US20070085718A1 - System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor - Google Patents
System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor Download PDFInfo
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- US20070085718A1 US20070085718A1 US11/562,802 US56280206A US2007085718A1 US 20070085718 A1 US20070085718 A1 US 20070085718A1 US 56280206 A US56280206 A US 56280206A US 2007085718 A1 US2007085718 A1 US 2007085718A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/02—Channels characterised by the type of signal
- H04L5/06—Channels characterised by the type of signal the signals being represented by different frequencies
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
- H03G3/00—Gain control in amplifiers or frequency changers without distortion of the input signal
- H03G3/20—Automatic control
- H03G3/30—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices
- H03G3/3052—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in bandpass amplifiers (H.F. or I.F.) or in frequency-changers used in a (super)heterodyne receiver
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/16—Circuits
- H04B1/30—Circuits for homodyne or synchrodyne receivers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
- H04L27/38—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
- H04L27/3845—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits using non - coherent demodulation, i.e. not using a phase synchronous carrier
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
- Transceivers (AREA)
- Transmitters (AREA)
Abstract
A method for a radio communications device such as a receiver, transmitter or transceiver provides direct conversion of quadrature signals between a radio frequency signal and a plurality of resolved channels. The method provides block processing of multiple RF carriers in a wireless communication system using a direct conversion transmitter/receiver and baseband signal processing.
Description
- This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/456,300, filed Jun. 6, 2003, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/387,207, filed Jun. 7, 2002, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.
- The present invention generally relates to communication systems. More specifically, the invention relates to communication systems using multiple access air interfaces and direct conversion/modulation for multi-carrier processing.
- A digital communication system typically transmits information or data using a continuous frequency carrier with modulation techniques that vary its amplitude, frequency or phase. After modulation, the signal is transmitted over a communication medium. The communication medium may be guided or unguided, comprising copper, optical fiber or air and is commonly referred to as the physical communication channel.
- The information to be transmitted is input in the form of a bitstream which is mapped onto a predetermined constellation of symbols that defines the modulation scheme. The mapping of each bit as symbols is referred to as modulation.
- A prior art base station is typically required to utilize multiple carriers converging continguous frequency spectrum. A block diagram of prior art superheterodyne receiver 11 which may be implemented in the base station is shown in
FIG. 1 . An operator is typically assigned two (2) or more channels Ch1-Ch5(carriers), and desires to use them in each cell (frequency reuse=1). If this is not possible due to certain constraints which result in a frequency re-use factor that is lower, the operator has a finite number of channels, and will partition them in contiguous sections of spectrum so that a number of adjacent channels are used in each cell. In this case, the receiver 11 is required to process all channels (carriers) simultaneously. This minimizes hardware cost, size, and power consumption. - In the past, the high demanding requirements of base station receivers could only be met with a superhetrodyne architecture. The direct conversion architecture has many inherent problems that result from downconverting the RF signal directly to baseband. These problems include self-mixing which creates DC offsets in the baseband signal; even-order distortion which converts strong interfering signals to baseband; l/f noise which is inherent in all semiconductor devices and which is inversely proportioned to the frequency (f) and which masks the baseband signal; and spurious emissions of the LO signal which interferes with other users. Direct conversion receivers also stress the state-of-the-art capabilities of the analog baseband processing components because gain control and filtering must all be done at baseband. This requires expensive amplifiers that possess high dynamic range and a wide bandwidth.
- Conventional multi-carrier radios are based on a superheterodyne radio architecture that utilizes an intermediate frequency (IF) and direct digital sampling to block convert multiple carriers to and from baseband, as shown in
FIG. 1 for the receiver. Because the IF is typically located above 50 MHz, direct digital sampling requires expensive high-speed or sub-sampling data converters, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) capable of sampling rates greater than 100 MHz and requiring very low clock jitter. - Another disadvantage to direct digital sampling is the IF Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters needed to reject interference in adjacent channels. The maximum number of carriers supported by the radio determines the bandwidth of the SAW filter. Support for a different number of carriers requires additional SAW filters. As an alternative, one IF filter can be used that covers the entire band of interest, but then additional dynamic range is needed in the ADC to handle the additional interference.
- This can be understood from the dynamic range of the received signal. When the uplink channels are all under the control of the same base station, the radio frequency (RF) carriers will be received at similar power levels, requiring relatively less dynamic range in the ADC. However, if the IF filter bandwidth covers the entire band, uplink channels belonging to other base stations will be present at the input to the ADC. These channels can be at a very high level, thus requiring more dynamic range in the ADC.
- Referring back to
FIG. 1 , the receiver 11 is used for digital multi-carrier wireless communication, for example a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication. As a signal is received at theantenna 15, it passes afirst bandpass filter 16 and alinear amplifier 17. Asecond bandpass filter 18 receives the signal from theamplifier 17 and provides the signal to amixer 19. Alocal oscillator 20 is connected to themixer 19 and themixer 19 translates the signal from RF to IF and is then filtered by abandpass filter 21. - The
bandpass filter 21 is connected to an ADC 22 which provides its digitized output to adigital downconverter 23. A complex numerically-controlledoscillator 24 is used to control thedigital downconverter 23 to translate each channel at IF to baseband. Thedigital downconverter 23 provides quadrature baseband signals to a bank of finite impulse response (FIR)filters 25, which perform pulse shaping and interference rejection. The outputs from theFIR filters 25 are provided to respective digital automatic gain control circuits (DAGCs) 35 which provide outputs in four (4)respective channels 45. The digital data from each channel is sent to a digital processor (not shown) for further processing, such as data demodulation and decoding. Although four (4) channels are shown as an example, those of skill in the art would realize that there could be any number of channels. - A similar process is used on the transmission side, as shown in
FIG. 2 , which is a block diagram showing prior art transmitter 51 using four (4) input channels Ch1-Ch4 65. The four (4)input channels 65 are provided to respectivepower control circuits 75 which, in turn, provide their outputs torespective FIR filters 85. TheFIR filters 85 are typically used for pulse shaping purposes. The outputs from theFIR filters 85 are provided to quadrature to adigital up converter 95, which is connected to a complex numerically-controlledoscillator 96. The output of thedigital up converter 95 is provided to a digital-to-analog (DAC)circuit 97, which supplies its analog output to afirst bandpass filter 98, which in turn is provided to anIF mixer 99. TheIF mixer 99 receives its local oscillator signal from anoscillator 100 and provides an output to asecond bandpass filter 102. The output bandpass filter is amplified at anamplifier 103, filtered to anoutput bandpass filter 104 and provided for transmission viaantenna 105. - In these configurations (
FIGS. 1 and 2 ), various conversions are performed with RF components. The manufacturing costs of these RF components is significant. Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide a circuit which avoids multiple RF conversions to the maximum extent practical. Additionally, a direct conversion design for a receiver and transmitter are desired. - The major problem with prior art direct conversion receivers is the generation of DC offsets at the output of the receiver. The major sources of DC offset are local oscillator self-mixing and second order intermodulation (IP2) of the mixer. DC offsets may be quite large, leading to saturation in the ADC and other performance problems in the receiver.
- Solutions to the direct conversion problems have been understood for some time, but they were not practical or cost effective until recent technology developments made possible integrated solutions on monolithic RF integrated circuits (RFICs). These solutions to the problems include balanced (differential) structures that eliminate even-order distortion, SiGe semiconductor technology which exhibits low l/f nose and excellent linearity, and harmonic mixing that eliminates self-mixing and LO spurious emissions. The move to wideband wireless technologies has also reduced the contribution of the l/f noise to the overall noise floor of the direct conversion receiver. In addition, high-speed, high linearity amplifiers are now available to meet the analog baseband processing requirements.
- However, there are still major problems with direct conversion receivers in the generation of DC offsets at the output of the receiver. The major sources of DC offset are LO self-mixing and second order intermodulation of the mixer. DC offsets may be quire large leading to saturation of the ADC and other performance problems in the receiver. Accordingly, although there have been advances with the prior art, these prior art techniques these still fall far short of the optimum performance.
- The present invention is a method for radio communication device, such as a receiver, transmitter or transceiver, that includes a direct conversion, multi-carrier processor. The multi-carrier processor frequency translates RF channels to and from baseband using a quadrative modulator (transmitter) or demodulator (receiver). Because the analog signals are translated close to DC, conventional adjustable filters may be programmed via a bandwidth control unit to support different number of channels (carriers) and channel bandwidths.
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FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art superhetrodyne with direct digital sampling multi-carrier receiver. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a prior art superhetrodyne with direct digital transmitter. -
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a direct conversion multi-carrier receiver made in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a direct conversion multi-carrier transmitter made in accordance with the present invention. - The present invention will be described with reference to the figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout.
- This present invention enables block processing of multiple RF carriers in a wireless communication system using a direct conversion transmitter/receiver and baseband signal processing. Such a multi-carrier radio reduces cost by simultaneously processing multiple carriers within a single radio, rather than processing each carrier in separate radios.
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FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of acommunication receiver 130 constructed in accordance with the invention. Thereceiver 130 receives a plurality of communication signals Ch1, Ch2 . . . Chn, each of which is sent over a carrier frequency F1, F2 . . . Fn, respectively. These signals will be referred to collectively hereinafter as multi-carrier signal S1. - The
receiver 130 has anantenna 131, afirst bandpass filter 132, aradio frequency amplifier 133 and asecond bandpass filter 134. Also included are first andsecond mixers local oscillator 143, first and second low pass filters (LPFs) 145, 146, abandwidth control circuit 147 and first andsecond baseband amplifiers second mixers local oscillator 143 comprise ademodulator 144. - A first automatic gain control (AGC)
circuit 153 is connected to thebaseband amplifiers baseband amplifiers ADC circuits ADCs second AGC circuit 163. Thesecond AGC circuit 163 provides and AGC output to aDAC 164, which in turn provides an input to thefirst AGC circuit 153, thereby controlling the gain ofbaseband amplifiers - The output from the
second AGC circuit 163 is provided to adigital downconverter 171, which provides separate outputs to a plurality FIR filters 181-185, and in turn to a plurality DAGCs 191-195 to provide outputs to a plurality of channels Ch1-Chn 198-202. The use of the digital-analog AGC loop - The
antenna 131 captures the multi-carrier signal S1 and inputs the signal S1 tobandpass filter 132, which provides band filtering to reject out-of-band interference. After filtering, the signal is input to the low noise amplifier (LNA) 133 which sets the noise floor of thereceiver 130. The output of theLNA 133 is filtered through bandpass filter (BPF) 134 to filter any intermodulation distortion produced by theLNA 133. - The output of the
LNA 133 is sent to thedemodulator 144, which consists ofmixers LO 143 has two outputs, one in-phase (I) and one in quadrature (Q), relative to the carrier. The frequency of theLO 143 is the center frequency of the input channels Ch1-Chn, (F1-F2)/2; where F1 is the carrier frequency of the first channel Ch1 and Fn is the carrier frequency of the nth channel Chn. Thedemodulator 144 translates the desired signal from RF to baseband, centering the signal around DC. - The I and Q signals are sent to LPFs 145 and 146, which provide interference rejection in order to minimize the dynamic range of the downstream baseband processing elements 151-194. Since the analog signals are translated close to DC, conventional
adjustable filters bandwidth control 147 to support different number of channels and channel bandwidths. -
ADCs demodulator 144. The individual channels Ch1-Chn are down-converted to baseband by theDDC 171. - Channel filtering and pulse shaping is applied to each channel Ch1-Chn by the FIR filters 181-185.
- The AGC process is performed in two steps. The first step is performed in the first and
second AGC circuits baseband amplifiers ADCs - As shown in
FIG. 3 , thereceiver 130 operates as a multi-carrier direct conversion receiver. The frequency block containing the multiple RF channels is thereby down-converted directly to baseband as a block of frequencies. -
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of a directconversion communication transmitter 230 constructed in accordance with the invention. The individual channels (Ch1-Chn) 231-234 are first sent through FIR filters 241-244 and are digitally upconverted by adigital upconverter DUC 247. This provides a digital baseband signal, which is used to drive a pair oflow cost DACs DUC 247 converts an input signal into I/Q signal components by shifting the center frequency from zero to +/− one half of the bandwidth. - The output of the
DUC 247, comprises two digital outputs which are separated in quadrature. These I/Q outputs are input to theDACs DACs LPFs bandwidth control circuit 255. TheLPFs modulator 260, comprising twomixers LO 263 and thesummer 264. Themodulator 260 provides an output to thebandpass filter 265 and, in turn, to afirst RF amplifier 266. TheRF amplifier 266 is controlled bygain control circuit 267 and provides an output tobandpass filter 268 andRF power amplifier 269 which amplifies the signal for transmission, viaantenna 270. - As can be clearly seen in
FIGS. 3 and 4 , the direct conversion multi-carrier processor in accordance with the present invention avoids the disadvantages of the superheterodyne radio by eliminating the IF stage. This reduces cost in the radio and allows the data converters to operate at baseband at a lower clock rate, which further reduces cost. Adjustable bandwidth filters are readily realizable at baseband, allowing flexible support for variable carrier spacing and the number of carriers to be processed in the radio. This also reduces the dynamic range required in the ADC because only the desired carriers are present at the ADC, again reducing cost. - The present invention is applicable to wireless communication systems, including wireless local loop, wireless LAN applications, and cellular systems such as WCDMA (both UTRATDD and UTRAFDD), TDSCDMA, CDMA2000, 3×RT, and OFDMA systems.
- While the present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, other variations, which are within the scope of the invention as outlined in the claims below will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Claims (11)
1. A method for receiving and processing a multi-carrier radio frequency (RF) signal comprising:
receiving the multi-carrier RF signal;
amplifying the received multi-carrier RF signal;
demodulating and converting the multi-carrier RF signal into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) baseband signals;
processing the I baseband signal by low pass filtering and amplifying and then converting the I baseband signal to a digital I signal;
processing the Q baseband signal by low pass filtering and amplifying and then converting the Q baseband signal to a digital Q signal; and
converting the digital I and Q signals into a plurality of channel signals.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising finite impulse response (FIR) filtering each of the plurality of channel signals.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising controlling the bandwidth of the low pass filtering.
4. A method for processing and transmitting a plurality of channel signals comprising:
digitally up converting said plurality of channel signals into a digital in-phase (I) signal and a digital quadrature (Q) signal corresponding to said plurality of channel signals;
converting said digital I signal to an I analog signal at a baseband frequency and converting said digital Q signal to a Q analog signal at a baseband frequency;
modulating said analog baseband I and Q signals to provide a combined radio frequency (RF) signal; and
transmitting said combined RF signal.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising amplifying said combined RF signal prior to transmission.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising low pass filtering each of said analog I signal and said analog Q signal.
7. The method of claim 6 further including controlling the frequency response of the transmission by controlling the bandwidth of said low pass filtering.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising finite impulse response (FIR) filtering each channel signal prior to the digitally up converting.
9. The method of claim 4 further comprising low pass filtering each of said analog I signal and said analog Q signal.
10. The method of claim 9 further including controlling the frequency response of the transmission by controlling the bandwidth of said low pass filtering.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising finite impulse response (FIR) filtering each channel signal prior to the digitally up converting.
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US11/562,802 US20070085718A1 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2006-11-22 | System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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US38720702P | 2002-06-07 | 2002-06-07 | |
US10/456,300 US7162218B2 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2003-06-06 | System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor |
US11/562,802 US20070085718A1 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2006-11-22 | System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor |
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US10/456,300 Continuation US7162218B2 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2003-06-06 | System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor |
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US20070085718A1 true US20070085718A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
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US11/562,802 Abandoned US20070085718A1 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2006-11-22 | System and method for a direct conversion multi-carrier processor |
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US (2) | US7162218B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1522151B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4152944B2 (en) |
KR (3) | KR20050096208A (en) |
CN (2) | CN100426690C (en) |
AR (1) | AR040160A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003238923A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2488740A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA04012249A (en) |
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EP3032755A1 (en) | 2016-06-15 |
TW200501594A (en) | 2005-01-01 |
JP4152944B2 (en) | 2008-09-17 |
EP1522151A2 (en) | 2005-04-13 |
US7162218B2 (en) | 2007-01-09 |
MXPA04012249A (en) | 2005-02-25 |
CN101425811A (en) | 2009-05-06 |
TWI237450B (en) | 2005-08-01 |
CN1706109A (en) | 2005-12-07 |
KR20050014850A (en) | 2005-02-07 |
AU2003238923A1 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
NO20045559L (en) | 2004-12-20 |
CN100426690C (en) | 2008-10-15 |
KR20050096208A (en) | 2005-10-05 |
KR20080059339A (en) | 2008-06-26 |
WO2003105390A3 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
EP1522151A4 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
AU2003238923A8 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
CA2488740A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
EP1522151B1 (en) | 2016-03-23 |
WO2003105390A2 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
US20040072547A1 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
JP2005529544A (en) | 2005-09-29 |
TW200400700A (en) | 2004-01-01 |
TW200715777A (en) | 2007-04-16 |
AR040160A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
TWI320637B (en) | 2010-02-11 |
KR100671364B1 (en) | 2007-01-22 |
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