103 is maneuvered into position.
- distal end 127 of delivery catheter 106 is placed over proximal end 118 of guidewire 103 and passed down the guidewire until the distal end of the delivery catheter is positioned in coronary sinus 30 . See FIG. 5 .
- the delivery catheter will tend to assume the natural curved shape of the coronary sinus, due to the flexible nature of the delivery catheter.
- balloon 139 may be inflated so as to secure distal end 127 of delivery catheter 106 in position within coronary sinus 30 .
- push rod 109 is passed down the central lumen 136 of delivery catheter 106 .
- the push rod's straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is passed down central lumen 136 of delivery catheter 106 , it will force the delivery catheter to assume a straight configuration at the point where the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 currently resides.
- balloon 139 will hold the distal end of the delivery catheter in position within coronary sinus 30 .
- Push rod 109 is pushed down delivery catheter 106 , utilizing removable proximal stiffener 160 as needed, until the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is located adjacent to the posterior annulus of mitral valve 36 . See FIG. 7 .
- the presence of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 in delivery catheter 106 will cause at least a portion of coronary sinus 30 to assume a substantially straight configuration at this point, so that the posterior annulus of mitral valve 36 is forced anteriorly. This will cause the mitral valve's posterior leaflet 39 to also move anteriorly so as to improve mitral valve leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce (or completely eliminate) mitral valve regurgitation.
- the posterior annulus may be shifted anteriorly so as to achieve, or to attempt to achieve to the extent anatomically possible, leaflet-to-leaflet engagement or leaflet-to-annulus engagement (e.g., where a leaflet may be tethered due to left ventricular distortion).
- leaflet-to-leaflet engagement or leaflet-to-annulus engagement e.g., where a leaflet may be tethered due to left ventricular distortion.
- Both of these types of engagement, or targeted engagement are intended to be encompassed by the terms “improved leaflet coaptation” and/or “increased leaflet coaptation” and the like.
- standard visualization means e.g. echocardiography or fluoroscopy
- the exact position of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is adjusted so as to reduce (or completely eliminate) regurgitation in mitral valve 36 .
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is preferably sized to be somewhat less than the length of the coronary sinus between coronary ostium 27 and AIV 32 . However, in some circumstances it may be desirable to size the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 so that it will extend out of the coronary sinus and into the right atrium.
- the system provides a degree of tactile feedback to the user during deployment. More particularly, substantial resistance will typically be encountered as the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is pushed out of right atrium 24 and into coronary sinus 30 ; then resistance will typically drop as body 157 is moved through the coronary sinus; and then resistance will typically increase significantly again as the distal tip of body 157 comes to the far end 31 of the coronary sinus.
- tactile “sweet spot” when the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is located in the coronary sinus between coronary ostium 27 and AIV 32 , and this tactile “sweet spot” can be helpful to the user in positioning the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 in coronary sinus 30 .
- System 100 is left in this position until it is no longer needed. In some cases this may mean that system 100 is left in position for a period of a few hours, days or weeks; in other cases system 100 may be substantially permanent. If and when system 100 is to be removed, push rod 109 is removed from delivery catheter 106 , and then delivery catheter 106 is removed from the patient.
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 is essentially force-fit into the normally curved portion of the coronary sinus adjacent to the mitral valve's posterior leaflet.
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. This action will in turn drive the posterior annulus of the mitral valve anteriorly, so as to improve leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce mitral regurgitation.
- the annulus of the mitral valve is effectively manipulated so that it will assume an increased radius of curvature.
- the left ventricle may also be remodeled so as to help alleviate congestive heart failure.
- the distal and proximal ends of straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 apply a posteriorly-directed force on the walls of coronary sinus 30 (e.g., as shown with arrows P in FIG. 7 ) while the intermediate portion of straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 applies an anteriorly-directed force on the walls of coronary sinus 30 (e.g., as shown with arrows A in FIG. 7 ).
- proximal end 130 of delivery catheter 106 may be fixed to the patient's outer skin using standard patient care methods such as adhesive tape, pursestring sutures, skin staples, etc.
- proximal end 130 of delivery catheter 106 may include a sewing cuff whereby the delivery catheter may be secured to the patient's tissue by suturing. See, for example, FIG. 8 , where a sewing cuff 166 is shown attached to the proximal end 130 of delivery catheter 106 .
- an element 169 may be provided proximal to adjustable valve 133 , whereby flexible push rod 109 may be made fast to delivery catheter 106 .
- element 169 may comprise a crimpable element to secure flexible push rod 109 to delivery catheter 106 , which is in turn secured to the patient.
- the proximal end of the assembly may be embedded under the skin of the patient, e.g., in the case of a permanent implant.
- the distal end of delivery catheter 106 can be secured in position within the coronary sinus prior to pushing push rod 109 into the delivery catheter. Such an arrangement will keep the delivery catheter in place as the push rod makes the turn within the right atrium and enters the coronary sinus. In the absence of such anchoring, the push rod may drive the delivery catheter down the inferior vena cava 21 .
- the delivery catheter By securing the distal end of delivery catheter 106 to the walls of coronary sinus 30 , the delivery catheter can be stabilized against diversion down the inferior vena cava 21 when the straight, substantially rigid elongate body 157 encounters initial resistance to making the turn into the coronary sinus.
- the balloon 139 is one way of accomplishing such anchoring. However, it is also possible to utilize other types of securing mechanisms to anchor the distal end 127 of delivery catheter 106 in position within coronary sinus 30 , e.g., spring clips, ribs, etc.
- the distal end 151 of push rod 109 may itself be provided with a distal anchor, e.g., such as the distal anchor 172 shown in FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 9A there is shown a support catheter 173 which is formed out of a more rigid material than delivery catheter 106 .
- Support catheter 173 is constructed so that its distal end 174 can be positioned in coronary ostium 27 and then its sidewall 174 A can support delivery catheter 106 adjacent to inferior vena cava 21 when push rod 109 is passed down delivery catheter 106 , whereby to prevent delivery catheter 106 from diverting down inferior vena cava 106 .
- FIG. 9A also shows an introducer catheter 174 B at the entrance to jugular vein 18 .
- Push rod 112 A which comprises an alternative form of push rod.
- Push rod 112 A comprises a flexible body 148 A having a distal end 151 A and a proximal end 154 A.
- flexible body 148 A is formed out of a superelastic shape memory alloy such as Nitinol.
- a straight, substantially rigid member 157 A is formed on body 148 A, proximal to distal end 151 A.
- Substantially rigid member 157 A can have a variety of different lengths so as to accommodate different patient anatomies.
- a tube 158 A is positioned concentrically over flexible body 148 A and extends for at least part of the distance between substantially rigid member 157 A and a locking collar 159 A secured to proximal end 154 A of flexible body 148 A.
- Tube 158 A serves as a stiffener or reinforcer for flexible body 148 A, whereby flexible body 148 A can have the flexibility required (particularly at its distal end) to traverse tortuous vascular passages, yet have the column strength (particularly at its proximal end) to advance flexible body 148 A by pushing.
- tube 158 A can be sized so as to have a diameter just slightly smaller than the internal diameter of delivery catheter 106 , whereby to further support flexible body 148 A.
- tube 158 A preferably comprises a PEEK tube.
- flexible body 148 A can also be necked down, e.g., as shown at 220 , so as to further increase the flexibility of flexible body 148 A distal to tube 158 A.
- Flexible push rod 112 A is preferably a device with a series of changes in stiffness and flexibility that allows the device to be bending flexible and column strength sufficient to pass through an arduous path, such as the vascular system, yet have specific areas of stiffness to reduce mitral valve regurgitation by pushing the posterior annulus anteriorly and thus closing the gap between the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve.
- One preferred embodiment of this device is a single rod of superelastic material, such as Nitinol, that has a plurality of changes in diameter that allows for bending flexibility. The largest diameter section has a bending stiffness sufficient to push the posterior annulus anteriorly. The longest portions of the rod have many serrations that provide bending flexibility along with column strength.
- guiding catheter 162 preferably with a pre-formed tip 164 , which could be advanced over guidewire 103 whereby performed tip 164 of guiding catheter 162 would engage the opening of the coronary sinus vessel.
- This tip 164 is sufficiently flexible to execute extreme bends, and may be of reduced diameter.
- guidewire 103 is removed.
- delivery catheter 106 is advanced toward and into the coronary sinus through the center lumen 165 of guiding catheter 162 .
- push rod 109 would be advanced within center lumen 136 of the delivery catheter into the coronary sinus and into position as described herein.
- guiding catheter 162 would be added onto delivery catheter 106 to enable the placement of the distal tip of delivery catheter 106 into the coronary sinus and enable the delivery of push rod 109 , thereby combining the function of the two catheters into one catheter with only the center lumen 136 within the combined guide and delivery catheter 106 and a closed distal tip (i.e. single lumen catheter).
- the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 or 157 A will distort the natural configuration of the coronary sinus so that it will assume a substantially straight configuration. While this action induces the desired valve remodeling, it can also induce a significant stress on the walls of the coronary sinus, particularly at the distal and proximal ends of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 or 157 A, where stress will be concentrated. To this end, the construction of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 or 157 A may be modified somewhat so as to better distribute this stress. More particularly, and looking next at FIG.
- the distal and proximal ends of straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 may include relatively flexible portions 175 to help better distribute the stress exerted on the walls of the coronary sinus. Additionally, and/or alternatively, any taper applied to the distal and proximal ends of straight, substantially rigid elongated body 157 may be elongated, e.g., such as shown at 178 in FIG. 11 , so as to better distribute the stress imposed on the walls of the coronary sinus.
- push rod 109 is described as being inserted to the surgical site through the insertion cannula 106 and remaining within insertion cannula 106 while at the surgical site and, when push rod 109 is to be removed, removing push rod 109 and then surgical cannula 106 .
- insertion cannula 106 may then be removed, leaving just push rod 109 at the surgical site. See, for example, FIG. 11A .
- push rod 109 It is also possible to advance push rod 109 directly to the surgical site without passing it through an insertion cannula; in this case push rod 109 would be advanced on its own through the intervening vascular structure until it is deployed in coronary sinus 30 .
- system 181 which comprises another preferred embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, system 181 generally comprises the guidewire 103 , a straight, substantially rigid elongated body 184 and a push cannula 187 .
- Guidewire 103 is as previously described.
- Straight, substantially rigid elongated body 184 which may have a variety of different lengths, comprises a distal end 188 and a proximal end 190 .
- a central lumen 193 extends between distal end 188 and proximal end 190 . Central lumen 193 accommodates guidewire 103 .
- Push cannula 187 comprises a distal end 194 and a proximal end 196 .
- a central lumen 199 extends between distal end 194 and proximal end 196 .
- Central lumen 199 accommodates guidewire 103 .
- elongated body 184 and push cannula 187 may be mounted on guidewire 103 , and push cannula 187 may be used to push elongated body 184 down guidewire 103 . See FIG. 13 .
- System 181 may be used as follows to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- distal end 115 of guidewire 103 is passed down jugular vein 18 (or the left subclavian vein 15 ) of a patient, down superior vena cava 9 , through right atrium 24 of the heart, and into coronary sinus 30 ( FIG. 14 ).
- the guidewire will tend to assume the natural curved shape of the coronary sinus, due to the flexible nature of the guidewire.
- the guidewire's atraumatic spring tip 121 will help minimize damage to vascular structures as the guidewire is advanced into position.
- distal end 188 of straight, substantially rigid elongated body 184 is placed over proximal end 118 of guidewire 103 and passed a short distance down the guidewire. Then the distal end 194 of push cannula 187 is placed over proximal end 118 of guidewire 103 , and then push cannula 187 is advanced down the guidewire. As push cannula 187 is advanced down the guidewire, its distal end 194 pushes the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 184 ahead of it. See FIG. 15 .
- the posterior mitral valve leaflet will cause the posterior mitral valve leaflet to also move anteriorly so as to improve leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce (or completely eliminate) mitral valve regurgitation.
- standard visualization means e.g. echocardiography or fluoroscopy
- the exact position of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body may be adjusted so as to reduce (or completely eliminate) regurgitation in the mitral valve.
- the push cannula 187 may be provided with a releasably attachable interface (e.g., a grasper) so that it may releasably secure the proximal end 190 of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body 184 .
- a releasably attachable interface e.g., a grasper
- Such a feature will permit the straight, substantially rigid elongated body to be pulled backward within the coronary sinus, either for positioning or removal purposes.
- elongated body 184 is to be left within the body for a substantial period of time, it is possible to leave the apparatus in the position shown in FIG. 16 , i.e., with elongated body 184 fit over guidewire 103 and at the end of push cannula 187 .
- guidewire 103 and/or push cannula 187 may be removed, leaving just elongated body 184 deployed at the surgical site ( FIG. 16A ).
- Elongated body 157 and/or elongated body 184 may have any of a variety of non-straight shapes along its length.
- the elongated body may be wavy, spiraled, or curved along all or a portion of its length.
- elongated body 157 and/or 184 may have a curved configuration so as to invert the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, i.e., so that it is bowed towards the anterior annulus.
- the elongated body may have a compound shape along its length, e.g., it may have a sort of “w” shape, with the center of the “w” being directed towards the anterior annulus. See, for example, FIG.
- FIG. 17 which shows a push rod 109 having an elongated body 157 with a “w” type of shape
- FIG. 18 which shows an elongated body 184 with a “w” type of shape.
- FIGS. 19 and 20 show a “w” shaped elongated body 184 being advanced down guidewire 103 ( FIG. 19 ) to a position adjacent to mitral valve 36 ( FIG. 20 ), whereby to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- Any of the aforementioned elongated body shapes, or other alternative shapes, may effect the anterior displacement of the posterior annulus that results in reduction of the mitral valve regurgitation.
- delivery catheter 106 is preferably sized so as to have a diameter less than the diameter of coronary sinus 30 , so that blood may flow about the perimeter of delivery catheter 106 when delivery catheter 106 is disposed in coronary sinus 30 .
- delivery catheter 106 may be provided with one or more longitudinally-extending surface grooves SG so as to facilitate blood flow past the perimeter of delivery catheter 106 .
- elongated body 184 is preferably sized so as to have a diameter less that the diameter of coronary sinus 30 , so that blood may flow about the perimeter of elongated body 184 when elongated body 184 is disposed in coronary sinus 30 .
- elongated body 184 may be provided with one or more longitudinally-extending surface grooves SG so as to facilitate blood flow past the perimeter of elongated body 184 .
- elongated bodies 157 and 184 are shown completely formed prior to their deployment in the patient. However, it is also possible to form elongated body 157 and/or elongated body 184 in situ from a plurality of smaller elements.
- push rod 109 for use with guidewire 103 and delivery catheter 106 .
- push rod 109 comprises flexible body 148 and a plurality of substantially rigid elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. which collectively form the complete elongated body 157 .
- the distalmost elongated element 157 A is fixed to flexible body 148 while the remaining elongated elements 157 B, 157 C, 157 D, etc. are free to slide on flexible body 148 .
- elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. preferably include connectors C for permitting one elongated element to be secured to a neighboring elongated body.
- the connectors C shown in FIG. 25 comprise male and female screw type connectors; however, other types of connectors may also be used.
- elongated body 157 By assembling the elongated body 157 in situ using a plurality of elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc., it is possible to create an elongated body 157 which is perfectly sized to the needs of the patient.
- the push rod 109 shown in FIGS. 25-27 may be used as follows. First, guidewire 103 is passed down to the coronary sinus ( FIG. 28 ). Then delivery catheter 106 is passed down guidewire 103 and into the coronary sinus ( FIGS. 28 and 29 ). Then the guidewire 103 is withdrawn from the surgical site and replaced by the push rod's flexible body 148 with elongated element 157 A attached ( FIG. 30 ). Next, a plurality of elongated elements 157 B, 157 C, 157 D, etc. are slid down flexible body 148 ( FIG. 31 ) and secured to elongated element 157 A (and any preceding elongated element). As many elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. are used as is necessary to effect the desired leaflet coaptation ( FIG. 32 ).
- elongated body 157 is formed by a plurality of elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. which collectively form the complete elongated body 157 .
- the distalmost elongated element 157 A is fixed to flexible body 148 while the remaining elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. are free to slide on flexible body 148 .
- elongated body 157 may be formed in situ by moving elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc.
- elongated element 157 A acting as a distal stop, and then keeping elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. biased distally with a holding mechanism, e.g., a crimp CR.
- a holding mechanism e.g., a crimp CR.
- elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. are shown configured so as to form a substantially straight elongated body 157 .
- elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. could have alternative configurations so as to form other body shapes.
- elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. are shown forming a curved elongated body 157
- FIG. 32E elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. are shown forming a composite curved-and-straight elongated body 157 .
- elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. may be established either by (1) forming elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. so that they have only one possible way of being assembled together, or (2) by forming elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. so that they have multiple ways of being assembled together.
- one possible way to vary the final configuration of elongated body 157 is by individually rotating various ones of elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc., e.g., such as is shown in FIGS. 32D and 32E .
- FIGS. 33 and 34 there is shown an alternative form of elongated body 184 which comprises a plurality of substantially rigid elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. which collectively form the complete elongated body 184 .
- elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. preferably include connectors C for permitting one elongated element to be secured to a neighboring elongated element.
- the connectors C shown in FIG. 25 comprise male and female screw type connectors; however, other types of connectors may also be used.
- the elongated body 184 shown in FIGS. 33 and 34 may be used as follows. First, guidewire 103 is passed down coronary sinus 30 ( FIG. 35 ). Then push cannula 187 is used to push a plurality of elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. down guidewire 103 and into the coronary sinus ( FIGS. 36 and 37 ). As many elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. are used as is necessary to effect the desired leaflet coaptation ( FIG. 37 ).
- FIGS. 37A-37C there is shown another form of elongated body 184 . More particularly, with this form of elongated body, the elongated body 184 is formed by a plurality of elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. which collectively form the complete elongated body 184 . Preferably, all of the elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. are free to slide on guidewire 103 . With this version of the invention, elongated body 184 may be formed in situ by moving elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. distally and then drawing them tightly together, e.g., such as by using a cinching system such as that shown in FIG. 37C and comprising a distal member DM and a crimp CR.
- a cinching system such as that shown in FIG. 37C and comprising a distal member DM and a crimp CR
- elongated element 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. are shown configured so as to form a substantially straight elongated body 184 .
- elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. could have alternative configurations so as to form other body shapes.
- FIG. 37D elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. are shown forming a curved elongated body 184
- FIG. 37E elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc.
- elongated body 184 is shown forming a composite curved-and-straight elongated body 184 . It will be appreciated that still other shapes may be formed by elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. In this respect it will be appreciated that the shapes of elongated body 184 may be established either by (1) forming elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. so that they have only one possible way of being assembled together, or (2) by forming elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc. so that they have multiple ways of being assembled together.
- one possible way to vary the final configuration of elongated body 184 is by individually rotating various ones of elongated elements 184 A, 184 B, 184 C, etc., e.g., such as is shown in FIGS. 37D and 37E .
- FIGS. 37F-37I there is shown another form of push rod 109 having an elongated body 157 formed by a plurality of elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc.
- Each of the elongated elements 157 A, 157 B, 157 C, etc. is attached to flexible body 148 and is separated from adjacent elongated elements by a gap G.
- gaps G By orienting gaps G radially away from mitral valve 36 ( FIG. 37H ), push rod 109 will be able to curve as required so as to follow the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, e.g., during insertion of push rod 109 into coronary sinus 30 .
- gaps G will be closed and push rod 109 will be straightened, whereby to apply an anteriorly-directed force to the posterior annulus of mitral valve 36 and reduce mitral regurgitation.
- an internal member IM has a plurality of slots SI and an external member EM has a plurality of slots SE.
- Internal member IM is concentrically received within external member EM.
- internal member IM and external member EM may be curved as required so as to follow the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, e.g. during insertion of the members into the coronary sinus.
- internal member IM and external member EM will be straightened, whereby to apply an anteriorly-directed force to the posterior annulus of the mitral valve and reduce mitral regurgitation.
- elongated body 157 of push rod 109 ( FIG. 3 ) with an inflatable construction. More particularly, and looking next at FIG. 38 , there is shown a push rod 109 having an inflatable elongated body 157 in the form of a balloon B.
- the push rod's flexible body 148 includes an inflation lumen L which communicates with the interior of balloon B, whereby fluid may be supplied to the interior of the balloon so as to inflate the balloon.
- the balloon B is constructed so that it has a flexible configuration when it is in a deflated condition and an elongated, straight configuration when it is in an inflated condition.
- the push rod 109 of FIG. 38 may be used as follows. First, guidewire 103 is advanced into the coronary sinus 30 ( FIG. 4 ). Then delivery cannula 106 is advanced over guidewire 103 until the distal end of the delivery cannula is in coronary sinus 30 ( FIG. 5 ). Next, guidewire 103 is withdrawn ( FIG. 6 ). Then push rod 109 , with elongated body 157 in a deflated condition, is advanced along the interior of delivery cannula 106 so that balloon B is adjacent to the mitral valve ( FIG. 39 ). Then balloon B is inflated, using inflation lumen L, so that elongated body assumes its elongated, straightening configuration ( FIG. 40 ). As this occurs, the posterior annulus of the mitral valve is compressed anteriorly, so as to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- an inflatable elongated body 157 of push rod 109 with other configurations.
- inflatable body 157 may comprise a distal portion 157 ′ and a proximal portion 157 ′′, with the distal and proximal portions being in a sliding, piston-like relationship.
- fluid may be supplied to the combined interiors of the distal and proximal portions, so as to force the two elements apart relative to one another.
- the flexible body 148 may comprise an electrical lead for an implantable bi-ventricular pacing device and/or an electrical lead for an implantable cardio defibrillator device, etc.
- the distal end of flexible body 148 would be elongated somewhat and would not reside within the coronary sinus; rather, it would be positioned within the tissue which is to receive the electrical stimulus while elongated body 157 is positioned adjacent to the mitral valve.
- Such a construction would allow the bi-ventricular pacing device and/or the implantable cardio defibrillator device to work in conjunction with elongated body 157 to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- hydraulic energy employed to enlarge inflatable body 157 may be substituted by a mechanical energy transformer such as a lead screw mechanism or an electromechanical solenoid.
- the guidewire 103 over which elongated body 184 is deployed may also be in the form of an electrical lead for an implantable bi-ventricular pacing device and/or an electrical lead for an implantable cardio defibrillator device, etc.
- the distal end of the wire will be positioned within the tissue which is to receive the electrical stimulus while elongated body 184 is positioned adjacent to the mitral valve.
- Such a construction would allow the implantable bi-ventricular pacing device and/or the implantable cardio defibrillator device to work in conjunction with elongated body 157 to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- an elongated shape memory alloy body SMA which is configured to be substantially flexible at a temperature T 1 and substantially rigid and in a straight configuration at another temperature T 2 , where temperature T 2 is normal body temperature.
- body SMA is brought to temperature T 1 , so that it may be inserted more easily into the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, e.g., during insertion of body SMA into the coronary sinus ( FIG. 43 ).
- body SMA when body SMA thereafter transitions to temperature T 2 , body SMA will assume its straight configuration ( FIG.
- body SMA may be other than straight (i.e., “w” shape, etc.) to best displace the posterior annulus anteriorly.
- the elongated body may be flexible along at least a portion of its length. Regional flexibility and regional stiffness may allow for straightening of select locations of the coronary sinus and corresponding locations of the posterior mitral annulus. This can cause regions of the mitral annulus to move anteriorly, thus causing regional improvements in leaflet coaptation.
- the elongated body may be formed by two end segments connected together by a filament: by anchoring the two end segments relative to the anatomy and pulling the filament taught, the naturally curved wall of the coronary sinus can be straightened, whereby to move the posterior mitral annulus anteriorly and thereby reduce mitral regurgitation.
- FIGS. 45-47 there is illustrated an alternative method for reducing mitral regurgitation, wherein deforming matter is deployed into either the mitral valve annulus 33 adjacent the posterior leaflet 39 or the tissue 200 adjacent the annulus 33 near the posterior leaflet.
- an injection needle 202 is channeled through a delivery catheter 106 and is inserted in the tissue 200 between the coronary sinus 30 and the mitral valve annulus 33 .
- the injection needle 202 can be inserted into the annulus 33 adjacent the posterior leaflet.
- the injection needle 202 is retracted and as it is retracted ( FIG. 46 ) deforming matter 204 in expelled from the needle ( FIG. 46 ).
- the deforming matter 204 causes a conformational change in the annulus 33 of the mitral valve 36 ( FIG. 47 ), to move the posterior leaflet 39 towards the anterior leaflet 42 , to increase mitral valve posterior leaflet coaptation with the anterior leaflet, reducing or eliminating the gap 45 therebetween.
- Deployment of the deforming matter 204 into the mitral valve annulus 33 causes displacement of the annulus adjacent the posterior leaflet, to cause displacement of the posterior leaflet 39 toward the anterior leaflet 42 .
- deployment of the deforming matter 204 into the tissue 200 causes a conformational change in the mitral valve annulus, which displaces the mitral valve annulus adjacent the posterior leaflet, and thereby the posterior leaflet, toward the mitral valve anterior leaflet, to reduce or close the gap 45 between the leaflets 39 , 42 ( FIG. 47 ).
- the deforming matter may be in the nature of a device or devices for mechanically effecting a movement of the posterior leaflet, such as one or more solid bodies or rigid bodies, which may in turn take the form of an articulating assembly of bodies, a monofilament, a bar, or solid pellets, or powder, or the like.
- the deforming matter may be in the form of a stent or a sponge, or of a fluid nature, such as a gel, a saline solution, or a gas, or may be in the form of capsules containing such fluids and these capsules may or may not permit such fluids to exit the capsules over time.
- the deforming matter may be in the form of a hydrogel which absorbs fluid from the body in which it is deployed.
- the deforming matter may be a scarring substance which changes the conformation of the mitral valve annulus 33 and/or tissue 200 , to cause contraction of the annulus 33 to effect the desired closure of the gap 45 .
- the scarring substance can be injected directly into the annulus 33 adjacent the posterior leaflet 39 , or into the tissue 200 proximate the posterior leaflet. Scarring may also be induced through the application of electrical energy, in which case needle 202 might be replaced by one or more electrodes.
- the deforming matter comprises a balloon 206 illustrated in FIGS. 48-51 .
- the injection guidewire/needle 202 with the deflated balloon 206 therearound may be guided by the delivery catheter 106 into the coronary sinus 30 and thence into the tissue 200 or the annulus 33 , the former being illustrated in FIG. 48 .
- the deflated balloon 206 is passed through the delivery catheter 106 , along with the guidewire/needle 202 , such that the deflated balloon resides in part in the tissue 200 and in part in the coronary sinus 30 .
- the balloon 206 is then inflated through the guidewire/needle as the guidewire/needle 202 is withdrawn ( FIG. 50 ), causing the posterior leaflet 39 to be moved toward the anterior leaflet 42 , to reduce or close the gap 45 .
- the balloon is inflated to a volume and stiffness to effect the desired conformational change to the mitral valve annulus 33 , and thereby the posterior leaflet 39 .
- the delivery catheter 106 is then withdrawn, leaving the inflated balloon 206 in place.
- the present invention may be used to alter the shape of other cardiac tissues, including but not limited to the left ventricle, for other uses, including the treatment of cardiac dysfunction.
Abstract
A method for reducing mitral regurgitation includes deploying deforming matter into a selected one of (i) a mitral valve annulus adjacent a posterior leaflet, and (ii) tissue adjacent the mitral valve annulus and proximate the posterior leaflet, to cause conformational change in the mitral valve annulus to increase mitral valve leaflet coaptation.
Description
- This patent application:
- (1) is a continuation-in-part of pending prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/068,264, filed Feb. 5, 2002 by Daniel C. Taylor et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVING MITRAL VALVE FUNCTION (Attorney's Docket No. VIA-29);
- (2) is a continuation-in-part of pending prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/112,354, filed Mar. 29, 2002 by John Liddicoat et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVING MITRAL VALVE FUNCTION (Attorney's Docket No. VIA-19202122);
- (3) is a continuation-in-part of pending prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/218,649, filed Aug. 14, 2002 by Daniel C. Taylor et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVING MITRAL VALVE FUNCTION (Attorney's Docket No. VIA-23);
- (4) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/339,481, filed Oct. 26, 2001 by William E. Cohn et al. for TRANSVASCULAR APPROACH TO MITRAL VALVE PROCEDURES (Attorney's Docket No. VIA-30 PROV); and
- (5) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/348,424, filed Jan. 14, 2002 by Daniel C. Taylor et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS TO IMPROVE MITRAL VALVE FUNCTION (Attorney's Docket No. VIA-31 PROV).
- The aforementioned five (5) patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- This invention relates to surgical methods and apparatus in general, and more particularly to surgical methods and apparatus for improving mitral valve function.
- Mitral valve repair is the procedure of choice to correct mitral regurgitation of all etiologies. With the use of current surgical techniques, between 70% and 95% of regurgitant mitral valves can be repaired. The advantages of mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement are well documented. These include better preservation of cardiac function and reduced risk of anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, thromboembolism and endocarditis.
- In current practice, mitral valve surgery requires an extremely invasive approach that includes a chest wall incision, cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac and pulmonary arrest, and an incision on the heart itself to gain access to the mitral valve. Such a procedure is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the risks associated with this procedure, many of the sickest patients are denied the potential benefits of surgical correction of mitral regurgitation. In addition, patients with moderate, symptomatic mitral regurgitation are denied early intervention and undergo surgical correction only after the development of cardiac dysfunction.
- Mitral regurgitation is a common occurrence in patients with heart failure and a source of important morbidity and mortality in these patients. Mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure is caused by changes in the geometric configurations of the left ventricle, papillary muscles and mitral annulus. These geometric alterations result in incomplete coaptation of the mitral leaflets during systole. In this situation, mitral regurgitation is corrected by plicating the mitral valve annulus, either by sutures alone or by sutures in combination with a support ring, so as to reduce the circumference of the distended annulus and restore the original geometry of the mitral valve annulus.
- More particularly, current surgical practice for mitral valve repair generally requires that the mitral valve annulus be reduced in radius by surgically opening the left atrium and then fixing sutures, or more commonly sutures in combination with a support ring, to the internal surface of the annulus; this structure is used to pull the annulus back into a smaller radius, thereby reducing mitral regurgitation by improving leaflet coaptation.
- This method of mitral valve repair, generally termed “annuloplasty”, effectively reduces mitral regurgitation in heart failure patients. This, in turn, reduces symptoms of heart failure, improves quality of life and increases longetivity. Unfortunately, however, the invasive nature of mitral valve surgery and the attendant risks render most heart failure patients poor surgical candidates. Thus, a less invasive means to increase leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce mitral regurgitation in heart failure patients would make this therapy available to a much greater percentage of patients.
- Mitral regurgitation also occurs in approximately 20% of patients suffering acute myocardial infarction. In addition, mitral regurgitation is the primary cause of cardiogenic shock in approximately 10% of patients who develop severe hemodynamic instability in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Patients with mitral regurgitation and cardiogenic shock have about a 50% hospital mortality. Elimination of mitral regurgitation in these patients would be of significant benefit. Unfortunately, however, patients with acute mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction are particularly high-risk surgical candidates, and are therefore not good candidates for a traditional annuloplasty procedure. Thus, a minimally invasive means to effect a temporary reduction or elimination of mitral regurgitation in these critically ill patients would afford them the time to recover from the myocardial infarction or other acute life-threatening events and make them better candidates for medical, interventional or surgical therapy.
- As a result, one object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation which is minimally invasive.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation which can be deployed either permanently (e.g., for patients suffering from heart failure) or temporarily (e.g., for patients suffering from mitral regurgitation with acute myocardial infarction).
- These and other objects are addressed by the present invention, which comprises an improved method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation.
- In one form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to straighten the natural curvature of at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to move at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve anteriorly, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to reduce the degree of natural curvature of at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus being adapted to increase the natural radius of curvature of at least a portion of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting apparatus into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the apparatus having a distal end, a proximal end and an intermediate portion, the apparatus being configured so that when the apparatus is positioned in the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the distal and proximal ends will apply a posteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus and the intermediate portion will apply an anteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting a substantially straight elongated body into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the substantially straight elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially straight elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting a substantially rigid elongated body into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the substantially rigid elongated body being configured relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a different configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: inserting a straight, substantially rigid elongated body into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a body having a distal end, a proximal end and an intermediate portion, the body being configured so that when the body is positioned in the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the distal and proximal ends will apply a posteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus, and the intermediate portion will apply an anteriorly-directed force to the walls of the coronary sinus, whereby to move the posterior annulus of the mitral valve anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a substantially straight elongated body adapted to be inserted into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the substantially straight elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially straight elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus, moving it anteriorly, and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a substantially rigid elongated body adapted to be inserted into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a different configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In another form of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation comprising: a straight, substantially rigid elongated body adapted to be inserted into the coronary sinus of a patient in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized relative to the natural curvature of the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve so that when the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is positioned in the coronary sinus, it will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to increase the radius of curvature of the mitral annulus, moving it anteriorly, and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- In still another form of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing mitral regurgitation, the method comprising deploying matter into a selected one of (i) a mitral valve annulus and (ii) tissue adjacent the mitral valve annulus, to cause conformational change in the annulus, and thereby a posterior leaflet, to increase mitral valve leaflet coaption.
- In accordance with a further feature of the invention, there is provided an assembly for reducing mitral regurgitation, the assembly including a delivery catheter adapted for insertion into a coronary sinus, a needle for movement through the delivery catheter and adapted to penetrate the coronary sinus and enter tissue between the coronary sinus and a mitral valve annulus adjacent a posterior leaflet, and adapted to enter the mitral valve annulus, and deforming matter adapted to be carried by the needle and deployed in at least one of the tissue and the mitral valve annulus.
- Significantly, the present invention may be practiced in a minimally invasive manner, either permanently or temporarily, so as to reduce mitral regurgitation.
- These and other objects and features of the present invention will be more fully disclosed or rendered obvious by the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, which is to be considered together with the accompanying drawings wherein like numbers refer to like parts and further wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of portions of the human vascular system; -
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of portions of the human heart; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a preferred system formed in accordance with the present invention; -
FIGS. 4-7 are a series of views illustrating use of the system ofFIG. 3 to reduce mitral regurgitation; -
FIG. 8 shows an alternative form of delivery catheter; -
FIG. 9 shows an alternative form of flexible push rod; -
FIG. 9A shows another alternative form of the present invention; -
FIG. 9B is a diagrammatic side elevational partly sectioned view of a further flexible push rod; -
FIGS. 9C and 9D are similar toFIG. 9B and showing alternative embodiments of flexible push rod; -
FIG. 9E is a generally side elevational view of a flexible guiding catheter; -
FIGS. 10 and 11 show alternative constructions for the straight, substantially rigid elongated body; -
FIG. 11A illustrates another aspect of the present invention; -
FIG. 12 shows an alternative system formed in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 13 shows use of the system shown inFIG. 12 ; -
FIGS. 14-16 illustrate another aspect of the present invention; -
FIG. 16A illustrates another aspect of the present invention; -
FIG. 16B illustrates still another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 17-20 illustrate still other aspects of the present invention; -
FIGS. 21-24 illustrate other aspects of the present invention; -
FIGS. 25-27 illustrate another form of the present invention; -
FIGS. 28-32 illustrate the embodiment ofFIGS. 25-27 in use; -
FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 32D and 32E illustrate another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 33 and 34 illustrate another form of the present invention; -
FIGS. 35-37 illustrate the embodiment ofFIGS. 33 and 34 in use; -
FIGS. 37A-37C illustrate another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 37D and 37E illustrate another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 37F-37I illustrate another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 37J and 37K illustrate yet another aspect of the present invention; -
FIG. 38 illustrates another form of the present invention; -
FIGS. 39 and 40 illustrate the embodiment ofFIG. 38 in use; -
FIGS. 41 and 42 illustrate yet another form of the present invention; -
FIGS. 43 and 44 illustrate still another aspect of the present invention; -
FIGS. 45-47 are a series of views illustrating an alternative method for reducing mitral regurgitation; and -
FIGS. 48-51 are a series of views illustrating a further alternative method for reducing mitral regurgitation. - The coronary sinus is the largest vein in the r human heart. During a large portion of its course in the atrioventricular groove, the coronary sinus typically extends adjacent to the left atrium of the heart for a distance of approximately 5 to 10 centimeters. Significantly, for a portion of its length, e.g., typically approximately 7-9 cm, the coronary sinus extends substantially adjacent to the posterior perimeter of the mitral annulus. The present invention takes advantage of this consistent anatomic relationship. More particularly, by deploying novel apparatus in the coronary sinus, adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the natural curvature of the coronary sinus may be modified in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly so as to improve leaflet coaptation and, as a result, reduce mitral regurgitation.
- In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the novel apparatus comprises a straight, substantially rigid elongated body, the length of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body being sized so that when the straight, substantially rigid body is positioned in the coronary sinus in the vicinity of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the straight, substantially rigid elongated body will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, whereby to move the posterior annulus anteriorly and thereby improve leaflet coaptation.
- And in one preferred embodiment of the invention, access to the coronary sinus is gained percutaneously, e.g., the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is introduced into the patient's vascular system via the jugular vein or via the left subclavian vein, passed down the superior vena cava, passed through the right atrium and then passed into the coronary sinus, where it is deployed. Alternatively, the straight, substantially rigid elongated body may be introduced into the coronary sinus through a small incision in the heart, or through some other incision into the patient's vascular system.
- And in one preferred embodiment of the invention, the straight, substantially rigid elongated body is guided into position by (i) passing it through a pre-positioned catheter, or (ii) passing it over a pre-positioned guidewire, or (iii) passing it guide-free (e.g., on the end of a steerable delivery tool) to the surgical site.
- Once deployed, the novel apparatus may be left in position permanently (e.g., in the case of patients suffering from mitral regurgitation associated with heart failure) or the novel apparatus may be left in position only temporarily (e.g., in the case of patients suffering from mitral regurgitation associated with acute myocardial infarction).
- Visualization of the procedure may be obtained by fluoroscopy, echocardiography, intravascular ultrasound, angioscopy, real-time magnetic resonance imaging, etc. The efficacy of the procedure may be determined through echocardiography, although other imaging modalities may also be suitable.
- Looking now at
FIGS. 1 and 2 , there are shown aspects of the cardiovascular system 3 of a patient. More particularly, cardiovascular system 3 generally comprises theheart 6, the superior vena cava 9 (FIG. 1 ), the rightsubclavian vein 12, the leftsubclavian vein 15, thejugular vein 18, and theinferior vena cava 21.Superior vena cava 9 andinferior vena cava 21 communicate with the heart's right atrium 24 (FIGS. 1 and 2 ). Thecoronary ostium 27 leads tocoronary sinus 30. At the far end 31 (FIG. 2 ) ofcoronary sinus 30, the vascular structure turns into the vertically-descending anterior interventricular vein (“AIV”) 32 (FIG. 1 ). For purposes of the present invention, it can generally be convenient to consider the term “coronary sinus” to mean the vascular structure extending betweencoronary ostium 27 andAIV 32. - As seen in
FIG. 2 , betweencoronary ostium 27 andAIV 32,coronary sinus 30 generally extends substantially adjacent to the posterior perimeter of theannulus 33 of themitral valve 36.Mitral valve 36 comprises aposterior leaflet 39 and ananterior leaflet 42. In the case of a regurgitant mitral valve,posterior leaflet 39 andanterior leaflet 42 will generally fail to properly coapt at systole, thereby leaving an interveninggap 45 which will permit regurgitation. - Looking next at
FIG. 3 , there is shown asystem 100 which comprises one preferred embodiment of the present invention. More particularly,system 100 generally comprises aguidewire 103, adelivery catheter 106 and apush rod 109. -
Guidewire 103 comprises aflexible body 112 having adistal end 115 and aproximal end 118. Thedistal end 115 ofguidewire 103 preferably includes aspring tip 121 for allowing the distal end ofguidewire 106 to atraumatically traverse vascular structures, i.e., while the guidewire is being passed through the vascular system of a patient. -
Delivery catheter 106 comprises aflexible body 124 having adistal end 127 and aproximal end 130, preferably with anadjustable valve 133 attached. Acentral lumen 136 extends fromdistal end 127 toproximal end 130. In some circumstances it may be desirable to provide a securing mechanism for securing the distal end of the delivery catheter within a vascular structure. By way of example but not limitation, aballoon 139 may be positioned about the exterior offlexible body 124, just proximal todistal end 127, with aninflation lumen 142 extending betweenballoon 139 and aninflation fitting 145. - Push
rod 109 comprises aflexible body 148 having adistal end 151 and aproximal end 154. A straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157, which may have a variety of different lengths, is formed onflexible body 148, proximal todistal end 151. A removable proximal stiffener or handle 160 may be placed between straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 andproximal end 154. -
System 100 may be used as follows to reduce mitral regurgitation. - First,
distal end 115 ofguidewire 103 is passed down the jugular vein 18 (or the left subclavian vein 15) of a patient, downsuperior vena cava 9, throughright atrium 24 of the heart, and then intocoronary sinus 30. SeeFIG. 4 . It will be appreciated that asflexible guidewire 103 is passed downcoronary sinus 30, the guidewire will tend to assume the natural curved shape of the coronary sinus, due to the flexible nature of the guidewire. The guidewire'satraumatic spring tip 121 will help ensure minimal damage to vascular structures asguidewire 103 is maneuvered into position. - Next,
distal end 127 ofdelivery catheter 106 is placed overproximal end 118 ofguidewire 103 and passed down the guidewire until the distal end of the delivery catheter is positioned incoronary sinus 30. SeeFIG. 5 . Again, it will be appreciated that as theflexible delivery catheter 106 passes down the coronary sinus, the delivery catheter will tend to assume the natural curved shape of the coronary sinus, due to the flexible nature of the delivery catheter. - Once
delivery catheter 106 has been positioned within the coronary sinus, guidewire 103 is removed. SeeFIG. 6 . Either before or afterguidewire 103 is removed,balloon 139 may be inflated so as to securedistal end 127 ofdelivery catheter 106 in position withincoronary sinus 30. - Next,
push rod 109 is passed down thecentral lumen 136 ofdelivery catheter 106. As the push rod's straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 is passed downcentral lumen 136 ofdelivery catheter 106, it will force the delivery catheter to assume a straight configuration at the point where the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 currently resides. Aspush rod 109 is pushed downdelivery catheter 106,balloon 139 will hold the distal end of the delivery catheter in position withincoronary sinus 30. - Push
rod 109 is pushed downdelivery catheter 106, utilizing removableproximal stiffener 160 as needed, until the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 is located adjacent to the posterior annulus ofmitral valve 36. SeeFIG. 7 . As this occurs, the presence of the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 indelivery catheter 106 will cause at least a portion ofcoronary sinus 30 to assume a substantially straight configuration at this point, so that the posterior annulus ofmitral valve 36 is forced anteriorly. This will cause the mitral valve'sposterior leaflet 39 to also move anteriorly so as to improve mitral valve leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce (or completely eliminate) mitral valve regurgitation. In this respect it should be appreciated that the posterior annulus may be shifted anteriorly so as to achieve, or to attempt to achieve to the extent anatomically possible, leaflet-to-leaflet engagement or leaflet-to-annulus engagement (e.g., where a leaflet may be tethered due to left ventricular distortion). Both of these types of engagement, or targeted engagement, are intended to be encompassed by the terms “improved leaflet coaptation” and/or “increased leaflet coaptation” and the like. Using standard visualization means (e.g. echocardiography or fluoroscopy), the exact position of the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 is adjusted so as to reduce (or completely eliminate) regurgitation inmitral valve 36. - In this respect it should be appreciated that the straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 157 is preferably sized to be somewhat less than the length of the coronary sinus betweencoronary ostium 27 andAIV 32. However, in some circumstances it may be desirable to size the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 so that it will extend out of the coronary sinus and into the right atrium. - Furthermore, it should also be appreciated that the system provides a degree of tactile feedback to the user during deployment. More particularly, substantial resistance will typically be encountered as the straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 157 is pushed out ofright atrium 24 and intocoronary sinus 30; then resistance will typically drop asbody 157 is moved through the coronary sinus; and then resistance will typically increase significantly again as the distal tip ofbody 157 comes to thefar end 31 of the coronary sinus. Thus, there is a sort of tactile “sweet spot” when the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 is located in the coronary sinus betweencoronary ostium 27 andAIV 32, and this tactile “sweet spot” can be helpful to the user in positioning the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 incoronary sinus 30. - At this point the straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 157 is locked in position, e.g., by closingadjustable valve 133, andballoon 139 may be deflated. -
System 100 is left in this position until it is no longer needed. In some cases this may mean thatsystem 100 is left in position for a period of a few hours, days or weeks; inother cases system 100 may be substantially permanent. If and whensystem 100 is to be removed,push rod 109 is removed fromdelivery catheter 106, and thendelivery catheter 106 is removed from the patient. - Thus it will be seen that with the present invention, the straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 157 is essentially force-fit into the normally curved portion of the coronary sinus adjacent to the mitral valve's posterior leaflet. By properly sizing the length of the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 relative to the natural curvature of the patient's anatomy, and by properly positioning the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 in the patient's coronary sinus, the straight, substantially rigid elongated body will cause at least a portion of the coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. This action will in turn drive the posterior annulus of the mitral valve anteriorly, so as to improve leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce mitral regurgitation. Thus, by inserting the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 into the coronary sinus adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the annulus of the mitral valve is effectively manipulated so that it will assume an increased radius of curvature. - It has also been found that by inserting the straight, substantially rigid elongated body into the coronary sinus adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, the left ventricle may also be remodeled so as to help alleviate congestive heart failure.
- It is significant to note that with the present invention, the distal and proximal ends of straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 157 apply a posteriorly-directed force on the walls of coronary sinus 30 (e.g., as shown with arrows P inFIG. 7 ) while the intermediate portion of straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 applies an anteriorly-directed force on the walls of coronary sinus 30 (e.g., as shown with arrows A inFIG. 7 ). - In some cases the
proximal end 130 ofdelivery catheter 106 may be fixed to the patient's outer skin using standard patient care methods such as adhesive tape, pursestring sutures, skin staples, etc. In other casesproximal end 130 ofdelivery catheter 106 may include a sewing cuff whereby the delivery catheter may be secured to the patient's tissue by suturing. See, for example,FIG. 8 , where asewing cuff 166 is shown attached to theproximal end 130 ofdelivery catheter 106. If desired, anelement 169 may be provided proximal toadjustable valve 133, wherebyflexible push rod 109 may be made fast todelivery catheter 106. By way of example,element 169 may comprise a crimpable element to secureflexible push rod 109 todelivery catheter 106, which is in turn secured to the patient. - If desired, the proximal end of the assembly may be embedded under the skin of the patient, e.g., in the case of a permanent implant.
- As noted above, it can be helpful to anchor the distal end of
delivery catheter 106 in position within the coronary sinus prior to pushingpush rod 109 into the delivery catheter. Such an arrangement will keep the delivery catheter in place as the push rod makes the turn within the right atrium and enters the coronary sinus. In the absence of such anchoring, the push rod may drive the delivery catheter down theinferior vena cava 21. By securing the distal end ofdelivery catheter 106 to the walls ofcoronary sinus 30, the delivery catheter can be stabilized against diversion down theinferior vena cava 21 when the straight, substantially rigidelongate body 157 encounters initial resistance to making the turn into the coronary sinus. - The
balloon 139 is one way of accomplishing such anchoring. However, it is also possible to utilize other types of securing mechanisms to anchor thedistal end 127 ofdelivery catheter 106 in position withincoronary sinus 30, e.g., spring clips, ribs, etc. - Alternatively, and looking next at
FIG. 9 , thedistal end 151 ofpush rod 109 may itself be provided with a distal anchor, e.g., such as thedistal anchor 172 shown inFIG. 9 . - It is also possible to prevent diversion of
delivery catheter 106 downinferior vena cava 21 without anchoring the distal end ofdelivery catheter 106 orflexible push rod 109 to the walls of the coronary sinus. More particularly, and looking now atFIG. 9A , there is shown asupport catheter 173 which is formed out of a more rigid material thandelivery catheter 106.Support catheter 173 is constructed so that itsdistal end 174 can be positioned incoronary ostium 27 and then itssidewall 174A can supportdelivery catheter 106 adjacent toinferior vena cava 21 whenpush rod 109 is passed downdelivery catheter 106, whereby to preventdelivery catheter 106 from diverting downinferior vena cava 106.FIG. 9A also shows anintroducer catheter 174B at the entrance tojugular vein 18. - Looking next at
FIG. 9B , there is shown apush rod 112A which comprises an alternative form of push rod. Pushrod 112A comprises aflexible body 148A having adistal end 151A and aproximal end 154A. Preferablyflexible body 148A is formed out of a superelastic shape memory alloy such as Nitinol. A straight, substantiallyrigid member 157A is formed onbody 148A, proximal todistal end 151A. Substantiallyrigid member 157A can have a variety of different lengths so as to accommodate different patient anatomies. Atube 158A is positioned concentrically overflexible body 148A and extends for at least part of the distance between substantiallyrigid member 157A and alocking collar 159A secured toproximal end 154A offlexible body 148A.Tube 158A serves as a stiffener or reinforcer forflexible body 148A, wherebyflexible body 148A can have the flexibility required (particularly at its distal end) to traverse tortuous vascular passages, yet have the column strength (particularly at its proximal end) to advanceflexible body 148A by pushing. In addition,tube 158A can be sized so as to have a diameter just slightly smaller than the internal diameter ofdelivery catheter 106, whereby to further supportflexible body 148A. In one preferred form of the invention,tube 158A preferably comprises a PEEK tube. - Looking next at
FIG. 9C ,flexible body 148A can also be necked down, e.g., as shown at 220, so as to further increase the flexibility offlexible body 148A distal totube 158A. -
Flexible push rod 112A is preferably a device with a series of changes in stiffness and flexibility that allows the device to be bending flexible and column strength sufficient to pass through an arduous path, such as the vascular system, yet have specific areas of stiffness to reduce mitral valve regurgitation by pushing the posterior annulus anteriorly and thus closing the gap between the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve. One preferred embodiment of this device is a single rod of superelastic material, such as Nitinol, that has a plurality of changes in diameter that allows for bending flexibility. The largest diameter section has a bending stiffness sufficient to push the posterior annulus anteriorly. The longest portions of the rod have many serrations that provide bending flexibility along with column strength. - Alternatively, and looking next at
FIG. 9D , it is also possible to provide additional flexibility toflexible body 148A by severing the flexible body along its length and then connecting the two severed portions with a flexible tube or wire, e.g., such as is shown at 225. - In addition to the foregoing, in an alternative embodiment as shown in
FIG. 9E , it is also possible to use guidingcatheter 162, preferably with apre-formed tip 164, which could be advanced overguidewire 103 whereby performedtip 164 of guidingcatheter 162 would engage the opening of the coronary sinus vessel. Thistip 164 is sufficiently flexible to execute extreme bends, and may be of reduced diameter. Upon successful engagement and advancement of the guiding catheter tip 164 a short distance into the coronary sinus, guidewire 103 is removed. Thendelivery catheter 106 is advanced toward and into the coronary sinus through thecenter lumen 165 of guidingcatheter 162. Then, pushrod 109 would be advanced withincenter lumen 136 of the delivery catheter into the coronary sinus and into position as described herein. - It is also envisioned that the structure of guiding
catheter 162 would be added ontodelivery catheter 106 to enable the placement of the distal tip ofdelivery catheter 106 into the coronary sinus and enable the delivery ofpush rod 109, thereby combining the function of the two catheters into one catheter with only thecenter lumen 136 within the combined guide anddelivery catheter 106 and a closed distal tip (i.e. single lumen catheter). - As noted above, as
push rod elongated body elongated body elongated body FIG. 10 , the distal and proximal ends of straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 may include relativelyflexible portions 175 to help better distribute the stress exerted on the walls of the coronary sinus. Additionally, and/or alternatively, any taper applied to the distal and proximal ends of straight, substantially rigidelongated body 157 may be elongated, e.g., such as shown at 178 inFIG. 11 , so as to better distribute the stress imposed on the walls of the coronary sinus. - In the preceding discussion of
system 100,push rod 109 is described as being inserted to the surgical site through theinsertion cannula 106 and remaining withininsertion cannula 106 while at the surgical site and, whenpush rod 109 is to be removed, removingpush rod 109 and thensurgical cannula 106. However, if desired, oncepush rod 109 has been deployed at the surgical site,insertion cannula 106 may then be removed, leaving just pushrod 109 at the surgical site. See, for example,FIG. 11A . - It is also possible to advance
push rod 109 directly to the surgical site without passing it through an insertion cannula; in this case pushrod 109 would be advanced on its own through the intervening vascular structure until it is deployed incoronary sinus 30. - Looking next at
FIG. 12 , there is shown asystem 181 which comprises another preferred embodiment of the present invention. More particularly,system 181 generally comprises theguidewire 103, a straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184 and apush cannula 187. -
Guidewire 103 is as previously described. - Straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 184, which may have a variety of different lengths, comprises adistal end 188 and aproximal end 190. Acentral lumen 193 extends betweendistal end 188 andproximal end 190.Central lumen 193 accommodatesguidewire 103. - Push
cannula 187 comprises adistal end 194 and aproximal end 196. Acentral lumen 199 extends betweendistal end 194 andproximal end 196.Central lumen 199 accommodatesguidewire 103. - As a result of this construction,
elongated body 184 and pushcannula 187 may be mounted onguidewire 103, and pushcannula 187 may be used to pushelongated body 184 downguidewire 103. SeeFIG. 13 . -
System 181 may be used as follows to reduce mitral regurgitation. - First,
distal end 115 ofguidewire 103 is passed down jugular vein 18 (or the left subclavian vein 15) of a patient, downsuperior vena cava 9, throughright atrium 24 of the heart, and into coronary sinus 30 (FIG. 14 ). It will be appreciated that asflexible guidewire 103 is passed downcoronary sinus 30, the guidewire will tend to assume the natural curved shape of the coronary sinus, due to the flexible nature of the guidewire. The guidewire'satraumatic spring tip 121 will help minimize damage to vascular structures as the guidewire is advanced into position. - Next,
distal end 188 of straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184 is placed overproximal end 118 ofguidewire 103 and passed a short distance down the guidewire. Then thedistal end 194 ofpush cannula 187 is placed overproximal end 118 ofguidewire 103, and then pushcannula 187 is advanced down the guidewire. Aspush cannula 187 is advanced down the guidewire, itsdistal end 194 pushes the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184 ahead of it. SeeFIG. 15 . - As the straight, substantially rigid
elongated body 184 is passed down the coronary sinus, it will force the coronary sinus to assume a straight configuration at the point where the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184 currently resides. Pushcannula 187 is pushed down guidewire as needed, until the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184 is located adjacent to the posterior annulus of the mitral valve. SeeFIG. 16 . As this occurs, the presence of the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184 in the coronary sinus will cause coronary sinus to assume a substantially straight configuration at this point, so that the posterior annulus of the mitral valve is forced anteriorly. This will cause the posterior mitral valve leaflet to also move anteriorly so as to improve leaflet coaptation and thereby reduce (or completely eliminate) mitral valve regurgitation. Using standard visualization means (e.g. echocardiography or fluoroscopy), the exact position of the straight, substantially rigid elongated body may be adjusted so as to reduce (or completely eliminate) regurgitation in the mitral valve. - If desired, the
push cannula 187 may be provided with a releasably attachable interface (e.g., a grasper) so that it may releasably secure theproximal end 190 of the straight, substantially rigidelongated body 184. Such a feature will permit the straight, substantially rigid elongated body to be pulled backward within the coronary sinus, either for positioning or removal purposes. - Where
elongated body 184 is to be left within the body for a substantial period of time, it is possible to leave the apparatus in the position shown inFIG. 16 , i.e., withelongated body 184 fit overguidewire 103 and at the end ofpush cannula 187. Alternatively, guidewire 103 and/or pushcannula 187 may be removed, leaving justelongated body 184 deployed at the surgical site (FIG. 16A ). To the extent that elongatedbody 184 may be left by itself at the surgical site, it may be desirable to provideelongated body 184 with an eyelet or hook or other graspable feature G (FIG. 16B ) such that a retriever R may thereafter be used to easily grapple and extract theelongated body 184 from the surgical site. -
Elongated body 157 and/orelongated body 184 may have any of a variety of non-straight shapes along its length. For example, the elongated body may be wavy, spiraled, or curved along all or a portion of its length. By way of example,elongated body 157 and/or 184 may have a curved configuration so as to invert the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, i.e., so that it is bowed towards the anterior annulus. Or the elongated body may have a compound shape along its length, e.g., it may have a sort of “w” shape, with the center of the “w” being directed towards the anterior annulus. See, for example,FIG. 17 , which shows apush rod 109 having anelongated body 157 with a “w” type of shape; and seeFIG. 18 , which shows anelongated body 184 with a “w” type of shape. See alsoFIGS. 19 and 20 , which show a “w” shapedelongated body 184 being advanced down guidewire 103 (FIG. 19 ) to a position adjacent to mitral valve 36 (FIG. 20 ), whereby to reduce mitral regurgitation. Any of the aforementioned elongated body shapes, or other alternative shapes, may effect the anterior displacement of the posterior annulus that results in reduction of the mitral valve regurgitation. - It is preferable that use of the present invention not result in occlusion of
coronary sinus 30. Thus, withsystem 100 shown inFIG. 3 ,delivery catheter 106 is preferably sized so as to have a diameter less than the diameter ofcoronary sinus 30, so that blood may flow about the perimeter ofdelivery catheter 106 whendelivery catheter 106 is disposed incoronary sinus 30. Alternatively, and/or additionally, and looking now atFIGS. 21 and 22 ,delivery catheter 106 may be provided with one or more longitudinally-extending surface grooves SG so as to facilitate blood flow past the perimeter ofdelivery catheter 106. Similarly, withsystem 181 shown inFIG. 12 ,elongated body 184 is preferably sized so as to have a diameter less that the diameter ofcoronary sinus 30, so that blood may flow about the perimeter ofelongated body 184 whenelongated body 184 is disposed incoronary sinus 30. Alternatively, and/or additionally, and looking now atFIGS. 23 and 24 ,elongated body 184 may be provided with one or more longitudinally-extending surface grooves SG so as to facilitate blood flow past the perimeter ofelongated body 184. - In system 100 (
FIG. 3 ) and in system 181 (FIG. 12 ), theelongated bodies elongated body 157 and/orelongated body 184 in situ from a plurality of smaller elements. - Thus, for example, in
FIGS. 25-27 there is shown an alternative form ofpush rod 109 for use withguidewire 103 anddelivery catheter 106. More particularly, pushrod 109 comprisesflexible body 148 and a plurality of substantially rigidelongated elements elongated body 157. Preferably the distalmostelongated element 157A is fixed toflexible body 148 while the remainingelongated elements flexible body 148. In addition,elongated elements FIG. 25 comprise male and female screw type connectors; however, other types of connectors may also be used. - By assembling the
elongated body 157 in situ using a plurality ofelongated elements elongated body 157 which is perfectly sized to the needs of the patient. - The
push rod 109 shown inFIGS. 25-27 may be used as follows. First, guidewire 103 is passed down to the coronary sinus (FIG. 28 ). Thendelivery catheter 106 is passed downguidewire 103 and into the coronary sinus (FIGS. 28 and 29 ). Then theguidewire 103 is withdrawn from the surgical site and replaced by the push rod'sflexible body 148 withelongated element 157A attached (FIG. 30 ). Next, a plurality ofelongated elements FIG. 31 ) and secured toelongated element 157A (and any preceding elongated element). As manyelongated elements FIG. 32 ). - In
FIGS. 32A-32C , there is shown another form ofpush rod 109. More particularly, with this form of the push rod,elongated body 157 is formed by a plurality ofelongated elements elongated body 157. Preferably the distalmostelongated element 157A is fixed toflexible body 148 while the remainingelongated elements flexible body 148. With this version of the invention,elongated body 157 may be formed in situ by movingelongated elements elongated element 157A acting as a distal stop, and then keepingelongated elements - In
FIGS. 25-32 , and inFIGS. 32A-32C ,elongated elements elongated body 157. However, if desired,elongated elements FIG. 32D elongatedelements elongated body 157, and inFIG. 32E elongatedelements elongated body 157. It will be appreciated that still other shapes may be formed byelongated elements elongated body 157 may be established either by (1) formingelongated elements elongated elements elongated body 157 is by individually rotating various ones ofelongated elements FIGS. 32D and 32E . - As noted above, it is also possible to form the
elongated body 184 of system 181 (FIG. 12 ) in situ from a plurality of smaller elements. - Thus, for example, in
FIGS. 33 and 34 there is shown an alternative form ofelongated body 184 which comprises a plurality of substantially rigidelongated elements elongated body 184. In addition,elongated elements FIG. 25 comprise male and female screw type connectors; however, other types of connectors may also be used. - By assembling the
elongated body 184 in situ using a plurality ofelongated elements elongated body 184 which is perfectly sized to the needs of the patient. - The
elongated body 184 shown inFIGS. 33 and 34 may be used as follows. First, guidewire 103 is passed down coronary sinus 30 (FIG. 35 ). Then pushcannula 187 is used to push a plurality ofelongated elements guidewire 103 and into the coronary sinus (FIGS. 36 and 37 ). As manyelongated elements FIG. 37 ). - In
FIGS. 37A-37C , there is shown another form ofelongated body 184. More particularly, with this form of elongated body, theelongated body 184 is formed by a plurality ofelongated elements elongated body 184. Preferably, all of theelongated elements guidewire 103. With this version of the invention,elongated body 184 may be formed in situ by movingelongated elements FIG. 37C and comprising a distal member DM and a crimp CR. - Again, in
FIGS. 33-37 , and inFIGS. 37A-37C ,elongated element elongated body 184. However, if desired,elongated elements FIG. 37D elongatedelements elongated body 184, and inFIG. 37E elongatedelements elongated body 184. It will be appreciated that still other shapes may be formed byelongated elements elongated body 184 may be established either by (1) formingelongated elements elongated elements elongated body 184 is by individually rotating various ones ofelongated elements FIGS. 37D and 37E . - Looking next at
FIGS. 37F-37I , there is shown another form ofpush rod 109 having anelongated body 157 formed by a plurality ofelongated elements elongated elements flexible body 148 and is separated from adjacent elongated elements by a gap G. By orienting gaps G radially away from mitral valve 36 (FIG. 37H ),push rod 109 will be able to curve as required so as to follow the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, e.g., during insertion ofpush rod 109 intocoronary sinus 30. However, by rotatingflexible body 148 about its axis so that gaps G are oriented 180 degrees opposite to that shown inFIG. 37H (i.e., as shown inFIG. 37I ), gaps G will be closed and pushrod 109 will be straightened, whereby to apply an anteriorly-directed force to the posterior annulus ofmitral valve 36 and reduce mitral regurgitation. - Looking next at
FIGS. 37J and 37K , there is shown another form of the invention. In this construction, an internal member IM has a plurality of slots SI and an external member EM has a plurality of slots SE. Internal member IM is concentrically received within external member EM. By orienting internal member IM and external member EM so that slots SI are aligned with slots SE (FIG. 37J ), internal member IM and external member EM may be curved as required so as to follow the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, e.g. during insertion of the members into the coronary sinus. However, by orienting internal member IM and external member EM so that slots SI are oriented away from slots SE (FIG. 37K ), internal member IM and external member EM will be straightened, whereby to apply an anteriorly-directed force to the posterior annulus of the mitral valve and reduce mitral regurgitation. - It is also possible to form
elongated body 157 of push rod 109 (FIG. 3 ) with an inflatable construction. More particularly, and looking next atFIG. 38 , there is shown apush rod 109 having an inflatableelongated body 157 in the form of a balloon B. The push rod'sflexible body 148 includes an inflation lumen L which communicates with the interior of balloon B, whereby fluid may be supplied to the interior of the balloon so as to inflate the balloon. The balloon B is constructed so that it has a flexible configuration when it is in a deflated condition and an elongated, straight configuration when it is in an inflated condition. - The
push rod 109 ofFIG. 38 may be used as follows. First, guidewire 103 is advanced into the coronary sinus 30 (FIG. 4 ). Thendelivery cannula 106 is advanced overguidewire 103 until the distal end of the delivery cannula is in coronary sinus 30 (FIG. 5 ). Next, guidewire 103 is withdrawn (FIG. 6 ). Then pushrod 109, withelongated body 157 in a deflated condition, is advanced along the interior ofdelivery cannula 106 so that balloon B is adjacent to the mitral valve (FIG. 39 ). Then balloon B is inflated, using inflation lumen L, so that elongated body assumes its elongated, straightening configuration (FIG. 40 ). As this occurs, the posterior annulus of the mitral valve is compressed anteriorly, so as to reduce mitral regurgitation. - It is also possible to form an inflatable
elongated body 157 ofpush rod 109 with other configurations. By way of example, it is possible to form aninflatable body 157 with a piston-type configuration, whereby the body may be elongated or shortened as desired. More particularly, and looking now atFIGS. 41 and 42 ,inflatable body 157 may comprise adistal portion 157′ and aproximal portion 157″, with the distal and proximal portions being in a sliding, piston-like relationship. As a result, fluid may be supplied to the combined interiors of the distal and proximal portions, so as to force the two elements apart relative to one another. In use, thepush rod 109 ofFIGS. 41 and 42 is positioned in its “compressed” state (FIG. 41 ), passed down the interior ofdelivery cannula 106 until inflatableelongated body 157 is positioned adjacent to the mitral valve, and then inflated (using inflation lumen L) into its “expanded” state (FIG. 42 ). As this occurs, the naturally curved coronary sinus is straightened, thereby pushing the posterior annulus of the mitral valve anteriorly, whereby to reduce mitral regurgitation. - In addition to the foregoing, it should also be appreciated that with respect to push
rod 109, theflexible body 148 may comprise an electrical lead for an implantable bi-ventricular pacing device and/or an electrical lead for an implantable cardio defibrillator device, etc. In this case, the distal end offlexible body 148 would be elongated somewhat and would not reside within the coronary sinus; rather, it would be positioned within the tissue which is to receive the electrical stimulus whileelongated body 157 is positioned adjacent to the mitral valve. Such a construction would allow the bi-ventricular pacing device and/or the implantable cardio defibrillator device to work in conjunction withelongated body 157 to reduce mitral regurgitation. - It should also be appreciated that the function of hydraulic energy employed to enlarge
inflatable body 157 may be substituted by a mechanical energy transformer such as a lead screw mechanism or an electromechanical solenoid. - In a corresponding fashion, the
guidewire 103 over which elongatedbody 184 is deployed may also be in the form of an electrical lead for an implantable bi-ventricular pacing device and/or an electrical lead for an implantable cardio defibrillator device, etc. Again, in this case the distal end of the wire will be positioned within the tissue which is to receive the electrical stimulus whileelongated body 184 is positioned adjacent to the mitral valve. Such a construction would allow the implantable bi-ventricular pacing device and/or the implantable cardio defibrillator device to work in conjunction withelongated body 157 to reduce mitral regurgitation. - Looking next at
FIGS. 43 and 44 , there is shown yet another form of the present invention. In this form of the invention, there is provided an elongated shape memory alloy body SMA which is configured to be substantially flexible at a temperature T1 and substantially rigid and in a straight configuration at another temperature T2, where temperature T2 is normal body temperature. In this situation, body SMA is brought to temperature T1, so that it may be inserted more easily into the natural curvature of the coronary sinus, e.g., during insertion of body SMA into the coronary sinus (FIG. 43 ). However, when body SMA thereafter transitions to temperature T2, body SMA will assume its straight configuration (FIG. 44 ), whereby to apply an anteriorly-directed force to the posterior annulus of the mitral valve and reduce mitral regurgitation. It will be appreciated that the configuration of body SMA may be other than straight (i.e., “w” shape, etc.) to best displace the posterior annulus anteriorly. - In other alternative embodiments, the elongated body may be flexible along at least a portion of its length. Regional flexibility and regional stiffness may allow for straightening of select locations of the coronary sinus and corresponding locations of the posterior mitral annulus. This can cause regions of the mitral annulus to move anteriorly, thus causing regional improvements in leaflet coaptation. In addition, the elongated body may be formed by two end segments connected together by a filament: by anchoring the two end segments relative to the anatomy and pulling the filament taught, the naturally curved wall of the coronary sinus can be straightened, whereby to move the posterior mitral annulus anteriorly and thereby reduce mitral regurgitation.
- In
FIGS. 45-47 , there is illustrated an alternative method for reducing mitral regurgitation, wherein deforming matter is deployed into either themitral valve annulus 33 adjacent theposterior leaflet 39 or thetissue 200 adjacent theannulus 33 near the posterior leaflet. - Turning to
FIG. 45 , it will be seen that in accordance with the alternative method, aninjection needle 202 is channeled through adelivery catheter 106 and is inserted in thetissue 200 between thecoronary sinus 30 and themitral valve annulus 33. Alternatively, theinjection needle 202 can be inserted into theannulus 33 adjacent the posterior leaflet. - The
injection needle 202 is retracted and as it is retracted (FIG. 46 ) deformingmatter 204 in expelled from the needle (FIG. 46 ). The deformingmatter 204 causes a conformational change in theannulus 33 of the mitral valve 36 (FIG. 47 ), to move theposterior leaflet 39 towards theanterior leaflet 42, to increase mitral valve posterior leaflet coaptation with the anterior leaflet, reducing or eliminating thegap 45 therebetween. - Deployment of the deforming
matter 204 into themitral valve annulus 33 causes displacement of the annulus adjacent the posterior leaflet, to cause displacement of theposterior leaflet 39 toward theanterior leaflet 42. - Similarly, deployment of the deforming
matter 204 into thetissue 200 causes a conformational change in the mitral valve annulus, which displaces the mitral valve annulus adjacent the posterior leaflet, and thereby the posterior leaflet, toward the mitral valve anterior leaflet, to reduce or close thegap 45 between theleaflets 39, 42 (FIG. 47 ). - The deforming matter may be in the nature of a device or devices for mechanically effecting a movement of the posterior leaflet, such as one or more solid bodies or rigid bodies, which may in turn take the form of an articulating assembly of bodies, a monofilament, a bar, or solid pellets, or powder, or the like. Alternatively, the deforming matter may be in the form of a stent or a sponge, or of a fluid nature, such as a gel, a saline solution, or a gas, or may be in the form of capsules containing such fluids and these capsules may or may not permit such fluids to exit the capsules over time. The deforming matter may be in the form of a hydrogel which absorbs fluid from the body in which it is deployed.
- The deforming matter may be a scarring substance which changes the conformation of the
mitral valve annulus 33 and/ortissue 200, to cause contraction of theannulus 33 to effect the desired closure of thegap 45. As in the case of the aforementioned deforming matter, the scarring substance can be injected directly into theannulus 33 adjacent theposterior leaflet 39, or into thetissue 200 proximate the posterior leaflet. Scarring may also be induced through the application of electrical energy, in which case needle 202 might be replaced by one or more electrodes. - In another alternative embodiment, the deforming matter comprises a
balloon 206 illustrated inFIGS. 48-51 . As shown inFIG. 48 , the injection guidewire/needle 202 with the deflatedballoon 206 therearound, may be guided by thedelivery catheter 106 into thecoronary sinus 30 and thence into thetissue 200 or theannulus 33, the former being illustrated inFIG. 48 . The deflatedballoon 206 is passed through thedelivery catheter 106, along with the guidewire/needle 202, such that the deflated balloon resides in part in thetissue 200 and in part in thecoronary sinus 30. - The
balloon 206 is then inflated through the guidewire/needle as the guidewire/needle 202 is withdrawn (FIG. 50 ), causing theposterior leaflet 39 to be moved toward theanterior leaflet 42, to reduce or close thegap 45. The balloon is inflated to a volume and stiffness to effect the desired conformational change to themitral valve annulus 33, and thereby theposterior leaflet 39. Thedelivery catheter 106 is then withdrawn, leaving theinflated balloon 206 in place. - It should be appreciated that the present invention may be used to alter the shape of other cardiac tissues, including but not limited to the left ventricle, for other uses, including the treatment of cardiac dysfunction.
- It is to be understood that the present invention is by no means limited to the particular constructions herein disclosed and/or shown in the drawings, but also comprises any modifications or equivalents within the scope of the claims.
Claims (18)
1. A method for reducing mitral regurgitation, the method comprising deploying deforming matter into a selected one of (i) a mitral valve annulus adjacent a posterior leaflet and (ii) tissue adjacent the mitral valve annulus proximate the posterior leaflet, to cause a conformational change in the annulus, and thereby a conformational change in the posterior leaflet, to increase mitral valve leaflet coaptation.
2. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deforming matter is deployed into the mitral valve annulus in such a manner as to displace the posterior leaflet toward a mitral valve anterior leaflet.
3. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deforming matter is deployed into the tissue adjacent the mitral valve annulus adjacent the posterior leaflet to cause the conformational change in the mitral valve annulus which displaces the mitral valve annulus adjacent the posterior leaflet, and thereby the posterior leaflet, toward a mitral valve anterior leaflet.
4. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deforming matter comprises a device which is at least one of (i) solid and (ii) substantially rigid.
5. The method in accordance with claim 4 wherein the device comprises a selected one of (i) a stent, (ii) an articulating structure, (iii) a monofilament, (iv) a bar, and (v) solid pellets.
6. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deforming matter comprises a substance which occupies a volume of the selected one of (i) the mitral valve annulus, and (ii) the tissue adjacent thereto, to cause the conformational change to the annulus and thereby the posterior leaflet.
7. The method in accordance with claim 6 wherein the deforming substance comprises at least one of a gel, a saline solution, a sponge, a powder, and a gas.
8. The method in accordance with claim 6 wherein the deforming substance comprises capsules containing at least one of a gel, a saline solution, a powder and a gas.
9. The method in accordance with claim 6 wherein the deforming matter comprises a hydrogel.
10. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deforming matter comprises a scarring substance which causes contraction of the mitral valve annulus to effect the conformational change thereof.
11. The method in accordance with claim 10 wherein deploying the scarring substance comprises injecting the scarring substance directly into the selected one of the mitral valve annulus and the tissue adjacent thereto.
12. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deforming matter comprises at least one balloon.
13. The method in accordance with claim 12 wherein a needle is used to puncture a coronary sinus proximate the mitral valve posterior leaflet and insert the at least one balloon into the selected one of the mitral annulus and the tissue adjacent thereto.
14. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein the at least one balloon is elongated and is inflated by the needle as the needle is withdrawn.
15. The method in accordance with claim 14 wherein the at least one balloon is inflated to a volume and stiffness to effect a desired conformational change to the mitral valve annulus and thereby the posterior leaflet.
16. A method for reducing mitral regurgitation, the method comprising deploying deforming matter into a at least one of (i) a mitral valve annulus and (ii) tissue adjacent the mitral valve annulus, to cause a conformational change in the annulus, and thereby a posterior leaflet, to increase mitral valve leaflet coaptation.
17. An assembly for reducing mitral regurgitation, the assembly comprising:
a delivery catheter adapted for insertion into a coronary sinus;
a needle for movement through said delivery catheter and adapted to penetrate the coronary sinus and enter tissue between the coronary sinus and a mitral valve annulus adjacent a posterior leaflet, and adapted to enter the mitral valve annulus, and
deforming matter adapted to be carried by the needle and deployed in at least one of the tissue and the mitral valve annulus.
18. The assembly in accordance with claim 17 wherein said deforming matter comprises at least one of a mechanical structure, a fluid, a gel, a hydrogel, a powder, pellets, a scarring substance, a balloon, and a capsule containing a selected one of the fluid, the gel, the hydrogel, the powder, and the scarring substance.
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US11/371,642 US20060229717A1 (en) | 2001-10-26 | 2006-03-09 | Method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation |
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US10/112,354 US7186264B2 (en) | 2001-03-29 | 2002-03-29 | Method and apparatus for improving mitral valve function |
US10/218,649 US20030078654A1 (en) | 2001-08-14 | 2002-08-14 | Method and apparatus for improving mitral valve function |
US10/280,401 US7052487B2 (en) | 2001-10-26 | 2002-10-25 | Method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation |
US11/371,642 US20060229717A1 (en) | 2001-10-26 | 2006-03-09 | Method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation |
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US11/818,991 Abandoned US20080103590A1 (en) | 2002-01-14 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus for reducing mitral regurgitation |
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- 2006-03-09 US US11/371,642 patent/US20060229717A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-06-15 US US11/818,991 patent/US20080103590A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20090234318A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-09-17 | Guided Delivery Systems, Inc. | Systems and methods for cardiac remodeling |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040019377A1 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
EP1471858A4 (en) | 2008-10-01 |
WO2003059198A2 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
US20080103590A1 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
EP1471858A2 (en) | 2004-11-03 |
US7052487B2 (en) | 2006-05-30 |
AU2003209219A1 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
US7241310B2 (en) | 2007-07-10 |
CA2472482A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
US20030130730A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
WO2003059198A3 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
AU2003209219A8 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
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